1980-2012年考研英语历年真题集含答案解析
2012考研英语二真题及答案
2012考研英语二真题及答案Section I USE of EnglishDirections :Read the following text. Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be .To the men and women who 1 in World War II and the people they liberated ,the GI.was the 2 man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who 3 all the burdens of battle ,who slept in cold foxholes，who went without the 4 of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid , 5 an average guy ,up 6 the best trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries.His name is not much.GI. is just a military abbreviation 7 Government Issue ,and it was on all of the article 8 to soldiers .And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9 it to the top .Joe Blow ,Joe Magrac …a working class name.The United States has 10 had a president or vicepresident or secretary of state Joe.GI .joe had a 11 career fighting German ,Japanese , and Korean troops . He appers as a character ,or a 12 of american personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of GI. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle 13 portrayde themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the 14 side of the warl, writing about the dirt-snow –and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were 15 or what towns were captured or liberated, His reports 16 the “willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men 17 the dirt and exhaustion of war, the 18 of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. 19 Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G.I. Joe was any American soldier, 20 the most important person in their lives.1. [A] performed [B]served [C]rebelled [D]betrayed2. [A] actual [B]common [C]special [D]normal3. [A]bore [B]cased [C]removed [D]loaded4. [A]necessities [B]facilitice [C]commodities [D]propertoes5. [A]and [B]nor [C]but [D]hence6. [A]for [B]into [C] form [D]against7. [A]meaning [B]implying [C]symbolizing [D]claiming8. [A]handed out [B]turn over [C]brought back [D]passed down9. [A]pushed [B]got [C]made [D]managed10. [A]ever [B]never [C]either [D]neither11. [A]disguised [B]disturbed [C]disputed [D]distinguished12. [A]company [B]collection [C]community [D]colony13. [A]employed [B]appointed [C]interviewed [D]questioned14. [A]ethical [B]military [C]political [D]human15. [A]ruined [B]commuted [C]patrolled [D]gained16.[A]paralleled [B]counteracted [C]duplicated [D]contradicted17. [A]neglected [B]avoided [C]emphasized [D]admired18. [A]stages [B]illusions [C]fragments [D]advancea19. [A]With [B]To [C]Among [D]Beyond20. [A]on the contrary [B] by this means [C]from the outset [D]atthat pointSection Ⅱ Reading comprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. answer the question after each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on his educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see vey little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework does nothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.21. It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework_____.[A] is receiving more criticism[B]is no longer an educational ritual[C]is not required for advanced courses[D]is gaining more preferences22. L.A.Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students_____.[A]tend to have moderate expectations for their education[B]have asked for a different educational standard[C]may have problems finishing their homework[D]have voiced their complaints about homework23. According to Paragraph 3,one problem with the policy is that it may____.[A]discourage students from doing homework[B]result in students' indifference to their report cards[C]undermine the authority of state tests[D]restrict teachers' power in education24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework iswhether______. [A] it should be eliminated[B]it counts much in schooling[C]it places extra burdens on teachers[D]it is important for grades25. A suitable title for this text could be______.[A]Wrong Interpretation of an Educational Policy[B]A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students[C]Thorny Questions about Homework[D]A Faulty Approach to HomeworkText2Pretty in pink: adult women do not rememer being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. Tt is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.Girls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses.When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seeminherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kins, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children’s behaviour: wrong. Turns out, acdording to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing trick by clothing manufacrurers in the 1930s.Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes. Tt was only after “toddler”became a common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults,into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences – or invent them where they did not previously exist.26. By saying "it is...the rainbow"(Line 3, Para.1),the author means pink______.[A]should not be the sole representation of girlhood[B]should not be associated with girls' innocence[C]cannot explain girls' lack of imagination[D]cannot influence girls' lives and interests27.According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours？[A]Colours are encoded in girls' DNA.[B]Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.[C]Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.[D]White is prefered by babies.28. The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological developmentwas much influenced by_____.[A]the marketing of products for children[B]the observation of children's nature[C]researches into children's behavior[D]studies of childhood consumption29. We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to_____.[A]focus on infant wear and older kids' clothes[B]attach equal importance to different genders[C]classify consumers into smaller groups[D]create some common shoppers' terms30. It can be concluded that girls' attraction to pink seems to be____.[A] clearly explained by their inborn tendency[B]fully understood by clothing manufacturers[C] mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen[D]well interpreted by psychological expertsText 3In 2010. a federal judge shook America's biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades-by 2005 some 20% of human genes wereparented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organisation (BIO)， a trade group， assured members that this was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battle.On July 29th they were relieved， at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision， ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed holb patents to two genss that help forecast a woman's risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad， a company in Utah，said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine， the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over Critics make three main arguments against gene patents： a gene is a product of nature， so it may not be patented； gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it； and patents' monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's. A growing number seem to st year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case， arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a product of nature... than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds. ”Despite the appeals court's decision， big questions remain unanswered. For example， it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of indivi dual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.AS the industry advances ,however,other suits may have an even greater panies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules-most are already patented or in the public domain .firms are now studying how genes intcract,looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy,companies are eager to win patents for ‘connecting the dits’,expaains hans sauer,alawyer for the BIO.Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO rtcently held a convention which included seddions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.31. it canbe learned from paragraph I that the biotech companies would like-----A. their executives to be activeB. judges to rule out gene patentingC. genes to be patcntablcD. the BIO to issue a warning32. those who are against gene patents believe that----A. genetic tests are not reliableB. only man-made products are patentableC. patents on genes depend much on innovatiaonD. courts should restrict access to gene tic tests33. according to hans sauer ,companies are eager to win patents for----A. establishing disease comelationsB. discovering gene interactionsC. drawing pictures of genesD. identifying human DNA34．By saying “each meeting was packed”(line4,para6)the author means that -----A. the supreme court was authoritativeB. the BIO was a powerful organizationC. gene patenting was a great concernD. lawyers were keen to attend conventiongs35. generally speaking ,the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is----A. criticalB. supportiveC. scornfulD. ObjectiveText 4The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends, it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics, our culture, and the character of our society for years.No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways; they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S. ,lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one,. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them--- especially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.In the internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden winthin American society. More difficult, in the moment , is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this resession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hardtimes will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly it, and all the more so the longer they extend.36.By saying “to find silver linings”（Line 1,Para.2）the author suggest that thejobless try to___.[A]seek subsidies from the govemment[B]explore reasons for the unermployment[C]make profits from the troubled economy[D]look on the bright side of the recession37. According to Paragraph 2,the recession has made people_____.[A]realize the national dream[B]struggle against each other[C]challenge their lifestyle[D]reconsider their lifestyle38. Benjamin Friedman believe that economic recessions may_____.[A]impose a heavier burden on immigrants[B]bring out more evils of human nature[C]Promote the advance of rights and freedoms[D]ease conflicts between races and classes39. The research of Till Von Wachther suggests that in recession graduates from eliteuniversities tend to _____.[A]lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities[B]catch up quickly with experienced employees[C]see their life chances as dimmed as the others’[D]recover more quickly than the others40. The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is____.[A]certain [B]positive[C]trivial [D]destructivePart BDirections: Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEERT 1.(10 points)“Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,” wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not.Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus – On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conqueringfortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, the championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders.Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist's personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers , industrialists and explores . "The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, if patient purpose, resolute working and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formulation of truly noble and many character, exhibit," wrote Smiles." what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself" His biographies of James Walt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles: “It is man, real, living man who does all that.” And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For: “Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past.”This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding — from gender to race to cultural studies — were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.46.Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15 points)When people in developing countries worry about migration,they are usually concerned at the prospect of ther best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world ,These are the kind of workers that countries like Britian ,Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates .Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate .A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40%of emigrants had more than a high-school education,compared with around 3.3%of all Indians over the age of 25.This "brain drain "has long bothered policymakers in poor countries ,They fear that it hurts their economies ,depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities ,worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make .Section Ⅳ WritingPart A47.Directions:Suppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from an onlin store the other day ,Write an email to the customer service center to1) make a complaint and2) demand a prompt solutionYou should write about 100words on ANSERE SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter ,Use "zhang wei "instead .Part B48. Directions:write an essay based on the following table .In your writing you should1) describe the table ,and2) give your commentsYou should write at least 150 words(15points)某公司员工工作满意度调查2012年考研英语二答案Section I USE of English1.【答案】B【解析】从空后的句子“他们解放的人们”可以看出，空前的句子表示的应该是参加了第二次大战的男人和女人。
2012年考研英语二真题及答案(整理打印版)
2012年英语二真题及答案（整理打印版）：Section1Use of EninglishDirections:Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy,the symbol of American military adventurism,but that’s not how it used to be.To the men and women who1)in World War II and the people they liberated,the GI.was the2)man grown into hero,the pool farm kid torn away from his home,the guy who3)all the burdens of battle,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the4)of food and shelter,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder.this was not a volunteer soldier,not someone well paid,5)an average guy,up6)the best trained,best equipped,fiercest,most brutal enemies seen in centuries.His name is not much.GI.is just a military abbreviation7)Government Issue,and it was on all of the article8)to soldiers.And Joe?A common name for a guy who never9)it to the top.Joe Blow,Joe Magrac…a working class name.The United States has10)had a president or vicepresident or secretary of state Joe.GI.joe had a(11)career fighting German,Japanese,and Korean troops.He appers as a character,or a(12)of american personalities, in the1945movie The Story of GI.Joe,based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle.Some of the soldiers Pyle(13)portrayde themselves in the film.Pyle was famous for covering the(14)side of the warl,writing about the dirt-snow–and-mud soldiers,not how many miles were(15)or what towns were captured or liberated,His reports(16)the “willie”cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden.Both men(17)the dirt and exhaustion of war,the(18)of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians:coffee,tobacco, whiskey,shelter,sleep.(19)Egypt,France,and a dozen more countries, G.I.Joe was any American soldier,(20)the most important person in their lives.1.[A]performed[B]served[C]rebelled[D]betrayed2.[A]actual[B]common[C]special[D]normal3.[A]bore[B]cased[C]removed[D]loaded4.[A]necessities[B]facilitice[C]commodities[D]propertoes5.[A]and[B]nor[C]but[D]hence6.[A]for[B]into[C]form[D]against7.[A]meaning[B]implying[C]symbolizing[D]claiming8.[A]handed out[B]turn over[C]brought back[D]passed down9.[A]pushed[B]got[C]made[D]managed10.[A]ever[B]never[C]either[D]neither11.[A]disguised[B]disturbed[C]disputed[D]distinguished12.[A]company[B]collection[C]community[D]colony13.[A]employed[B]appointed[C]interviewed[D]questioned14.[A]ethical[B]military[C]political[D]human15.[A]ruined[B]commuted[C]patrolled[D]gained16.[A]paralleled[B]counteracted[C]duplicated[D]contradicted17.[A]neglected[B]avoided[C]emphasized[D]admired18.[A]stages[B]illusions[C]fragments[D]advancea19.[A]With[B]To[C]Among[D]Beyond20.[A]on the contrary[B]by this means[C]from the outset[D]at that pointSection II Resdiong ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.answer the question after each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents,but in recent years it has been particularly scorned.School districts across the country,most recently Los Angeles Unified,are revising their thinking on his educational ritual.Unfortunately,L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses,homework may no longer count for more than10%of a student’s academic grade.This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory.Certainly,no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment.But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives,it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling:teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want.But with homework counting for no more than10%of their grades,students can easily skip half their homework and see vey little difference on their report cards.Some students might do well on state tests withoutcompleting their homework,but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework?It is quite possible that the homework helped.Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students,the policy imposes a flat,across-the-board rule.At the same time,the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework.If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’academic achievement,it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments,not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely,if homework does nothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board,which is responsible for setting educational policy,looks into the matter and conducts public hearings.It is not too late for L.A.Unified to do homework right.21.It is implied in paragraph1that nowadays homework_____.[A]is receiving more criticism[B]is no longer an educational ritual[C]is not required for advanced courses[D]is gaining more preferences22.L.A.Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students_____.[A]tend to have moderate expectations for their education[B]have asked for a different educational standard[C]may have problems finishing their homework[D]have voiced their complaints about homework23.According to Paragraph3,one problem with the policy is that it may____.[A]discourage students from doing homework[B]result in students'indifference to their report cards[C]undermine the authority of state tests[D]restrict teachers'power in education24.As mentioned in Paragraph4,a key question unanswered about homework is whether______.[A]it should be eliminated[B]it counts much in schooling[C]it places extra burdens on teachers[D]it is important for grades25.A suitable title for this text could be______.[A]Wrong Interpretation of an Educational Policy[B]A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students[C]Thorny Questions about Homework[D]A Faulty Approach to HomeworkText2Pretty in pink:adult women do not rememer being so obsessed with the colour,yet it is pervasive in our young girls’lives.Tt is not that pink is intrinsically bad,but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way,it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’identity to appearance.Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds,between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence.Looking around,I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’lives and interests.Girls’attraction to pink may seem unavoidable,somehow encoded in their DNA,but according to Jo Paoletti,an associate professor of American Studies,it is not.Children were not colour-coded at all until the early20th century:in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter,since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them.What’s more,both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses.When nursery colours were introduced,pink was actually considered the more masculine colour,a pastel version of red,which was associated with strength.Blue,with its intimations of the Virgin Mary,constancy and faithfulness,symbolised femininity.It was not until the mid-1980s,when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing strategy,that pink fully came into its own,when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls,part of what defined them as female,at least for the first few critical years.I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kins,including our core beliefs about their psychological development.Take the toddler.I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children’s behaviour:wrong.Turns out,acdording to Daniel Cook,a historian of childhood consumerism,it was popularised as a marketing trick by clothing manufacrurers in the1930s.Trade publications counselled department stores that,in order to increase sales,they should create a“third stepping stone”between infant wear and older kids’clothes.Tt was only after“toddler”became a common shoppers’term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage.Splitting kids,or adults,into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits.And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences–or invent them where they did not previously exist.26.By saying"it is...the rainbow"(Line3,Para.1),the author means pink______.[A]should not be the sole representation of girlhood[B]should not be associated with girls'innocence[C]cannot explain girls'lack of imagination[D]cannot influence girls'lives and interests27.According to Paragraph2,which of the following is true of colours?[A]Colours are encoded in girls'DNA.[B]Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.[C]Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.[D]White is prefered by babies.28.The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological development was much influenced by_____.[A]the marketing of products for children[B]the observation of children's nature[C]researches into children's behavior[D]studies of childhood consumption29.We may learn from Paragraph4that department stores were advised to_____.[A]focus on infant wear and older kids'clothes[B]attach equal importance to different genders[C]classify consumers into smaller groups[D]create some common shoppers'terms30.It can be concluded that girls'attraction to pink seems to be____.[A]clearly explained by their inborn tendency[B]fully understood by clothing manufacturers[C]mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen[D]well interpreted by psychological expertsText3In2010.a federal judge shook America's biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades-by2005some20% of human genes were parented.But in March2010a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable.Executives were violently agitated.The Biotechnology Industry Organisation(BIO),a trade group,assured members that this was just a“preliminary step”in a longer battle.On July29th they were relieved,at least temporarily.A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision,ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed holb patents to two genss that help forecast a woman's riskof breast cancer.The chief executive of Myriad,a company in Utah,said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine, the courts will remain rather busy.The Myriad case itself is probably not over Critics make three main arguments against gene patents:a gene is a product of nature,so it may not be patented;gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it;and patents'monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's.A growing number seem to st year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests.In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case,arguing that an isolated DNA molecule“is no less a product of nature...than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds.”Despite the appeals court's decision,big questions remain unanswered. For example,it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of indivi dual genes within it.The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.AS the industry advances,however,other suits may have an even greater panies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules-most are already patented or in the public domain.firms are now studying how genes intcract,looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict adrug’sefficacy,companies are eager to win patents for‘connecting the dits’,expaains hans sauer,alawyer for the BIO.Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic,which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term.The BIO rtcently held a convention which included seddions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents.Each meeting was packed.31.it canbe learned from paragraph I that the biotech companies would like-----A.their executives to be activeB.judges to rule out gene patentingC.genes to be patcntablcD.the BIO to issue a warning32.those who are against gene patents believe that----A.genetic tests are not reliableB.only man-made products are patentableC.patents on genes depend much on innovatiaonD.courts should restrict access to gene tic tests33.according to hans sauer,companies are eager to win patents for----A.establishing disease comelationsB.discovering gene interactionsC.drawing pictures of genesD.identifying human DNA34.By saying“each meeting was packed”(line4,para6)the author means that-----A.the supreme court was authoritativeB.the BIO was a powerful organizationC.gene patenting was a great concernwyers were keen to attend conventiongs35.generally speaking,the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is----A.criticalB.supportiveC.scornfulD.objectiveText4The great recession may be over,but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning.Before it ends,it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults.And ultimately,it is likely to reshape our politics,our culture,and the character of our society for years.No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster.Many said that unemployment,while extremely painful,had improved them in some ways;they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent;they were more aware of the struggles of others.In limited respects,perhaps the recession will leave society better off.At the very least,it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses,and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.But for the most part,these benefits seem thin,uncertain,and far off.In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth,the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S.,lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive,and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms.Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases,as does conflict between races and classes.Income inequality usually falls during a recession,but it has not shrunk in this one,.Indeed,this period of economic weakness mayreinforce class divides,and decrease opportunities to cross them---especially for young people.The research of Till Von Wachter,the economist in Columbia University,suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed:those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times;it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.In the internet age,it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden winthin American society.More difficult,in the moment,is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character.In many respects,the U.S.was more socially tolerant entering this resession than at any time in its history,and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric.But they certainly it,and all the more so the longer they extend.36.By saying“to find silver linings”(Line1,Para.2)the author suggest that the jobless try to___.[A]seek subsidies from the govemment[B]explore reasons for the unermployment[C]make profits from the troubled economy[D]look on the bright side of the recession37.According to Paragraph2,the recession has made people_____.[A]realize the national dream[B]struggle against each other[C]challenge their lifestyle[D]reconsider their lifestyle38.Benjamin Friedman believe that economic recessions may_____.[A]impose a heavier burden on immigrants[B]bring out more evils of human nature[C]Promote the advance of rights and freedoms[D]ease conflicts between races and classes39.The research of Till Von Wachther suggests that in recession graduates from elite universities tend to_____.[A]lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities[B]catch up quickly with experienced employees[C]see their life chances as dimmed as the others’[D]recover more quickly than the others40.The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is____.[A]certain[B]positive[C]trivial[D]destructivePart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column.There are two extra choices in the right column.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEERT 1.(10points)“Universal history,the history of what man has accomplished in this world,is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,”wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle.Well,not any more it is not.Suddenly,Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form.This could be no more than a passing literary craze,but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past:less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain.Today,we want empathy,not inspiration.From the earliest days of the Renaissance,the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men.In1337,Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus–On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus(or virtue)of classical heroes.Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head.In The Prince,the championed cunning,ruthlessness,and boldness,rather than virtue,mercy and justice,as the skills of successful leaders.Over time,the attributes of greatness shifted.The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day,stressing the uniqueness of the artist's personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast,the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers,industrialists and explores. "The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help,if patient purpose,resolute working and steadfast integrity,issuing in the formulation of truly noble and many character,exhibit,"wrote Smiles."what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself"Hisbiographies of James Walt,Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle,who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther,Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte.These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate,but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.Communist Manifesto.For them,history did nothing,it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles:“It is man,real,living man who does all that.”And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.As such,it needed to appreciate the economic realities,the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood.For:“Men make their own history,but they do not make it just as they please;they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves,but under circumstances directly found,given and transmitted from the past.”This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past.In place of Thomas Carlyle,Britain nurtured Christopher Hill,EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm.History from below stood alongside biographies of great men.Whole new realms of understanding—from gender to race to cultural studies—were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies.And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.Section III Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)When people in developing countries worry about migration,they are usually concerned at the prospect of ther best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world,These are the kind of workers that countries like Britian,Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates.Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate.A big survey of Indian households in2004found that nearly40%of emigrants had more than a high-school education,compared with around3.3%of all Indians over the age of25.This"brain drain"has long bothered policymakers in poor countries,They fear that it hurts their economies,depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities,worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make.Section IV WritingPart A47.DirectionsSuppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from an onlin store the other day,Write an email to the customer service center to1)make a complaint and2)demand a prompt solutionYou should write about100words on ANSERE SHEET2Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter,Use"zhang wei "instead.48、write an essay based on the following table.In your writing you should1)describe the table,and2)give your commentsYou should write at least150words(15points)英语二答案：完形填空：1.B2.B3.A4.A5.C6.B7.C8.A9.D10.B11.D12.B13.C14.D15.B16.A17.C18.B19.B20.DTEXT1：21.A22.C23.A24.B25.DTEXT2：26.A27.B28.A29.C30.CTEXT3：31.C32.B33.A34.D35.DTEXT4：36.D37.D38.B39.D40.A翻译：而发展中国家担心移民，则通常考虑的是，他们最优秀的人才流入了硅谷，或是发达国家的一些医院和大学。
2012年考研英语二真题(全部答案解析完整版本)
英语二真题：Section 1 Use of EninglishDirections :Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be .To the men and women who 1 )in World War II and the people they liberated ,the GI.was the 2) man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who 3) all the burdens of battle ,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the 4) of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid ,5) an average guy ,up 6 )the best trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries.His name is not much.GI. is just a military abbreviation 7) Government Issue ,and it was on all of the article 8) to soldiers .And Joe? A common name for a guy who neve r 9) it to the top .Joe Blow ,Joe Magrac …a working class name.The United States has 10) had a president or vicepresident or secretary of state Joe.GI .joe had a (11)career fighting German ,Japanese , and Korean troops . He appers as a character ,or a (12 ) of american personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of GI. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle(13)portrayde themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)side of the warl, writing about the dirt-snow –and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were(15)or what towns were captured or liberated, His reports(16)the “willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men(17)the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep.(19)Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G.I. Joe was any American soldier,(20)the most important person in their lives.1.[A] performed [B]served [C]rebelled [D]betrayed2.[A] actual [B]common [C]special [D]normal3.[A]bore [B]cased [C]removed [D]loaded4.[A]necessities [B]facilitice [C]commodities [D]propertoes5.[A]and [B]nor [C]but [D]hence6.[A]for [B]into [C] form [D]against7.[A]meaning [B]implying [C]symbolizing [D]claiming8.[A]handed out [B]turn over [C]brought back [D]passed down9.[A]pushed [B]got [C]made [D]managed10.[A]ever [B]never [C]either [D]neither11.[A]disguised [B]disturbed [C]disputed [D]distinguished12.[A]company [B]collection [C]community [D]colony13.[A]employed [B]appointed [C]interviewed [D]questioned14.[A]ethical [B]military [C]political [D]human15.[A]ruined [B]commuted [C]patrolled [D]gained16.[A]paralleled [B]counteracted [C]duplicated [D]contradicted17.[A]neglected [B]avoided [C]emphasized [D]admired18.[A]stages [B]illusions [C]fragments [D]advancea19.[A]With [B]To [C]Among [D]Beyond20.[A]on the contrary [B] by this means [C]from the outset [D]at that pointSection II Resdiong ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. answer the question after each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on his educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see vey little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests withoutcompleting their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework.If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework does nothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.21.It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework_____.[A] is receiving more criticism[B]is no longer an educational rit ual[C]is not required for advanced courses[D]is gaining more preferences22.L.A.Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students_____.[A]tend to have moderate expectations for their education[B]have asked for a different educational standard[C]may have problems finishing their homewo rk[D]have voiced their complaints about homework23.According to Paragraph 3,one problem with the policy is that it may____.[A]discourage students from doing homewor k[B]result in students' indifference to their report cards[C]undermine the authority of state tests[D]restrict teachers' power in education24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is whether______. [A] it should be eliminat ed[B]it counts much in schooling[C]it places extra burdens on teachers[D]it is important for grades25.A suitable title for this text could be______.[A]Wrong Interpretation of an Educational Polic y[B]A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students[C]Thorny Questions about HomeworkA Faulty Approach to HomeworkText2Pretty in pink: adult women do not rememer being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. Tt is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girl s’ lives and interests.Girls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses.When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own,when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kins, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts develop ed after years of research into children’s behavior: wrong. Turns out, acdording to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing trick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes. Tt was only after “toddler”became a common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults,into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences – or invent them where they did not previously exist.26.By saying "it is...the rainbow"(Line 3, Para.1),the author means pink______.[A]should not be the sole representation of girlho od[B]should not be associated with girls' innocence[C]cannot explain girls' lack of imagination[D]cannot influence girls' lives and interests27.According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours?[A]Colours are encoded in girls' DNA.[B]Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girl s.[C]Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.[D]White is prefered by babies.28.The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological development was much influenced by_____.[A]the marketing of products for childr en[B]the observation of children's nature[C]researches into children's behavior[D]studies of childhood consumption29.We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to_____.[A]focus on infant wear and older kids' clothes[B]attach equal importance to different genders[C]classify consumers into smaller group s[D]create some common shoppers' terms30.It can be concluded that girls' attraction to pink seems to be____.[A] clearly explained by their inborn tendency[B]fully understood by clothing manufacturers[C] mainly imposed by profit-driven businessm en[D]well interpreted by psychological expertsText3In2010.afederaljudgeshookAmerica'panieshadwonpatentsforisolatedDNAfor decades-by2005some20%ofhumangeneswereparented.ButinMarch2010ajudgeruledthatgeneswereun patentable.Executiveswereviolentlyagitated.TheBiotechnologyIndustryOr ganisation(BIO),atradegroup,assuredmembersthatthiswasjusta“prelimina rystep”inalongerbattle.OnJuly29ththeywererelieved,atleasttemporarily.Afederalappealscourtoverturnedthepriordecision,rulingthatMyriadGeneticscouldindeedholbpatent stotwogenssthathelpforecastawoman'sriskofbreastcancer.Thechiefexecuti veofMyriad,acompanyinUtah,saidtherulingwasablessingtofirmsandpatients alike.Butascompaniescontinuetheirattemptsatpersonalisedmedicine,thecourtswi llremainratherbusy.TheMyriadcaseitselfisprobablynotoverCriticsmakethr eemainargumentsagainstgenepatents:ageneisaproductofnature,soitmaynotb epatented;genepatentssuppressinnovationratherthanrewardit;andpatents' monopoliesrestrictaccesstogenetictestssuchasMyriad's.Agrowingnumberse styearafederaltask-forceurgedreformforpatentsrelatedtogen etictests.InOctobertheDepartmentofJusticefiledabriefintheMyriadcase,a rguingthatanisolatedDNAmolecule“isnolessaproductofnature...thanareco ttonfibresthathavebeensepar atedfromcottonseeds.”Despitetheappealscourt'sdecision,bigquestionsremainunanswered.Forexam ple,itisunclearwhetherthesequencingofawholegenomeviolatesthepatentsof individualgeneswithinit.ThecasemayyetreachtheSupremeCourt.AS the industry advances ,however,other suits may have an even greater panies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules-most are already patented or in the public domain .firms are now studying how genes intcract,looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy,companies are eager to win patents for ‘connecting the dits’,expaains hans sauer,alawyer for the BIO.Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO rtcently held a convention which included seddions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.31.it canbe learned from paragraph I that the biotech companies would like-----A.their executives to be activeB.judges to rule out gene patentingC.genes to be patcntablcD.the BIO to issue a warning32.those who are against gene patents believe that----A.genetic tests are not reliableB.only man-made products are patentableC.patents on genes depend much on innovatiaonD.courts should restrict access to gene tic tests33.according to hans sauer ,companies are eager to win patents for----A.establishing disease comelationsB.discovering gene interactionsC.drawing pictures of genesD.identifying human DNA34.By saying “each meeting was packed”(line4,para6)the author means that -----A.the supreme court was authoritativeB.the BIO was a powerful organizationC.gene patenting was a great concernwyers were keen to attend conventiongs35.generally speaking ,the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is----A.criticalB.supportiveC.scornfulD.objectiveText 4The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends,it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics,our culture, and the character of our society for years.No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways; they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S. ,lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one,. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them--- especially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.In the internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden winthin American society. More difficult, in the moment , is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this resession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly it, and all the more so the longer they extend.36.By saying “to find silver linings”(Line 1,Para.2)the author suggest that the jobless try to___.[A]seek subsidies from the govemment[B]explore reasons for the unermployment[C]make profits from the troubled economy[D]look on the bright side of the recession37.According to Paragraph 2,the recession has made people_____.[A]realize the national dream[B]struggle against each other[C]challenge their lifestyle[D]reconsider their lifestyle38.Benjamin Friedman believe that economic recessions may_____.[A]impose a heavier burden on immigrants[B]bring out more evils of human nature[C]Promote the advance of rights and freedoms[D]ease conflicts between races and classes39.The research of Till Von Wachther suggests that in recession graduates from elite universities tend to _____.[A]lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities[B]catch up quickly with experienced employees[C]see their life chances as dimmed as the others’[D]recover more quickly than the others40.The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is____.[A]certain[B]positive[C]trivial[D]destructivePart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEERT 1.(10 points)“Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,” wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not.Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus – On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, the championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders.Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist's personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers , industrialists and explores . "The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, ifpatient purpose, resolute working and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formulation of truly noble and many character, exhibit,"wrote Smiles."what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself"His biographies of James Walt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles:“It is man, real, living man who does all that.” And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For:“Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstan ces directly found, given and transmitted from the past.”This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding —from gender to race to cultural studies — were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.Section III Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15 points)When people in developing countries worry about migration,they are usually concerned at the prospect of ther best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world ,These are the kind of workers that countries like Britian ,Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates .Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate .A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40%of emigrants had more than a high-school education,compared with around 3.3%of all Indians over the age of 25.This "brain drain "has long bothered policymakers in poor countries ,They fear that it hurts their economies ,depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities ,worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make .Section IV WritingPart A47.DirectionsSuppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from an onlin store the other day ,Write an email to the customer service center to1)make a complaint and2)demand a prompt solutionYou should write about 100words on ANSERE SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter ,Use "zhang wei "instead .48、write an essay based on the following table .In your writing you should1)describe the table ,and2)give your commentsYou should write at least 150 words(15points)英语二答案：完形填空：1.B2.B3.A4.A5.C6.B7.C8.A9.D 10.B11.D 12.B 13.C 14.D 15.B16.A 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.DTEXT1：21. A 22.C 23.A 24.B 25.DTEXT2：26.A 27.B 28.A 29.C 30.CTEXT3：31.C 32.B 33.A 34.D 35.DTEXT4：36.D 37.D 38.B 39.D 40.A翻译：而发展中国家担心移民，则通常考虑的是，他们最优秀的人才流入了硅谷，或是发达国家的一些医院和大学。
2012年考研英语二真题(全部答案及解析)(完整版)
2012年考研英语真题与答案Section 1 Use of EninglishMillions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be .To the men and women who 1 )in World War II and the people they liberated ,the GI.was the 2) man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who 3) all the burdens of battle ,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the 4) of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid ,5) an average guy ,up 6 )the best trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries.His name is not much.GI. is just a military abbreviation 7) Government Issue ,and it was on all of the article 8) to soldiers .And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9) it to the top .Joe Blow ,Joe Magrac …a working class name.The United States has 10) had a president or vicepresident or secretary of state Joe.GI .joe had a (11)career fighting German ,Japanese , and Korean troops . He appers as a character ,or a (12 ) of american personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of GI. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle(13)portrayde themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)side of the warl, writing about the dirt-snow –and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were(15)or what towns were captured or liberated, His reports(16)the “willie” cartoons of famed S tars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men(17)the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G.I. Joe was any American soldier,(20)the most important person in their lives.1. A、performed B、served C、rebelled D、betrayed2. A、actual B、common C、special D、normal3. A、bore B、cased C、removed D、loaded4. A、necessities B、facilitice C、commodities D、propertoes5. A、and B、nor C、but D、hence6. A、for B、into C、form D、against7. A、meaning B、implying C、symbolizing D、claiming8. A、handed out B、turn over C、brought back D、passed down9. A、pushed B、got C、made D、managed10. A、ever B、never C、either D、neither11. A、disguised B、disturbed C、disputed D、distinguished12. A、company B、collection C、community D、colony13. A、employed B、appointed C、interviewed D、questioned14. A、ethical B、military C、political D、human15. A、ruined B、commuted C、patrolled D、gained16. A、paralleled B、counteracted C、duplicated D、contradicted17. A、neglected B、avoided C、emphasized D、admired18. A、stages B、illusions C、fragments D、advancea19. A、With B、To C、Among D、Beyond20. A、on the contrary B、by this means C、from the outset D、at that pointSection II Resdiong ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. answer the question after each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on his educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see vey little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework does nothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.21.It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework_____.A、is receiving more criticismB、is no longer an educational ritualC、is not required for advanced coursesD、is gaining more preferences22.L.A.Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students_____.A、tend to have moderate expectations for their educationB、have asked for a different educational standardC、may have problems finishing their homeworkD、have voiced their complaints about homework23.According to Paragraph 3,one problem with the policy is that it may____.A、discourage students from doing homeworkB、result in students' indifference to their report cardsC、undermine the authority of state testsD、restrict teachers' power in education24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is whether______. A、it should be eliminatedB、it counts much in schoolingC、it places extra burdens on teachersD、it is important for grades25.A suitable title for this text could be______.A、Wrong Interpretation of an Educational PolicyB、A Welcomed Policy for Poor StudentsC、Thorny Questions about HomeworkD、A Faulty Approach to HomeworkText2Pretty in pink: adult women do not rememer being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. Tt is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even amongtwo-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.Girls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses.When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually consideredthe more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own,when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kins, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children’s behaviour: wrong. Turns out, acdording to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing trick by clothing manufacrurers in the 1930s.Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes. Tt was only after “toddler”became a common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults,into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences – or invent them where they did not previously exist.26.By saying "it is...the rainbow"(Line 3, Para.1),the author means pink______.A、should not be the sole representation of girlhoodB、should not be associated with girls' innocenceC、cannot explain girls' lack of imaginationD、cannot influence girls' lives and interests27.According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours?A、Colours are encoded in girls' DNA.B、Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.C、Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.D、White is prefered by babies.28.The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological development was much influenced by_____.A、the marketing of products for childrenB、the observation of children's natureC、researches into children's behaviorD、studies of childhood consumption29.We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to_____.A、focus on infant wear and older kids' clothesB、attach equal importance to different gendersC、classify consumers into smaller groupsD、create some common shoppers' terms30.It can be concluded that girls' attraction to pink seems to be____.A、clearly explained by their inborn tendencyB、fully understood by clothing manufacturersC、mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmenD、well interpreted by psychological expertsText3In2010.afederaljudgeshookAmerica'panieshadwonpatentsforis olatedDNAfordecades-by2005some20%ofhumangeneswereparented.ButinMarch2010ajudgeruledthatgeneswereunpatentable.Exec utiveswereviolentlyagitated.TheBiotechnologyIndustryOrganisation(BIO),atradegroup,assure dmembersthatthiswasjusta“preliminarystep”inalongerbattle.OnJuly29ththeywererelieved,atleasttemporarily.Afederalappealscourtoverturnedthepriordecisi on,rulingthatMyriadGeneticscouldindeedholbpatentstotwogenssthathelpforecastawoman'srisk ofbreastcancer.ThechiefexecutiveofMyriad,acompanyinUtah,saidtherulingwasablessingtofirm sandpatientsalike.Butascompaniescontinuetheirattemptsatpersonalisedmedicine,thecourtswillremainratherbusy .TheMyriadcaseitselfisprobablynotoverCriticsmakethreemainargumentsagainstgenepatents:a geneisaproductofnature,soitmaynotbepatented;genepatentssuppressinnovationratherthanrew ardit;andpatents'monopoliesrestrictaccesstogenetictestssuchasMyriad's.Agrowingnumbersee styearafederaltask-forceurgedreformforpatentsrelatedtogenetictests.InOctoberth eDepartmentofJusticefiledabriefintheMyriadcase,arguingthatanisolatedDNAmol ecule“isnoless aproductofnature...thanarecottonfibresthathavebeenseparatedfromcottonseeds.”Despitetheappealscourt'sdecision,bigquestionsremainunanswered.Forexample,itisunclearwh etherthesequencingofawholegenomeviolatesthepatentsofindividualgeneswithinit.Thecasemay yetreachtheSupremeCourt.AS the industry advances ,however,other suits may have an even greater panies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules-most are already patented or in the public domain .firms are now studying how genes intcract,looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy,companies are eager to win patents for ‘connecting the dits’,expaains hans sauer,alawyer for the BIO.Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO rtcently held a convention which included seddions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.31.it canbe learned from paragraph I that the biotech companies would like-----A.their executives to be activeB.judges to rule out gene patentingC.genes to be patcntablcD.the BIO to issue a warning32.those who are against gene patents believe that----A.genetic tests are not reliableB.only man-made products are patentableC.patents on genes depend much on innovatiaonD.courts should restrict access to gene tic tests33.according to hans sauer ,companies are eager to win patents for----A.establishing disease comelationsB.discovering gene interactionsC.drawing pictures of genesD.identifying human DNA34.By saying “each meeting was packed”(line4,para6)the author means that -----A.the supreme court was authoritativeB.the BIO was a powerful organizationC.gene patenting was a great concernwyers were keen to attend conventiongs35.generally speaking ,the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is----A.criticalB.supportiveC.scornfulD.objectiveText 4The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends,it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics,our culture, and the character of our society for years.No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways; they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S. ,lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one,. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them--- especially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.In the internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden winthin American society. More difficult, in the moment , is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this resession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly it, and all the more so the longer they extend.36.By saying “to find silver linings”(Line 1,Para.2)the author suggest that the jobless try to___.A、seek subsidies from the govemmentB、explore reasons for the unermploymentC、make profits from the troubled economyD、look on the bright side of the recession37.According to Paragraph 2,the recession has made people_____.A、realize the national dreamB、struggle against each otherC、challenge their lifestyleD、reconsider their lifestyle38.Benjamin Friedman believe that economic recessions may_____.A、impose a heavier burden on immigrantsB、bring out more evils of human natureC、Promote the advance of rights and freedomsD、ease conflicts between races and classes39.The research of Till Von Wachther suggests that in recession graduates from elite universities tend to _____.A、lag behind the others due to decreased opportunitiesB、catch up quickly with experienced employeesC、see their life chances as dim med as the others’D、recover more quickly than the others40.The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is____.A、certainB、positiveC、trivialD、destructivePart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEERT 1.(10 points)“Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,” wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not.Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus – On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, the championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders.Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist's personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers , industrialists and explores . "The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, if patient purpose, resolute working and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formulation of truly noble and many character, exhibit,"wrote Smiles."what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself"His biographies of James Walt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged batt les:“It is man, real, living man who does all that.” And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For:“Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past.”This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding —from gender to race to cultural studies —were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.Section III Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15 points)When people in developing countries worry about migration,they are usually concerned at the prospect of ther best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world ,These are the kind of workers that countries like Britian ,Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates .Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate .A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40%of emigrants had more than a high-school education,compared with around 3.3%of all Indians over the age of 25.This "brain drain "has long bothered policymakers in poor countries ,They fear that it hurts their economies ,depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities ,worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make .Section IV WritingPart A47.DirectionsSuppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from an onlin store the other day ,Write an email to the customer service center to1)make a complaint and2)demand a prompt solutionYou should write about 100words on ANSERE SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter ,Use "zhang wei "instead .48、write an essay based on the following table .In your writing you should1)describe the table ,and2)give your commentsYou should write at least 150 words(15points)英语二答案：完形填空：1.B2.B3.A4.A5.C6.B7.C8.A9.D 10.B11.D 12.B 13.C 14.D 15.B16.A 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.DTEXT1：21. A 22.C 23.A 24.B 25.DTEXT2：26.A 27.B 28.A 29.C 30.CTEXT3：31.C 32.B 33.A 34.D 35.DTEXT4：36.D 37.D 38.B 39.D 40.A翻译：而发展中国家担心移民，则通常考虑的是，他们最优秀的人才流入了硅谷，或是发达国家的一些医院和大学。
1980-2010年英语考研真题
2011考研英语使用说明（必读） 12010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 3 Section I Use of English 3Section II R eading Comprehension 4Part A 5Part B 11Part C 13Section ⅢWriting 14Part A 14Part B 142009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题15 Section I Use of English 15Section II R eading Comprehension 17Part A 17Part B 23Part C 25Section ⅢWriting 25Part A 25Part B 262009年考研英语真题答案272008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题29 Section I Use of English 29Section II R eading Comprehension 31Part A 31Part B 37Part C 39Section III Writing 40Part A 40Part B 402008年考研英语真题答案422007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题44 Section I Use of English 44Section II R eading Comprehension 47Part A 47Part B 54Part C 56Section III Writing 57Part A 57Part B 572007年考研英语真题答案582006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题60 Section I Use of English 60Section II R eading Comprehension 63Part A 63Part B 70Part C 72Section III Writing 73Part A 73Part B 732006年考研英语真题答案752005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题77 Section I Use of English 77Section II R eading Comprehension 80Part A 80Part B 87Part C 89Section III Writing 90Part A 90Part B 902005年考研英语真题答案922004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题94 Section I Listening Comprehension 94Part A 94Part B 94Part C 95Section II U se of English 97Section III Reading Comprehension 101Part A 101Part B 107Section IV Writing 1092004年考研英语真题答案1102003年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题112 Section I Listening Comprehension 112Part A 112Part B 112Part C 113Section II U se of English 115Section III Reading Comprehension 119Part A 119Part B 126Section IV Writing 1262003年考研英语真题答案1282002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题130 Section I Listening Comprehension 130Part A 130Part B 131Part C 131Section II U se of English 134Section III Reading Comprehension 138Part A 138Part B 145Section IV Writing 1452002年考研英语真题答案1472001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题149 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 149Part A 149Part B 151Section II C loze Test 155Section III Reading Comprehension 159Section IV English-Chinese Translation 166 Section V W riting 1672001年考研英语真题答案1692000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题171 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 171Part A 171Part B 173Part C 174Section II C loze Test 179Section III Reading Comprehension 180Section IV English-Chinese Translation 188 Section V W riting 1892000年考研英语真题答案1901999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题192 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 192Part A 192Part B 194Part C 195Section II C loze Test 199Section III Reading Comprehension 201Section IV English-Chinese Translation 209 Section V W riting 2091999年考研英语真题答案2111998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题213 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 213Part A 213Part B 215Part C 216Section II C loze Test 220Section III Reading Comprehension 222Section IV English-Chinese Translation 230Section V W riting 2311998年考研英语真题答案2331997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题235 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 235Part A 235Part B 237Part C 238Section II C loze Test 242Section III Reading Comprehension 244Section IV English-Chinese Translation 251 Section V W riting 2521997年考研英语真题答案2541996年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题256 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 256Part A 256Part B 258Part C 259Section II C loze Test 263Section III Reading Comprehension 265Section IV English-Chinese Translation 272 Section V W riting 2731996年考研英语真题答案2741995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题276 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 276Part A 276Part B 278Part C 279Section II C loze Test 283Section III Reading Comprehension 285Section IV English-Chinese Translation 292 Section V W riting 2931995年考研英语真题答案2941994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题296 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 296Part A 296Part B 298Part C 299Section II C loze Test 303Section III Reading Comprehension 305Section IV English-Chinese Translation 311 Section V W riting 3121994年考研英语真题答案3141993年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题316 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 316Section II R eading Comprehension 321Section III Cloze Test 326Section IV Error-detection and Correction 329 Section V E nglish-Chinese Translation 331Section VI Writing 3311993年考研英语真题答案3331992年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题335 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 335Section II R eading Comprehension 340Section III Cloze Test 345Section IV Error-detection and Correction 347 Section V E nglish-Chinese Translation 349Section VI Writing 3501992年考研英语真题答案3511991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题353 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 353Section II R eading Comprehension 358Section III Cloze Test 363Section IV Error-detection and Correction 366 Section V E nglish-Chinese Translation 367Section VI Writing 3681991年考研英语真题答案3691990年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题371 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 371Section II R eading Comprehension 373Section III Cloze Test 377Section IV Error-detection and Correction 379 Section V V erb Forms 381Section VI Chinese-English Translation 381 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 3821990年考研英语真题答案3841989年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题386 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 386Section II R eading Comprehension 388Section III Cloze Test 393Section IV Error-detection and Correction 395 Section V V erb Forms 396Section VI Chinese-English Translation 397 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 3971989年考研英语真题答案3991988年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题401 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 401Section II R eading Comprehension 403Section III Cloze Test 408Section IV Error-detection and Correction 410 Section V V erb Forms 411Section VI Chinese-English Translation 412 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 4121988年考研英语真题答案4141987年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题416 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 416Section II R eading Comprehension 418Section III Structure and V ocabulary 422 Section IV Cloze Test 424Section V V erb Forms 426Section VI Error-detection and Correction 427 Section VII Chinese-English Translation 429 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 4291987年考研英语真题答案4311986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题433 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 433Section II C loze Test 435Section III Reading Comprehension 437Section IV Structure and V ocabulary 440 Section V E rror-detection and Correction 442 Section VI Verb Forms 444Section VII Chinese-English Translation 444 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 4451986年考研英语真题答案4461985年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题448 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 448Section II C loze Test 450Section III Reading Comprehension 453Section IV Structure and V ocabulary 454 Section V E rror-detection and Correction 456 Section VI Verb Forms 457Section VII Chinese-English Translation 458 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 4591985年考研英语真题答案4611984年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题464 Section I Structure and V ocabulary 464Section II C loze Test 469Section III Reading Comprehension 471Section IV Structure and V ocabulary 472 Section V E rror-detection and Correction 474 Section VI Verb Forms 476Section VII Chinese-English Translation 477 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 4771984年考研英语真题答案4791983年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题482Section I Structure and V ocabulary 482Section II V erb Forms 484Section III Error-detection 484Section IV Cloze Test 485Section V R eading Comprehension 488Section VI Structure and V ocabulary 489Section VII Chinese-English Translation 491Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 4911983年考研英语真题答案4931982年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题495Section I Structure and V ocabulary 495Section II V erb Forms 497Section III Error-detection 498Section IV Cloze Test 499Section V R eading Comprehension 501Section VI Chinese-English Translation 503Section VII English-Chinese Translation 5031982年考研英语真题答案5051981年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题507Section I Structure and V ocabulary 507Section II E rror-detection 510Section III Sentence Making 511Section IV Verb Forms 511Section V C loze Test 512Section VI Chinese-English Translation 513Section VII English-Chinese Translation 5131981年考研英语真题答案5161980年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题519Section I Use of Prepositions 519Section II V erb Tenses 519Section III Verb Forms 520Section IV Structure and V ocabulary 521Section V E rror-detection 523Section VI Chinese-English Translation 524Section VII English-Chinese Translation 5241980年考研英语真题答案527使用说明（必读）—爱你需要理由么？1. 本文件包括自我国研究生入学实行统考以来（1980—2010年）所有31套全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案。
考研英语历年翻译真题及译文(共44篇)
一. 1980考研英语翻译真题及答案Section VI Chinese-English Translation将下列句子译成英语：（本大题共20分，第1题2分，其余各题均3分）Section VI: Chinese-English Translation (20 points)1.水一煮沸请立即把开关关掉。
1. Please turn off the switch (switch off) as soon as the water boils.2. 在八十年代，中国人民将以更大的步伐向前迈进。
2. The Chinese people will forge ahead (march on, march onward, march forward) with greater strides in 1980’s.3. 我们都同意李同志已作出的决定。
3. We all agree to the decision comrade Li has made (made).4. 这个结果比我们预期的要好得多。
4. The result is much (far) better than we expected.5. 在过去的三年中，在恢复我国国民经济方面做了大量的工作。
5. During the past three years a lot (of work) has been done in the recovery (restoration) of our national economy (in recovering our national economy; in restoring our national economy).6. 我们把英语作为学习西方先进科学技术的一种工具。
6. We use English as a tool in learning Western advanced science and technology.7. 没有党的领导，我国的社会主义现代化是不可能实现的。
2012年英语二考研真题及答案解析
2012 年考研英语（二）真题SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Millions of Americans and foreigners see G. I. Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be. To the men and women who 1 in World War II and the people they liberated, the G. I. was the 2 man grown into hero, the poor farm kid torn away from his home, the guy who 3 all the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the 4 of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid, 5 an average guy, up 6 the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.His name isn’t much. G. I. is just a military abbreviation7 Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles 8 to soldiers. And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9 it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka, Joe Magrac… a working class name. The United States has 10 had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.G. I. Joe had a 11 career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character, or a 12 of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G. I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle 13 portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the 14 side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were 15 or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports 16 the “Willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men 17 the dirt and exhaustion of war, the 18 of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco,whiskey, shelter, sleep. 19 Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G. I. Joe was any American soldier, 20 the most important person in their lives.1.[A] served [B] performed [C] rebelled [D] betrayed2.[A] actual [B] common [C] special [D] normal3.[A] loaded [B] eased [C] removed [D] bore4.[A] necessities [B] facilitie [C] commodities [D] properties5.[A] and [B] nor [C] but [D] hence6.[A] for [B] into [C] from [D] against7.[A] implying [B] meaning [C] symbolizing [D] claiming8.[A] handed out [B] turned over [C] brought back [D] passed down9.[A] pushed [B] got [C] made [D] managed10.[A] ever [B] never [C] either [D] neither11.[A] disguised [B] disturbed [C] disputed [D] distinguished12.[A] company [B] community [C] collection [D] colony13.[A] employed [B] appointed [C] interviewed [D] questioned14.[A] human [B] military [C] political [D] ethical15.[A] ruined [B] commuted [C] patrolled [D] gained16.[A] paralleled [B] counteracted [C] duplicated [D] contradicted17.[A] neglected [B] emphasized [C] avoided [D] admired18.[A] stages [B] illusions [C] fragments [D] advances19.[A] With [B] To [C] Among [D] Beyond20.[A] on the contrary [B] by this means [C] from the outset [D] at that pointSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on this educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot complete on their own or that they cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.District administrators say that homework will still be a part of schooling; teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see very little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather thanempowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be un important to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework matters, it should account for a significant portion of the grade. Meanwhile, this policy does nothing to ensure that the homework students receive is meaningful or appropriate to their age and the subject, or that teachers are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.21. It is implied in Paragraph 1 that nowadays homework _______.[A] is receiving more criticism[B] is gaining more preferences[C] is no longer an educational ritual[D] is not required for advanced courses22. L.A. Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students _______.[A] tend to have moderate expectations for their education[B] have asked for a different educational standard[C] may have problems finishing their homework[D] have voiced their complaints about homework23. According to Paragraph 3, one problem with the policy is that it may _______.[A] result in students’ indifference to their report cards[B] undermine the authority of state tests[C] restrict teachers’ power in education[D] discourage students from doing homework24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is whether_______.[A] it should be eliminated[B] it counts much in schooling[C] it places extra burdens on teachers[D] it is important for grades25. A suitable title for this text could be _______.[A] A Faulty Approach to Homework[B] A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students[C] Thorny Questions about Homework[D] Wrong Interpretations of an Educational PolicyText 2Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. It is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to appearance. Then it prese nts that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.Girls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoidabl e, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolized femininity. Itwas not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant ch ildren’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children’s behaviour: wrong. Turns out, acco rding to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularized as a marketing trick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes. It was only after “toddler” became a common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences—or invent them where they did not previously exist.26. By saying “it is… the rainbow” (Para.1), the author means pink _______.[A] cannot explain girls’ lack of imagination[B] should not be associated with girls’ innocence[C] should not be the sole representation of girlhood[D] cannot influence girls’ lives and interests27. According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours?[A] Colours are encoded in girls’ DNA.[B] Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.[C] White is preferred by babies.[D] Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.28. The author suggests that our perception of children’s psychological development was much influenced by _______.[A] the observation of children’s nature[B] the marketing of products for children[C] researches into children’s behavior[D]studies of childhood consumption29. We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to _______.[A] classify consumers into smaller groups[B] attach equal importance to different genders[C] focus on infant wear and older kids’ clothes[D] create some common shoppe rs’ terms30. It can be concluded that girls’ attraction to pink seems to be _______.[A] fully understood by clothing manufacturers[B] clearly explained by their inborn tendency[C] mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen[D] well interpreted by psychological expertsText 3In 2010, a federal judge shook America’s biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades—by 2005 some 20% of human genes were patented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organisation (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battle.On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman’s risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.But as companies continue their attempts at personalized medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over. Critics make three mainarguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents’ monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad’s. A growing number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a product of nature… than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds.”Despite the appeals court’s decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.As the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact. Companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules—most are already patented or in the public domain. Firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy. Companies are eager to win patents for “connecting the dots,” explains Hans Sauer, a lawyer for the BIO.Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.31. It can be learned from Paragraph 1 that the biotech companies would like _______.[A] genes to be patentable[B] the BIO to issue a warning[C] their executives to be active[D] judges to rule out gene patenting32. Those who are against gene patents believe that _______.[A] genetic tests are not reliable[B] only man-made products are patentable[C] patents on genes depend much on innovation[D] courts should restrict access to genetic tests33. According to Hans Sauer, companies are eager to win patents for _______.[A] discovering gene interactions[B] establishing disease correlations[C] drawing pictures of genes[D] identifying human DNA34. By saying “Each meeting was packed” (Para. 6), the author means that _______.[A] the Supreme Court was authoritative[B] the BIO was a powerful organization[C] gene patenting was a great concern[D] lawyers were keen to attend conventions35. Generally speaking, the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is _______.[A] critical[B] supportive[C] scornful[D] objectiveText 4The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends, it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics, our culture, and the character of our society for years.No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways: they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society betteroff. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S., lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them—especially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist at Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.In the Internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden within American society. More difficult, in the moment, is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this recession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly will reshape it, and all the more so the longer they extend.36. By saying “to find silver linings” (Para. 2) the author sugg ests that the jobless try to_______.[A] seek subsidies from the government[B] make profits from the troubled economy[C] explore reasons for the unemployment[D] look on the bright side of the recession37. According to Paragraph 2, the recession has made people _______.[A] struggle against each other[B] realize the national dream[C] challenge their prudence[D] reconsider their lifestyle38. Benjamin Friedman believes that economic recession may _______.[A] impose a heavier burden on immigrants[B] bring out more evils of human nature[C] promote the advance of rights and freedoms[D] ease conflicts between races and classes39. The research of Till Von Wachter suggests that in recession graduates from elite universities tend to _______.[A] lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities[B] catch up quickly with experienced employees[C] see their life chances as dimmed as the others’[D] recover more quickly than the others40. The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is _______.[A] trivial[B] positive[C] certain[D] destructivePart BDirections：Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points）“Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,” wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not.Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from our forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus—On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which NiccolòMachiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, he championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders.Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artis t’s personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samuel Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers, industrialists and explorers. “The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, of patient purpose, resolute working and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formation of truly noble and manly character, exhibit,” wrote Smiles, “what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself.” His biographies of James Watt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.Not everyone was convinced by such bombast. “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class str uggles,” wrote Marx and Engels in The Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles: “It is man, real, living man who does all that.” And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For: “Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past.”This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding—from gender to race to cultural studies—were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.[A] emphasized the virtue of classical heroes.41. Petrarch [B] highlighted the public glory of the leading artists.42. Niccolo Machiavellli [C] focused on epochal figures whose lives were hardto imitate.43. Samuel Smiles [D] opened up new realms of understanding the greatmen in history.44. Thomas Carlyle [E] held that history should be the story of the masses and theirrecord of struggle.45. Marx and Engels [F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successfulleaders.[G]depicted the worthy lives of engineer industrialistsand explorers.Section ⅢTranslation46. Directions：Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)When people in developing countries worry about migration, they are usually concerned at the prospect of their best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world. These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain, Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates.Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate. A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40% of emigrants had more than a high-school education, compared with around 3.3% of all Indians over the a ge of 25. This “brain drain” has long bothered policymakers in poor countries. They fear that it hurts their economies, depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities, worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make.Section ⅣWritingPart A47. Directions：Suppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from an online store the other day, Write an email to the customer service center to1）Make a complaint and2）Demand a prompt solutionYou should write about 100words on ANSERE SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter, Use "zhang wei "instead.48.Directions：Write an essay based on the following table .In your writing you should1) Describe the table, and2) Give your commentsYou should write at least 150 words (15points)2012 年考研英语（二）真题答案解析Section ⅠUse of English【答案解析】1.答案A【解析】从空后的句子“他们解放的人们”可以看出，空前的句子表示的应该是参加了第二次大战的男人和女人。
考研英语历年翻译真题及译文(共44篇)
一. 1980考研英语翻译真题及答案Section VI Chinese-English Translation将下列句子译成英语：（本大题共20分，第1题2分，其余各题均3分）Section VI: Chinese-English Translation (20 points)1.水一煮沸请立即把开关关掉。
1. Please turn off the switch (switch off) as soon as the water boils.2. 在八十年代，中国人民将以更大的步伐向前迈进。
2. The Chinese people will forge ahead (march on, march onward, march forward) with greater strides in 1980’s.3. 我们都同意李同志已作出的决定。
3. We all agree to the decision comrade Li has made (made).4. 这个结果比我们预期的要好得多。
4. The result is much (far) better than we expected.5. 在过去的三年中，在恢复我国国民经济方面做了大量的工作。
5. During the past three years a lot (of work) has been done in the recovery (restoration) of our national economy (in recovering our national economy; in restoring our national economy).6. 我们把英语作为学习西方先进科学技术的一种工具。
6. We use English as a tool in learning Western advanced science and technology.7. 没有党的领导，我国的社会主义现代化是不可能实现的。
2012年研究生英语二真题答案：考研英语真题及答案
Section 1 Use of Eninglish Directions : Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be .To the men and women who 1 )in World War II and the people they liberated ,the GI.was the 2) man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who 3) all the burdens of battle ,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the 4) of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid ,5) an average guy ,up 6 )the best trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries。
His name is not much.GI. is just a military abbreviation 7) Government Issue ,and it was on all of the article 8) to soldiers .And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9) it to the top .Joe Blow ,Joe Magrac …a working class name.The United States has 10) had a president or vicepresident or secretary of state Joe。
考研英语一历年真题及答案解析(1980-2015年)
18. [A] endeavor [B]decision [C]arrangement [D] tendency
19. [A] political [B] religious [C] ethnic [D] economic
Though not biologically related, friends are as related as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 .
Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.
2012年考研英语二真题原文及答案解析
6.[A]for [B]into [C] form [D]against
7.[A]meaning [B]implying [C]symbolizing [D]claiming
8.[A]handed out [B]turn over [C]brought back [D]passed down
At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework does nothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.
13.[A]employed [B]appointed [C]interviewed [D]questioned
14.[A]ethical [B]military [C]political [D]human
15.[A]ruined [B]commuted [C]patrolled [D]gained
9.[A]pushed [B]got [C]made [D]managed
2012年考研英语答案及详解
2012年考研英语一答案详解Section Ⅰ Use of English2012年的完型填空是有关美国司法官伦理和政治关系的一篇文章，出自New York Times, June, 30th , 2011的“Ethics, Politics and the Law”一文。
选材回归了2000年完型曾出过的法律类文章，而且和当年一样，也是包含几个小段落，不像以往的文章，三段或者四段论，脉络比较清晰，结构容易把握。
而且，较去年比较“平易近人”的文章，这篇法律类文章背后有一定的背景知识，比较关注时事或者对这一块儿有所了解的同学，会相应得心应手一些。
另外，20道题目中，多达13题都是在考查动词，虽然选项中基本不存在干扰项，除了15题一道考查两词的辨析之外，其他的选项含义都差别甚远，按理说值得高兴。
但是这些考查动词的题目中，许多都考查对于熟词僻义的掌握情况，往年就是08年出现了3处，今年也出现3处。
仅有2道题考查逻辑词，而且这两道题是送分题，不需要考虑太多。
一向是命题人偏爱的以“able”作后缀的形容词依然出现(19题)。
下面就真题作一个详细解析。
和以往一样，第一句话不设空，帮助同学们理解全文探讨的话题：美国高等法庭司法官的伦理道德问题。
题1选B。
maintain. 此空有赖于对后文的理解。
这直接体现了我们作完型的整体思路，也就是首先通读全文。
尤其是看到最后一段直接给出提议：希望法官和政治划清界限从而保证自己的权威性，因此全文的导向和逻辑就非常清晰了。
同时，题2答案(when)也顺势而出：如果法官们和政治家一样，法庭就不能捍卫自己作为法律卫道士的权威。
题2选A。
这里的when其实表示条件关系，即“如果……。
”题3选择weakened。
上下文语义题+词义辨析。
选项含义差别较大，要求对上下文逻辑关系掌握清楚。
Yet表示一个转折：“即使这样，还是有很多法官这样做，损害了法庭独立和公正的名声。
” 本题如果能把导向把握准，即可定位在B和D两项，D项eliminated 过于绝对，排除。
-历年考研英语真题集含答案(word版)
1980-2013年历年考研英语真题集含答案（word版）目录2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题- 2 -Section Ⅰ Use of English - 2 -Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension - 3 -Part A - 3 -Part B - 8 -Section III Writing - 11 -Party A - 11 -Part B - 11 -2013年考研英语真题答案- 12 -Part A - 12 -Part B: (20 points) - 13 -2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题- 13 -Section I Use of English - 13 -Section II Reading Comprehension - 15 -Part A - 15 -Part B - 21 -Section III Writing - 23 -Part A - 23 -Part B - 24 -2012考研英语真题答案 - 24 -2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题- 35 -Section I Use of English - 35 -Section II Reading Comprehension - 35 -Part A - 36 -Part B - 40 -Part C - 41 -Section Ⅲ Writing - 42 -Part A - 42 -Part B - 42 -2011年考研英语真题答案- 42 -2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题49Section I Use of English 49Section II Reading Comprehension 51Part A 51Part B 59Part C 61Section ⅢWriting 62Part A 62Part B 622010年考研英语真题答案632009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题65 Section I Use of English 65Section II Reading Comprehension 67Part A 67Part B 73Part C 75Section ⅢWriting 75Part A 75Part B 752009年考研英语真题答案752008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题75 Section I Use of English 75Section II Reading Comprehension 75Part A 75Part B 75Part C 77Section III Writing 78Part A 78Part B 782008年考研英语真题答案802007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题82 Section I Use of English 82Section II Reading Comprehension 85Part A 85Part B 92Part C 94Section III Writing 95Part A 95Part B 952007年考研英语真题答案962006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题98 Section I Use of English 98Section II Reading Comprehension 101Part A 101Part B 102Part C 102Section III Writing 102Part A 102Part B 1022006年考研英语真题答案1022005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题102 Section I Use of English 102Section II Reading Comprehension 103Part A 103Part B 110Part C 112Section III Writing 113Part A 113Part B 1132005年考研英语真题答案1152004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题117 Section I Listening Comprehension 117Part A 117Part B 117Part C 118Section II Use of English 120Section III Reading Comprehension 124 Part A 124Part B 130Section IV Writing 1322004年考研英语真题答案1332003年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题135 Section I Listening Comprehension 135Part A 135Part B 135Part C 136Section II Use of English 138Section III Reading Comprehension 142 Part A 142Part B 149Section IV Writing 1492003年考研英语真题答案1512002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题153 Section I Listening Comprehension 153Part A 153Part B 154Part C 154Section II Use of English 157Section III Reading Comprehension 161 Part A 161Part B 168Section IV Writing 1682002年考研英语真题答案1702001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题172 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 172Part A 172Part B 174Section II Cloze Test 178Section III Reading Comprehension 182 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 189 Section V Writing 1902001年考研英语真题答案1922000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题194 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 194Part A 194Part B 196Part C 197Section II Cloze Test 202Section III Reading Comprehension 203 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 211 Section V Writing 2122000年考研英语真题答案2131999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题215 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 215Part A 215Part B 217Part C 218Section II Cloze Test 222Section III Reading Comprehension 224 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 232 Section V Writing 2321999年考研英语真题答案2341998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题236 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 236Part A 236Part B 238Part C 239Section II Cloze Test 243Section III Reading Comprehension 245Section IV English-Chinese Translation 253 Section V Writing 2541998年考研英语真题答案2561997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题258 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 258Part A 258Part B 260Part C 261Section II Cloze Test 265Section III Reading Comprehension 267 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 274 Section V Writing 2751997年考研英语真题答案2771996年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题279 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 279Part A 279Part B 281Part C 282Section II Cloze Test 286Section III Reading Comprehension 288 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 295 Section V Writing 2961996年考研英语真题答案2971995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题299 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 299Part A 299Part B 301Part C 302Section II Cloze Test 306Section III Reading Comprehension 308 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 315 Section V Writing 3161995年考研英语真题答案3171994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题319 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 319Part A 319Part B 321Part C 322Section II Cloze Test 326Section III Reading Comprehension 328 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 335Section V Writing 3351994年考研英语真题答案3371993年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题339 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 339 Section II Reading Comprehension 344 Section III Cloze Test 349Section IV Error-detection and Correction 352 Section V English-Chinese Translation 354 Section VI Writing 3541993年考研英语真题答案3561992年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题358 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 358 Section II Reading Comprehension 363 Section III Cloze Test 368Section IV Error-detection and Correction 370 Section V English-Chinese Translation 372 Section VI Writing 3731992年考研英语真题答案3741991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题376 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 376 Section II Reading Comprehension 381 Section III Cloze Test 386Section IV Error-detection and Correction 389 Section V English-Chinese Translation 390 Section VI Writing 3911991年考研英语真题答案3921990年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题394 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 394 Section II Reading Comprehension 396 Section III Cloze Test 400Section IV Error-detection and Correction 402 Section V Verb Forms 404Section VI Chinese-English Translation 404 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 405 1990年考研英语真题答案4071989年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题409 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 409 Section II Reading Comprehension 411 Section III Cloze Test 416Section IV Error-detection and Correction 418 Section V Verb Forms 419Section VI Chinese-English Translation 420 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 420 1989年考研英语真题答案4221988年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题424 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 424 Section II Reading Comprehension 426 Section III Cloze Test 431Section IV Error-detection and Correction 433 Section V Verb Forms 434Section VI Chinese-English Translation 435 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 435 1988年考研英语真题答案4371987年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题439 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 439 Section II Reading Comprehension 441 Section III Structure and Vocabulary 445 Section IV Cloze Test 447Section V Verb Forms 449Section VI Error-detection and Correction 450 Section VII Chinese-English Translation 452 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 452 1987年考研英语真题答案4541986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题456 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 456 Section II Cloze Test 458Section III Reading Comprehension 460 Section IV Structure and Vocabulary 463 Section V Error-detection and Correction 465 Section VI Verb Forms 467Section VII Chinese-English Translation 467 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 468 1986年考研英语真题答案4691985年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题471 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 471 Section II Cloze Test 473Section III Reading Comprehension 476 Section IV Structure and Vocabulary 477 Section V Error-detection and Correction 479 Section VI Verb Forms 480Section VII Chinese-English Translation 481 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 4821985年考研英语真题答案4841984年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题487 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 487 Section II Cloze Test 492Section III Reading Comprehension 494 Section IV Structure and Vocabulary 495 Section V Error-detection and Correction 497 Section VI Verb Forms 499Section VII Chinese-English Translation 500 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 500 1984年考研英语真题答案5021983年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题505 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 505 Section II Verb Forms 507Section III Error-detection 507Section IV Cloze Test 508Section V Reading Comprehension 511 Section VI Structure and Vocabulary 512 Section VII Chinese-English Translation 514 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 514 1983年考研英语真题答案5161982年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题518 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 518 Section II Verb Forms 520Section III Error-detection 521Section IV Cloze Test 522Section V Reading Comprehension 524 Section VI Chinese-English Translation 526 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 526 1982年考研英语真题答案5291981年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题531 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 531 Section II Error-detection 534Section III Sentence Making 535Section IV Verb Forms 535Section V Cloze Test 536Section VI Chinese-English Translation 537 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 537 1981年考研英语真题答案5401980年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题543 Section I Use of Prepositions 543Section II Verb Tenses 543Section III Verb Forms 544Section IV Structure and Vocabulary 545Section V Error-detection 547Section VI Chinese-English Translation 548Section VII English-Chinese Translation 5481980年考研英语真题答案5512013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on that day.To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews, 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant's score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .1.[A] grant [B] submits [C] transmits [D] delivers2.[A] minor [B]objective [C] crucial [D] external3.[A] issue [B] vision [C] picture [D] moment4.[A] For example [B] On average [C] In principle[D] Above all5.[A] fond [B]fearful [C] capable [D] thoughtless6.[A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for7.[A] if [B]until [C] though [D] unless8.[A] promote [B]emphasize [C] share [D] test9.[A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10.[A] chosen [B]stupid [C]found [D] identified11.[A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise12.[A] inspired [B]expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13.[A] assigned [B]rated [C] matched [D] arranged14.[A] put [B]got [C]gave [D] took15.[A]instead [B]then [C] ever [D] rather16.[A]selected [B]passed [C] marked [D] introduced17.[A]before [B] after [C] above [D] below18.[A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate19.[A]achieve [B]undo [C] maintain [D]disregard20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpfulSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quckier turnrounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposal-- meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that--and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking all industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a 5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2300-plus stores aroundthe world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amount of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, and wasteful,” Cline argues, Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year--about 64 items per person--and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named SKB, who, since 2008 has make all of her own clothes--and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example, can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment--including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line--Cline believes lasting-change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford to it.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D]lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, bloggde:"we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D]provide better online services27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D]internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D]goes against human nature29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciaction[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence .Perhaps willfully , it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggest that human being are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world’s dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field”and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion assertion of federal executive power”.The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with .Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’information.[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states’ interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states’ support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The social sciences are flourishing.As of 2005,there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security,sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to arificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and。
1980考研英语（一）真题及答案
1980年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section IUse of Prepositions在所给的介词中选择一个适当的填入空白：（本大题共5分，每题12分）（注意：各题只能填写一个答案，多填答案不得分）to, at, instead of, from, of, with, on, among, between, because of, about, for into, with regard to, over 1. The findings are far ________ satisfactory .2. We shall divide the work ________ us research workers.3. The rainy season in that country varies ________ 3 - 4 months.4. They have never heard ________ such an invention.5. We must pay attention ________ the latest development of the situation.6. The newly-installed control computer will soon be put ________ use.7. The news which I am going to tell you ________ is rather serious.8. The engineer seemed to know what the sign stood ________.9.The machine tool went out of control ________ mishandling.10. Don ’t be satisfied ________ what you have achieved.Section II Verb Tenses用所给动词的适当时态语态填入空白：（本大题共10分，第7题2分，其余各题均1分）（注意：各题只能填写一个答案，多填答案不得分） 11. Those who ’d like to visit the exhibition ________ (sign) your names here. 12. A great number of small power stations ________ (set up) in their county sinceliberation. 13. He asked me whether my brother ________ (fly) to Beijing.14. He fell asleep immediately last night; he must ________ (be) very tired.15. “Have you moved into the new flat?”“Not yet. The rooms ________ (paint).”16. The director recommended that she ________ (study) more English beforegoing abroad.17. The teacher told them since light ________ (travel) faster than sound, lightning________ (appear) to go before thunder.18. How long ________ they ________ (dig) the ditch?19. He refused to tell us whether he ________ (undertake) the job.Section III Verb Forms用所给动词的适当形式（不定式、分词、动名词）填入空白：（本大题共15分，每题112分）（注意：各题只能填写一个答案，多填答案不得分）20. Matter is the name ________ (give) to everything which has weight andoccupies space.21. I shall never forget ________ (meet) the late Premier Zhou during hisinspection of our factory.22. I wonder if he could get it ________ (do) before tomorrow.23. Night ________ (fall), we hurried home.24. A beam of light will not bend round corners unless ________ (make) to do sowith the help of a reflecting device.25. We were busy ________ (get) things ready for the trial production when hephoned us.26. Some molecules are large enough ________ (see) under the electronicmicroscope.27. The floor does not look so bad when ________ (sweep) clean.28. ________ (fail) several times, they need some encouragement.29. ________ (catch) in the rain, he was wet to the skin.Section IV Structure and Vocabulary选择填空：（本大题共15分，每题1分）在每题下面的[A], [B], [C], [D]四个答案中，将你认为最合适的答案画个“〇”。
历年考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析汇总共10套
历年考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析(1-10)汇总A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July。
1980-2013年历年考研英语真题集含答案(word版)
1980-2013年历年考研英语真题集含答案（word版）目录2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题- 2 -Section Ⅰ Use of English - 2 -Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension - 3 -Part A - 3 -Part B - 8 -Section III Writing - 11 -Party A - 11 -Part B - 11 -2013年考研英语真题答案- 12 -Part A - 12 -Part B: (20 points) - 13 -2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题- 13 -Section I Use of English - 13 -Section II Reading Comprehension - 15 -Part A - 15 -Part B - 21 -Section III Writing - 23 -Part A - 23 -Part B - 24 -2012考研英语真题答案 - 24 -2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题- 35 -Section I Use of English - 35 -Section II Reading Comprehension - 35 -Part A - 36 -Part B - 40 -Part C - 41 -Section Ⅲ Writing - 42 -Part A - 42 -Part B - 42 -2011年考研英语真题答案- 42 -2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题49Section I Use of English 49Section II Reading Comprehension 51Part A 51Part B 59Part C 61Section ⅢWriting 62Part A 62Part B 622010年考研英语真题答案632009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题65 Section I Use of English 65Section II Reading Comprehension 67Part A 67Part B 73Part C 75Section ⅢWriting 75Part A 75Part B 752009年考研英语真题答案752008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题75 Section I Use of English 75Section II Reading Comprehension 75Part A 75Part B 75Part C 77Section III Writing 78Part A 78Part B 782008年考研英语真题答案802007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题82 Section I Use of English 82Section II Reading Comprehension 85Part A 85Part B 92Part C 94Section III Writing 95Part A 95Part B 952007年考研英语真题答案962006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题98 Section I Use of English 98Section II Reading Comprehension 101Part A 101Part B 102Part C 102Section III Writing 102Part A 102Part B 1022006年考研英语真题答案1022005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题102 Section I Use of English 102Section II Reading Comprehension 103Part A 103Part B 110Part C 112Section III Writing 113Part A 113Part B 1132005年考研英语真题答案1152004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题117 Section I Listening Comprehension 117Part A 117Part B 117Part C 118Section II Use of English 120Section III Reading Comprehension 124 Part A 124Part B 130Section IV Writing 1322004年考研英语真题答案1332003年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题135 Section I Listening Comprehension 135Part A 135Part B 135Part C 136Section II Use of English 138Section III Reading Comprehension 142 Part A 142Part B 149Section IV Writing 1492003年考研英语真题答案1512002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题153 Section I Listening Comprehension 153Part A 153Part B 154Part C 154Section II Use of English 157Section III Reading Comprehension 161 Part A 161Part B 168Section IV Writing 1682002年考研英语真题答案1702001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题172 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 172Part A 172Part B 174Section II Cloze Test 178Section III Reading Comprehension 182 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 189 Section V Writing 1902001年考研英语真题答案1922000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题194 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 194Part A 194Part B 196Part C 197Section II Cloze Test 202Section III Reading Comprehension 203 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 211 Section V Writing 2122000年考研英语真题答案2131999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题215 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 215Part A 215Part B 217Part C 218Section II Cloze Test 222Section III Reading Comprehension 224 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 232 Section V Writing 2321999年考研英语真题答案2341998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题236 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 236Part A 236Part B 238Part C 239Section II Cloze Test 243Section III Reading Comprehension 245Section IV English-Chinese Translation 253 Section V Writing 2541998年考研英语真题答案2561997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题258 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 258Part A 258Part B 260Part C 261Section II Cloze Test 265Section III Reading Comprehension 267 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 274 Section V Writing 2751997年考研英语真题答案2771996年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题279 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 279Part A 279Part B 281Part C 282Section II Cloze Test 286Section III Reading Comprehension 288 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 295 Section V Writing 2961996年考研英语真题答案2971995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题299 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 299Part A 299Part B 301Part C 302Section II Cloze Test 306Section III Reading Comprehension 308 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 315 Section V Writing 3161995年考研英语真题答案3171994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题319 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 319Part A 319Part B 321Part C 322Section II Cloze Test 326Section III Reading Comprehension 328 Section IV English-Chinese Translation 335Section V Writing 3351994年考研英语真题答案3371993年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题339 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 339 Section II Reading Comprehension 344 Section III Cloze Test 349Section IV Error-detection and Correction 352 Section V English-Chinese Translation 354 Section VI Writing 3541993年考研英语真题答案3561992年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题358 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 358 Section II Reading Comprehension 363 Section III Cloze Test 368Section IV Error-detection and Correction 370 Section V English-Chinese Translation 372 Section VI Writing 3731992年考研英语真题答案3741991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题376 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 376 Section II Reading Comprehension 381 Section III Cloze Test 386Section IV Error-detection and Correction 389 Section V English-Chinese Translation 390 Section VI Writing 3911991年考研英语真题答案3921990年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题394 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 394 Section II Reading Comprehension 396 Section III Cloze Test 400Section IV Error-detection and Correction 402 Section V Verb Forms 404Section VI Chinese-English Translation 404 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 405 1990年考研英语真题答案4071989年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题409 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 409 Section II Reading Comprehension 411 Section III Cloze Test 416Section IV Error-detection and Correction 418 Section V Verb Forms 419Section VI Chinese-English Translation 420 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 420 1989年考研英语真题答案4221988年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题424 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 424 Section II Reading Comprehension 426 Section III Cloze Test 431Section IV Error-detection and Correction 433 Section V Verb Forms 434Section VI Chinese-English Translation 435 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 435 1988年考研英语真题答案4371987年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题439 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 439 Section II Reading Comprehension 441 Section III Structure and Vocabulary 445 Section IV Cloze Test 447Section V Verb Forms 449Section VI Error-detection and Correction 450 Section VII Chinese-English Translation 452 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 452 1987年考研英语真题答案4541986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题456 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 456 Section II Cloze Test 458Section III Reading Comprehension 460 Section IV Structure and Vocabulary 463 Section V Error-detection and Correction 465 Section VI Verb Forms 467Section VII Chinese-English Translation 467 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 468 1986年考研英语真题答案4691985年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题471 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 471 Section II Cloze Test 473Section III Reading Comprehension 476 Section IV Structure and Vocabulary 477 Section V Error-detection and Correction 479 Section VI Verb Forms 480Section VII Chinese-English Translation 481 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 4821985年考研英语真题答案4841984年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题487 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 487 Section II Cloze Test 492Section III Reading Comprehension 494 Section IV Structure and Vocabulary 495 Section V Error-detection and Correction 497 Section VI Verb Forms 499Section VII Chinese-English Translation 500 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 500 1984年考研英语真题答案5021983年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题505 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 505 Section II Verb Forms 507Section III Error-detection 507Section IV Cloze Test 508Section V Reading Comprehension 511 Section VI Structure and Vocabulary 512 Section VII Chinese-English Translation 514 Section VIII English-Chinese Translation 514 1983年考研英语真题答案5161982年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题518 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 518 Section II Verb Forms 520Section III Error-detection 521Section IV Cloze Test 522Section V Reading Comprehension 524 Section VI Chinese-English Translation 526 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 526 1982年考研英语真题答案5291981年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题531 Section I Structure and Vocabulary 531 Section II Error-detection 534Section III Sentence Making 535Section IV Verb Forms 535Section V Cloze Test 536Section VI Chinese-English Translation 537 Section VII English-Chinese Translation 537 1981年考研英语真题答案5401980年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题543 Section I Use of Prepositions 543Section II Verb Tenses 543Section III Verb Forms 544Section IV Structure and Vocabulary 545Section V Error-detection 547Section VI Chinese-English Translation 548Section VII English-Chinese Translation 5481980年考研英语真题答案5512013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on that day.To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an applicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews, 12 by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consideration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicant's score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is 16 out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the effects of such a decrease a candidate would need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .1.[A] grant [B] submits [C] transmits [D] delivers2.[A] minor [B]objective [C] crucial [D] external3.[A] issue [B] vision [C] picture [D] moment4.[A] For example [B] On average [C] In principle[D] Above all5.[A] fond [B]fearful [C] capable [D] thoughtless6.[A] in [B] on [C] to [D] for7.[A] if [B]until [C] though [D] unless8.[A] promote [B]emphasize [C] share [D] test9.[A] decision [B] quality [C] status [D] success10.[A] chosen [B]stupid [C]found [D] identified11.[A] exceptional [B] defensible [C] replaceable [D] otherwise12.[A] inspired [B]expressed [C] conducted [D] secured13.[A] assigned [B]rated [C] matched [D] arranged14.[A] put [B]got [C]gave [D] took15.[A]instead [B]then [C] ever [D] rather16.[A]selected [B]passed [C] marked [D] introduced17.[A]before [B] after [C] above [D] below18.[A] jump [B] float [C] drop [D] fluctuate19.[A]achieve [B]undo [C] maintain [D]disregard20. [A] promising [B] possible [C] necessary [D] helpfulSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Streep, scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn’t affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant’s sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn’t be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline’s three-year indictment of “fast fashion”. In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quckier turnrounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposal-- meant to last only a wash or two, although they don’t advertise that--and to renew their wardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking all industry long accustomed to a seasonal pace.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a 5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2300-plus stores aroundthe world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amount of harmful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world’s answer to consumer activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan’s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, and wasteful,” Cline argues, Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a year--about 64 items per person--and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named SKB, who, since 2008 has make all of her own clothes--and beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example, can’t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment--including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection Line--Cline believes lasting-change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can’t afford to it.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for her[A] poor bargaining skill.[B] insensitivity to fashion.[C] obsession with high fashion.[D]lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers to[A] combat unnecessary waste.[B] shut out the feverish fashion world.[C] resist the influence of advertisements.[D] shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word “indictment” (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning to[A] accusation.[B] enthusiasm.[C] indifference.[D] tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the lase paragraph?[A] Vanity has more often been found in idealists.[B] The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.[C] People are more interested in unaffordable garments.[D] Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?[A] Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.[B] Challenge to a high-fashion myth.[C] Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.[D] Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half . In the internet age, at least in theory ,this fraction can be much reduced . By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural” ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fine-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Cornmission (FTC) proposed adding a "do not track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell adwertisers that they did not want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digltal Adwertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responging to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10,the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Geting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft’s default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. Atter all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to upset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, bloggde:"we believe consumers should have more control." Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:[A] ease competition among themselves[B] lower their operational costs[C] avoid complaints from consumers[D]provide better online services27. “The industry” (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:[A] online advertisers[B] e-commerce conductors[C] digital information analysis[D]internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a default[A] many cut the number of junk ads[B] fails to affect the ad industry[C] will not benefit consumers[D]goes against human nature29. which of the following is ture according to Paragraph.6?[A] DNT may not serve its intended purpose[B] Advertisers are willing to implement DNT[C] DNT is losing its popularity among consumers[D] Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:[A] indulgence[B] understanding[C] appreciaction[D] skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence .Perhaps willfully , it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired by[A] our desire for lives of fulfillment[B] our faith in science and technology[C] our awareness of potential risks[D] our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN’s “Red List” suggest that human being are[A] a sustained species[B] a threaten to the environment[C] the world’s dominant power[D] a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?[A] Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.[B] Technology offers solutions to social problem.[C] The interest in science fiction is on the rise.[D] Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial to[A] explore our planet’s abundant resources[B] adopt an optimistic view of the world[C] draw on our experience from the past[D] curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Uncertainty about Our Future[B] Evolution of the Human Species[C] The Ever-bright Prospects of Mankind[D] Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona’s immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution,the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration’s effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona’s controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization ”and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court’s liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field”and Arizona had thus intruded on the federal’s privileged powers.However,the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement.That’s because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers to share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this Constitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules conflicted with the federal statute.The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia,who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the alien and Sedition Acts.The 8-0 objection to President Obama turns on what Justice Samuel Alito describes in his objection as “a shocking assertion assertion of federal executive power”.The White House argued that Arizona’s laws conflicted with its enforcement priorities,even if state laws complied with federal statutes to the letter.In effect, the White House claimed that it could invalidate any otherwise legitimate state law that it disagrees with .Some powers do belong exclusively to the federal government, and control of citizenship and the borders is among them. But if Congress wanted to prevent states from using their own resources to check immigration status, it could. It never did so. The administration was in essence asserting that because it didn’t want to carry out Congress’s immigration wishes, no state should be allowed to do so either. Every Justice rightly rejected this remarkable claim.36. Three provisions of Arizona’s plan were overturned because they[A] deprived the federal police of Constitutional powers.[B] disturbed the power balance between different states.[C] overstepped the authority of federal immigration law.[D] contradicted both the federal and state policies.37. On which of the following did the Justices agree,according to Paragraph4?[A] Federal officers’ duty to withhold immigrants’information.[B] States’ independence from federal immigration law.[C] States’ legitimate role in immigration enforcement.[D] Congress’s intervention in immigration enforcement.38. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that the Alien and Sedition Acts[A] violated the Constitution.[B] undermined the states’ interests.[C] supported the federal statute.[D] stood in favor of the states.39. The White House claims that its power of enforcement[A] outweighs that held by the states.[B] is dependent on the states’ support.[C] is established by federal statutes.[D] rarely goes against state laws.40. What can be learned from the last paragraph?[A] Immigration issues are usually decided by Congress.[B] Justices intended to check the power of the Administrstion.[C] Justices wanted to strengthen its coordination with Congress.[D] The Administration is dominant over immigration issues.Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The social sciences are flourishing.As of 2005,there were almost half a million professional social scientists from all fields in the world, working both inside and outside academia. According to the World Social Science Report 2010,the number of social-science students worldwide has swollen by about 11% every year since 2000.Yet this enormous resource in not contributing enough to today’s global challenges including climate change, security,sustainable development and health.(41)______Humanity has the necessary agro-technological tools to eradicate hunger , from genetically engineered crops to arificial fertilizers . Here , too, the problems are social: the organization and。
考研英语历年真题及答案
考研英语历年真题及答案【篇一：2010-2016年历年考研英语真题+答案】tion i use of english section 1 use of englishdirections: read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [a], [b], [c] or [d] on answer sheet 1. (10 points)in cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. it may involve not only his parents and his friends, __1__those of the young woman, but also a matchmaker. a young man can __2__ a likely spouse on his own and then ask his parents to __3__the marriage negotiations, or the young man‘s parents may take the choice of a spouse, giving thechild little to say in the selection. __4__, a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. __5__ a spouse has beenselected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying __6__ a good family.the traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. formerly it lasted three days, __7__1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. buddhist priests offer a short sermon and __8__ prayers of blessing. par--ts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting,__9__cotton threads soaked in holy water around the brides and grooms wrists, and __10__a candle around a circle of happily married andrespected couples to bless the __11__. newlyweds traditionally move in with the wifes parents and may__12__ with them up to a year, __13__they can build a new house nearby.divorce is legal and easy to __14__, but not common. divorced persons are __15__ with some disapproval. each spouse retains ___16___ property he or she__17__ into the marriage, and jointly-acquired property is__18__ equally. divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice __19__up. the divorced male doesnt have a waiting period before he can remarry __20__the woman must wait ten months.1.a. by way of b. with regard to c. on behalf of d. as well as2.a. decide onb. provide forc. compete withd. adapt to3.a. closeb. arrange c. renew d. postpone4.a. in theory b. above all c. in timed. for example5.a. unlessb. less c. after d. although6.a. into b. within c. fromd. through7.a. or b. sincec. butd. so8.a. test b. copyc. recite d. create9.a. folding b. piling c. wrappingd. tying10. a. passing b. lighting c. hiding d. serving11. a. associationb. meeting c. collection d. union12. a. deal b. partc. grow d. live13. a. whereas b. untilc. ford. if14. a. avoidb. follow c. challenge d. obtain15. a. isolated b. persuadedc. viewed d. exposed16. a. wherever b. whatever c. whenever d. however17. a. changedb. brought c. shapedd. pushed18. a. invested b. dividedc. donated d. withdrawn19. a. warmsb. clearsc. shows d. breaks20. a. whileb. so that c. onced. in that section Ⅱ reading comprehensionpart adirections：read the following four texts. answer the questions after each text by choosing a, b, c or d. mark your answers on answer sheet 1. (40 points) text 1france，which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for women. its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways. the parliament also agreed to ban websites that ―incite excessive thinness‖ by promoting extreme dieting.such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. they suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. that‘s a start. and the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death –as some have done. it tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape-measure they must use to determine their individual worth.the bans, if fully enforced, would suggest to women (and many men) that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty. and perhaps faintly, they hint that people should lookto intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques.the french measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change aculture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85,000 fine and six months in prison.the fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. in denmark, the united states, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standards for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.in contrast to france‘s actions, denmark‘s fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models. the newly revised danish fashion ethical charter clearly states:‖we are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people‖. the charter‘s main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to copenhagen fashion week (cfw), which is run by the danish fashion institute. but in general it relies on a name-and -shame method of compliance.relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21. according to the first paragraph，what would happen in france?【a】physical beauty would be redefined.【b】new runways would be constructed.【c】websites about dieting would thrive.【d】the fashion industry would decline.22. the phrase ―impinging on‖(line 2，para.2) is closest in meaning to【a】heightening the value of【b】indicating the state of【c】losing faith in【d】doing harm to23. which of the following is true of the fashion industry？【a】the french measures have already failed.【b】new standards are being set in denmark.【c】models are no longer under peer pressure.【d】its inherent problems are getting worse.24. a designer is most likely to be rejected by cfw for【a】pursuing perfect physical conditions【b】caring too much about model‘s character.【c】showing little concern for health factors【d】setting a high age threshold for models.25. which of the following may be the best title of the text?【a】a challenge to the fashion industry‘s body ideals【b】a dilemma for the starving models in france【c】just another round of struggle for beauty【d】the great threats to the fashion industrytext 2for the first time in history more people live in towns than inthe country. in britain this has had a curious result. while polls show britons rate‖the【篇二：1980-2013年考研英语历年真题集含答案解析】> 目录2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 ..................................................................... - 1 -section Ⅰ use ofenglish .............................................................................................. .... - 1 - section Ⅱ readingcomprehension ................................................................................ .. - 2 -parta ......................................................................................................... ....................................... - 2 - partb ......................................................................................................... ....................................... - 8 - section iiiwriting ............................................................................................... ............... - 11 -partya ............................................................................................................................................ - 11 - partb ......................................................................................................... ..................................... - 11 - 2013年考研英语真题答案 ....................................................................................................... - 12 -parta ......................................................................................................... ......................... - 12 - part b: (20points) ............................................................................................... ............... - 13 - 2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 ................................................................... - 13 -section i use ofenglish .............................................................................................. ....... - 13 - section ii readingcomprehension ................................................................................ .... - 15 -section i use ofenglish .............................................................................................. ....... - 35 - section ii readingcomprehension ................................................................................ .... - 35 -parta ......................................................................................................... ..................................... - 36 - partb ......................................................................................................... ..................................... - 40 - partc ......................................................................................................... ..................................... - 41 - section Ⅲwriting ............................................................................................... ............. - 42 -parta ......................................................................................................... ..................................... - 42 - partb ......................................................................................................... ..................................... - 42 - 2011年考研英语真题答案 ....................................................................................................... - 42 -2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (49)section isection ii use ofenglish .............................................................................................. ...49 readingcomprehension ................................................................................ .51parta ......................................................................................................... .. (51)partb ......................................................................................................... .. (57)partc ......................................................................................................... .. (59)section Ⅲwriting ............................................................................................... .. (60)parta ......................................................................................................... .. (60)partb ......................................................................................................... .. (60)2010年考研英语真题答案 ....................................................................................................... .. (61)2009年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (63)section isection ii use ofenglish .............................................................................................. ...63 readingcomprehension ................................................................................ .65parta ......................................................................................................... .. (65)b ......................................................................................................... .. (71)partc ......................................................................................................... .. (73)section Ⅲwriting ............................................................................................... .. (74)parta ......................................................................................................... .. (74)partb ......................................................................................................... .. (74)2009年考研英语真题答案 ....................................................................................................... .. (76)2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (78)section isection ii use ofenglish .............................................................................................. ...78 readingcomprehension ................................................................................ .80parta ......................................................................................................... .. (80)partb ......................................................................................................... .. (86)partc ......................................................................................................... .. (88)section iiiwriting ............................................................................................... .. (89)a ......................................................................................................... .. (89)partb ......................................................................................................... .. (89)2008年考研英语真题答案 ....................................................................................................... .. (91)2007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (93)section isection ii use ofenglish .............................................................................................. ...93 readingcomprehension ................................................................................ .96parta ......................................................................................................... ......................................... 96 partb ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 103 partc ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 105 section iiiwriting ............................................................................................... (106)parta ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 106 partb ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 106 2007年考研英语真题答案 ....................................................................................................... ... 107 2006年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (109)section iuse ofenglish (109)section ii readingcomprehension (112)parta ......................................................................................................... ........................................112 partb ......................................................................................................... ........................................119 partc ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 121 section iiiwriting ............................................................................................... (122)parta ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 122 partb ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 122 2006年考研英语真题答案 ....................................................................................................... ... 124 2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (126)section isection ii use ofenglish ............................................................................................... 126 readingcomprehension (129)parta ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 129 partb ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 136 partc ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 138 section iiiwriting ............................................................................................... (139)parta ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 139 partb ................................................................................................................................................ 139 2005年考研英语真题答案 ....................................................................................................... ... 141 2004年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (143)section i listeningcomprehension (143)parta ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 143 partb ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 143 partc ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 144 section iisection iii use ofenglish ............................................................................................... 146 readingcomprehension (150)parta ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 150 partb ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 156 section ivwriting ............................................................................................... ............ 158 2004年考研英语真题答案 ....................................................................................................... ... 159 2003年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (161)section i listeningcomprehension (161)parta ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 161 partb ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 161 partc ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 162 section iisection iii use ofenglish ............................................................................................... 164 readingcomprehension (168)parta ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 168 partb ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 175 section ivwriting ............................................................................................... (175)2003年考研英语真题答案 ....................................................................................................... ... 177 2002年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (179)section i listeningcomprehension (179)parta ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 179 partb ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 180 partc ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 180 section iisection iii use ofenglish ............................................................................................... 183 readingcomprehension (187)parta ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 187 partb ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 194 section ivwriting ............................................................................................... ............ 194 2002年考研英语真题答案 ....................................................................................................... ... 196 2001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (198)section i structure andvocabulary (198)parta ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 198 partb ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 200 section iisection iiisection ivsection v clozetest .................................................................................................... .. 204 readingcomprehension ............................................................................... 208 english-chinesetranslation (215)writing ............................................................................................... ............ 216 2001年考研英语真题答案 ....................................................................................................... ... 218 2000年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (220)section i structure andvocabulary (220)parta ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 220 partb ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 222 partc ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 223 section iisection iiisection ivsection v clozetest .................................................................................................... .. 228 readingcomprehension ............................................................................... 229 english-chinesetranslation (237)writing ............................................................................................... ............ 238 2000年考研英语真题答案 ....................................................................................................... ... 239 1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (241)section i structure andvocabulary (241)parta ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 241 partb ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 243 partc ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 244 section iiclozetest .................................................................................................... .. 248section iiisection ivsection v readingcomprehension ............................................................................... 250 english-chinesetranslation (258)writing ............................................................................................... ............ 258 1999年考研英语真题答案 ....................................................................................................... ... 260 1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (262)section i structure andvocabulary (262)parta ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 262 partb ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 264 partc ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 265 section iisection iiisection ivsection v clozetest .................................................................................................... .. 269 readingcomprehension ............................................................................... 271 english-chinesetranslation (279)writing ............................................................................................... ............ 280 1998年考研英语真题答案 ....................................................................................................... ... 282 1997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (284)section i structure andvocabulary (284)parta ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 284 partb ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 286 partc ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 287 section iisection iiisection ivsection v clozetest .................................................................................................... .. 291 readingcomprehension ............................................................................... 293 english-chinesetranslation (300)writing ............................................................................................... ............ 301 1997年考研英语真题答案 ....................................................................................................... ... 303 1996年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (305)section i structure andvocabulary (305)parta ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 305 partb ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 307 partc ......................................................................................................... ....................................... 308 section iisection iiisection ivsection v clozetest .................................................................................................... .. 312 readingcomprehension ............................................................................... 314 english-chinesetranslation (321)writing ............................................................................................... ............ 322 1996年考研英语真题答案 ....................................................................................................... ... 323 1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题 (325)section istructure andvocabulary (325)【篇三：2015考研英语真题：英语一真题完整版+答案】>read the following text. choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark a, b, c or d on answer sheet. (10 points)though not biologically related, friends are as “related”asfourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. that is _(1)_a study, published from the university of california and yale universityin the proceedings of the national academy of sciences,has__(2)_.the study is a genome-wide analysis conducted _(3)__1,932 unique subjects which __(4)__pairs of uelated friends and uelated strangers. the same people were used in both_(5)_.while 1% may seem_(6)_,it is not so to a geneticist. as james fowler, professor of medical genetics at uc san diego, says, “most people do not even _(7)_their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who_(8)_our kin.”。
2012年考研英语真题(一)及参考答案
2012年考研英语（一）真题及参考答案Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices became an important issue recently. The court cannot_____ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law______ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that_____ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial。
Justices Antonin Scalia and Samuel Alito Jr., for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be____ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _____ by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself_______ to the code of conduct that ______to the rest of the federal judiciary。
2012年考研英语二真题+答案
2012年考研英语(二)真题试题及答案Section 1 Use of EninglishDirections :Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be .To the men and women who 1 )in World War II and the people they liberated ,the GI.was the 2) man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who 3) all the burdens of battle ,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the 4) of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid ,5) an average guy ,up6 )the best trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries.His name is not much.GI. is just a military abbreviation 7) Government Issue ,and it was on all of the article 8) to soldiers .And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9) it to the top .Joe Blow ,Joe Magrac …a working class name.The United States has 10) had a president or vicepresident or secretary of state Joe.GI .joe had a (11)career fighting German ,Japanese , and Korean troops . He appers as a character ,or a (12 ) of american personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of GI. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle(13)portrayde themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)side of the warl, writing about the dirt-snow –and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were(15)or what towns were captured or liberated, His reports(16)the “willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men(17)the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries,G.I. Joe was any American soldier,(20)the most important person in their lives.1.[A] performed [B]served [C]rebelled [D]betrayed2.[A] actual [B]common [C]special [D]normal3.[A]bore [B]cased [C]removed [D]loaded4.[A]necessities [B]facilitice [C]commodities [D]propertoes5.[A]and [B]nor [C]but [D]hence6.[A]for [B]into [C] form [D]against7.[A]meaning [B]implying [C]symbolizing [D]claiming8.[A]handed out [B]turn over [C]brought back [D]passed down9.[A]pushed [B]got [C]made [D]managed10.[A]ever [B]never [C]either [D]neither11.[A]disguised [B]disturbed [C]disputed [D]distinguished12.[A]company [B]collection [C]community [D]colony13.[A]employed [B]appointed [C]interviewed [D]questioned14.[A]ethical [B]military [C]political [D]human15.[A]ruined [B]commuted [C]patrolled [D]gained16.[A]paralleled [B]counteracted [C]duplicated [D]contradicted17.[A]neglected [B]avoided [C]emphasized [D]admired18.[A]stages [B]illusions [C]fragments [D]advancea19.[A]With [B]To [C]Among [D]Beyond20.[A]on the contrary [B] by this means [C]from the outset [D]at that pointSection II Resdiong ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. answer the question after each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on his educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see vey little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework does nothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible forsetting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.21.It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework_____.[A] is receiving more criticism[B]is no longer an educational ritual[C]is not required for advanced courses[D]is gaining more preferences22.L.A.Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students_____.[A]tend to have moderate expectations for their education[B]have asked for a different educational standard[C]may have problems finishing their homework[D]have voiced their complaints about homework23.According to Paragraph 3,one problem with the policy is that it may____.[A]discourage students from doing homework[B]result in students' indifference to their report cards[C]undermine the authority of state tests[D]restrict teachers' power in education24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework iswhether______. [A] it should be eliminated[B]it counts much in schooling[C]it places extra burdens on teachers[D]it is important for grades25.A suitable title for this text could be______.[A]Wrong Interpretation of an Educational Policy[B]A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students[C]Thorny Questions about Homework[D]A Faulty Approach to HomeworkText2Pretty in pink: adult women do not rememer being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. Tt is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.Girls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines allbabies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses.When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kins, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children’s behaviour: wrong. Turns out, acdording to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing trick by clothing manufacrurers in the 1930s.Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes. Tt was only after “toddler”became a common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults,into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences – or invent them where they did not previously exist.26.By saying "it is...the rainbow"(Line 3, Para.1),the author means pink______.[A]should not be the sole representation of girlhood[B]should not be associated with girls' innocence[C]cannot explain girls' lack of imagination[D]cannot influence girls' lives and interests27.According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours？[A]Colours are encoded in girls' DNA.[B]Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.[C]Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.[D]White is prefered by babies.28.The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological development was much influenced by_____.[A]the marketing of products for children[B]the observation of children's nature[C]researches into children's behavior[D]studies of childhood consumption29.We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to_____.[A]focus on infant wear and older kids' clothes[B]attach equal importance to different genders[C]classify consumers into smaller groups[D]create some common shoppers' terms30.It can be concluded that girls' attraction to pink seems to be____.[A] clearly explained by their inborn tendency[B]fully understood by clothing manufacturers[C] mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen[D]well interpreted by psychological expertsAS the industry advances ,however,other suits may have an even greater panies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules-most are already patented or in the public domain .firms are now studying how genes intcract,looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy,companies are eager to win patents for ‘connecting the dits’,expaains hans sauer,alawyer for the BIO.Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO rtcently held a convention which included seddions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.31.it canbe learned from paragraph I that the biotech companies would like-----A.their executives to be activeB.judges to rule out gene patentingC.genes to be patcntablcD.the BIO to issue a warning32.those who are against gene patents believe that----A.genetic tests are not reliableB.only man-made products are patentableC.patents on genes depend much on innovatiaonD.courts should restrict access to gene tic tests33.according to hans sauer ,companies are eager to win patents for----A.establishing disease comelationsB.discovering gene interactionsC.drawing pictures of genesD.identifying human DNA34．By saying “each meeting was packed”(line4,para6)the author means that -----A.the supreme court was authoritativeB.the BIO was a powerful organizationC.gene patenting was a great concernwyers were keen to attend conventiongs35.generally speaking ,the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is----A.criticalB.supportiveC.scornfulD.objectiveText 4The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends,it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics,our culture, and the character of our society for years.No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways; they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S. ,lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one,. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them--- especially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.In the internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden winthin American society. More difficult, in the moment , is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this resession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly it, and all the more so the longer they extend.36.By saying “to find silver linings”（Line 1,Para.2）the author suggest that the jobless try to___.[A]seek subsidies from the govemment[B]explore reasons for the unermployment[C]make profits from the troubled economy[D]look on the bright side of the recession37.According to Paragraph 2,the recession has made people_____.[A]realize the national dream[B]struggle against each other[C]challenge their lifestyle[D]reconsider their lifestyle38.Benjamin Friedman believe that economic recessions may_____.[A]impose a heavier burden on immigrants[B]bring out more evils of human nature[C]Promote the advance of rights and freedoms[D]ease conflicts between races and classes39.The research of Till V on Wachther suggests that in recession graduates from elite universities tend to _____.[A]lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities[B]catch up quickly with experienced employees[C]see their life chances as dimmed as the others’[D]recover more quickly than the others40.The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is____.[A]certain[B]positive[C]trivial[D]destructivePart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEERT 1.(10 points)“Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,” wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not.Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus – On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, the championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders.Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist's personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers , industrialists and explores . "The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, if patient purpose, resolute working and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formulation of truly noble and many character, exhibit,"wrote Smiles."what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself"His biographies of James Walt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles:“It is man, real, living man who does all that.” And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For:“Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past.”This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding — from gender to race to cultural studies — were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies.Section III Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15 points)When people in developing countries worry about migration,they are usually concerned at the prospect of ther best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world ,These are the kind of workers that countries like Britian ,Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates .Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate .A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40%of emigrants had more than a high-school education,compared with around 3.3%of all Indians over the age of 25.This "brain drain "has long bothered policymakers in poor countries ,They fear that it hurts their economies ,depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities ,worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make .Section IV WritingPart A47.DirectionsSuppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from an onlin store the other day ,Write an email to the customer service center to1)make a complaint and2)demand a prompt solutionYou should write about 100words on ANSERE SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter ,Use "zhang wei "instead .48、write an essay based on the following table .In your writing you should1)describe the table ,and2)give your commentsYou should write at least 150 words(15points)某公司员工工作满意度调查参考答案完形填空：1.B2.B3.A4.A5.C6.B7.C8.A9.D 10.B11.D 12.B 13.C 14.D 15.B16.A 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.DTEXT1：21. A 22.C 23.A 24.B 25.DTEXT2：26.A 27.B 28.A 29.C 30.CTEXT3：31.C 32.B 33.A 34.D 35.DTEXT4：36.D 37.D 38.B 39.D 40.A新题型：41-45：AFGCE小作文范文：Dear Sir or Madame,As one of the regular customers of your online store, I am writing this letter to express my complaint against the flaws in your product—an electronic dictionary I bought in your shop the other day.The dictionary is supposed to be a favorable tool for my study. Unfortunately, I found that there are several problems. To begin with, when I opened it, I detected that the appearance of it had beenscratched. Secondly, I did not find the battery promised in the advertisement posted on the homepage of your shop, which makes me feel that you have not kept your promise. What is worse, some of the keys on the keyboard do not work.I strongly request that a satisfactory explanation be given and effective measures should be taken to improve your service and the quality of your products. You can either send a new one to me or refund me my money in full.I am looking forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.Sincerely yours,。
2012英语二考研真题加答案
2012年研究生入学考试真题及解析Section1Use of EninglishDirections:Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy,the symbol of American military adventurism,but that’s not how it used to be.To the men and women who1in World War II and the people they liberated,the GI.was the2)man grown into hero,the pool farm kid torn away from his home,the guy who3all the burdens of battle,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the 4of food and shelter,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder.this was not a volunteer soldier,not someone well paid,5an average guy,up6)the best trained,best equipped,fiercest,most brutal enemies seen in centuries.His name is not much.GI.is just a military abbreviation7Government Issue,and it was on all of the article8to soldiers.And Joe?A common name for a guy who never9it to the top.Joe Blow,Joe Magrac…a working class name.The United States has10had a president or vicepresident or secretary of state Joe.GI.joe had a11career fighting German,Japanese,and Korean troops.He appers as a character,or a12of american personalities,in the1945movie The Story of GI.Joe,based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle.Some of the soldiers Pyle13portrayde themselves in the film.Pyle was famous for covering the14side of the warl,writing about the dirt-snow–and-mud soldiers,not how many miles were15or what towns were captured or liberated,His reports16he “willie”cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden.Both men17the dirt and exhaustion of war,the18of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians:coffee,tobacco, whiskey,shelter,sleep.19Egypt,France,and a dozen more countries,G.I.Joe was any American soldier,20the most important person in their lives.1.[A]performed[B]served[C]rebelled[D]betrayed2.[A]actual[B]common[C]special[D]normal3.[A]bore[B]cased[C]removed[D]loaded4.[A]necessities[B]facilitice[C]commodities[D]propertoes5.[A]and[B]nor[C]but[D]hence6.[A]for[B]into[C]form[D]against7.[A]meaning[B]implying[C]symbolizing[D]claiming8.[A]handed out[B]turn over[C]brought back[D]passed down9.[A]pushed[B]got[C]made[D]managed10.[A]ever[B]never[C]either[D]neither11.[A]disguised[B]disturbed[C]disputed[D]distinguished12.[A]company[B]collection[C]community[D]colony13.[A]employed[B]appointed[C]interviewed[D]questioned14.[A]ethical[B]military[C]political[D]human16.[A]paralleled[B]counteracted[C]duplicated[D]contradicted17.[A]neglected[B]avoided[C]emphasized[D]admired18.[A]stages[B]illusions[C]fragments[D]advancea19.[A]With[B]To[C]Among[D]Beyond20.[A]on the contrary[B]by this means[C]from the outset[D]at that pointSection II Resdiong ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.answer the question after each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)Text1Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents,but in recent years it has been particularly scorned.School districts across the country,most recently Los Angeles Unified,are revising their thinking on his educational ritual.Unfortunately,L.A.Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses,homework may no longer count for more than10%of a student’s academic grade.This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework.But the policy is unclear and contradictory.Certainly,no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment.But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives,it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling:teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want.But with homework counting for no more than10%of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see vey little difference on their report cards.Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework,but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework?It is quite possible that the homework helped.Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students,the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.At the same time,the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework.If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’academic achievement,it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments,not make them count for almost nothing.Conversely,if homework does nothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board,which is responsible for setting educational policy,looks into the matter and conducts public hearings.It is not too late for L.A.Unified to do homework right.21.It is implied in paragraph1that nowadays homework_____.[B]is no longer an educational ritual[C]is not required for advanced courses[D]is gaining more preferences22.L.A.Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students_____.[A]tend to have moderate expectations for their education[B]have asked for a different educational standard[C]may have problems finishing their homework[D]have voiced their complaints about homework23.According to Paragraph3,one problem with the policy is that it may____.[A]discourage students from doing homework[B]result in students'indifference to their report cards[C]undermine the authority of state tests[D]restrict teachers'power in education24.As mentioned in Paragraph4,a key question unanswered about homework is whether______.[A]it should be eliminated[B]it counts much in schooling[C]it places extra burdens on teachers[D]it is important for grades25.A suitable title for this text could be______.[A]Wrong Interpretation of an Educational Policy[B]A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students[C]Thorny Questions about Homework[D]A Faulty Approach to HomeworkText2Pretty in pink:adult women do not rememer being so obsessed with the colour,yet it is pervasive in our young girls’lives.Tt is not that pink is intrinsically bad,but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way,it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection,even among two-year-olds,between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence.Looking around,I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’lives and interests.Girls’attraction to pink may seem unavoidable,somehow encoded in their DNA,but according to Jo Paoletti,an associate professor of American Studies,it is not.Children were not colour-coded at all until the early20th century:in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter,since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them.What’s more,both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses.When nursery colours were introduced,pink was actually considered the more masculine colour,a pastel version of red,which was associated with strength.Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary,constancy and faithfulness,symbolised femininity.It was not until the mid-1980s,when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own,when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls,part of what defined them as female,at least for the first few critical years.I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kins,was something experts developed after years of research into children’s behaviour:wrong.Turns out, acdording to Daniel Cook,a historian of childhood consumerism,it was popularised as a marketing trick by clothing manufacrurers in the1930s.Trade publications counselled department stores that,in order to increase sales,they should create a “third stepping stone”between infant wear and older kids’clothes.Tt was only after“toddler”became a common shoppers’term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage.Splitting kids,or adults,into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits.And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences–or invent them where they did not previously exist.26.By saying"it is...the rainbow"(Line3,Para.1),the author means pink______.[A]should not be the sole representation of girlhood[B]should not be associated with girls'innocence[C]cannot explain girls'lack of imagination[D]cannot influence girls'lives and interests27.According to Paragraph2,which of the following is true of colours？[A]Colours are encoded in girls'DNA.[B]Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.[C]Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.[D]White is prefered by babies.28.The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological development was much influenced by_____.[A]the marketing of products for children[B]the observation of children's nature[C]researches into children's behavior[D]studies of childhood consumption29.We may learn from Paragraph4that department stores were advised to_____.[A]focus on infant wear and older kids'clothes[B]attach equal importance to different genders[C]classify consumers into smaller groups[D]create some common shoppers'terms30.It can be concluded that girls'attraction to pink seems to be____.[A]clearly explained by their inborn tendency[B]fully understood by clothing manufacturers[C]mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen[D]well interpreted by psychological expertsText3In2010.a federal judge shook America's biotech industry to its panies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades-by2005some20%of human genes were parented.But in March2010a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable.Executives were violently agitated.The Biotechnology Industry Organisation(BIO)，a trade group，assured members that this was just a“preliminary step”in a longerOn July29th they were relieved，at least temporarily.A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision，ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed holb patents to two genss that help forecast a woman's risk of breast cancer.The chief executive of Myriad，a company in Utah，said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine，the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over Critics make three main arguments against gene patents：a gene is a product of nature，so it may not be patented；gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it；and patents'monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's.A growing number seem to st year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests.In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case，arguing that an isolated DNA molecule“is no less a product of nature...than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds.”Despite the appeals court's decision，big questions remain unanswered.For example，it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of indivi dual genes within it.The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.AS the industry advances,however,other suits may have an even greater panies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules-most are already patented or in the public domain.firms are now studying how genes intcract,looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy,companies are eager to win patents for‘connecting the dits’,expaains hans sauer,alawyer for the BIO.Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue,brought by the Mayo Clinic,which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term.The BIO rtcently held a convention which included seddions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents.Each meeting was packed.31.it canbe learned from paragraph I that the biotech companies would like-----A.their executives to be activeB.judges to rule out gene patentingC.genes to be patcntablcD.the BIO to issue a warning32.those who are against gene patents believe that----A.genetic tests are not reliableB.only man-made products are patentableC.patents on genes depend much on innovatiaonD.courts should restrict access to gene tic tests33.according to hans sauer,companies are eager to win patents for----A.establishing disease comelationsB.discovering gene interactionsC.drawing pictures of genesD.identifying human DNA34．By saying“each meeting was packed”(line4,para6)the author means that-----A.the supreme court was authoritativeB.the BIO was a powerful organizationC.gene patenting was a great concernwyers were keen to attend conventiongs35.generally speaking,the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is----C.scornfulD.objectiveText4The great recession may be over,but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning.Before it ends, it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults.And ultimately,it is likely to reshape our politics,our culture,and the character of our society for years.No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster.Many said that unemployment,while extremely painful,had improved them in some ways;they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent;they were more aware of the struggles of others.In limited respects,perhaps the recession will leave society better off.At the very least,it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses,and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.But for the most part,these benefits seem thin,uncertain,and far off.In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth,the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S.,lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive,and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases,as does conflict between races and classes.Income inequality usually falls during a recession,but it has not shrunk in this one,.Indeed,this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides,and decrease opportunities to cross them---especially for young people.The research of Till Von Wachter,the economist in Columbia University,suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed:those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times;it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.In the internet age,it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden winthin American society.More difficult,in the moment,is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character.In many respects,the U.S.was more socially tolerant entering this resession than at any time in its history,and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results.We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric.But they certainly it, and all the more so the longer they extend.36.By saying“to find silver linings”（Line1,Para.2）the author suggest that the jobless try to___.[A]seek subsidies from the govemment[B]explore reasons for the unermployment[C]make profits from the troubled economy[D]look on the bright side of the recession37.According to Paragraph2,the recession has made people_____.[A]realize the national dream[B]struggle against each other[C]challenge their lifestyle[D]reconsider their lifestyle38.Benjamin Friedman believe that economic recessions may_____.[A]impose a heavier burden on immigrants[B]bring out more evils of human nature[D]ease conflicts between races and classes39.The research of Till Von Wachther suggests that in recession graduates from elite universities tend to _____.[A]lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities[B]catch up quickly with experienced employees[C]see their life chances as dimmed as the others’[D]recover more quickly than the others40.The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is____.[A]certain[B]positive[C]trivial[D]destructivePart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column.There are two extra choices in the right column.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEERT1.(10points)“Universal history,the history of what man has accomplished in this world,is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,”wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle.Well,not any more it is not.Suddenly,Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form.This could be no more than a passing literary craze,but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past:less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain.Today,we want empathy, not inspiration.From the earliest days of the Renaissance,the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men.In1337,Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus–On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus(or virtue)of classical heroes.Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top.This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head.In The Prince,the championed cunning,ruthlessness,and boldness,rather than virtue,mercy and justice,as the skills of successful leaders.Over time,the attributes of greatness shifted.The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day,stressing the uniqueness of the artist's personal experience rather than public glory.By contrast,the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers,industrialists and explores."The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help,if patient purpose,resolute working and steadfast integrity,issuing in the formulation of truly noble and many character,exhibit,"wrote Smiles."what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself"His biographies of James Walt,Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle,who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther,Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte.These epochal figures represented lives hardCommunist Manifesto.For them,history did nothing,it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles:“It is man,real,living man who does all that.”And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.As such,it needed to appreciate the economic realities,the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood.For:“Men make their own history,but they do not make it just as they please;they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves,but under circumstances directly found,given and transmitted from the past.”This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past.In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill,EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm.History from below stood alongside biographies of great men.Whole new realms of understanding—from gender to race to cultural studies—were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies.And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.[A]emphasized the virtue of classical heroes.41.Petrarch[B]highlighted the public glory of the leadingartists.42.Niccolo Machiavellli[C]focused on epochal figures whose liveswere hard to imitate43.Samuel Smiles[D]opened up new realms of understanding thegreat men in history.44.Thomas Carlyle[E]held that history should be the story of themasses and their record of struggle.45.Marx and Engels[F]dismissed virtue as unnecessary forsuccessful leaders.[G]depicted the worthy lives of engineerindustrialists and explorers.Section III Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15 points)When people in developing countries worry about migration,they are usually concerned at the prospect of ther best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world,These are the kind of workers that countries like Britian,Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates.Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate.A big survey of Indian households in2004found that nearly40%of emigrants had more than a high-school education,compared with around3.3%of all Indians over the age of25.This "brain drain"has long bothered policymakers in poor countries,They fear that it hurts their economies,depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities,worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make.Section IV WritingPart A47.DirectionsSuppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from an onlin store the other day,Write an email to the customer service center to1)make a complaint and2)demand a prompt solutionYou should write about100words on ANSERE SHEET2Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter,Use"zhang wei"instead.Part B48.Directionswrite an essay based on the following table.In your writing you should1)describe the table,and2)give your commentsYou should write at least150words(15points)某公司员工工作满意度调查年龄-------满意度满意不清楚不满意小于等于40岁16.7%50.0%33．3%41-50岁0.0%36.0%64.0%大于50岁40.050.0%10.0%2012考研英语二参考答案1.B2.B3.A4.A5.C6.B7.C8.A9.D10.B2.11.D12.B13.C14.D15.B16.A17.C18.B19.B20.D21.A22.C23.A24.B25.D17.26.A27.B28.A29.C30.C31.C32.B33.A34.D35.D36.D37.D38.B39.D40.A41-45：AFGCE。
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2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that the justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to the code of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ is inescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_, convincing as law.1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize2. [A]when [B]lest [C]before [D] unless3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established [D] eliminated4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted5. [A]advanced [B]caught [C]bound [D]founded6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone7. [A]resorts [B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though12. [A]serve [B]satisfy [C]upset [D]replace13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conceptions16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable20. [A]by all[B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a resultmesnsSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Come on –Everybody’s doing it. That whispered message, half invitation and half forcing, is what most of us think of when we hear the words peer pressure. It usually leads to no good-drinking, drugs and casual sex. But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the word.Rosenberg, the recipient of a Pulitzer Prize, offers a host of example of the social cure in action: In South Carolina, a state-sponsored antismoking program called Rage Against the Haze sets out to make cigarettes uncool. In South Africa, an HIV-prevention initiative known as LoveLife recruits young people to promote safe sex among their peers.The idea seems promising，and Rosenberg is a perceptive observer. Her critique of the lameness of many pubic-health campaigns is spot-on: they fail to mobilize peer pressure for healthy habits, and they demonstrate a seriously flawed understanding of psychology.” Dare to be different, please don’t smoke!” pleads one billboard campaign aimed at reducing smoking among teenagers-teenagers, who desire nothing more than fitting in. Rosenberg argues convincingly that public-health advocates ought to take a page from advertisers, so skilled at applying peer pressure.But on the general effectiveness of the social cure, Rosenberg is less persuasive. Join the Club is filled with too much irrelevant detail and not enough exploration of the social and biologicalfactors that make peer pressure so powerful. The most glaring flaw of the social cure as it’s presented here is that it doesn’t work very well for very long. Rage Aga inst the Haze failed once state funding was cut. Evidence that the LoveLife program produces lasting changes is limited and mixed.There’s no doubt that our peer groups exert enormous influence on our behavior. An emerging body of research shows that positive health habits-as well as negative ones-spread through networks of friends via social communication. This is a subtle form of peer pressure: we unconsciously imitate the behavior we see every day.Far less certain, however, is how successfully experts and bureaucrats can select our peer groups and steer their activities in virtuous directions. It’s like the teacher who breaks up the troublemakers in the back row by pairing them with better-behaved classmates. The tactic never really works. And that’s the problem with a social cure engineered from the outside: in the real world, as in school, we insist on choosing our own friends.21. According to the first paragraph, peer pressure often emerges as[A] a supplement to the social cure[B] a stimulus to group dynamics[C] an obstacle to school progress[D] a cause of undesirable behaviors22. Rosenberg holds that public advocates should[A] recruit professional advertisers[B] learn from advertisers’ experience[C] stay away from commercial advertisers[D] recognize the limitations of advertisements23. In the author’s view, Rosenberg’s book fails to[A] adequately probe social and biological factors[B] effectively evade the flaws of the social cure[C] illustrate the functions of state funding[D]produce a long-lasting social effect24. Paragraph 5shows that our imitation of behaviors[A] is harmful to our networks of friends[B] will mislead behavioral studies[C] occurs without our realizing it[D] can produce negative health habits25. The author suggests in the last paragraph that the effect of peer pressure is[A] harmful[B] desirable[C] profound[D] questionableText 2A deal is a deal-except, apparently ,when Entergy is involved. The company, a major energy supplier in New England, provoked justified outrage in Vermont last week when it announced it was reneging on a longstanding commitment to abide by the strict nuclear regulations. Instead, the company has done precisely what it had long promised it would not challenge the constitutionality of Vermont’s rules in the federal court, as part of a desperate effort to keep its Vermont Yankee nuclear power plant running. It’s a stunning move.The conflict has been surfacing since 2002, when the co rporation bought Vermont’s only nuclear power plant, an aging reactor in Vernon. As a condition of receiving state approval for the sale, the company agreed to seek permission from state regulators to operate past 2012. In 2006, the state went a step furth er, requiring that any extension of the plant’s license be subject to Vermont legislature’s approval. Then, too, the company went along.Either Entergy never really intended to live by those commitments, or it simply didn’t foresee what would happen next. A string of accidents, including the partial collapse of a cooling tower in 207 and the discovery of an underground pipe system leakage, raised serious questions about both Vermont Yankee’s safety and Entergy’s management– especially after the company made misleading statements about the pipe. Enraged by Entergy’s behavior, the Vermont Senate voted 26 to 4 last year against allowing an extension.Now the company is suddenly claiming that the 2002 agreement is invalid because of the 2006 legislation, and that only the federal government has regulatory power over nuclear issues. The legal issues in the case are obscure: whereas the Supreme Court has ruled that states do have some regulatory authority over nuclear power, legal scholars say that Vermont case will offer a precedent-setting test of how far those powers extend. Certainly, there are valid concerns about the patchwork regulations that could result if every state sets its own rules. But had Entergy kept its word, that debate would be beside the point.The company seems to have concluded that its reputation in Vermont is already so damaged that it has noting left to lose by going to war with the state. But there should be consequences. Permission to run a nuclear plant is a poblic trust. Entergy runs 11 other reactors in the United States, including Pilgrim Nuclear station in Plymouth. Pledging to run Pilgrim safely, the company has applied for federal permission to keep it open for another 20 years. But as the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) re views the company’s application, it should keep it mind what promises from Entergy are worth.26. The phrase “reneging on”(Line 3.para.1) is closest in meaning to[A] condemning.[B] reaffirming.[C] dishonoring.[D] securing.27. By entering into the 2002 agreement, Entergy intended to[A] obtain protection from Vermont regulators.[B] seek favor from the federal legislature.[C] acquire an extension of its business license .[D] get permission to purchase a power plant.28. According to Paragraph 4, Entergy seems to have problems with its[A] managerial practices.[B] technical innovativeness.[C] financial goals.[D] business vision29. In the author’s view, the Vermont case will test[A] Entergy’s capacity to fulfill all its promises.[B] the mature of states’ patchwork regulations.[C] the federal authority over nuclear issues .[D] the limits of states’ power over nuclear issues.30. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that[A] Entergy’s business elsewh ere might be affected.[B] the authority of the NRC will be defied.[C] Entergy will withdraw its Plymouth application.[D] Vermont’s reputation might be damaged.Text 3In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community, researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives the newdiscovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. First, scientific work tends to focus on some aspect of prevailing Knowledge that is viewed as incomplete or incorrect. Little reward accompanies duplication and confirmation of what is already known and believed. The goal is new-search, not re-search. Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. Second, novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief. Nobel Laureate and physiologist Albert Azent-Gyorgyi once described discovery as “seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought.” But thinking what nobody else has thought and telling others what they have missed may not change their views. Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated.In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim –a process that corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described as the comm ons of the mind. “We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other’s reasoning and each other’s conceptions of reason.”31. According to the first paragraph, the process of discovery is characterized by its[A] uncertainty and complexity.[B] misconception and deceptiveness.[C] logicality and objectivity.[D] systematicness and regularity.32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that credibility process requires[A] strict inspection.[B]shared efforts.[C] individual wisdom.[D]persistent innovation.33.Paragraph 3 shows that a discovery claim becomes credible after it[A] has attracted the attention of the general public.[B]has been examined by the scientific community.[C] has received recognition from editors and reviewers.[D]has been frequently quoted by peer scientists.34. Albert Szent-Györgyi would most likely agree that[A] scientific claims will survive challenges.[B]discoveries today inspire future research.[C] efforts to make discoveries are justified.[D]scientific work calls for a critical mind.35.Which of the following would be the best title of the test?[A] Novelty as an Engine of Scientific Development.[B]Collective Scrutiny in Scientific Discovery.[C] Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science.[D]Challenge to Credibility at the Gate to Science.Text 4If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servant. When Hoffa’s Teamsters were in their prime in 1960, only one in ten America n government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do. In 2009 the number of unionists in America’s public sector passed that of their fellow members in the private sector. In Britain, more than half of public-sector workers but only about 15% of private-sector ones are unionized.There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. First, they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences. Second, they are mostly bright and well-educated. A quarter of America’s public-sector workers have a university degree. Third, they now dominate left-of-centre politics. Some of their ties go back a long way. Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. Its current leader, Ed Miliband, owes his position to votes from public-sector unions.At the state level their influence can be even more fearsome. Mark Baldassare of the Public Policy Institute of California points out that much of the state’s budget is patrolled by unions. The teachers’ unions keep an eye on schools, the CCPOA on prisons and a variety of labor groups on health care.In many rich countries average wages in the state sector are higher than in the private one. But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. Politic ians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most egregiously in education, where charter schools, academies and merit pay all faced drawn-out battles. Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker, the hardline Republican governor. But many within the public sector suffer under the current system, too. John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but is bad for high achievers. The only American public-sector workers who earn well above $250,000 a year are university sports coaches and the president of the United States. Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America.36. It can be learned from the first paragraph that[A] Teamsters still have a large body of members.[B] Jimmy Hoffa used to work as a civil servant.[C] unions have enlarged their public-sector membership.[D]the government has improved its relationship with unionists.37. Which of the following is true of Paragraph 2?[A] Public-sector unions are prudent in taking actions.[B] Education is required for public-sector union membership.[C] Labor Party has long been fighting against public-sector unions.[D]Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions.38. It can be learned from Paragraph 4 that the income in the state sector is[A] illegally secured.[B] indirectly augmented.[C] excessively increased.[D]fairly adjusted.39. The example of the unions in Wisconsin shows that unions[A]often run against the current political system.[B]can change people’s political attitudes.[C]may be a barrier to public-sector reforms.[D]are dominant in the government.40. John Don ahue’s attitude towards the public-sector system is one of[A]disapproval.[B]appreciation.[C]tolerance.[D]indifference.Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points)Think of those fleeting moments when you look out of an aeroplane window and realise that you are flying, higher than a bird. Now think of your laptop, thinner than a brown-paper envelope, or your cellphone in the palm of your hand. Take a moment or two to wonder at those marvels. You are the lucky inheritor of a dream come true.The second half of the 20th century saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionaries labour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio, the mail as well as the mailcarrier. (41)The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique. The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also tread with caution.(42)I call it a secret war for two reasons. First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode. Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload. Beavers build dams and birds make nests. Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading. Humans are unique in their capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods - paintings, sculpture and architecture - and superfluous experiences - music, literature, religion and philosophy. (43)For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode. Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains, with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remaining content to just consume. (44) Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes. The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.(45)What counts as meaningful uploading? My definition revolves around the concept of "stickiness" - creations and experiences to which others adhere.[A] Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture and ultimately what it is to be human. Downloading and consuming culture requires great skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of a defining constituent of humanity.[B] Applications like , which allow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.[C] Not only did they develop such a device but by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.[D] This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading and uploading - between passive consumption and active creation - whose outcome will shape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.[E] The challenge the computer mounts to television thus bears little similarity to one format being replaced by another in the manner of record players being replaced by CD players.[F] One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium - television- and television is defined by downloading.[G]The networked computer offers the first chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Since the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science. Newton’s laws of motion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory frame work.(46)In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything—a single generative equation for all we see.It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the dimensions and universes that it might entail, nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal.This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. (47)Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification for it all humans share common origins it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings. Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world’s languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governe d by universal features. (48)To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language. The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who suggested that humans are born with an innate language—acquisition capacity that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly.(49)The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many language which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraintsGray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages.(50)Chomsky’s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it. Whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lire age-specific and not governed by universals[NxtPage]Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Some internationals students are coming to your university. Write them an email in the name of the Students’ Union to1) extend your welcome and2) provide some suggestions for their campus life here.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address(10 points)Part B52. Directions: write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should1) describe the drawing briefly2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your commentsYou should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)2012考研英语真题答案Section ⅠUse of English2012年的完型填空是有关美国司法官伦理和政治关系的一篇文章，出自New York Times, June, 30th , 2011的“Ethics, Politics and the Law”一文。