名词和名词词组,属格

名词和名词词组,属格
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课题Grammar Hierarchy 授课
时数
2
授课
类型
Lecture
教学目的1.To know the hierarchy of grammar 2. To know the usages of each grammar hierarchy 教学
重点
Different usages of each grammar hierarchy
教学
难点
The free usages of each grammar hierarchy
主要︵知识︶语言点1. definition of Grammar
2. basic usages of each grammar hierarchy
3. morpheme
4. word
5. phrase
6. clause
7. sentence
教
学过程
︵学时分配︶Step 1 Leading in
Step 2
* Definition of GRAMMAR
GRAMMAR:
the structural system of a language.
the branch of linguistics that deals with syntax and morphology (and sometimes also
deals with semantics)
* Five Ranks
The grammar of the English language is organized into five ranks:
the sentence, the clause, the phrase, the word, the morpheme
Diagram of the five ranks:
Each rank is composed of one or more than one grammatical unit of the immediate
lower rank:
A full sentence can generally be segmented rank by rank down to its smallest constituents---the morphemes.
0.1 Morphemes
1.Definition:
●the minimum or smallest grammatical unit
●the smallest meaningful element of speech.
2.Classification:
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Two categories: Free Morphemes; Bound Morphemes.
1) Free Morphemes
1.Definition:
●has a complete meaning
●can stand by itself as a Simple Word
●can sometimes act as a complete utterance in connected speech
●Can form Compound Words
●Can form Derivatives
2) Bound Morphemes
●are mostly affixes
●also meaningful, but the meaning is not complete in itself unless it is attached to
some other form
●cannot stand by itself: it only exists as an Inflectional or Derivational Affix.
●Inflectional Affix
●-’s (genitive case)
●-s/-es (plural nouns)
●-s/-es (the third person singular verbs in simple present)
●-ed (past tense verbs)
●-ing, -ed (-ing participle, -ed participle form of verbs)
●-er, -est (comparative, superlative degree of adjectives/ adverbs)
Derivational Affix
●Prefix, Suffix
●(Prefix) + Root + (suffix)
●co-exist exist ence co-exist ence
3) Allomorphs
Definition:
●The variants of the same morpheme are called allomorphs.
Explanation:
●the same morpheme in different contexts may take
different phonological or
orthographical forms.
Examples:
In Orthography:
●in- im- il- ir-
●inactive immature illegal irrat ional
●incoherent immortal illogical irregular
●inexperienced imperfect illegible irrelevant
In phonology:
-s cats dogs houses
0.2 Words
●is composed of one or more than one morpheme.
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●can be classified in two ways:
●in terms of word-formation
grammatical function
In terms of Word-formation
a) Simple Word
b) Derivative
c) Compound Word
a) Simple Word:
also called Morpheme Word (free morpheme)
b) Derivative:
Structure:
(prefix) + root +(suffix) :
c) Compound Word
Structure: Free Morpheme + Free Morpheme
Classification:
Compound Noun
Compound Adjective
Compound Verb
Compound Adverb
Compound Pronoun
Compound Conjunction
Compound Preposition
In terms of grammatical function
Closed-class words & Open-class words.
Closed-class words
Definition:
Closed-class words refer to those sets of words whose items are closed or limited in number and are only exceptionally extended by the creation of additional members. Scope: All the Function Words: Preposition, Pronoun, Determiner, Conjunction, Auxiliary
Open-class Words
Definition:
Open-class words refer to those sets of words whose items are indefinitely extendable. New items are constantly being created and old items are giving place to new ones. Scope: All the Content Words: Noun, Adjective, Adverb, Main Verb NOTE:
Cardinal Numeral, Ordinal Numeral and Interjection are between closed and open
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0.3 Phrases
Definition:
●is composed of one or more than one word.
●is a group of words organized in a specific way with a key Word as its Head.
●The word clas s of the Head determines the class of the
phrase and the way in which the words are organized.
Word Class of Phrase : Noun Phrase, Verb Phrase, Adjective Phrase, Adverb Phrase, Prepositional Phrase
1) The Noun Phrase:
Structure:
(Determiner) + (Pre-Modifier) + Noun + (Post-Modifier)
all the college students
His new book on phonology
Milton lived in the 17th century.
The author’s new novel that will soon come out
2) The Verb Phrase:
Simple Verb Phrase:
Structure:
(Modifier) + Main Verb + (Modifier)
She looks pale.
We utterly detested him.
Complex Verb Phrase:
Structure:
Auxiliary /Auxiliaries + Main Verb + (Modifier)
It is getting dark
She ought to have told him about it.
Joan will certainly object and so will Mary.
Finite Verb Phrase:
A finite verb phrase is initiated by a finite form, that is, a verb form that changes according to Tense or Subject.
Non-finite Verb Phrase:
A non-finite verb phrase is initiated by a non-finite form, that is, a verb form that does not change according to Tense or Subject.
Point out finite and non- finite verb phrases:
Having seen the film, we had a discussion.
Painted by a famous artist, the portrait is invaluable.
Tired from studying all afternoon, she went for a walk.
Opening the book slowly and tentatively, she began to read.
3) The Adjective Phrase:
Structure:
(Modifier) + Adjective + (Post modifier / Complementation) 第5页
The course is pretty difficult.
I’ll be glad to help you repair the car if you show me what’s wrong.
4) The Adverb Phrase:
Structure:
(Modifier) + Adverb + (post Modifier)
He spoke loudly and clearly.
5) The Prepositional Phrase:
Structure:
(Modifier) + Preposition + Complementation
The weather has been fine except in the north.
Now their footsteps could be heard directly above my head.
We are collecting money for the benefit of some orphans.
0.4 Clauses:
is composed of one or more than one phrase.
A full-fledged clause is structurally a sequence of phrase and logically a construction of “Subject + Predicate”.
The producers are able to supply a small part of our needs.
NP VP NP
Subject Verb Object
Subject Predicate
Clause
Sentence
Classification:
1) In terms of grammatical function:
Independent clause (IC)
Dependent clause (DC)
Quiz:
I went to the store. I didn't buy any bread.
I went to the store; I didn't buy any bread.
I went to the store, but I didn't buy any bread.
I went to the store; however, I didn't buy any bread.
When I went to the store, I didn't buy any bread.
I didn't buy any bread when I went to the store.
2) Simple and Complex Clauses
In terms of the “Subject + Predicate” construction:
Simple Clause
Complex Clause
Examples:
It is not true.
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What you said is not true.
He said that it was not true.
He complained that what you said was not true.
3) Main and Subordinate Clauses
●In a complex clause, the clause that takes another clause as its element is the main
clause, while the clause that forms part of the main clause is
a subordinate clause. Example:
4) Finite and Non-finite Clauses
●In terms of verb phrase type:
●Fin ite Clause:
Non-finite Clause:
Quiz: Finite or Nonfinite?
5) Verbless clauses
●is marked by the absence of any form of verb element
●is just a construction of “subject + predicate” without any form of verb element.
●Hungry and exhausted, the climbers retur ned.
●Christmas then only days away, the family was pent up with excitement.
0.5 Sentences
Features:
●the highest rank of grammatical unit.
●the basic linguistic unit of connected discourse
●Based on one or more than one clause
●can stand alone and perform a function in social communication.
1) Full and Minor Sentences
A minor sentence is only a sentence fragment which in specific contexts and situations can stand by itself and perform a communicative function.
Minor sentences are extensively used in informal discourses.
A: When did he arrive?
B: Last night.
No smoking!
Fire!
● A Full Sentence is a sentence with an expressed subject and predicate.
●This kind of sentence is mostly used in formal speech and writing.
Classification of Full Sentence:
A Simple Sentence
B Compound Sentence
C Complex Sentence
D Compound-complex Sentence Step 3 Exercises
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