2012年考研英语真题试题命题来源揭秘
2012全国研究生英语试卷真题解析
▪ Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be 4 as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not 5 by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself 6 to the code of conduct that 7 to the rest of the federal judiciary.
第八页，共四十页。
▪ Section II Reading Comprehension ▪ Part A Directions: ▪ Read the following four texts. Answer the
questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) ▪ Text 1 ▪ Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex.
考试大纲深度解析及英语真题试题命题来源揭秘
2013年MBA考试大纲英语真题试题命题来源揭秘2012年考研英语题目来源分析：/thread-9240-1-1.html 2008年-2013年MBA历年考试真题(综合能力及英语(二)真题和答案) 下载：/thread-9236-1-1.html《TheEconomist》（经济学人）对付考研阅读和翻译为何重要原因：1.从2001年到2012年考研英语真题中，前几名分别是《经济学人》（the Economist）20篇；新闻周刊（Newsweek）6篇；纽约时报（NY times） 4篇；时代周刊（Time）3篇。
从中看出选自《经济学人》(The Economist)的文章超过另外三本英文杂志的总和。
2.并且这本杂志非常具有代表性，文章的谴词造句、行文逻辑非常适合大家阅读，值得大家学习参考，对提高你们的阅读和翻译能力绝对有帮助！3.另外，还有重要一点就是，主要以10月份之前为主，因为10月份考题基本已定稿，考研英语阅读和翻译一般来自《经济学人》杂志上这两个栏目：“Science & Technology”和“Reader”。
4.看《经济学人》绝不仅仅只是为了考研或者学习英语。
作为全球报刊杂志的旗舰，《经济学人》文章所提供的观点与视野也非一般刊物可以比拟，阅读这本刊物从中必可获益良多。
5. 要想提高考研英语的基础，阅读《经济学人》是一个很不错的途径。
阅读经济学人需要精读和泛读相结合，泛读是为了获取信息，精读是为了学习一些比较地道的比较方式。
从而全面的提高自己的英语基础。
从历年考研英语(二)的真题总结得出，考研英语(二)最集中的题源来自：The Economist《经济学人》、《经济学家》Newsweek《新闻周刊》、Time《时代周刊》、The New York Times《纽约时报》4份期刊杂志。
不建议看英国FT=Financial Times<金融时报>，因为FT比较符合英国人的标准，考研英语也从来没从这里出来过！其实就《经济学家》这一本杂志就足够了~~~~从2楼开始发，以<经济学家><新闻周刊>为主2013年MBA考试大纲考试性质2013年MBA考试大纲英语（二）考试主要是为高等院校和科研院所招收专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目。
2012考研英语一真题和答案
2012考研英语一真题和答案2012年的考研英语一真题和答案是许多考生备考的重要参考资料。
通过了解和分析这些真题和答案，考生可以更好地了解考试内容和题型，提高备考效果。
本文将介绍2012年考研英语一真题和答案，并提供一些备考建议。
一、真题概述2012年考研英语一真题分为两部分，阅读理解和完形填空。
阅读理解部分有3篇文章，每篇文章后面有5个问题。
完形填空部分有20个空格，需要根据上下文进行填充。
二、阅读理解1. 第一篇文章主要讲述了关于环境保护的话题。
文章提到了环境污染、气候变化等问题，并呼吁人们采取行动保护地球。
该篇文章较为简单，问题也比较直接。
2. 第二篇文章主要讲述了社交媒体如何影响人们的社交方式。
文章提到了社交媒体的普及和使用对人们社交习惯的改变。
该篇文章较为中等难度，需要考生对社交媒体有一定的了解。
3. 第三篇文章主要讲述了食品安全问题。
文章提到了食品安全对人们健康的重要性，并列举了一些食品安全问题和解决方法。
该篇文章较为复杂，需要考生对食品安全问题有一定的了解。
三、完形填空完形填空部分的文章主题是关于旅游和自然保护的。
文章通过描述一个游客参观沙漠的经历，表达了对自然环境的尊重和保护。
文章的难度适中，需要考生根据上下文的意思进行填空。
四、答案分析根据对2012年考研英语一真题的分析，以下是一些备考建议：1. 针对不同题型，进行有针对性的练习。
阅读理解和完形填空是考研英语一中常见的题型，可以通过做大量的练习题来提高解题速度和准确性。
2. 善用阅读技巧。
考生可以通过快速阅读、略读和精读等技巧来提高阅读理解能力。
在解答题目时，可以先审题，再阅读相关段落，找到关键信息，然后进行答题。
3. 积累相关词汇和短语。
阅读理解和完形填空中会涉及到一些专业词汇和短语，考生可以通过背单词和多读英语材料的方式来积累相关词汇。
总之，2012年考研英语一真题和答案对考生备考具有重要的参考意义。
通过对真题和答案的了解和分析，考生可以更好地了解考试要求，提高备考效果。
2012年考研英语真题来源
2012年考研英语真题来源EDITORIALEthics, Politics and the LawPublished: June 30, 2011The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices became an important issue in the just completed term. The court cannot maintain its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law when justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that weakened the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justices Antonin Scalia and Samuel Alito Jr., for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be accepted as nonpartisan judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not bound by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself subject to the code of conduct that applies to the rest of the federal judiciary.Among the court’s 82 rulings this term, 16 were 5-to-4 decisions. Of those, 10 were split along ideological lines, with Justice Anthony Kennedy supplying thef ifth conservative vote. These rulings reveal the court’s fundamental inclination to the right, with the conservative majority further expanding the ability of the wealthy to prevail in electoral politics and the prerogatives of businesses against the interests of consumers and workers.¶It struck down public matching funds in Arizona’s campaign finance system, showing again a contempt for laws that provide some balance to the unlimited amounts of money flooding the political system.¶It made it much harder for private lawsuits to succeed against mutual fund malefactors, even when they have admitted to lying and cheating.¶It tore down the ability of citizens to hold prosecutors’ offices a ccountable for failing to train their lawyers, even when prosecutors hide exculpatory evidence and send innocent people to prison.¶It issued a devastating blow to consumer rights by upholding the arbitration clause in AT&T’s customer agreement, which required the signer to waive the right to take part in a class action.¶Finally, in the complex Wal-Mart case, the conservative majority, going beyond the particular issues in that case, made it substantially more difficult forclass-action suits in all manner of cases to move forward.These and other decisions raise the question of whether there is still a line between the court and politics, an issue since the Republican-led Rehnquist court decided Bush v. Gore in 2000, t hough the federal judiciary’s shift to the right has been happening since the administration of Ronald Reagan.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law as having authority apart from politics. They gave justices life tenure so they would be free to upset the powerful and have no need to cultivate political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely tied.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social concepts like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it shapes is inescapably political — which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily dismissed as partisan.The justices must addr ess doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves accountable to the code of conduct. That would make their rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, as a result, convincing as law. Herd MentalityBy Annie Murphy Paul Saturday, Apr. 09, 2011Come on — everybody's doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half goad, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good — drinking, drugs, casual sex. But in her new book, Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize and a MacArthur "genius" grant, offers a host of examples of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as loveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers. And in Illinois, "table groups" —small gatherings of believers who meet at a weekly potluck — are arranged by the Willow Creek megachurch as a way of deepening its members' religious devotion. (See TIME's special report "What Does It Mean to Be 13?")The idea seems promising, and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many public-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and theydemonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology. "Dare to be different, please don't smoke!" implores one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers —teenagers, who crave nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much extraneous detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so potent. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it's presented here is that it doesn't work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze foundered once state funding was cut. Evidence that the loveLife program produces lasting changes in sexual behavior is limited and mixed. And the Willow Creek church's table-groups experiment was abandoned after two years. (See why schools around the country are banning smoking.)There's no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research (mentioned briefly by Rosenberg) shows that positive health habits — as well as negative ones — spread through networks of friends via a phenomenon that epidemiologists call social contagion. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously emulate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It's like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that's the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.G L O B E E DIT O RI A LVermont Yankee pl ant’s owner must honor its own promisesApril 24, 2011A DEAL is a deal — except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the state’s stringent nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not: challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in federal court, as part of alast-ditch effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict in Vermont has been brewing since 2002, when the Louisiana-based corporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor on the Connecticut River in Vernon, near the Massachusetts border. As a condition ofreceiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension o f the plant’s license be subject to the Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, includi ng the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leaking radioactive tritium, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management — especially after the company made mislead ing statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension. And that was before the disaster in Japan rekindled popular concern over nuclear plants, especially older reactors like the one at Vermont Yankee, which is similar in design to those at the stricken Fukushima Daiichi plant.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are murky; the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, but legal scholars say the Vermont case will offer aprecedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point. The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so battered that it has nothing left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Vowing to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission reviews the company’s application, it should keep in mind what promises from Entergy are worthThe Evolution of CredibilityThe winding path that an interesting result takes to become a bona fide discovery is just one of the topics covered in thisnew book on the practice of science.When I was a graduate student in biochemistry at Tufts University School of Medicine, I read an abridged version of Montaigne’s Essays. My friend Margaret Rea (a.k.a. Marci Trindle) and I spent hours wandering around Boston discussing the meaning and implications of the essays. Michel d e Montaigne lived in the 16th century near Bordeaux, France. He did his writing in the southwest tower of his chateau, where he surrounded himself with a library of more than 1,000 books, a remarkable collection for that time. Montaigne posed the question, “What do I know?” By extension, he asks us all: Why do you believe what you think you know? My latest attempt to answer Montaigne can be found in Everyday Practice of Science: Where Intuition and Passion Meet Objectivity and Logic, originally published in January 2009 and soon to be out in paperback from the Oxford University Press.Scientists tend to be glib about answering Montaigne’s question. After all, the success of technology testifies to the truth of our work. But the situation is more complicated.In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and convoluted route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experiences. Prior knowledge and interests influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes communal scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a full-fledged discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly a ccompanying technology. As a discovery claim works its way through the community, a dialectic of interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes infuse this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect ofprevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search,not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Györgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thi nking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim—a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind.“We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason,” she wrote in a book with that title. I n the case of science, it is the commons of the mind where we find the answer to Montaigne’s question: Why do you believe what you think you know?Since at least the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science: without it, there is no underlying order and pattern, merely as many explanations as there are things in the world. Newton's laws of motion, the oxygen theory of combustion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework.In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything — a single generative equation for all we see. It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the proliferation of dimensions and universes that it might entail. Nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered to be forms of sexualselection, perhaps the world's languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. To filter out what is contingent and unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behaviour arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today (M. Dunn et al. Nature doi:10.1038/nature09923; 2011) supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland, New Zealand, and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who postulated that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity — a brain module or modules specialized for language — that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly. Languages would diversify through changes to the 'parameter settings' of the generative rules.The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empir ical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints. Chomsky's and Greenberg's are not the only theories on the table for how languages evolve, but they make the strongest predictions about universals.Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test using phylogenetic methods to examine four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages. A generative grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations (and not others). Neither of thesepatterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals.This does not mean that cognitive constraints are irrelevant, or that there are no other universals dictated by communication efficiency. It is surely inevitable that cognition sets limits on, say, word length. But such 'universals' seem likely to be relatively trivial features of languages, just as may be the case for putative universals in music and other aspects of culture.The conclusion? We should perhaps learn the lesson of Darwinism: a 'universal' mechanism of adaptation says little in itself about how a particular feature got to be the way it is, or about how it works. This truth has dawned on physicists too: universal equations are all very well, but the world actually consists of particular solutions, and these are generally the result of contingent history. One size does not always fit all.L.A. Unified's faulty approach to homeworkEditorial School districts across the country are revising their thinking on homework. But L.A. Unified has produced a policy that threatens to dumb down standards and tie teachers' hands while still not addressing the key problems.July 01, 2011Comments0ShareNew Scenes from a public school childhood:The second-grade teacher sends home a pile of worksheets almost every night. Mom is trying to coax her child through the pages once again, until the 7-year-old has a meltdown and screams, "I hate school!"Get a free guide to professional editing & publishing options. Find Teacher RequirementsKnow Teacher Requirements & Find Teaching Degrees. Get Free Info Now /TeacherThat fourth-grade rite of passage —constructing a model of a California mission — is beyond the abilities of most 9-year-olds, so Dad works patiently for hours erecting miniature white walls and red roofs. When father and child proudly deliver the finished product to the classroom, they see other models so sophisticated that only professional architects could have glued sugar cubes together so artfully.The seventh-grade student does poorly on a math test. He figured the math problems the same, wrong way in his homework for weeks, but the teacher never corrected the homework.The high school sophomore has to use the Internet for research on her history essay, but the libraries are closed and there's no computer in her home.Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned because of the kinds of problems illustrated above: too heavy a load, work that's inappropriate for the student's age or for the subject matter being taught, busywork that doesn't contribute to learning, assignments that can't be completed without major parental intervention or expensive equipment, and work that teachers don't take the time to correct.School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on this educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced a muddled and inflexible policy that threatens to dumb down standards and tie teachers' hands while still not addressing the key problems.Depending on whether you're for homework or against it, there are studies to support your point of view. Some research shows it to be a waste of time, but many studies conclude that it is strongly related to higher achievement. Homework has been found to have much less benefit in elementary school. It's more useful for older students. The relevance of the homework matters too. And overly burdensome homework — such as an hour or more a day for a child in primary school — can leave too little time for relaxation, play or family and lead to burnout.With the increasing emphasis on standardized testing, though, a new objection to homework has arisen. When students don't do homework but nevertheless ace the state standards tests, critics complain that it's unfair for them not to get a top grade on their report cards. Conversely, if they consistently do their homework but perform poorly on the tests, homework opponents argue that they shouldn't get a good grade. It's a reasonable concern, and the one on which L.A. Unified based its new policy, which was crafted under previous Supt. Ramon C. Cortines. Outlined in a May bulletin, the policy mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student's academic grade.Earn Y our Next Degree Right from the Comfort of Y our Own Home. Are Y ou Writing a Book?Get a free guide to professional editing & publishing options. This rule also is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. Their parents might be uneducated or unable to speak English and thus be unable to help them, or the home might be crowded, giving them no quiet space.But the policy is unclear and contradictory, and even district officials give differing interpretationsof it. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot complete on their own or that they cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who don't do their homework because of complicated family lives, it's veering perilously close to the canard that standards need to be lowered for poor children.It's unclear what counts as homework under the policy. The bulletin inc ludes assignments such as book reports and projects that must be completed outside class as homework. District administrators, including Supt. John Deasy, say those would not be part of the new policy. And they certainly shouldn't be. Such assignments teach crucial writing and thinking skills that should be a major part of a student's grade; there's more to learning than what the state tests measure.But assuming these meatier projects are exempt from the policy, there's an inherent contradiction. If students with few resources at home can't fairly be held responsible for completing a worksheet, how can they be held responsible for a more challenging overnight essay or term paper?District administrators say that homework will still be a part of schooling; teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students —many of whom already don't complete assignments — can easily skip half their homework and see very little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It's quite possible the homework helped. Y et rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board mandate. The district has already cut the school year; if it renders homework all but meaningless, how will all the necessary material be covered?Convenient, Affordable Tutors Sign-up For A Free Tutoring Consult At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework, including the district's own concerns. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students' academic achievement, despite the studies, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework matters, it should account for a significant portion of the grade. Meanwhile, this policy does nothing to ensure that the homework students receive is meaningful or appropriate to their age and the subject, or that teachers aren't assigning more than they're willing to review and correct.The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It's not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.The ghettoisation of pink: how it has cornered the little-girl marketIt's the colour of every little girl's dream bedroom, if not her entire wardrobe and all her toys. But is it the ultimate marketeer's magic trick, or are today's little princesses really hardwired for la vie en rose?Here is my dirty little secret: as a journalist I have spent nearly two decades writing about girls, thinking about girls, talking about how girls should be raised. Yet, when I finally got pregnant myself, I was terrified at the thought of having a daughter. I was supposed to be an expert on girls' behaviour. What if, after all that, I was not up to the challenge myself?1.Cinderella Ate My Daughter: Dispatches from the Front Lines of the NewGirlie-Girl Culture2.by Peggy Orenstein3.4.Buy it from the Guardian bookshopSearch the Guardian bookshop1.T ell us what you think:Star-rate and review this bookThen I saw the incontrovertible proof on the sonogram (or what they said was incontrovertible proof; to me, it looked indistinguishable from, say, a nose) and I suddenly realised I had wanted a girl – desperately, passionately –all along. I had just been afraid to admit it. But I still fretted over how I would raise her, what kind of role model I would be, whether I would take my own smugly written advice on the complexities surrounding girls' beauty, body image, education, achievement. Would I embrace frilly dresses or ban Barbies? Push football shoes or tutus?Shopping for her, I grumbled over the relentless colour coding of babies. Who cared whether the crib sheets were pink or tartan? During those months I must have started a million sentences with "My daughter will never..."And then I became a mother.Daisy was, of course, the most beautiful baby ever (if you don't believe me, ask my husband). I was committed to raising her without a sense of limits: I wanted her to believe neither that some behaviour or toy or profession was not for her sex nor that it was mandatory for her sex. I wanted her to be able to pick and choose the pieces of her identity freely – that was supposed to be the prerogative, the privilege, of her generation. For a while it looked as if I were succeeding. On her first day of nursery, at the age of two, she wore her favourite outfit – her "engineers" (a pair of pin-striped overalls) – and proudly toted her Thomas the Tank Engine lunchbox. My daughter had transcended typecasting.Oh, how the mighty fall. All it took was one boy who, while whizzing past her in the playground, yelled, "Girls don't like trains!" and Thomas was shoved to the bottom of the toy chest. Within a month, Daisy threw a tantrum when I tried to wrestle her into trousers. As if by osmosis she had learned the names and gown colours of every Disney Princess –I didn't even know what a Disney Princess was. She gazed longingly into the tulle-draped windows of the local toy stores and for her third birthday begged for a "real princess dress" with matching plastic high heels. Meanwhile, one of her classmates, the one with two mummies, showed up to school every single day dressed in a Cinderella gown. With a bridal veil.What was going on here? My fellow mothers, women who once swore they would never be dependent on a man, smiled indulgently at daughters who insisted on being addressed as Snow White. The supermarket checkout girl invariably greeted Daisy with, "Hi, Princess." The waitress at our local breakfast joint, a hipster with a pierced tongue and a skull tattooed on her neck, called Daisy's "funny-face pancakes" her "princess meal"; the nice lady at the pharmacist offered us a free balloon, then said, "I bet I know your favourite colour!" and handed Daisy a pink one rather than letting her choose for herself. Then, shortly after Daisy's third birthday, our high-priced paediatric dentist – the one whose practice was decked out with comic books, DVDs and arcade games –pointed to the exam chair and asked, "Would you like to sit in my special princess throne so I can sparkle your teeth?""Oh, for God's sake," I snapped. "Do you have a princess drill, too?"She looked at me as if I were the wicked stepmother.But honestly: since when did every little girl become a princess? It wasn't like this when I was a kid, and I was born back when feminism was still a mere twinkle in our mothers' eyes. We did not dress head to toe in pink.。
2012年考研英语真题及解析
2012年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The courtcannot 1 its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law 2 justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that 3 the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be 4 as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not 5 by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself 6 to the code of conduct that 7 to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases 8 the question of whether there is still a 9 between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law 10 having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions 11 they would be free to 12 those in power and have no need to 13 political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely 14 .Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social 15 like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it 16 is inescapably political—which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily 17 as unjust.The justices must 18 doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves19 to the code of conduct. That would make their rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, 20 , convincing as law.1.[A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D]recognize2.[A]when [B]lest [C]before [D]unless3.[A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D]eliminated4.[A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D]accepted5.[A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6.[A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7.[A]resorts [B]sticks [C]leads [D]applies8.[A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9.[A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10.[A]by [B]as [C]through [D]towards11.[A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12.[A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13.[A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14.[A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15.[A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conventions16.[A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17.[A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18.[A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19.[A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountableSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on —Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good — drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of examples of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as loveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of manypublic-health campaigns is spot-on：they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology. “Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers — teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biological factors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Against the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the loveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits — as well as negative ones — spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a socia l cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph,peer pressure often emerges as __________.[A] a supplement to the social cure [B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to social progress [D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should _________.[A] recruit professional advertisers [B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers [D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to __________.[A] adequately probe social and biological factors [B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding [D] produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5 shows that our imitation of behaviors __________.[C] occurs without our realizing it [D]can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect ofpeer pressure is __________.[A] harmful [B] desirable [C] profound [D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal — except, apparently, when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations.Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not: challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the corporat ion bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step further, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 2007 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management —especially after the company made mis leading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has nothing leftto lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a public trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) reviews the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on” (Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to _________.[A] condemning [B] reaffirming [C] dishonoring [D] securing27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to __________.[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators [B] seek favor from the federal legislature[C] acquire an extension of its business license [D] get permission to purchase a power plant28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its ___________.[A] managerial practices [B] technical innovativeness [C] financial goals [D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test ___________.[A] Entergy’s capacity to f ulfill all its promises [B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues [D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that __________.[A] Entergy’s busine ss elsewhere might be affected [B] the authority of the NRC will be defied[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application [D] Vermont’s reputation might be damagedText 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experiences.Prior knowledge and interests influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibi lity process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search.Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Szent-Györgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim — a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the commons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its ______.[A] uncertainty and complexity [B] misconception and deceptiveness[C] logicality and objectivity [D] systematicness and regularity32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires _________.[A] strict inspection [B] shared efforts [C] individual wisdom [D] persistent innovation33. Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it _________.[A] has attracted the attention of the general public [B] has been examined by the scientific community34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that _________.[A] scientific claims will survive challenges [B] discoveries today inspire future research[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified [D]scientific work calls for a critical mind35. Which of the following would be the best title of the text?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development [B] Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science [D] Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to ScienceText 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servants. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’spublic-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too.John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university spo rts coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that _________.[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership[D] the government has improved its relationship with unionists37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D] Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is _________.[A] illegally secured [B] indirectly augmented [C] excessively increased [D] fairly adjusted39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions __________.[A] often run against the current political system [B] can change people’s political attitudes[C] may be a barrier to public-sector reforms [D] are dominant in the government40. John Donahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of _________.[A] disapproval [B] appreciation [C] tolerance [D] indifferencePart BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.（10 points）Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mail carrier. (41)___________.The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st ce ntury’s culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also act with caution. (42) ___________. I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods— paintings, sculpture and architecture — and superfluous experiences —music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43) ___________.For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume.(44) ___________.Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on. (45) ___________.What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of “stickiness” — creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secretwar between downloading and uploading — between passive consumption and active creation — whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world’s media culture has been defined by a single medium — television — and television is defined by downloading.[G] The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearlyon ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework.(46) In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything — a single generative equation for all we see. It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail. Nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47) Here, Darwinism seemsto offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and ev en history are governed by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language.The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49) The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages. (50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change tha t are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some international students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestio ns for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2012年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文摘自The New York Times（《纽约时报》）2011年6月30日一篇题为Ethics, Politics and the law(道德，政治与法律)的文章。
2012年考研英语（一）阅读理解真题解析
◎ 文 / 王长胤Test Bible考试手册4 . New Oriental English最近几年的四级仔细阅读题对于文章细节的考查力度不断加大。
在笔者看来，细节题的模式大致可以分成两大类：一类是事实型细节题，另一类是观点型细节题。
本文重点谈观点型细节题的解题策略。
所谓观点型细节题，顾名思义，就是针对某人的观点进行提问的题型。
这种题型主要有两种考查方式：一种是考查文中出现的某个特定人物的观点，另一种是考查作者所持的观点。
前者往往是考查的重点。
观点型细节题非常容易辨认，2011年6月四级考试仔细阅读部分的第61、64、65、66题就属于该题型，如下所示。
61. What does Grace Kao say about interracial lodging?64. What does Dr. Pielke say about the Forum’s report?65. What is Soren Andreasen’s view of the report?66. What does Kofi Annan say should be the focus of the Copenhagen conference?看完以上几道题目的题干，考生应该已经明白，尽管观点型细节题提问的内容千变万化，但是其出题模式是固定的，我们可以把这类题型的提问形式总结为以下公式：观点型细节题=某人+表观点的词。
公式中的“某人”常常以专有名词的形式出现，如上述题干中出现的Grace Kao 、Dr. Pielke 、Soren Andreasen 和Kofi Annan 。
而公式中的“表观点的词”则是指上述题干中的say 、view 等表示观点、看法的词汇。
为了让考生对观点型细节题有一个更为全面的认识，下文笔者将对这类题型的解题方法进行具体介绍，并通过实例进行分析讲解。
“三步法”解题观点型细节题本身并不难，可是很多考生碰到这类题时，答题正确率却不高，主要原因并非是考生读不懂文章，而是考生做题时缺乏系统性的答题方法。
考研命题人张剑解析考研真题
考研命题人张剑解析考研真题考研命题人张剑解析2012年考研真题第一部分：英语知识运用(选择填空)2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题分析Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot 1 its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law 2 justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that 3 the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.…1.［A］emphasize ［B］maintain ［C］modify ［D］recognize2.［A］ when ［B］ lest ［C］ before ［D］ unless3.［A］restored ［B］weakened ［C］established ［D］eliminated…【答案解析】1. 答案：B 【考点：动词辨析】分析：句子相关部分提到：法院无法……它作为法治卫士的合法性。
需要判断什么动词能够参与“合法性”搭配。
四个选项是［A］emphasize(强调)，［B］maintain(维护，维持)，［C］modify(修改)，［D］recognize(认识，辨认出)。
2012年考研英语一真题难度分析
2012年考研英语一真题难度分析跨考教育英语教研室2012年的考研英语已经结束了，难也好、易也罢，它终于在众多莘莘学子的期待中揭开了面纱。
现在我们可以静下心来，分析一下本套试卷的特点，以便能够把握考研英语的总体出题脉络。
1.文章难度中等，选项陷阱重重考研的学生都知道，在考研英语中，“得阅读者得天下”，因为它占的比例太大了。
本套试题的阅读理解部分总体来说难度依旧，文章看似容易、选项陷阱重重，要想得高分恐怕不是件易事。
虽然个别文章理解起来难度不大，但选项设计模棱两可，区分度很低，容易使考生上当丢分，所以我们还不能盲目乐观。
尽管如此，专家在历年试题中常用的出题手法在本套试题中依然比比皆是。
2.今年的新题型并没有出乎大家所料，考查的是以前已经考过的备选题型，选择填空题。
七年已经四年考过的7选5，在第八年再次回到7选5，难度适中。
这种题型主要考查考生对文章“统一性”的把握，它既考查全文的统一性。
这类题型最简单的答题方法就是两个字：主题。
全文有全文的主题，段落有段落的主题。
只要循着“主题”这根主线，没有找不到答案的道理。
而主题又离不开名词，所以，只要看清每个空前后作为主题的名词，抓根提串，抓住了主题这个“根”，后面的句子就肯定能够串起来。
3.小作文重考以往题型，建议信写作难度不大从2005年开设小作文题型至今已有8个年头了，分别考的是辞职信、请求信、建议信和道歉信，可能出乎大家预料，今年的小作文考又考了2007年、2009年考过的建议信。
“校园生活”是一个我们非常熟悉的话题。
只要在作文中写出了①自己的看法，那就是“如何适应校园生活”；②给出自己的建议等要点，保证切题；使用了first, second,third等连接词，体现行文逻辑；句子结构不是过于简单，展示自己的语言功底，得到6分以上的成绩还是可以期待的。
另外，我们一再强调，考试之前一定要背下一些信件的开头和结尾套话，如果真的背下来了，这篇小作文肯定能够给你往上拉分。
2012年考研英语真题详解
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考研英语2012真题答案
考研英语2012真题答案【考研英语2012真题答案】考研英语真题是备战考研的重要资料，通过分析和解答真题，考生可以更好地了解考试的出题思路和要求。
以下是对2012年考研英语真题的解析和答案。
第一部分：阅读理解Passage 1题目要求：根据短文内容，回答问题。
1. 解析：根据短文内容可得出答案。
答案：Yes.2. 解析：根据短文内容可得出答案。
答案：The relationship between reading and thinking.3. 解析：根据短文内容可得出答案。
答案：They enhance their cognitive abilities.4. 解析：根据短文内容可得出答案。
答案：Reading extensively.Passage 2题目要求：根据短文内容，判断正误。
5. 解析：根据短文内容可得出答案。
答案：False.6. 解析：根据短文内容可得出答案。
答案：True.7. 解析：根据短文内容可得出答案。
答案：Not mentioned.8. 解析：根据短文内容可得出答案。
答案：False.Passage 3题目要求：根据短文内容，回答问题。
9. 解析：根据短文内容可得出答案。
答案：It is time-consuming.10. 解析：根据短文内容可得出答案。
答案：Collaborative learning.11. 解析：根据短文内容可得出答案。
答案：Information-oriented society. 12. 解析：根据短文内容可得出答案。
答案：Distance education.第二部分：完形填空13. 解析：根据上下文语境可得出答案。
答案：B14. 解析：根据上下文语境可得出答案。
答案：D15. 解析：根据上下文语境可得出答案。
答案：A16. 解析：根据上下文语境可得出答案。
答案：C17. 解析：根据上下文语境可得出答案。
答案：B18. 解析：根据上下文语境可得出答案。
2012年考研英语真题答案及解析
2012年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文摘自The New York Times（《纽约时报》）2011年6月30日一篇题为Ethics,Politics and the law(道德，政治与法律)的文章。
本文是一篇说明性的文章，介绍了法律、政治以及道德之间的关系。
第一、二段通过举例说明法官与政治活动紧密联系使法院作为法律守护者的公正性受到削弱。
第三段承上启下，提出法律和政治之间是否还存在界限。
第四、五段阐明政治和法律之间的紧密联系。
第六段提出维护法院公正性所要遵循的行为规范，从而使法院的裁决更具有信服力。
二、试题解析1．[A]emphasize重视[B]maintain维持[C]modify修改[D]recognize认出【答案】B【考点】动词辨析+上下文语境【解析】本句句意是：法官表现得像政客一样时，法院便不能_____其作为法律守护者的合法性。
由此可知，所选动词要与后面的its legitimacy构成动宾关系，根据具体语境判断应该是“法院便不能维持其作为法律守护者的合法性”。
因此，选项[B]是正确答案。
2．[A]when当……时候[B]lest以免[C]before在……之前[D]unless除非【答案】A【考点】句内逻辑+上下文语境【解析】本句主要考查空格前后两个分句的逻辑关系。
本句意思是：_____法官表现得像政客一样时，法院便不能_____其作为法律守护者的合法性。
根据本段最后一句和随后两段信息可知，作者主要对法官涉及政治事件这一问题展开讨论和批评。
由此可以判断，前一分句是后一分句的前提或条件。
因此，选项[A]是正确答案。
3．[A]restored恢复[B]weakened削弱，损害[C]established建立[D]eliminated剔除，淘汰【答案】B【考点】动词辨析+上下文语境【解析】本句句意是：然而，在一些情况下，法官所采取的这些行为方式_____法院独立、公正的声誉。
2012年考研英语二真题原文及答案解析
2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案Section 1 Use of EninglishDirections :Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but that's not how it used to be .To the men and womenwho （1 )in World War II and the people they liberated ,the GI.was the （2) man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who （3) all the burdens ofbattle ,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the （4) of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid ,（5) an average guy ,up （6 )the best trained ,bestequipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries.His name is not much.GI. is just a military abbreviation （7) Government Issue ,and it was on all of the article 8) to soldiers .And Joe? A common name for a guy who never（9) it to the top .Joe Blow ,Joe Magrac …a working class name.The United States has （10) had a president or vicepresident or secretary of state Joe.GI .joe had a (11)career fighting German ,Japanese , and Korean troops . He appers as a character ,or a (12 ) of american personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of GI. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiersPyle(13)portrayde themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)side of the warl, writing about the dirt-snow -and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were(15)or what towns were captured or liberated, His reports(16)the “willie”cartoons of famed Stars and(18)ofthe war, of exhaustion and dirt men(17)the Both Maulden. Bill artist Stripescivilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G.I. Joe was any American soldier,(20)the most important person in their lives.1.[A] performed [B]served [C]rebelled [D]betrayed2.[A] actual [B]common [C]special [D]normal3.[A]bore [B]cased [C]removed [D]loaded4.[A]necessities [B]facilitice [C]commodities [D]propertoes5.[A]and [B]nor [C]but [D]hence6.[A]for [B]into [C] form [D]against7.[A]meaning [B]implying [C]symbolizing [D]claiming8.[A]handed out [B]turn over [C]brought back [D]passed down9.[A]pushed [B]got [C]made [D]managed10.[A]ever [B]never [C]either [D]neither11.[A]disguised [B]disturbed [C]disputed [D]distinguished12.[A]company [B]collection [C]community [D]colony13.[A]employed [B]appointed [C]interviewed [D]questioned14.[A]ethical [B]military [C]political [D]human15.[A]ruined [B]commuted [C]patrolled [D]gained16.[A]paralleled [B]counteracted [C]duplicated [D]contradicted17.[A]neglected [B]avoided [C]emphasized [D]admired18.[A]stages [B]illusions [C]fragments [D]advancea19.[A]With [B]To [C]Among [D]Beyond20.[A]on the contrary [B] by this means [C]from the outset [D]at that pointSection II Resdiong ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. answer the question after each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on his educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student's academic grade.This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers areallowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see vey little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students' academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework does nothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsiblefor setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.21.It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework_____.[A] is receiving more criticism[B]is no longer an educational ritual[C]is not required for advanced courses[D]is gaining more preferences22.L.A.Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students_____.[A]tend to have moderate expectations for their education[B]have asked for a different educational standard[C]may have problems finishing their homework[D]have voiced their complaints about homework23.According to Paragraph 3,one problem with the policy is that it may____.[A]discourage students from doing homework[B]result in students' indifference to their report cards[C]undermine the authority of state tests[D]restrict teachers' power in education24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is whether______. [A] it should be eliminated[B]it counts much in schooling[C]it places extra burdens on teachers[D]it is important for grades25.A suitable title for this text could be______.[A]Wrong Interpretation of an Educational Policy[B]A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students[C]Thorny Questions about Homework[D]A Faulty Approach to HomeworkText2Pretty in pink: adult women do not rememer being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls' lives. Tt is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedlyand firmly fuses girls' identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls' lives and interests.Girls' attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What's more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses.When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children's marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kins, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children's behaviour: wrong. Turns out, acdording to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing trick by clothing manufacrurers in the 1930s.Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping stone”between infant wear and older kids' clothes. Tt was only after “toddler”became a common shoppers' term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults,into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a marketis to magnify gender differences - or invent them where they did not previously exist.26.By saying it is...the rainbow(Line 3, Para.1),the author means pink______.[A]should not be the sole representation of girlhood[B]should not be associated with girls' innocence[C]cannot explain girls' lack of imagination[D]cannot influence girls' lives and interests27.According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours？[A]Colours are encoded in girls' DNA.[B]Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.[C]Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.[D]White is prefered by babies.28.The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological development was much influenced by_____.[A]the marketing of products for children[B]the observation of children's nature[C]researches into children's behavior[D]studies of childhood consumption29.We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to_____.[A]focus on infant wear and older kids' clothes[B]attach equal importance to different genders[C]classify consumers into smaller groups[D]create some common shoppers' terms30.It can be concluded that girls' attraction to pink seems to be____.[A] clearly explained by their inborn tendency[B]fully understood by clothing manufacturers[C] mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen[D]well interpreted by psychological expertsText 3In 2010. a federal judge shook America's biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades-by 2005 some 20% of human genes were parented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organisation (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a “preliminary step”in a longer battle.On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed holb patents to two genss that help forecast a woman's risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah,said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over Critics make three mainarguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents' monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's. A growing number seem to st year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a product of nature... than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds. ”Despite the appeals court's decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of indivi dual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.AS the industry advances ,however,other suits may have an even greaterpanies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules-most are already patented or in the public domain .firms are now studying how genesintcract,looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug's efficacy,companies are eager to win patents for ‘connecting thedits',expaains hans sauer,alawyer for the BIO.Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO rtcently held a convention which included seddions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.31.it canbe learned from paragraph I that the biotech companies would like-----A.their executives to be activeB.judges to rule out gene patentingC.genes to be patcntablcD.the BIO to issue a warning32.those who are against gene patents believe that----A.genetic tests are not reliableB.only man-made products are patentableC.patents on genes depend much on innovatiaonD.courts should restrict access to gene tic tests33.according to hans sauer ,companies are eager to win patents for----A.establishing disease comelationsB.discovering gene interactionsC.drawing pictures of genesD.identifying human DNA34．By saying “each meeting was packed”(line4,para6)the author means that -----A.the supreme court was authoritativeB.the BIO was a powerful organizationC.gene patenting was a great concernwyers were keen to attend conventiongs35.generally speaking ,the author's attitude toward gene patenting is----A.criticalB.supportiveC.scornfulD.objectiveText 4The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends,it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics,our culture, and the character of our society for years.No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways; they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S. ,lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one,. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them--- especially for young people. The research of Till VonWachter, the economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduatinginto a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.In the internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden winthin American society. More difficult, in the moment , is discerning preciselyhow these lean times are affecting society's character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this resession than at any time in its history, and a varietyof national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have towait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly it, and all the more so the longer they extend.36.By saying “to find silver linings”（Line 1,Para.2）the author suggest that the jobless try to___.[A]seek subsidies from the govemment[B]explore reasons for the unermployment[C]make profits from the troubled economy[D]look on the bright side of the recession37.According to Paragraph 2,the recession has made people_____.[A]realize the national dream[B]struggle against each other[C]challenge their lifestyle[D]reconsider their lifestyle38.Benjamin Friedman believe that economic recessions may_____.[A]impose a heavier burden on immigrants[B]bring out more evils of human nature[C]Promote the advance of rights and freedoms[D]ease conflicts between races and classes39.The research of Till Von Wachther suggests that in recession graduates from elite universities tend to _____.[A]lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities[B]catch up quickly with experienced employees[C]see their life chances as dimmed as the others'[D]recover more quickly than the others40.The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is____.[A]certain[B]positive[C]trivial[D]destructivePart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEERT 1.(10 points)“Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the Thomasge saVictorian the wrote here,”worked have who Men Great the of HistoryCarlyle. Well, not any more it is not.Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus - On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, the championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice,as the skills of successful leaders.Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist's personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers , industrialists and explores .The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, if patient purpose, resolute working and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formulation of truly noble and many character, exhibit,wrote Smiles.what it is in the power of each to accomplish forhimselfHis biographies of James Walt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles:“It is man, real, living man who does all that.”And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For:“Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past.”This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding - from gender to race to cultural studies - were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.[A] emphasized the virtue of classical heroes.41. Petrarch highlighted the public glory of the leading artists.42. Niccolo Machiavellli [C] focused on epochal figures whose lives were hard to imitate.43. Samuel Smiles [D] opened up new realms of understanding the great men in history.44. Thomas Carlyle [E] held that history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.45. Marx and Engels [F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful leaders.[G] depicted the worthy lives of engineer industrialists and explorers.Section III Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15 points)When people in developing countries worry about migration,they are usually concerned at the prospect of ther best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world ,These are the kind of workers that countries like Britian ,Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates .Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate .A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40%of emigrants had more than a high-school education,compared with around 3.3%of all Indians over the age of 25.This rain drain has long bothered policymakers in poor countries ,They fear that it hurts their economies ,depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities ,worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make .Section IV Writing47.DirectionsSuppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from an onlin store the other day ,Write an email to the customer service center to1)make a complaint and2)demand a prompt solutionYou should write about 100words on ANSERE SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter ,Use zhang wei instead .48、write an essay based on the following table .In your writing you should1)describe the table ,and2)give your commentsYou should write at least 150 words(15points)某公司员工工作满意度调查2012年研究生入学统一考试英语（二）答案完形填空：1.B2.B3.A4.A5.C6.B7.C8.A9.D 10.B11.D 12.B 13.C 14.D 15.B16.A 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.DTEXT1：21. A 22.C 23.A 24.B 25.DTEXT2：26.A 27.B 28.A 29.C 30.C31.C 32.B 33.A 34.D 35.DTEXT4：36.D 37.D 38.B 39.D 40.A新题型：41-45：AFGCE小作文范文：Dear Sir or Madame,As one of the regular customers of your online store, I am writing this letter to express my complaint against the flaws in your product—an electronic dictionary I bought in your shop the other day.The dictionary is supposed to be a favorable tool for my study. Unfortunately, I found that there are several problems. To begin with, when I opened it, I detected that the appearance of it had been scratched. Secondly, I did not find the battery promised in the advertisement posted on the homepage of your shop, which makes me feel that you have not kept your promise. What is worse, some of the keys on the keyboard do not work.I strongly request that a satisfactory explanation be given and effective measures should be taken to improve your service and the quality of your products. You can either send a new one to me or refund me my money in full.I am looking forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.Sincerely yours,Zhang Wei。
2012年考研英语一阅读分析
2012年考研英语一分析阅读今年的考研阅读理解部分，整体的文章难度较前两年继续偏易。
四篇文章选材继续是国外的经典报刊杂志，社会科学、人文科学、自然科学的文章统统涉猎其中。
文章不偏不难，但是选项设置依旧陷阱重重，相信各位同学背熟了大部分单词，经过培训和一段时间的练习，可以取得一个不错的成绩。
第一篇来自时代周刊(Times)2011年3月24日的文章Herd Mentality，即我们常说的从众心理。
文章以R的一本书作为引子，通过几次明显的态度转变，最终得出了对从众心理的质疑态度。
文后五道题目，前四题均为细节题，最后一题是态度题。
根据顺序原则，可以轻松将前四题答案的范围框定在一三四五段内。
这篇文章再次印证了考研阅读理解的出题思路仍旧以细节题的考察为主，考察辨别细微差别的能力。
细节题解题核心考察定位的能力，即查找与替换的能力。
根据题干中的已知信息回文找到解题区域是非常简单的，但是我相信大家会碰到一个问题，明明知道答案就在这个句子当中，但是就是看不懂或者看得模棱两可。
这几年的考题（除了2010年），考生都能看懂文章的大意，但是正是由于这样，导致很多同学容易望文生义，主观地选择心中的答案，或者模糊地选择了最像答案的答案，导致了错误的出现。
其实解决这类问题的关键就是返回原文，进行仔细地对应，选出同义替换的选项。
说到底，还是在准备考研的时候，考生还是要回归根本，其实这里就是大家所面临严峻的单词和句法的问题了。
第二篇文章涉及美国佛蒙特洋基核反应堆的一些事情，考了一题词义题，一题推理。
其余均为细节题，由于各个题干有明显的定位信息，答案区域依旧明显。
第三篇文章除了第二题的推理题和最后一题的主旨题，其他继续考察细节题。
其中第一题非常简单，考察的思路与08年第一篇文章的第三题有异曲同工之妙，再次告诫各位考生，历年真题的重现率和重要性。
第四篇文章出自《经济学人》，《经济学人》几乎是历年考研命题委员会必备的考题库。
本文讲的是美国公务员改革相关的问题。
2012考研英语真题解析
2012考研英语真题解析：英语一完形填空详解来源：上海新东方划词：已启用收藏看美剧《吸血鬼日记》学英语，马上注册交流学习吧！纵观本次考试完型考题，难，那是相当的难！难在一点：读不懂！法律相关的文章已经多年未见，上次谋面应该是在考研01年改革去掉词汇那年，那年的考题也让很多考生叫苦不迭。
再看本次考试完型考题，简单，那又是相当的简单！简单在于：最后成为答案的选项无一超过四级词汇要求！这一点也是让很多考生最为懊恼的。
那些在迷茫时有着选择难词偏向型强迫症的同学，不知又作何感想。
下面是本次考试完型真题、选项及参考答案，不妨我们来做一个简单的分析。
The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices became an important issue recently. The court cannot 1(emphasize/maintain/modify/recognize) its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law 2(when/lest/before/unless) justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that3(rendered/weakened/established/eliminated) the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.段首句，秉承往年特色，没有出题，但依旧扮演了重要的角色。
很多考生将issue一词理解为话题，所以使第一句话失去了原有的意义，故而也失去了做题重要的依据。
Issue一词根据朗文字典解释，应为：a subject or problem that is often discussed or argued about, especially a social or political matter that affects the interests of a lot of people，故段首句应该理解为ethical judgments of the Supreme Courts justices变得倍受争议来得恰当得多。
2012年考研英语二真题详解：完形填空部分
2012年考研英语二真题详解：完形填空部分英语二相较于英语一，难度稍降，但其重要性仍不能忽视。
下面博研堂考研英语保过专家郭老师就为大家全面解析一下2012年英语二真题中的完形填空部分。
相对于英语一，2012年的英语二的完型填空要简单许多。
全篇没有涉及专业背景知识，比较容易理解。
从命题思路来看，也比较侧重考查同学对于语篇的理解情况，将近一半的题目的解答直接来自于对全文内容以及逻辑的理解(5/6/10/11/12/13/14/19/20)。
如第10题，前文说到Joe这个名字是属于全民的，属于劳动阶层人民的名字。
接着当然是要说美国从没拥有过一个统治Joe国的总统或副总统。
选“never”而不是“ever”。
实词不重辨析，而是重逻辑，甚至连介词的考查也不是考查固定搭配而也是重语篇内容(6/9)。
只要内容理顺，这些题目都能做对，没有任何悬念，由此，对语篇内容正确理解在考研完形填空中的重要性可见一斑。
这也就要求同学们在解答时，首先要通读全文，掌握大意之后再来解题，会事半功倍。
除上下文语义题之外，部分题目在理解文章内容的基础上又考查了固定搭配(1/2/3/9)。
比如第一题的serve in the war,是服兵役的意思。
从后面半句话“and the people they liberated”，可知they指代前句的“the men and women”，而且他们曾解放了people，可推知是他们是在战场上的人，进而得出答案。
总的来说，博研堂郭老师指出，相比历年的题目来说，12年的完形填空不重技巧性，主要还是考查同学基本阅读能力，以及一些基本词汇的用法。
选项的干扰性不强，而且词汇不难，比往年要简单。
希望13年的同学打好词汇基本功和阅读基本功，最后，博研堂祝大家考出好成绩。
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考研英语谁出题？如何出题？为你深度揭秘!
考研英语谁出题？如何出题？为你深度揭秘！关于命题每年准备至少五套考题考研英语命题组老师共有十几位，核心成员有七八位，每年的命题人根据具体情况有小范围调整。
命题组的老师们均来自各高校的英语专业，都是语言水平过硬的英语专家。
命题组老师的关键任务就是保证命题工作在基本思路、题目设置和难度控制等方面具有很好的连贯性，既最大程度地保证命题的科学性，又能够对考生进行公平选拔，也能有很好的区分。
命题组的老师是怎么分工的首先，每位老师都根据自己最熟悉的领域，分别负责完形、阅读、翻译、作文等方面的初始选材与命题工作。
前期工作完成后，要经过全组其他老师们的细致评估，以确定题目雏形。
之后，全部考试题目要“上墙”，经全体命题人一遍遍反复打磨，最终确认。
经过打磨多遍的题目还要通过外聘专家的审查，再做修改后，由组长签字最后定稿。
考研英语命题的详细流程每年夏季，考研命题组都要开一次命题预备会。
在这次预备会上，参与命题的老师们要做细致的命题准备工作，比如，选择可能使用的命题材料，可能采纳的题目等，预备会上所做的题目都会放入题库备用。
考研前的冬季命题会是做出当年考试题目的关键时段，每个命题人都会带着事先准备好的可选文本材料入会，并在二十几天里，在全封闭的状态下，完成当年考题的命制与确认，并准备好一套特殊情况下必须启用的备用题目。
经反复打磨后确认的考题，须经外聘专家进会独立评审，命题组根据专家的评审意见对考题做最终调整后，经组长签字封存提交。
此外，命题组还要准备一套备用考题，即B卷，以应对特殊需要。
之后，命题老师们会稍轻松一些，为题库再做三套考题。
无论是当年使用的题目，还是放入题库的备用题目，都源自全新材料，每套题目稍加打磨便可用于考试。
从英美主流杂志中选择命题材料命题组老师的出题材料没有特别规定，但是，命题组的老师们都知道，可用材料均选自英美主流杂志或书籍。
在选择标准上，大家的共识是，不用文学类材料，比如小说、戏剧、文学散文等，也不使用专业性特别强的材料，因为使用专业性过强的材料对非该专业的学生不够公平。
2012年考研真题
2012年考研真题2012 年考研真题：英语的深度剖析对于众多考研学子来说，2012 年的考研真题无疑是他们攀登学术高峰路上的重要关卡。
而英语这一科目，更是考验着考生们的综合语言能力。
2012 年考研英语真题的题型分布较为全面，涵盖了阅读理解、写作、翻译等多个方面。
阅读理解部分一直是考研英语的重头戏。
在 2012 年的真题中，文章选材广泛，涉及了科技、文化、社会等多个领域。
这不仅要求考生具备扎实的词汇量和语法基础，更需要有较强的阅读速度和理解能力。
其中，有一篇关于新兴科技对社会影响的文章，让不少考生感到棘手。
文章中出现了大量的专业术语和复杂的长难句，需要考生在有限的时间内迅速理清文章的逻辑结构，把握作者的观点和态度。
而另一篇关于文化差异的文章，则需要考生具备跨文化的视野和对不同文化的理解能力，才能准确理解文章的内涵。
写作部分包括了大作文和小作文。
大作文通常是要求考生就某一社会现象或观点发表自己的看法。
2012 年的大作文题目关注了社会热点问题，引导考生思考人与人之间的关系和社会的发展。
这就要求考生在平时的学习中不仅要积累语言素材，更要关注社会现实，培养自己独立思考和分析问题的能力。
小作文则多为书信、通知等实用文体。
2012 年的小作文题目要求考生写一封推荐信，这考查了考生对书信格式和常用表达的掌握程度。
翻译部分也是考研英语中的难点之一。
2012 年的翻译题目句子结构复杂，需要考生对英语语法有深入的理解，同时能够准确地将英文句子翻译成通顺的中文。
总的来说，2012 年考研英语真题难度适中，但具有较高的区分度。
它既考查了考生的基础知识，又检验了考生的综合运用能力和思维能力。
对于准备考研的同学来说，研究 2012 年的考研真题具有重要的意义。
通过对真题的分析和练习，可以了解考试的命题规律和趋势，明确自己的薄弱环节，从而有针对性地进行复习和提高。
首先，要注重词汇的积累。
考研英语的词汇量要求较高，不仅要掌握常见的词汇，还要熟悉一些生僻词和专业词汇。
考研英语真题选自哪里呀
考研英语真题选自哪里呀考研英语是中国研究生入学考试的一部分，也是考生们备战研究生考试中最重要的一门科目之一。
在备考过程中，熟悉和了解考研英语真题的来源是十分关键的。
本文将探讨考研英语真题选自哪里，帮助考生更好地理解、准备和应对考试。
一、真题来源概述考研英语真题主要从以下几个方面选取：历年的研究生入学考试真题、大学英语四六级考试真题、国内外英语考试真题以及学术论文和专业书籍中的相关文章。
通过对这些真题的研究和分析，考研英语的备考可更加有针对性和实效性。
二、历年考研英语真题历年的研究生入学考试真题是备考考研英语不可或缺的重要素材。
这些真题包括历年的阅读理解、完形填空、翻译和写作等部分，涵盖了多个不同的话题和题型。
通过研究历年真题，考生们可以了解到考试的难度、题型分布以及命题特点，有助于制定备考策略和提高解题能力。
三、大学英语四六级考试真题大学英语四六级考试是中国广泛接受的英语水平考试之一，与考研英语有一定的联系。
考研英语真题中的一部分题目会选自于四六级考试真题，这些题目一般涉及到语法、词汇、阅读理解和写作等方面。
因此，在备考过程中，熟悉和掌握四六级考试真题能够为考生提供更详实的备考资源。
四、国内外英语考试真题国内外一些知名的英语考试，如托福、雅思、GRE等，也是考研英语真题的重要来源之一。
这些考试的英语水平要求较高，题目类型多样，有助于考生们拓宽英语知识面和提高语言应用能力。
因此，适当地增加对这些考试真题的学习和应试经验的积累，能够提高考生的备考效果。
五、学术论文和专业书籍学术论文和专业书籍中的英语文章也是考研英语真题的重要来源之一。
考生们在备考的过程中，可以阅读相关领域的学术论文和专业书籍，尤其是英文原版的论文和书籍。
通过对这些文章的阅读和理解，考生们可以提升自己的阅读理解能力和学科素养，为考试中的阅读理解和翻译部分打下坚实的基础。
六、总结综上所述，考研英语真题选自历年的研究生入学考试真题、大学英语四六级考试真题、国内外英语考试真题以及学术论文和专业书籍中的相关文章。
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2012年考研英语真题试题命题来源揭秘
考研英语命题人员在命题的时候选材一般来自最新的外文期刊杂志，然后，根据教育部考研英语的命题原则和要求选择不同题材的文章，文章选定后，命题老师会对原文进行删减和修改，然后，针对每种题型进行题目的设计，并且通过测试修订后定稿。
具体情况简述如下：
1. 删去文章原有的标题
由于英语文章标题经常能概括文章的主题，所以如果出现在阅读考题的试卷里。
因此为了测试对文章主题和其他内容的理解，阅读理解原文的标题一律都要删去，然后让考生根据文章的内容去总结和把握，所以主旨题的出题方式就应运而生了。
2. 删掉一些不必要的细节性内容
考研的文章不能太长，一般是400—500字之间，出于把文章字数控制在要求范围内的考虑，因此一些可有可无的细节、比如太长的职衔、地名或组织机构的名称，某些太多的对主题句的细节描写，甚至没有出题点的整个段落，只要不影响文章总体结构，这些细节内容都要删除。
比如今年阅读的第一篇文章是有关“从众心理”的分析，命题老师删掉了原文的两个段落，因为这两个段落毫无出题点。
3. 替换超纲词汇或直接删除。
为了将超纲词汇控制在所要求的范围内(全文生词量的3%~5%左右)，也为了便于考生真正发挥阅读水平，有些超纲词汇要求删掉或直接用简单词汇来替换。
4. 合并拆分段落。
为了使文章语言更加精炼，结构更加严谨，在删去部分内容后，为使上下文连贯，相邻段落被合并。
为了使上下文更有层次，有时也会将统一的段落拆分。
比如今年的完型填空直接删掉两个段落，新题型7选5也从原文中删掉了一个段落，并对部分些内容作了适当的删减。
5. 加工成考研英语文章。
经过以上四步改编之后，改过的文章不仅没有破坏原文的结构和内容，反而显得更加精炼：结构严谨，层次清晰，一篇成型的考研英语阅读文章就此宣告完成。
下面我们把2012年考研英语文章的命题来源发给大家，希望备考2013年的考生关注外刊杂志或文章。
一、2012年知识运用试题来源：
这篇文章出自纽约时代(New York Times, June, 30th , 2011)中一篇文Ethics, Politics and the Law，主题是有关政治和法律的话题。
选项里的大多数单词都能认识，但不一定能选对，这属于考研英语词汇的一大考点—熟词生义。
文章难度适中。
命题专家在出题的时候也进行了一定程度的改写和删除。
二、2012年考研英语阅读理解 Part A 文章命题来源
Text 1
第一篇文章出自 2011年3月24日的时代周刊(Times)上的一篇文章有关Herd Mentality 的文章，维基百科上关于Herd Mentality的定义是：Herd mentality (从众心态) describes how people are influenced by their peers to adopt certain behaviors, follow trends, and/or purchase items. (从众心态描述的是人们怎样受到同辈人的影响去接受某些行为，追随潮流或购买东西)，通俗的讲就是讲述人们的一种从众心态。
Text 2
第二篇文章2011年4月24日 上的一篇文章，其标题为Vermont Yankee plant’s owner must honor its own promises。
讲了美国佛蒙特洋基核反应堆的事情，结合了今年日本地震这一热点事件。
Text 3
第三篇文章出自一本书，其标题是《Everyday Practice of Science: Where Intuition and Passion Meet Objectivity and Logic》，出自这本书的第76页。
是作者关于自己这本书的一些介绍和阐述。
Text4
第四篇文章出自经济学家2011年3月17日的文章Enemies of Progress，《经济学家》这本杂志几乎成考研命题必选的题库，本文讲的是美国公务员改革相关的问题。
三、阅读Part B 新题型命题来源
今年的Part B 考的是把选项内容按正确的顺序插入原文，即通常的7选5，这篇文章出自2011年7月5日《New Scientist》(新科学家)上的一篇文章，其标题是：How computers can cure cultural diabetes，讲的是自从人类发明电脑之后，分析了不同人们分享和交互信息的问题。
四、阅读Part C 翻译
今年的翻译题几乎可以算得上是有史以来最难的文章了，这篇文章选自《自然》杂志2011年4月20日上的一篇文章Universal Truths，这篇文章理论性较强，尤其是一些专有名词和术语很难把握，因此也就很难表达出来，文章里提到一些晦涩难懂的术语，比如达尔文主义，经验主义，乔姆斯基和格林伯格等人的理论，论述了有关普遍真理探索方面的内容。
2012年考研英语文章的选材，依然保持了新颖、时效、广泛，专业性强、句子结构复杂等特点，对于备考2013年考研的同学来说具有很大的借鉴作用，所以建议广大2013年的考生从现在开始就要开始广泛阅读外文报刊杂志，读懂专业性很强的一些学术性的文章。