2020年BEC剑桥商务英语高级阅读试题及答案(卷二)

2020年BEC剑桥商务英语高级阅读试题及答案（卷二）
Lack of self-confidence will put you at a disadvantage in a negotiation .
1. This company has been involved in diversifying its business activities.
2. Although this company is doing well, it has a number of internal difficulties to deal with
3. This company has reduced the profits it makes on individual items
4. One statistic is a less accurate guide to this company’s performance than another
5. The conditions which have helped this company are likely to be less favourable in the future
6. This company’s share price has been extremely volatile over the last twelve months
7. This company is likely to be the subject of a takeover bid in the near future
8. This company’s performance exemplifies a widely held belief
A Chemical Company
Masterson’s interim pre-tax profits growth of 20% was somewhat inflated as a result of the income received from the disposal of several of the company’s subsidiaries. The underlying 8% rise in operating profits is a more realistic gauge of the company’s true progress. However,
Masterson’s impending merger with Bentley and Knight and its appointment of a new chief executive should mean that the company will be able to sustain growth for the foreseeable fut5ure. The share price has varied little during the course of the year and now stands at ￡6.75
B Hotel Group
During the past year the Bowden Hotel Group has acquired 77 new properties, thus doubling in size . last week the group reported pre-tax profits of ￡88 million in the first six months of the year, ahead of expectations and helped by a strong performance from its London-based hotels and newly expanded US business. However. There is still some way to go. Integration of the new acquisitions is still not complete and, while the share price has risen recently, major problems with integration have yet to be solved.
C High-tech Company
This time last year a share in Usertech was worth just over ￡1. six months ago it was worth ￡40. today it is priced at under ￡8 . if proof were need, here is an illustration of how much of a lottery the technology market can be. But some technology companies are fighting back and Usertech is one of them . What has renewed excitement in the company is the opening of its new American offices in Dallas and its ambitious plans to expand its user base in both North and Latin America.
D Building Company
Renton’s share price has risen gradually over the past year from ￡2.4 to ￡3.8 . The company has been successful in choosing prime location for its buildings and has benefited from the buoyant demand for housing. Whilst this demand is expected to slow down somewhat during the next year, investors are encouraged by the company’s decision to move into building supermarkets. Work has already begun on two sites in London, and the company is expected to sign a contract within the next month for building four large supermarkets in Scotland.
E Pottery Manufacturer
Milton Dishes has been through a shake-up over the past year. The group, which has been cutting margins and improving marketing, may post a small profit this year. The many members of the Milton family, who between them own 58 per cent of the business, have been watching the share price rise steadily and several are looking to sell. Trade rival Ruskin has bought up just over 17 percent of the shares and could well be spurred into further action by the signs of a recovery at the firm.
参考答案:
1 D
2 B
3 E
4 A
5 D
6 C
7 E
8 C
这种类型的题不过是一个句子换一种说法，关键是看对每一段话的理解。

我们看一下1到8在说什么，然后到A到E中寻找答案。

1.该公司正在对其商业活动进行多样化。

2.尽管该公司业绩不错，内部也有一些困难需要处理。

3.该公司单个产品收益减少
4.一项统计数据对该公司的表现不像另外一个那样有准确的指导作用。

5.曾经帮助过该公司的环境在将来可能就不那么好了。

6.该公司的股票价格在过去的一年里变化很大。

7.该公司未来很可能会被收购。

8.该公司的表现让人很有信心
那么，再读一下A到E表达的什么意思，很容易对号入座。

Read the following article on negotiating techniques and the question on the opposite page .
For each question 15 –20 , mark one letter (A, B, C or D ) on your Answer Sheet for the answer you choose.
The Negotiating Table:
You can negotiate virtually anything. Projects, resources, expectations and deadlines are all outcomes of negotiation. Some people negotiate deals for a living. Dr Herb Cohen is one of these professional talkers, called in by companies to negotiate on their behalf . He approaches the art of negotiation as a game because, as he is usually negotiating for somebody else, he says this helps him drain the emotional content from his conversation. He is working in a competitive
field and needs to avoid being too adversarial. Whether he succeeds or not, it is important to him to make a good impression so that people will recommend him.
The starting point for any deal, he believes, is to identify exactly what you want from each other. More often than not, one party will be trying to persuade the other round to their point of view. Negotiation requires two people at the end saying ‘yes”. This can be a problem because one of them usually begins by saying “no”. However, although this can make talks more difficult, this is often just a starting point in the negotiation game. Top management may well reject the idea initially because it is the safer option but they would not be there if they were not interested.
It is a misconception that skilled negotiators are smooth operators in smart suits. Dr Cohen says that one of his strategies is to dress down so that the other side can relate to you. Pitch your look to suit your customer. You do not need to make them feel better than you but, For example, dressing in a style that is not overtly expensive or successful will make you more approachable. People will generally feel more comfortable with somebody who appears to be like them rather than superior to them. They may not like you but they will feel they can trust you.
Dr Cohen suggests that the best way to sell your proposal is by
getting into the world of the other side. Ask questions rather than give answers and take an interest in what the other person is saying, even if you think what they are saying is silly. You do not need to become their best friends but being too clever will alienate them. A lot of deals are made on impressions. Do not rush what you are saying---put a few hesitations in , do not try to blind them with your verbal dexterity. Also, you should repeat back to them what they have said to show you take them seriously.
Inevitably some deals will not succeed. Generally the longer the negotiations go on, the better chance they have because people do not want to think their investment and energies have gone to waste. However , joint venture can mean joint risk and sometimes , if this becomes too great , neither party may be prepared to see the deal through . More common is a corporate culture clash between companies, which can put paid to any deal. Even having agreed a deal, things may not be tied up quickly because when the lawyers get involved, everything gets slowed down as they argue about small details.
De Cohen thinks that children are the masters of negotiation. Their goals are totally selfish. They understand the decision-making process within families perfectly. If Mum refuses their request , they will troop along to Dad and pressure him. If al else fails, they will try the grandparents, using some emotional blackmail. They can also be very
single-minded and have an inexhaustible supply of energy for the cause they are pursuing. So there are lesson to be learned from watching and listening to children.
15 Dr Cohen treats negotiation as a game in order to
A put people at ease
B remain detached
C be competitive
D impress rivals
16 Many people say “no”to a suggestion in the beginning to
A convince the other party of their point of view
B show they are not really interested
C indicate they wish to take the easy option
D protect their company’s situation
17 Dr Cohen says that when you are trying to negotiate you should
A adapt your style to the people you are talking to
B make the other side feel superior to you
C dress in a way to make you feel comfortable.
D try to make the other side like you
18 According to Dr Cohen, understanding the other person will help you to
A gain their friendship
B speed up the negotiations
C plan your next move.
D convince them of your point of view
19 Deals sometimes fail because
A negotiations have gone on too long
B the companies operate in different ways
C one party risks more than the other.
D the lawyers work too slowly
20 Dr Cohen mentions children’s negotiation techniques to show that you should
A be prepared to try every route
B try not to make people feel guilty
C be careful not to exhaust yourself
D control the decision-making process.
参考答案:15 B 16D 17A 18D 19B 20 A
15.第一段有这样一句话needs to avoid being too adversarial，也就是说要保持客观，公正，超然，所以选择B。

16.从第二度最后一句话可以看出，Top management may well reject the idea initially because it is the safer option but they would not be there if they were not interested.应该选择D。

17.第三段，Dr Cohen says that one of his strategies is to dress down so that the other side can relate to you. Pitch your look to suit your customer.所以选择A。

18.You do not need to become their best friends but being too clever will alienate them. you should repeat back to them what they have said to show you take them seriously.所以选择D。

19.从第四段的这句话可以看出，More common is a corporate culture clash between companies, which can put paid to any deal.选择B Sweet smell of excess-for just ￡47.874 a bottle
The marketing says it is the “ultimate symbol of indulgence and truly impeccable taste”. A new scent, named V1, has (0) launched for Christmas-retailing at just ￡47.874 . The makers are proudly promoting it (31) ,the “world’s most expensive perfume”and are confident of selling the limited edition of 173 bottles-(32) it should be exactly 173 bottles is not made clear in the publicity for the product.
Although carefully priced at just under the ￡50.000 mark, this perfume is clearly (33) something for anyone who considers ￡30 too much to pay for a bottle of eau-de-toilette. Those (34) are potential customers will certainly be reassured to learn that a case covered in rubies and diamonds is included free (35) charge. Purchasers are assured of further savings, with unlimited scent refills guaranteed indefinitely- at no extra cost.
The fragrance is the idea of Arfaq Hussain, a 27-year-old clothes designer who first made a name (36) himself with an air-conditioned jacket he was asked to make by the singer Michael Jackson (37) far, Mr
Jackson is the only person to (38) placed an order- he wants two, according to Mr Hussain.
Mr Hussain is unconcerned at having no previous experience of perfumery . “It’s so (39) more than a perfume ---- it’s a piece of jewellery, too. ““explained Mr Hussain. He attempted to describe the ￡47.874 sensation . “it is delicate , fragrant and quite unique. When you open the lid, it takes you totally away . It’s just (40) being surrounded by thousands of wild flowers and roses.
参考答案：
31- 35 AS WHY NOT/ HARDLY WHO/ THAT OF
36-40 FOR SO/ THUS HAVE MUCH LIKE
The Negotiating Table
You can negotiate virtually anything. Projects, resources, expectations and deadlines are all outcomes of negotiation. Some people negotiate deals for a living. Dr Herb Cohen is one of these professional talkers, called in by companies to negotiate on their??behalf . He approaches the art of negotiation as a game because, as he is usually negotiating for somebody else, he says this helps him drain the emotional content from his conversation. He is working in a competitive field and needs to avoid being too adversarial. Whether he succeeds or not, it is important to him to make a good impression so that people will recommend him.
The starting point for any deal, he believes, is to identify exactly what you want from each other. More often than not, one party will be trying to persuade the other round to their point of view. Negotiation requires two people at the end saying ‘yes”. This can be a problem because one of them usually begins by saying “no”. However, although this can make talks more difficult, this is often just a starting point in the negotiation game. Top management may well reject the idea initially because it is the safer option but they would not be there if they were not interested.
It is a misconception that skilled negotiators are smooth operators in smart suits. Dr Cohen says that one of his strategies is to dress down so that the other side can relate to you. Pitch your look to suit your customer. You do not need to make them feel better than you but, For example, dressing in a style that is not overtly expensive or successful will make you more approachable. People will generally feel more comfortable with somebody who appears to be like them rather than superior to them. They may not like you but they will feel they can trust you.
Dr Cohen suggests that the best way to sell your proposal is by getting into the world of the other side. Ask questions rather than give answers and take an interest in what the other person is saying, even if you think what they are saying is silly. You do not need to become their
best friends but being too clever will alienate them. A lot of deals are made on impressions. Do not rush what you are saying---put a few hesitations in , do not try to blind them with your verbal dexterity. Also, you should repeat back to them what they have said to show you take them seriously.
Inevitably some deals will not succeed. Generally the longer the negotiations go on, the better chance they have because people do not want to think their investment and energies have gone to waste. However , joint venture can mean joint risk and sometimes , if this becomes too great , neither party may be prepared to see the deal through . More common is a corporate culture clash between companies, which can put paid to any deal. Even having agreed a deal, things may not be tied up quickly because when the lawyers get involved, everything gets slowed down as they argue about small details.
De Cohen thinks that children are the masters of negotiation. Their goals are totally selfish. They understand the decision-making process within families perfectly. If Mum refuses their request , they will troop along to Dad and pressure him. If al else fails, they will try the grandparents, using some emotional blackmail. They can also be very single-minded and have an inexhaustible supply of energy for the cause they are pursuing. So there are lesson to be learned from watching and listening to children.
15 Dr Cohen treats negotiation as a game in order to
A put people at ease
B remain detached
C be competitive
D impress rivals
16 Many people say “no”to a suggestion in the beginning to
A convince the other party of their point of view
B show they are not really interested
C indicate they wish to take the easy option
D protect their company’s situation
17 Dr Cohen says that when you are trying to negotiate you should
A adapt your style to the people you are talking to
B make the other side feel superior to you
C dress in a way to make you feel comfortable.
D try to make the other side like you
18 According to Dr Cohen, understanding the other person will help you to
A gain their friendship
B speed up the negotiations
C plan your next move.
Dconvince them of your point of view
19 Deals sometimes fail because
A negotiations have gone on too long
B the companies operate in different ways
C one party risks more than the other.
D the lawyers work too slowly
20 Dr Cohen mentions children’s negotiation techniques to show that you should
A be prepared to try every route
B try not to make people feel guilty
C be careful not to exhaust yourself
D control the decision-making process.
关于negotiating techniques的文章。

传统的阅读题型，相对比较容易。

15题，答案很明显：he says this helps him drain the emotional content from his conversation。

帮助他抽离他的谈话中的感情成分。

要想选对，只需要知道选项B中detached的含义：not reacting to or becoming involved in something in an emotional way
16题，这题貌似只能采取排除法。

因为几个选项和原文的对应都不是太明显。

问为什么很多人在一开始要对一个建议说“不”。

答案是第二段的最后一句：Top management may well reject the idea initially because it is the safer option but they would not be there if they were not interested.。

最高管理层在一开始可能会拒绝这个建议，因为这样是一个更安全的选择。

但是如果他们真的不感兴趣的话，他们
就不会在那里(谈判)了。

A在这段文字中没有提到，B不对，他们肯定是感兴趣的，C也不对没有提到，原文说的是safer option。

选D，之所以会拒绝，因为从维护公司利益的角度，这样是一个safer option。

17题，答案也很明显：Dr Cohen says that one of his strategies is to dress down so that the other side can relate to you.这里的两个词组可以解释下：
dress down: to wear clothes that are more informal than the ones you would usually wear relate to :to feel that you understand someone's problem, situation etc
所以这个句子意思是穿的不那么正式，这样可以让另一方接近你。

也就是A说的是你的风格适应你的谈判对象。

C不对，不是make you feel comfortable，而是make others feel comfortable。

D也不对，可能会误选，不是让别人喜欢你，like太夸张了，只是容易接近。

18题，答案在第四段的第一句话：Dr Cohen suggests that the best way to sell your proposal is by getting into the world of the other side.。

走进另一方的世界，就是原文说的understanding the other person，目的是为了sell your proposal，也就是让对方接受你的建议，选D。

19题，谈判失败的原因，答案是第五段的这么一句：More common is a corporate culture clash between companies, which can put paid to any deal。

公司文化冲突导致的。

文化冲突，就是两个公司在运作、理念等等上的不一致，选C：两个公司以不同的方式运作。

20题，为什么要借鉴小孩子的办法，原文最后一段提到小孩子
的办法就是，爸爸不行找妈妈，妈妈不行就在感情上敲诈爷爷奶奶。

此路不通就换另一条，就是A说的尝试每一条路线。

B没有提到，C 不对，原文说小孩子有inexhaustible supply of energy。

D也没有提到。

There have long been markets in tin, cocoa, silver and the like. There used to be security in thinking that somewhere there was a product, something you could touch and see. Now there are new markets in abstractions, trade in ideas and knowledge. Everyone has knowledge but there used to be no way to trade it ------except through jobs. That simple fact of economic life was the basis for white collar employment for centuries. The whole job culture grew up because there was no alternative way to sell knowledge , other then the worker or manager providing, for a fixed price, his or her knowledge to an employer to own or control. The quantity of knowledge provided has typically been measured in time.
But today we stand at the threshold of a new era. The information economy has matured and become smarter. According to many business commentators, we are now living in a knowledge economy .There has always been a market for knowledge, of course. The publishing industry is based on it. But today the internet is making the distribution of knowledge ever easier. The days when the publisher decided what got published are over. Anyone with a PC and a modem can talk to the world. This is reducing the friction in the knowledge economy.
Everyone has knowledge of whatever industry she or he is in. say you are a computer dealer, for example. Over the years your have complied a list of the ten best lowest price places to buy wholesale computer equipment. Now you can sell your knowledge to newer, younger computer dealers who have no way to build up this knowledge without losing thousands of pounds finding it out the hard way. Until now, such knowledge remained securely locked in the recipient’s head ,accumulated and then worthlessly withered away. This no longer needs to be the case. Such knowledge can be sold via websites.
Knowledge has a distinct advantage in today’s marketplace. It’s a renewable resource. Better yet, its worth actually increases, . “knowledge is the only asset that grows with use. “observes Scanford University Professor Paul Romer. But what exactly is knowledge and how can it be packaged to trade on an open market”“knowledge is experiential information, intelligence applied thorough and gained from experience.”Say Josenph Pine and James Gilmore in their book The Experience Economy.
The value of knowledge often depends on variables such as time and the credibility of the seller.Certain knowledge may have a very limited shelf life. In sights concerning how to set up an internet business in one country, might be worth a fortune on one day and nothing the next , depending on changes in government policy. Markets in
knowledge will be significance for one thing. They represent one of the most original uses of the web technology. In some corner of the globe there is a company wanting to source plastic widgets from Poland, and somewhere else another company that wishes to set up a plastics factory there. It’s simply a case of connecting the two.
is a good example of a knowledge trader. It is targeted at food service managers throughout the hospitality industry. “we started with the context rather than extracting money from suppliers. “explains founder Mike Day. “we offer food service professionals interactive support to increase sales and profits. People don’t want another one-dimensional site full of advertising that doesn’t help them to do their job more effectively，it has to be customised offering real solutions to real problems. “the site’s features include access to online training and a tariff tracker to restaurants can check prices throughout the sector.
15. what point is made in the first paragraph?
A Interest in commodity markets has decreased.
B Overall levels of expertise have improved.
C Opportunities to exploit your knowledge were limited in the past
D External market forces have meant knowledge is underpriced.
16 what are we told about the current impact of the internet in the second paragraph?
A publishers benefit from their exploitation of the internet.
B the internet has made it easier to analyse business trends.
C It is difficult to calculate the true economic value of the internet.
D The internet facilitates the development of the knowledge economy.
17 In the third paragraph, what does the writer say about knowledge?
A Acquiring knowledge can be expensive
B The most valuable knowledge concerns IT
C Trading knowledge raises issues of security.
D New businesses find it hard to trade in knowledge.
18. What point is made about knowledge in the fourth paragraph?
A It provides specialist information
B Its appeal lies in its exclusivity
C it can generate new ideas
D Its value accumulates.
19 which application of knowledge does the writer regard as particularly useful?
A analyzing manufacturing trends
B introducing compatible parties
C interpreting time constraints
D advising on legislation
20 what key feature is provided by ?
A approaches that reflect the provider’s own experience
B access to appropriately trained potential employees.
C advice which directly benefits the bottom line
D advertising which is carefully targeted
关于知识经济时代知识的重要性。

有了互联网，知识也可能拿来出售。

这篇文章里的knowledge，除了知识外，还可以理解成信息。

15题，问第一段的观点是什么。

第一段就是简单介绍在过去，受种种条件的限制，知识不可能拿来做交易(there used to be no way to trade it)，除非是通过job的形式，领取固定工资，算是知识的价钱。

也就是说，过去想真正开发知识的价值的机会还是很局限的。

16题，问互联网在现阶段的影响，这题答案很明显：But today the internet is making the distribution of knowledge ever easier.互联网让知识的传播更容易了。

更容易，就是D选项的facilitate。

17题，问第三段作者关于知识说了什么。

第三段总的意思是说知识现在可以交易，否则只能随着时间消逝。

但是这个题的四个选项没有和这个主要意思相吻合的。

所以得从其他的细节方面看。

答案从这个句子里找：Now you can sell your knowledge to newer, younger computer dealers who have no way to build up this knowledge without losing thousands of pounds。

你现在可以把知识卖给新的、年轻的电脑交易商。

除非花上数千英镑，否则他们没有办法构建这些知识。

Losing thousands of pounds，需要得到某方面的知识需要花上这么多，可见
获取知识是需要花钱的。

选A。

18题，问第四段作者关于知识的观点是什么。

这题答案也很明显。

原文明确说了：its worth actually increases。

价值事实上是增加的。

也就是，知识的价值是积累的。

选D。

19题，问作者认为知识在哪方面特别有用。

这题答案在第五段后面列举的那个例子里面。

这段文字最后列举这个例子之前说Markets in knowledge will be significance for one thing.从这里的significance可以看出作者认为有知识的市场(markets in knowledge)是很重要的，也就是知识在这方面特别有用，具体这个markets in knowledge指的是什么，看后面列举的那个例子。

一个公司想在波兰寻找塑料来源，另一个公司想在波兰建立塑料生产厂。

这就是很简单的将两者联合起来的事情。

因为两者有共同的利益，可以相容。

所以这题答案选B introducing compatible parties。

20题，问这个网站提供的关键特征是什么。

答案从这一句上看People don’t want another one-dimensional site full of advertising that doesn’t help them to do their job more effectively，it has to be customised offering real solutions to real problems。

它必须对实际的问题提供实际的解决办法。

答案选C：advice which directly benefits the bottom line。

能够从根本上有利的建议。

这题很容易误选B，因为和文章最后一句很相似。

越是这样的选项越是不能选。

而且题目问的是key feature，最关键的特征在什么地方，也就是区别于其他不能产生实际效果的广告的地方，B只是一个
feature。

1 Genuine feedback would release resources to be used elsewhere.
2 Managers are expected to enable their staff to work effectively.
3 Experts are unlikely to facilitate a move to genuine feedback.
4 There are benefits when methods of evaluating performance have been negotiated.
5 Appraisals tend to focus on the nature of the face-to-face relationship between employees and their line managers.
6 The idea that employees are responsible for what they do seems reasonable.
7 Despite experts’assertion, management structures prevent genuine feedback
8 An increasing amount of effort is being dedicated to the appraisal process.
A
Performance appraisal is on the up and up. It used to represent the one time of year when getting on with the work was put on hold while enormous quantities of management hours were spent in the earnest ritual of rating and ranking performance. Now the practice is even more frequent. This of course makes it all the more important how appraisal is conducted. Human resources professionals claim that managers should strive for objectivity and thus for feedback rather than judgement. But
the simple fact of the matter is that the nature of hierarchy distorts the concept of feedback because performance measure are conceived hierarchically. Unfortunately, all too many workers suffer from the injustices that this generates.
B
The notion behind performance appraisal- that workers should be held accountable for their performance-is plausible. However, the evidence suggests that the premise is wrong. Contrary to assumptions appraisal is not an effective means of performance improvement- it is judgement imposed rather than feedback, a judgement imposed by the hierarchy. Useful feedback , on the other hand, would be information that told both the manager and worker how well the work system functioned, and suggested ways to make it better.
C
Within the production system at the car manufacturer Toyota, there is nothing that is recognizable as performance appraisal. Every operation in the system has an associated measure. The measure has been worked out between the operators and their manager. In every case, the measure is related to the purpose of the work. That measure is the basis of feedback to the manager and worker alike. Toyota’s basic idea is expressed in the axiom “bad news first”. Both managers and workers are psychologically safe in the knowledge that it is the system- not the
worker –that is the primary influence on performance. It is management’s responsibility to ensure that the workers operate in a system that facilitates their performance.
D
In many companies , performance appraisal springs from misguided as assumptions. To judge achievement, managers use date about each worker’s activity, not an evaluation of the process or system’s achievement of purpose. The result is that performance appraisal involves managers’judgement overruling their staff’s, ignoring the true influences on performance. Thus the appraisal experience becomes a question of pleasing the boss, particularly in meetings, which is psychologically unsafe and socially driven, determining who is “in”and who is “out”.
E
When judgement is replaced by feedback in the true sense, organizations will have a lot more time to devote to their customers and their business. No time will be wasted in appraisal . This requires a fundamental shift in the way we think about the organization of performance appraisals, which almost certainly will not be forthcoming from the human resources profession.
关于员工评估和反馈的文章。

一个组织内部的上下级沟通真的太重要了。

第一题，说真正的反馈可以释放用在别处的资源。

意思上真正的反馈可以让人腾出精力。

答案是E段的第一句：When judgement is replaced by feedback in the true sense, organizations will have a lot more time to devote to their customers and their business。

这题的意思还算比较明显，feedback in the true sense，就是genuine feedback，devote to their customers and the business,就是把资源释放在别的地方。

第二题，说经理们是被期望着使员工工作得更有效率。

答案是C 段的最后一句：It is management’s responsibility to ensure that the workers operate in a system that facilitates their performance.经理们的责任，也就是managers are expected to，有利于他们的表现，就是enable their staff to work effectively。

第三题,说专家不大可能有利于真正反馈的进程。

答案是E段的最后一句：which almost certainly will not be forthcoming from the human resources profession。

人力资源专家，就是experts。

需要理解下这里的forthcoming的含义：willing to divulge information. (人)愿意透露消息的。

专家们不愿意透露消息，也就是不能指望专家来facilitate。

第四题，说商讨评估表现的方法是有利的。

答案是在C段，有点分散。

前面说The measure has been worked out between the operators and their manager。

这个措施是在操作者和经理们之间拟定的。

between the operators and managers，也就是评估表现的方法是被商。