河流动力学英语
流体动力学名词英语叫法
色散 dispersion
弥散 dispersion
附加质量 added mass ,associated mass
收缩 contraction
镜象法 image method
无量纲参数 dimensionless parameter
几何相似 geometric similarity
未扰动流 undisturbed flow
等熵流 isentropic flow
匀熵流 homoentropic flow
兰金-于戈尼奥条件 Rankine-Hugoniot condition
状态方程 equation of state
量热状态方程 caloric equation of state
非均匀流 nonuniform flow
二维流 two-dimensional flow
三维流 three-dimensional flow
准定常流 quasi-steady flow
非定常流 unsteady flow, non-steady flow
暂态流 transient flow
规则波 regular wave
不规则波 irregular wave
浅水波 shallow water wave
深水波 deep water wave
重力波 gravity wave
椭圆余弦波 cnoidal wave
潮波 tidal wave
涌波 surge wave
涡量拟能 enstrophy
压差 differential pressure
流[动] flow
河流动力学
河流动力学河流动力学(riv e r d ynamic s)研究河流运动发展基本规律的一I丁学科。
水流使河床变化，河床影响水流结构，两者通过泥沙运动，相互作用，相互依存，相互制约，经常处于变化和发展的过程中。
河流动力学是从水流动力作用出发研究水流和河床泥沙之间的运动及相对平衡的规律，为整治河流提供理论依据。
研究内容包括河道水流结构，泥沙运动规律和河床演变规律等三部分。
水流平面图(river p1ane) 在平面上将河流分成若干流量相等的流束图形。
天然河流中的水流运动是三维问题，不易计算。
实际工程中采用一种近似的方法，假定同一垂线上的流向相同，流速等于瑟线平均流速，仅考虑纵向水流沿纵横两方向的变化，忽ßI各环流作用。
把三维空. 问问题近似地简化成二维平面问题。
水流平面图是将整个水流用合适的流线分成许多流束，使各流束通过的流量相等，各流束宽度、深度和平均流速则不相同。
同时划分出若干与流线正交的横断面线，将河流构成平面上的矩形流网。
通过水流平面图可了解垂线平均流速沿流程和沿断面'f~ 分布及流向的变化。
河床横断面(cross sec t ion ofcha丑丑e1) 垂直于水流方向的河床，3d 面。
水流方向是指水流动力轴线的方向，当洪水、中水、枯水流的动力轴线不一致时，选取河床横断面的方向也有所不同，应根据需要选定。
若研究防洪问题，应取与洪水的动力轴线垂直的断面为河床横断面，又称"大断面"。
若以航道整治为目的，取与枯水的动力轴线垂直的断而为河床横断面，主要研究枯水河床的边滩、浅滩、深槽等变化。
山区河流的横断面，因受河流下切作用，汩谷往往发育为"V" 形或"U" 形。
平原河流是从冲积层上流过，所经之处地势平坦，河谷宽阔，河床横断面呈抛物线形、不对称的三角形或复式"W" 形。
河床纵剖面(longitudin a l profileof channe1) 沿河流动力轴线所切取的河床剖面。
流体力学专业英语词汇表
流体力学专业英语词汇表流体动力学 fluid dynamics连续介质力学 mechanics of continuous media介质 medium流体质点 fluid particle无粘性流体 nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid连续介质假设 continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学 fluid kinematics水静力学 hydrostatics液体静力学 hydrostatics支配方程 governing equation伯努利方程 Bernoulli equation伯努利定理 Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律 Biot-Savart law欧拉方程 Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理 Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理 Kelvin theorem涡片 vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski condition布拉休斯解 Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖 d'Alembert paradox雷诺数 Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数 Strouhal number随体导数 material derivative不可压缩流体 incompressible fluid质量守恒 conservation of mass动量守恒 conservation of momentum能量守恒 conservation of energy动量方程 momentum equation能量方程 energy equation控制体积 control volume液体静压 hydrostatic pressure涡量拟能 enstrophy压差 differential pressure流[动] flow流线 stream line 流面 stream surface流管 stream tube迹线 path, path line流场 flow field流态 flow regime流动参量 flow parameter流量 flow rate, flow discharge 涡旋 vortex涡量 vorticity涡丝 vortex filament涡线 vortex line涡面 vortex surface涡层 vortex layer涡环 vortex ring涡对 vortex pair涡管 vortex tube涡街 vortex street卡门涡街 Karman vortex street 马蹄涡 horseshoe vortex对流涡胞 convective cell卷筒涡胞 roll cell涡 eddy涡粘性 eddy viscosity环流 circulation环量 circulation速度环量 velocity circulation 偶极子 doublet, dipole驻点 stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头 total head静压头 static head总焓 total enthalpy能量输运 energy transport速度剖面 velocity profile库埃特流 Couette flow单相流 single phase flow单组份流 single-component flow 均匀流 uniform flow非均匀流 nonuniform flow二维流 two-dimensional flow三维流 three-dimensional flow准定常流 quasi-steady flow非定常流 unsteady flow, non-steady flow暂态流 transient flow周期流 periodic flow振荡流 oscillatory flow分层流 stratified flow无旋流 irrotational flow有旋流 rotational flow轴对称流 axisymmetric flow不可压缩性 incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体 floating body定倾中心 metacenter阻力 drag, resistance减阻 drag reduction表面力 surface force表面张力 surface tension毛细[管]作用 capillarity来流 incoming flow自由流 free stream自由流线 free stream line外流 external flow进口 entrance, inlet出口 exit, outlet扰动 disturbance, perturbation分布 distribution传播 propagation色散 dispersion弥散 dispersion附加质量 added mass ,associated mass收缩 contraction镜象法 image method无量纲参数 dimensionless parameter几何相似 geometric similarity运动相似 kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流 plane flow势 potential势流 potential flow速度势 velocity potential复势 complex potential复速度 complex velocity流函数 stream function源 source汇 sink速度[水]头 velocity head拐角流 corner flow空泡流 cavity flow超空泡 supercavity超空泡流 supercavity flow空气动力学 aerodynamics低速空气动力学 low-speed aerodynamics高速空气动力学 high-speed aerodynamics气动热力学 aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流 conical flow楔流 wedge flow叶栅流 cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体 slender body细长度 slenderness钝头体 bluff body钝体 blunt body翼型 airfoil翼弦 chord薄翼理论 thin-airfoil theory构型 configuration后缘 trailing edge迎角 angle of attack失速 stall脱体激波 detached shock wave波阻 wave drag诱导阻力 induced drag诱导速度 induced velocity临界雷诺数 critical Reynoldsnumber前缘涡 leading edge vortex附着涡 bound vortex约束涡 confined vortex气动中心 aerodynamic center气动力 aerodynamic force气动噪声 aerodynamic noise气动加热 aerodynamic heating离解 dissociation地面效应 ground effect气体动力学 gas dynamics稀疏波 rarefaction wave热状态方程 thermal equation of state喷管 Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流 Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流 Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体 compressible fluid绝热流 adiabatic flow非绝热流 diabatic flow未扰动流 undisturbed flow等熵流 isentropic flow匀熵流 homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件Rankine-Hugoniot condition状态方程 equation of state量热状态方程 caloric equation of state完全气体 perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管 Laval nozzle马赫角 Mach angle马赫锥 Mach cone马赫线 Mach line马赫数 Mach number马赫波 Mach wave当地马赫数 local Mach number冲击波 shock wave激波 shock wave正激波 normal shock wave斜激波 oblique shock wave 头波 bow wave附体激波 attached shock wave激波阵面 shock front激波层 shock layer压缩波 compression wave反射 reflection折射 refraction散射 scattering衍射 diffraction绕射 diffraction出口压力 exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压 back pressure爆炸 explosion爆轰 detonation缓燃 deflagration水动力学 hydrodynamics液体动力学 hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性 Taylor instability 盖斯特纳波 Gerstner wave斯托克斯波 Stokes wave瑞利数 Rayleigh number自由面 free surface波速 wave speed, wave velocity 波高 wave height波列 wave train波群 wave group波能 wave energy表面波 surface wave表面张力波 capillary wave规则波 regular wave不规则波 irregular wave浅水波 shallow water wave深水波 deep water wave重力波 gravity wave椭圆余弦波 cnoidal wave潮波 tidal wave涌波 surge wave破碎波 breaking wave船波 ship wave非线性波 nonlinear wave孤立子 soliton水动[力]噪声 hydrodynamic noise水击 water hammer空化 cavitation空化数 cavitation number空蚀 cavitation damage超空化流 supercavitating flow水翼 hydrofoil水力学 hydraulics洪水波 flood wave涟漪 ripple消能 energy dissipation海洋水动力学 marine hydrodynamics谢齐公式 Chezy formula欧拉数 Euler number弗劳德数 Froude number水力半径 hydraulic radius水力坡度 hvdraulic slope高度水头 elevating head水头损失 head loss水位 water level水跃 hydraulic jump含水层 aquifer排水 drainage排放量 discharge壅水曲线 back water curve压[强水]头 pressure head过水断面 flow cross-section明槽流 open channel flow孔流 orifice flow无压流 free surface flow有压流 pressure flow缓流 subcritical flow急流 supercritical flow渐变流 gradually varied flow急变流 rapidly varied flow临界流 critical flow异重流 density current, gravity flow堰流 weir flow掺气流 aerated flow含沙流 sediment-laden stream降水曲线 dropdown curve沉积物 sediment, deposit沉[降堆]积 sedimentation, deposition沉降速度 settling velocity流动稳定性 flow stability不稳定性 instability奥尔-索末菲方程 Orr-Sommerfeld equation涡量方程 vorticity equation泊肃叶流 Poiseuille flow奥辛流 Oseen flow剪切流 shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流 laminar flow分离流 separated flow二次流 secondary flow近场流 near field flow远场流 far field flow滞止流 stagnation flow尾流 wake [flow]回流 back flow反流 reverse flow射流 jet自由射流 free jet管流 pipe flow, tube flow内流 internal flow拟序结构 coherent structure猝发过程 bursting process表观粘度 apparent viscosity运动粘性 kinematic viscosity动力粘性 dynamic viscosity泊 poise厘泊 centipoise厘沱 centistoke剪切层 shear layer次层 sublayer流动分离 flow separation层流分离 laminar separation湍流分离 turbulent separation分离点 separation point附着点 attachment point再附 reattachment再层流化 relaminarization起动涡 starting vortex驻涡 standing vortex涡旋破碎 vortex breakdown涡旋脱落 vortex shedding压[力]降 pressure drop压差阻力 pressure drag压力能 pressure energy型阻 profile drag滑移速度 slip velocity无滑移条件 non-slip condition壁剪应力 skin friction, frictional drag壁剪切速度 friction velocity磨擦损失 friction loss磨擦因子 friction factor耗散 dissipation滞后 lag相似性解 similar solution局域相似 local similarity气体润滑 gas lubrication液体动力润滑 hydrodynamic lubrication浆体 slurry泰勒数 Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程 Navier-Stokes equation牛顿流体 Newtonian fluid边界层理论 boundary later theory边界层方程 boundary layer equation边界层 boundary layer附面层 boundary layer层流边界层 laminar boundary layer湍流边界层 turbulent boundary layer温度边界层 thermal boundary layer边界层转捩 boundary layer transition边界层分离 boundary layer separation边界层厚度 boundary layer thickness位移厚度 displacement thickness动量厚度 momentum thickness能量厚度 energy thickness焓厚度 enthalpy thickness注入 injection吸出 suction泰勒涡 Taylor vortex速度亏损律 velocity defect law形状因子 shape factor测速法 anemometry粘度测定法 visco[si] metry流动显示 flow visualization油烟显示 oil smoke visualization孔板流量计 orifice meter频率响应 frequency response油膜显示 oil film visualization阴影法 shadow method纹影法 schlieren method烟丝法 smoke wire method丝线法 tuft method氢泡法 nydrogen bubble method相似理论 similarity theory相似律 similarity law部分相似 partial similarity定理 pi theorem, Buckingham theorem静[态]校准 static calibration动态校准 dynamic calibration风洞 wind tunnel激波管 shock tube激波管风洞 shock tube wind tunnel水洞 water tunnel拖曳水池 towing tank旋臂水池 rotating arm basin扩散段 diffuser测压孔 pressure tap皮托管 pitot tube普雷斯顿管 preston tube斯坦顿管 Stanton tube文丘里管 Venturi tubeU形管 U-tube压强计 manometer微压计 micromanometer多管压强计 multiple manometer静压管 static [pressure]tube流速计 anemometer风速管 Pitot- static tube激光多普勒测速计 laser Doppler anemometer,laser Doppler velocimeter热线流速计 hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计 hot- film anemometer流量计 flow meter粘度计 visco[si] meter涡量计 vorticity meter传感器 transducer, sensor压强传感器 pressure transducer热敏电阻 thermistor示踪物 tracer时间线 time line脉线 streak line尺度效应 scale effect壁效应 wall effect堵塞 blockage堵寒效应 blockage effect动态响应 dynamic response响应频率 response frequency底压 base pressure菲克定律 Fick law巴塞特力 Basset force埃克特数 Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数 Grashof number努塞特数 Nusselt number普朗特数 prandtl number雷诺比拟 Reynolds analogy施密特数 schmidt number斯坦顿数 Stanton number对流 convection自由对流 natural convection, free convec-tion强迫对流 forced convection热对流 heat convection质量传递 mass transfer传质系数 mass transfer coefficient热量传递 heat transfer传热系数 heat transfer coefficient对流传热 convective heat transfer辐射传热 radiative heat transfer动量交换 momentum transfer能量传递 energy transfer传导 conduction热传导 conductive heat transfer热交换 heat exchange临界热通量 critical heat flux浓度 concentration扩散 diffusion扩散性 diffusivity扩散率 diffusivity扩散速度 diffusion velocity分子扩散 molecular diffusion沸腾 boiling蒸发 evaporation气化 gasification凝结 condensation成核 nucleation计算流体力学 computational fluid mechanics多重尺度问题 multiple scale problem伯格斯方程 Burgers equation对流扩散方程 convection diffusion equationKDU方程 KDV equation修正微分方程 modifieddifferential equation拉克斯等价定理 Lax equivalence theorem数值模拟 numerical simulation大涡模拟 large eddy simulation数值粘性 numerical viscosity非线性不稳定性 nonlinear instability希尔特稳定性分析 Hirt stability analysis相容条件 consistency conditionCFL条件 Courant- Friedrichs- Lewy condition ,CFL condition狄里克雷边界条件 Dirichlet boundarycondition熵条件 entropy condition远场边界条件 far field boundary condition流入边界条件 inflow boundary condition无反射边界条件nonreflecting boundary condition数值边界条件 numerical boundary condition流出边界条件 outflow boundary condition冯.诺伊曼条件 von Neumann condition近似因子分解法 approximate factorization method人工压缩 artificial compression人工粘性 artificial viscosity边界元法 boundary element method配置方法 collocation method能量法 energy method有限体积法 finite volume method流体网格法 fluid in cell method, FLIC method通量校正传输法 flux-corrected transport method通量矢量分解法 flux vector splitting method伽辽金法 Galerkin method积分方法 integral method标记网格法 marker and cell method, MAC method特征线法 method of characteristics直线法 method of lines矩量法 moment method多重网格法 multi- grid method板块法 panel method质点网格法 particle in cell method, PIC method质点法 particle method预估校正法 predictor-corrector method投影法 projection method准谱法 pseudo-spectral method随机选取法 random choice method激波捕捉法 shock-capturing method激波拟合法 shock-fitting method谱方法 spectral method稀疏矩阵分解法 split coefficient matrix method不定常法 time-dependent method时间分步法 time splitting method变分法 variational method涡方法 vortex method隐格式 implicit scheme显格式 explicit scheme交替方向隐格式 alternating direction implicit scheme, ADI scheme 反扩散差分格式 anti-diffusion difference scheme紧差分格式 compact difference scheme守恒差分格式 conservation difference scheme克兰克-尼科尔森格式Crank-Nicolson scheme杜福特-弗兰克尔格式Dufort-Frankel scheme指数格式 exponential scheme戈本诺夫格式 Godunov scheme高分辨率格式 high resolution scheme拉克斯-温德罗夫格式 Lax-Wendroffscheme蛙跳格式 leap-frog scheme单调差分格式 monotone difference scheme保单调差分格式 monotonicity preserving diffe-rence scheme穆曼-科尔格式 Murman-Cole scheme半隐格式 semi-implicit scheme斜迎风格式 skew-upstream scheme全变差下降格式 total variation decreasing scheme TVD scheme迎风格式 upstream scheme , upwind scheme计算区域 computational domain物理区域 physical domain影响域 domain of influence依赖域 domain of dependence区域分解 domain decomposition维数分解 dimensional split物理解 physical solution弱解 weak solution黎曼解算子 Riemann solver守恒型 conservation form弱守恒型 weak conservation form强守恒型 strong conservation form散度型 divergence form贴体曲线坐标 body- fitted curvilinear coordi-nates[自]适应网格 [self-] adaptive mesh适应网格生成 adaptive grid generation自动网格生成 automatic grid generation数值网格生成 numerical grid generation交错网格 staggered mesh网格雷诺数 cell Reynolds number数植扩散 numerical diffusion数值耗散 numerical dissipation数值色散 numerical dispersion数值通量 numerical flux 放大因子 amplification factor 放大矩阵 amplification matrix 阻尼误差 damping error离散涡 discrete vortex熵通量 entropy flux熵函数 entropy function分步法 fractional step method。
流体力学专业英语词汇表
流体力学专业英语词汇表This model paper was revised by LINDA on December 15, 2012.流体力学专业英语词汇表流体动力学 fluid dynamics连续介质力学 mechanics of continuous media介质 medium流体质点 fluid particle无粘性流体 nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid连续介质假设 continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学 fluid kinematics水静力学 hydrostatics液体静力学 hydrostatics支配方程 governing equation伯努利方程 Bernoulli equation伯努利定理 Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律 Biot-Savart law欧拉方程 Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理 Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理 Kelvin theorem涡片 vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件 Kutta-Zhoukowski condition布拉休斯解 Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖 d'Alembert paradox雷诺数 Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数 Strouhal number随体导数 material derivative不可压缩流体 incompressible fluid质量守恒 conservation of mass动量守恒 conservation of momentum能量守恒 conservation of energy动量方程 momentum equation能量方程 energy equation控制体积 control volume液体静压 hydrostatic pressure涡量拟能 enstrophy压差 differential pressure流[动] flow流线 stream line流面 stream surface流管 stream tube迹线 path, path line流场 flow field流态 flow regime流动参量 flow parameter流量 flow rate, flow discharge 涡旋 vortex涡量 vorticity涡丝 vortex filament涡线 vortex line涡面 vortex surface涡层 vortex layer涡环 vortex ring涡对 vortex pair涡管 vortex tube涡街 vortex street 卡门涡街 Karman vortex street 马蹄涡 horseshoe vortex对流涡胞 convective cell卷筒涡胞 roll cell涡 eddy涡粘性 eddy viscosity环流 circulation环量 circulation速度环量 velocity circulation 偶极子 doublet, dipole驻点 stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头 total head静压头 static head总焓 total enthalpy能量输运 energy transport速度剖面 velocity profile库埃特流 Couette flow单相流 single phase flow单组份流 single-component flow均匀流 uniform flow非均匀流 nonuniform flow二维流 two-dimensional flow三维流 three-dimensional flow准定常流 quasi-steady flow非定常流 unsteady flow, non-steady flow暂态流 transient flow周期流 periodic flow振荡流 oscillatory flow分层流 stratified flow无旋流 irrotational flow有旋流 rotational flow轴对称流 axisymmetric flow不可压缩性 incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体 floating body定倾中心 metacenter阻力 drag, resistance减阻 drag reduction表面力 surface force表面张力 surface tension毛细[管]作用 capillarity来流 incoming flow自由流 free stream自由流线 free stream line外流 external flow进口 entrance, inlet出口 exit, outlet扰动 disturbance, perturbation分布 distribution传播 propagation色散 dispersion弥散 dispersion附加质量 added mass ,associated mass收缩 contraction镜象法 image method无量纲参数 dimensionless parameter几何相似 geometric similarity运动相似 kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流 plane flow势 potential势流 potential flow速度势 velocity potential复势 complex potential复速度 complex velocity流函数 stream function源 source汇 sink速度[水]头 velocity head拐角流 corner flow空泡流 cavity flow超空泡 supercavity超空泡流 supercavity flow空气动力学 aerodynamics低速空气动力学 low-speed aerodynamics高速空气动力学 high-speed aerodynamics气动热力学 aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流 conical flow楔流 wedge flow叶栅流 cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体 slender body细长度 slenderness钝头体 bluff body钝体 blunt body翼型 airfoil翼弦 chord薄翼理论 thin-airfoil theory构型 configuration后缘 trailing edge迎角 angle of attack失速 stall脱体激波 detached shock wave波阻 wave drag诱导阻力 induced drag诱导速度 induced velocity临界雷诺数 critical Reynolds number前缘涡 leading edge vortex附着涡 bound vortex约束涡 confined vortex气动中心 aerodynamic center气动力 aerodynamic force气动噪声 aerodynamic noise气动加热 aerodynamic heating离解 dissociation地面效应 ground effect气体动力学 gas dynamics稀疏波 rarefaction wave热状态方程 thermal equation of state喷管 Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流 Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流 Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体 compressible fluid绝热流 adiabatic flow非绝热流 diabatic flow未扰动流 undisturbed flow等熵流 isentropic flow匀熵流 homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件 Rankine-Hugoniot condition状态方程 equation of state量热状态方程 caloric equation of state完全气体 perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管 Laval nozzle马赫角 Mach angle马赫锥 Mach cone马赫线 Mach line马赫数 Mach number马赫波 Mach wave当地马赫数 local Mach number 冲击波 shock wave激波 shock wave正激波 normal shock wave斜激波 oblique shock wave头波 bow wave附体激波 attached shock wave 激波阵面 shock front激波层 shock layer压缩波 compression wave反射 reflection折射 refraction 散射 scattering衍射 diffraction绕射 diffraction出口压力 exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压 back pressure爆炸 explosion爆轰 detonation缓燃 deflagration水动力学 hydrodynamics液体动力学 hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性 Taylor instability 盖斯特纳波 Gerstner wave斯托克斯波 Stokes wave瑞利数 Rayleigh number自由面 free surface波速 wave speed, wave velocity 波高 wave height波列 wave train波群 wave group波能 wave energy表面波 surface wave表面张力波 capillary wave规则波 regular wave不规则波 irregular wave浅水波 shallow water wave深水波 deep water wave重力波 gravity wave椭圆余弦波 cnoidal wave潮波 tidal wave涌波 surge wave破碎波 breaking wave船波 ship wave非线性波 nonlinear wave孤立子 soliton水动[力]噪声 hydrodynamic noise 水击 water hammer空化 cavitation 空化数 cavitation number空蚀 cavitation damage超空化流 supercavitating flow水翼 hydrofoil水力学 hydraulics洪水波 flood wave涟漪 ripple消能 energy dissipation海洋水动力学 marine hydrodynamics 谢齐公式 Chezy formula欧拉数 Euler number弗劳德数 Froude number水力半径 hydraulic radius水力坡度 hvdraulic slope高度水头 elevating head水头损失 head loss水位 water level水跃 hydraulic jump含水层 aquifer排水 drainage排放量 discharge壅水曲线 back water curve压[强水]头 pressure head过水断面 flow cross-section明槽流 open channel flow孔流 orifice flow无压流 free surface flow有压流 pressure flow缓流 subcritical flow急流 supercritical flow渐变流 gradually varied flow急变流 rapidly varied flow临界流 critical flow异重流 density current, gravity flow堰流 weir flow掺气流 aerated flow含沙流 sediment-laden stream降水曲线 dropdown curve沉积物 sediment, deposit沉[降堆]积 sedimentation, deposition沉降速度 settling velocity流动稳定性 flow stability不稳定性 instability奥尔-索末菲方程 Orr-Sommerfeld equation涡量方程 vorticity equation泊肃叶流 Poiseuille flow奥辛流 Oseen flow剪切流 shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流 laminar flow分离流 separated flow二次流 secondary flow近场流 near field flow远场流 far field flow滞止流 stagnation flow尾流 wake [flow]回流 back flow反流 reverse flow射流 jet自由射流 free jet管流 pipe flow, tube flow内流 internal flow拟序结构 coherent structure 猝发过程 bursting process表观粘度 apparent viscosity 运动粘性 kinematic viscosity 动力粘性 dynamic viscosity 泊 poise厘泊 centipoise厘沱 centistoke剪切层 shear layer次层 sublayer流动分离 flow separation层流分离 laminar separation湍流分离 turbulent separation分离点 separation point附着点 attachment point再附 reattachment再层流化 relaminarization起动涡 starting vortex驻涡 standing vortex涡旋破碎 vortex breakdown涡旋脱落 vortex shedding压[力]降 pressure drop压差阻力 pressure drag压力能 pressure energy型阻 profile drag滑移速度 slip velocity无滑移条件 non-slip condition壁剪应力 skin friction, frictional drag壁剪切速度 friction velocity磨擦损失 friction loss磨擦因子 friction factor耗散 dissipation滞后 lag相似性解 similar solution局域相似 local similarity气体润滑 gas lubrication液体动力润滑 hydrodynamic lubrication浆体 slurry泰勒数 Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程 Navier-Stokes equation牛顿流体 Newtonian fluid边界层理论 boundary later theory边界层方程 boundary layer equation边界层 boundary layer附面层 boundary layer层流边界层 laminar boundary layer湍流边界层 turbulent boundary layer温度边界层 thermal boundary layer边界层转捩 boundary layer transition边界层分离 boundary layer separation边界层厚度 boundary layer thickness位移厚度 displacement thickness动量厚度 momentum thickness能量厚度 energy thickness焓厚度 enthalpy thickness注入 injection吸出 suction泰勒涡 Taylor vortex速度亏损律 velocity defect law形状因子 shape factor测速法 anemometry粘度测定法 visco[si] metry流动显示 flow visualization油烟显示 oil smoke visualization孔板流量计 orifice meter频率响应 frequency response油膜显示 oil film visualization阴影法 shadow method纹影法 schlieren method烟丝法 smoke wire method丝线法 tuft method氢泡法 nydrogen bubble method相似理论 similarity theory相似律 similarity law部分相似 partial similarity定理 pi theorem, Buckingham theorem静[态]校准 static calibration动态校准 dynamic calibration风洞 wind tunnel激波管 shock tube激波管风洞 shock tube wind tunnel水洞 water tunnel拖曳水池 towing tank旋臂水池 rotating arm basin扩散段 diffuser测压孔 pressure tap皮托管 pitot tube普雷斯顿管 preston tube斯坦顿管 Stanton tube文丘里管 Venturi tubeU形管 U-tube压强计 manometer微压计 micromanometer多管压强计 multiple manometer静压管 static [pressure]tube流速计 anemometer风速管 Pitot- static tube激光多普勒测速计 laser Doppler anemometer,laser Doppler velocimeter热线流速计 hot-wire anemometer 热膜流速计 hot- film anemometer 流量计 flow meter粘度计 visco[si] meter涡量计 vorticity meter传感器 transducer, sensor压强传感器 pressure transducer 热敏电阻 thermistor示踪物 tracer时间线 time line脉线 streak line尺度效应 scale effect壁效应 wall effect堵塞 blockage堵寒效应 blockage effect动态响应 dynamic response响应频率 response frequency底压 base pressure菲克定律 Fick law巴塞特力 Basset force埃克特数 Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数 Grashof number努塞特数 Nusselt number普朗特数 prandtl number雷诺比拟 Reynolds analogy施密特数 schmidt number斯坦顿数 Stanton number对流 convection自由对流 natural convection, free convec-tion强迫对流 forced convection热对流 heat convection质量传递 mass transfer传质系数 mass transfercoefficient热量传递 heat transfer传热系数 heat transfercoefficient对流传热 convective heat transfer 辐射传热 radiative heat transfer 动量交换 momentum transfer能量传递 energy transfer传导 conduction热传导 conductive heat transfer 热交换 heat exchange临界热通量 critical heat flux浓度 concentration扩散 diffusion扩散性 diffusivity扩散率 diffusivity扩散速度 diffusion velocity分子扩散 molecular diffusion沸腾 boiling蒸发 evaporation气化 gasification凝结 condensation成核 nucleation计算流体力学 computational fluid mechanics多重尺度问题 multiple scale problem伯格斯方程 Burgers equation对流扩散方程 convection diffusion equationKDU方程 KDV equation修正微分方程 modifieddifferential equation拉克斯等价定理 Lax equivalence theorem数值模拟 numerical simulation大涡模拟 large eddy simulation数值粘性 numerical viscosity非线性不稳定性 nonlinear instability希尔特稳定性分析 Hirt stability analysis相容条件 consistency conditionCFL条件 Courant- Friedrichs- Lewy condition ,CFL condition狄里克雷边界条件 Dirichlet boundarycondition熵条件 entropy condition远场边界条件 far field boundary condition流入边界条件 inflow boundary condition无反射边界条件nonreflecting boundary condition数值边界条件 numerical boundary condition流出边界条件 outflow boundary condition冯.诺伊曼条件 von Neumann condition近似因子分解法 approximate factorization method人工压缩 artificial compression人工粘性 artificial viscosity边界元法 boundary element method配置方法 collocation method能量法 energy method有限体积法 finite volume method流体网格法 fluid in cell method, FLIC method通量校正传输法 flux-corrected transport method通量矢量分解法 flux vectorsplitting method伽辽金法 Galerkin method积分方法 integral method标记网格法 marker and cell method, MAC method特征线法 method ofcharacteristics直线法 method of lines矩量法 moment method多重网格法 multi- grid method板块法 panel method质点网格法 particle in cell method, PIC method质点法 particle method预估校正法 predictor-corrector method投影法 projection method准谱法 pseudo-spectral method随机选取法 random choice method激波捕捉法 shock-capturing method激波拟合法 shock-fitting method谱方法 spectral method稀疏矩阵分解法 split coefficient matrix method不定常法 time-dependent method时间分步法 time splitting method变分法 variational method涡方法 vortex method隐格式 implicit scheme显格式 explicit scheme交替方向隐格式 alternating direction implicit scheme, ADI scheme反扩散差分格式 anti-diffusion difference scheme紧差分格式 compact difference scheme守恒差分格式 conservation difference scheme克兰克-尼科尔森格式 Crank-Nicolson scheme杜福特-弗兰克尔格式 Dufort-Frankel scheme指数格式 exponential scheme戈本诺夫格式 Godunov scheme高分辨率格式 high resolution scheme拉克斯-温德罗夫格式 Lax-Wendroff scheme蛙跳格式 leap-frog scheme单调差分格式 monotone difference scheme保单调差分格式 monotonicity preserving diffe-rence scheme穆曼-科尔格式 Murman-Cole scheme半隐格式 semi-implicit scheme斜迎风格式 skew-upstream scheme全变差下降格式 total variation decreasing scheme TVD scheme迎风格式 upstream scheme , upwind scheme计算区域 computational domain物理区域 physical domain影响域 domain of influence依赖域 domain of dependence区域分解 domain decomposition维数分解 dimensional split物理解 physical solution弱解 weak solution黎曼解算子 Riemann solver守恒型 conservation form弱守恒型 weak conservation form强守恒型 strong conservation form散度型 divergence form贴体曲线坐标 body- fitted curvilinear coordi-nates[自]适应网格 [self-] adaptive mesh适应网格生成 adaptive grid generation自动网格生成 automatic grid generation数值网格生成 numerical grid generation交错网格 staggered mesh网格雷诺数 cell Reynolds number数植扩散 numerical diffusion数值耗散 numerical dissipation数值色散 numerical dispersion数值通量 numerical flux放大因子 amplification factor放大矩阵 amplification matrix阻尼误差 damping error离散涡 discrete vortex熵通量 entropy flux熵函数 entropy function分步法 fractional step method。
英文河流动力学水力学文献综述展示PPT
Under this condition, the calculated average deposition volume is about 7.17 m3 in Santa Elena reach and 16.2m3 in Johnson Ranch reach. The total sedimentation volume predicted from model is 8.36 m3 for Santa Elena reach and14.54 m3 for Johnson Ranch reach. The difference between model and field measurements are 1.19 m3 and 1.66 m3 and the errors are 14% and 11%, respectively. The comparison indicates the model has a reasonable agreement with the field measurements under the limited data availability.
河流动力学课程教学大纲
河流动力学课程教学大纲课程代码：74120080课程中文名称：河流动力学课程英文名称：River dynamics学分：3.0 周学时：2.5-1.0面向对象：预修要求：流体力学，水力学，高等数学，大学物理，理论力学一、课程介绍（一）中文简介本课程主要涉及两方面的内容：一、河流泥沙运动的基本规律，具体包括泥沙的来源和基本特性、泥沙的分类和起动、沙波形态和发展消长、冲积河流阻力的概念和计算、推移质输沙率、悬移质运动及水流挟沙力。
二、河床演变规律，具体包括河床演变基本原理、蜿蜒型河流演变规律、分汊型河流演变规律、游荡型河流演变规律、顺直型河流演变规律、浅滩演变规律。
通过课程的学习，使学生掌握河流的泥沙特性和泥沙运动规律，掌握河床演变的基本原理和规律，并具备一定的分析研究河流泥沙问题的能力。
（二）英文简介River dynamics is one of the fundamental courses for undergraduate students of ocean college in Zhejiang University. The course focuses on two parts: mechanics of sediment transport and fluvial processes. The first part mainly includes the source and properties of sediment, the classification and incipient motion of sediment, the waveform and development of sand waves, the concept and calculation of alluvial river resistance, bed load transport rate, suspended sediment movement and sediment transport capacity. The second part introduces the law of fluvial processes for various river types, which include meandering rivers, branching rivers, wandering rivers, straight rivers and shoals. Through theoretical study, students can master the law ofmechanics of sediment transport and fluvial processes, and acquire the ability to analyze river sediment problems.二、教学目标（一）学习目标通过本课程关于泥沙运动和河床演变的教学，让学生掌握泥沙的基本特性；泥沙的起动规律；沙波的形态和发展消长；动床阻力特性；推移质和悬移质的运动规律；河床演变基本原理；蜿蜒型河流、分汊型河流、游荡型河流、顺直型河流和浅滩的演变规律。
水力学单词
Grounder water 地下水
seepage渗透 permeability 渗透性
Similarity[simi’læriti] theory 相似理论
Hydraulic modeling水力模拟
Physical modeling 物理模拟
boundary element边界元
Characteristics 特征线
Scheme 方法(格式)
algorithm 算法
turbulence model 紊流模型
bed load 床沙
suspension load 悬沙
wash load 冲泻质
Incipient velocity起动流速
settling velocity沉速
Fluvial process河床演变
deposition淤积
scour冲刷
double-phase flow 两相流
multi-phase flow 多相流
Irrotational flow 无旋流
potential flow 势流
rotational flow 有旋流
Open channel flow 明渠流
free surface flow 自由表面流 (明渠流)
compressibility 压缩性
continuity连续性
Scalar 纯量
vector 矢量
tensor 张量
magnitude 模(大小)
direction 方向
Divergence 散度
curl 旋度
gradient 梯度
英文河流动力学水力学Lecture12- Non-Newtonian
CVG5162 – Advanced River HydraulicsLecture 12: Non-Newtonian Fluid Flows Viscosity Recall Dynamic (Absolute) Viscosity ( ) is a measure of the resistance of a fluid to shear stress. In liquids, the viscosity is due to cohesion between molecules. Less viscous fluids flow easier: ketchup is more viscous than water. Newton’s law of viscosity is: dy duµτ= i.e. dydu τµ=where is shear stress (N/m 2) and du/dy is the gradient of velocity in the vertical direction. In fluids, du/dy represents the strain in the fluid, thus this relation is analogous to Young’s modulus [εσE = ]. The classical experiment (performed by Newton) is to place two plates parallel to each other and separated by a distance Y with a fluid in the space between. A tangential force is applied to the top plate (from which is calculated, =F/A), which causes the upper plate to move with velocity U, which is recorded. Figure 1. Source: Daugherty et al.With the no-slip assumption, the fluid particles next to each plate will assume the velocity of the plate. For laminar steady flow, the velocity gradient in the fluid between the plates will be linear.(i.e. du/dy is constant).Fluids for which does not depend on du/dy are described as Newtonian. Most common fluids are Newtonian. However, particularly relevant for some geophysical flows, fluids with very high suspended sediment concentration can be non-Newtonian. If one assumes that a fluid has zero viscosity (and therefore zero friction), the fluid is termed an ideal fluid. Note that an ideal fluid will not undergo strain due to the applied stress, thus it would maintain zero velocity between the two plates.Figure 2. Source: Daugherty et al.Viscosity of a fluid decreases with temperature, because cohesion diminishes. The dynamic viscosity of water at 20ºC is 1.005E-3 N s/m 2. Kinematic Viscosity ( ) is the dynamic viscosity divided by density: ρµν=. The kinematic viscosity of water at 20ºC is 1.007E-6 m 2/s. Turbulent eddy viscosity We have also seen that turbulence adds an extra apparent (eddy) viscosity (νT ), which is due to the increased transfer of momentum between fluid layers as a result of the turbulent motion (i.e. the Reynolds stress): ()dy du uv dy du T νννρτ+=−= Non-Newtonian Fluid We can see from Figure 2 above, that a Non-Newtonian fluid does not have a linear relation between shear stress and strain. In other words, the viscosity coefficient µ is not a constant – it varies with the shear stress applied. Some non-Newtonian fluids are relatively straight-forward, in that the instantaneous shear depends only on du/dy (as in the figure above). These are described as ‘time independent’, ‘purely viscous’, ‘inelastic’, or ‘generalized Newtonian fluids’ (GNF) (Chabbra and Richardson 1999, p.5). In more complex time-dependent non-Newtonian fluids the instantaneous apparent viscosity also depends on the flow history and previous shear rate.An important distinction between types of time-independent non-Newtonian fluids is whether or not they display a yield strength (i.e. whether a threshold stress is required to initiate strain (deformation) of the fluid, i.e. the stress required to get the fluid moving). See Figure 3. Note that the field of rheology bridges non-Newtonian fluids, plastic solids, and soils. Typically, the viscosity of a time-independent non-Newtonian fluid is specified as a function that depends on du/dy. Secondly, a yield stress term may be included. A viscoplastic is a fluid that displays a yield stress. A Bingham-plastic is a viscoplastic with a linear relation between shear and strain once yield shear is obtained:+=dy du y ηττ where τy is the yield stress (the stress required to initiate strain), and η is the dynamic viscosity (the slope of the line after the yield stress). A shear-thinning or pseudo-plastic fluid has no yield stress, but a relatively high viscosity at low strain. A shear-thickening or dilatant fluid has no yield stress, but a relatively low viscosity at low strain (high viscosity at high strain).Figure 3. Source: Chhabra and Richardson 1999. Note that pseudo-plastic fluid and shear-thinning fluid are synonomous. Figure 1.5 applies to polymer solutions, but shows how apparent viscosity decreases with increasing strain rate for a pseuodplastic fluid.Water-Sediment Mixtures The behaviour of fluids with high suspended sediment volumetric concentration (C s ) encompasses the range from Newtonian, to pseudo-plastic, to Bingham plastic, to yield-pseudoplastic depending on sediment concentration. Furthermore, individual clays have different electrochemical properties, and therefore different rheology. The analysis of high C s flows is thus complex. Julien and Lan (1991) provided a succinct summary of research until that time. Bagnold (1954) initiated this research field, and proposed that at high C s , fluid shear would be dominated by interparticle friction and collisions. He found that under very high rates of shear (i.e. high du/dy) and high C s , the shear stress increases as a second power of du/dy. Thus, the fluid can be described as a yield-pseudo plastic with convexivity to the shear stress (see Figure 4). The increased particle interactions at higher du/dy results in increased apparent viscosity (i.e. shear thickening). An empirical power-law equation (Herschel and Bulkley 1926) can be used for the shear in high clay-water suspensions at high du/dy (Govier and Aziz 1987, cited in O’Brien and Julien 1988):n y dy du a +=ττNote that n=2 based on the Bagnold observations. Alternatively, O’Brien and Julien (1988) found that under lower du/dy, the shear stress varies linearly with du/dy, thus at low du/dy the fluid mixture can be described as a Bingham plastic. They also argued that these are more realistic shear rates (du/dy) for geophysical flows. Note that both the yield stress and the dynamic viscosity increase exponentially with sediment concentration – three orders or magnitude increase between C s = 0.1 and 0.4 (O’Brien and Julien 1988)Julien and Lan provide the following summary plots: Figure 4. Source: Julien and Lan (1991)Figure 5. Source: Julien and Lan (1991)O’Brien and Julien (1985), cited in Julien and Lan (1991), proposed the following:2 ++=dy du dy du y ζηττwhere the first term is for the yield stress, the second for viscous (dynamic) stress, and the third term for the ‘turbulent-dispersive’ stress, which accounts for both turbulence and particle-particle interactions, both of which are presumed to vary as a second power with du/dy.Note that 2212s s d a l λρρζ+=, where ρ and l are mixture density and mixing length, a 1 is Bagnold’s empirical constant, λ varies with sediment concentration, and ρs and d s are sediment density and grain size. Note that the first term works out to be the turbulent Reynolds stress, and the second term is Bagnold’s stress due to particle interactions.Julien and Lan (1991) non-dimensionalized their model (see paper) to collapse the various data sets:Figure 6. Source: Julien and Lan (1991)TemperatureCoussot and Piau (1994) found little change in mud suspension rheological behaviour for temperatures ranging from 0°C to 20°C.Thixotropic Non-Newtonian FluidChanson (2006) presented a model for 1D dam-break flow of a high C s thixotropic fluid. A thixotropic fluid is a solid gel-like substance when at rest, but liquefies when agitated. The precise definition of thixotropy is a fluid which undergoes a decreasing apparent viscosity (i.e. reduced shear stress) when exposed to a constant rate of shear (i.e. du/dy) (Chhabra and Richardson 1999). Thus, viscosity is time-dependent. Mud suspensions tend to display thixotropy (Figure 7).Figure 7. Source: Chhabra and Richardson (1999)Chanson utilized a model by Coussot et al. (2002) for the viscosity of a thixotropic fluid:()n o a λµµ+×= whereλαθλ×∂∂×−=∂∂yV t 1 and the four terms µo , n, θ, and α are constants for a given fluid. Note that the viscosity in this model is time dependent. In general , numerical modelling of non-Newtonian fluids involves defining a relation that describes the viscosity of the fluid as a function of the fluid properties and flow (particularly du/dy). This equation must then be included in the set of equations to be solved. References Chanson, H., Jarny, S., and Coussot, P. (2006). "Dam break wave of thixotropic fluid." J. Hydraulic Eng., 132(3), 280-293. Chhabra, R., and Richardson, J. (1999). Non-Newtonian Flow in the Process Industries: Fundamentals and Engineering Applications , Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford. Daugherty, R. L., Franzini, J. B., and Finnemore, E. J. (1985). Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications, Eighth Edition , McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. Julien, P. Y., and Lan, Y. (1991). "Rheology of hyperconcentrations." J. Hydraulic Eng., 117(3), 346-353. O'Brien, J., and Julien, P. (1988). "Laboratory analysis of mudflow properties." J. Hydraulic Eng., 114(8), 877-887.。
水力学河流动力学英语专业词汇
水力学、河流动力学、流体力学专业词汇Fundamental Glossary in HydraulicsHydrostatics 水静力学Hydrodynamics 水动力学Physical properties of water 水的物理性质Density 密度 specific gravity 比重Kinematic viscosity 运动粘性 absolute viscosity 动力粘性Elastic modulus 弹性模量 surface tension 表面张力Temperature 温度 isotropic (y) 各向同性Anisotropic (y) 各向异性 uniform (ity) 均匀(性)Heterogeneous (ity) 不均匀(性)Main force 主要作用力Gravity 重力 inertia force 惯性力 pressure 压力(强) drag 阻力Mass force 质量力 surface force 表面力Constitutive relationship 本构关系Stress 应力strain 应变 deformation 变形 displacement 位移 normal 法向 tangent 切向shear 剪力acceleration 加速度Angular deformation 角变形Local acceleration 当地加速度 convective acceleration 迁移加速度 compressibility 压缩性continuity连续性Scalar 纯量 vector 矢量 tensor 张量magnitude 模(大小) direction 方向Divergence 散度 curl 旋度 gradient 梯度Source 源 sink 汇Frequency 频率 amplitude 振幅 phase 相位resonance共振Mass conservation 质量守恒 momentum conservation 动量守恒energy conservation 能量守恒Initial condition 初始条件boundary condition边界条件Ordinal differential equation 常微分方程partial differential equation 偏微分方程Convection, advection 对流diffusion 扩散dispersion 弥散decay 衰减 degradation降解Flow pattern流态 flow type 流型Laminar flow 层流turbulent flow 紊流Supercritical flow 急流 subcritical flow 缓流 critical flow临界流Rapidly varied flow急变流 gradually varied flow渐变流Uniform flow 均匀流 non-uniform flow 非均匀流Mainstream flow 主流 wake flow 尾流Steady flow 恒定流unsteady flow 非恒定流One-dimensional flow 一维流 two-dimensional flow二维流three-dimensional flow 三维流Single-phase flow 单相流 double-phase flow 两相流multi-phase flow 多相流Irrotational flow 无旋流potential flow 势流 rotational flow 有旋流Open channel flow 明渠流 free surface flow 自由表面流(明渠流) Pipe flow 管流 pressure flow 有压流Jet 射流 plume 卷流(羽流) cross flow 横流Stagnation point驻点 separation point分离点Coherent structure相干结构 bursting猝发 turbulent intensity紊动强度Boundary layer 边界层 viscous sub-layer粘性底层displacement thickness排挤厚度mixing length混掺长度Flow field, current field 流场 flow net 流网Submerged discharge 淹没出流 unsubmerged discharge非淹没出流Renolds number雷诺数 Froude number 佛汝德数 Prandtl number普朗特数Courant number柯朗数 Peclet 彼克雷特数 dimensionless number无量纲数Streamline 流线path line迹线Vortex line 涡线vortex ring 涡环 vortex street涡街Flux 通量 circulation 环量 vorticity 涡度Water level , water stage 水位discharge , flow-rate , flow 流量Water depth 水深velocity 流速Roughness 糙率water surface profile 水面线bed slope 底坡Velocity fluctuation 脉动流速 pressure fluctuation 脉动压强Instantaneous velocity 瞬时流速mean velocity 平均流速time-averaged velocity时均流速Depth-averaged velocity 水深平均流速velocity gradient 流速梯度 pressure gradient压强梯度Cross-section of flow , wet cross section 过水断面Wetted perimeter 湿周 hydraulic radius水力半径Hydraulic head 水头Elevation head 位置水头 piezometric head测压管水头velocity head 流速水头Head loss水头损失 frictional loss 沿程损失 local head loss局部损失Entrance head loss 进口水头损失 exit head loss 出口水头损失bend head loss弯头水头损失 Abrupt expansion head loss 突扩损失contraction head loss收缩损失Transition head loss渐变段损失Hydraulic jump 水跃 hydraulic drop跌水conjugate depth共轭水深Weir堰Sharp-crested weir 尖顶堰 broad-crested weir 宽顶堰 practical weir实用堰Orifice 孔口 nozzle管嘴Dam 坝 sluice 水闸 spillway溢洪道Tunnel 隧洞penstock 压力水管 culvert涵洞Aqueduct 渡槽 siphon pipe虹吸管Energy dissipation device 消能工Stilling basin 消力池 roller bucket 消力戽Baffle pier 消力墩 plunge pool 跌水池Energy dissipation by hydraulic jump底流消能Energy dissipation by surface regime面流消能Ski-jump energy dissipation 挑流消能Nappe 水舌 vena-contracta收缩断面Cavitation 空化 cavitation damage 空蚀Aeration 掺气Water wave 水波 water hammer水锤Hydraulic and river dynamics 水力学及河流动力学Sediment 泥沙 bed load 床沙 suspension load 悬沙 wash load 冲泻质Incipient velocity起动流速 settling velocity沉速Fluvial process河床演变 de">Grounder water 地下水 seepage渗透permeability 渗透性Similarity[simi’læriti] theory 相似理论Hydraulic modeling水力模拟Physical modeling 物理模拟Undistorted model正态模型distorted model变态模型Similitude 相似准则 similarity 相似性 full scale 足尺 reduced scale缩尺Fluid measurement 流动量测 flow visualization 流动可视化Transducer，sensor 传感器 probe探头 scale 比尺 flume 水槽Numerical modeling数值模拟Finite element 有限元 finite difference有限差finite volume 有限体积boundary element边界元Characteristics 特征线Scheme 方法(格式) algorithm 算法turbulence model 紊流模型Large-eddy simulation 大涡模拟Grid 网格node结点 time step时间步长nodal spacing 结点间距Coefficient系数 parameter参数Explicit 显式 implicit隐式stability 稳定性 convergence收敛性robustness（坚固性）健壮性sensitivity 敏感性 accuracy 精度Error误差 calibration 率定 verification 验证 application 应用 prediction 预测 reproduction复演Estuary hydraulics 河口动力学Coastal hydraulics 海岸动力学Open channel hydraulics明渠水力学Wave hydrodynamics 水波动力学Groundwater Hydraulics地下水水力学regular wave 规则波 irregular wave 不规则波Tide潮汐 spring tide大潮 neap tide小潮diurnal tide全日潮 semi-diurnal tide半日潮Computational Hydraulics计算水力学Environmental Hydraulics环境水力学Eco-hydraulics 生态水力学Hydro-informatics 水利信息学Dissolved oxygen (DO) 溶解氧 chemical oxygen demand(COD) 化学需氧量Biochemical oxygen demand(BOD) 生化需氧量 dilution 稀释度Pollutant 污染物 constituent 组分 eutrophication 富营养化Hydrology水文学Flood洪水 flood routing调洪演算 flood peak flow洪峰流量Runoff径流 precipitation降水 evaporation蒸发evapotranspiration 腾发, 蒸散发。
流体力学名词
流体力学名词流体动力学fluid dynamics 连续介质力学mechanics of continuous介质medium media流体质点fluid particle无粘性流体nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid连续介质假设continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学fluid kinematics水静力学hydrostatics液体静力学hydrostatics支配方程governing equation伯努利方程Bernoulli equation伯努利定理Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律Biot-Savart law欧拉方程Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理Kelvin theorem涡片vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski condition布拉休斯解Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖d'Alembert paradox 雷诺数Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数Strouhal number随体导数material derivative不可压缩流体incompressible fluid质量守恒conservation of mass动量守恒conservation of momentum 能量守恒conservation of energy动量方程momentum equation能量方程energy equation控制体积control volume液体静压hydrostatic pressure涡量拟能enstrophy压差differential pressure流[动] flow流线stream line流面stream surface流管stream tube迹线path, path line流场flow field流态flow regime流动参量flow parameter流量flow rate, flow discharge 涡旋vortex涡量vorticity涡丝vortex filament涡线vortex line涡面vortex surface涡层vortex layer涡环vortex ring涡对vortex pair涡管vortex tube涡街vortex street卡门涡街Karman vortex street 马蹄涡horseshoe vortex对流涡胞convective cell卷筒涡胞roll cell涡eddy涡粘性eddy viscosity环流circulation环量circulation速度环量velocity circulation 偶极子doublet, dipole驻点stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头total head静压头static head总焓total enthalpy能量输运energy transport速度剖面velocity profile库埃特流Couette flow单相流single phase flow单组份流single-component flow均匀流uniform flow非均匀流nonuniform flow二维流two-dimensional flow三维流three-dimensional flow准定常流quasi-steady flow非定常流unsteady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流transient flow周期流periodic flow振荡流oscillatory flow分层流stratified flow无旋流irrotational flow有旋流rotational flow轴对称流axisymmetric flow不可压缩性incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体floating body定倾中心metacenter阻力drag, resistance减阻drag reduction表面力surface force表面张力surface tension毛细[管]作用capillarity来流incoming flow自由流free stream 自由流线free stream line外流external flow进口entrance, inlet出口exit, outlet扰动disturbance, perturbation分布distribution传播propagation色散dispersion弥散dispersion附加质量added mass ,associated mass 收缩contraction镜象法image method无量纲参数dimensionless parameter 几何相似geometric similarity运动相似kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流plane flow势potential势流potential flow速度势velocity potential复势complex potential复速度complex velocity流函数stream function源source汇sink速度[水]头velocity head拐角流corner flow空泡流cavity flow超空泡supercavity超空泡流supercavity flow空气动力学aerodynamics低速空气动力学low-speed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学high-speed aerodynamics 气动热力学aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流conical flow楔流wedge flow叶栅流cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体slender body细长度slenderness钝头体bluff body钝体blunt body翼型airfoil翼弦chord薄翼理论thin-airfoil theory构型configuration后缘trailing edge迎角angle of attack失速stall脱体激波detached shock wave波阻wave drag诱导阻力induced drag诱导速度induced velocity临界雷诺数critical Reynolds number 前缘涡leading edge vortex附着涡bound vortex约束涡confined vortex气动中心aerodynamic center气动力aerodynamic force气动噪声aerodynamic noise气动加热aerodynamic heating离解dissociation地面效应ground effect气体动力学gas dynamics稀疏波rarefaction wave热状态方程thermal equation of state 喷管Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体compressible fluid绝热流adiabatic flow非绝热流diabatic flow未扰动流undisturbed flow等熵流isentropic flow匀熵流homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件Rankine-Hugoniot condition 状态方程equation of state量热状态方程caloric equation of state完全气体perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管Laval nozzle马赫角Mach angle马赫锥Mach cone马赫线Mach line马赫数Mach number马赫波Mach wave当地马赫数local Mach number冲击波shock wave激波shock wave正激波normal shock wave斜激波oblique shock wave头波bow wave附体激波attached shock wave 激波阵面shock front激波层shock layer压缩波compression wave 反射reflection折射refraction散射scattering衍射diffraction绕射diffraction出口压力exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压back pressure爆炸explosion爆轰detonation缓燃deflagration水动力学hydrodynamics液体动力学hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性Taylor instability 盖斯特纳波Gerstner wave斯托克斯波Stokes wave瑞利数Rayleigh number自由面free surface波速wave speed, wave velocity 波高wave height波列wave train波群wave group波能wave energy表面波surface wave表面张力波capillary wave规则波regular wave不规则波irregular wave浅水波shallow water wave深水波deep water wave重力波gravity wave椭圆余弦波cnoidal wave潮波tidal wave涌波surge wave破碎波breaking wave船波ship wave非线性波nonlinear wave孤立子soliton水动[力]噪声hydrodynamic noise水击water hammer空化cavitation空化数cavitation number空蚀cavitation damage超空化流supercavitating flow水翼hydrofoil水力学hydraulics洪水波flood wave涟漪ripple消能energy dissipation海洋水动力学marine hydrodynamics 谢齐公式Chezy formula欧拉数Euler number弗劳德数Froude number水力半径hydraulic radius水力坡度hvdraulic slope高度水头elevating head水头损失head loss水位water level水跃hydraulic jump含水层aquifer排水drainage排放量discharge壅水曲线back water curve压[强水]头pressure head过水断面flow cross-section 明槽流open channel flow孔流orifice flow无压流free surface flow有压流pressure flow缓流subcritical flow急流supercritical flow渐变流gradually varied flow 急变流rapidly varied flow临界流critical flow异重流density current, gravity flow堰流weir flow掺气流aerated flow含沙流sediment-laden stream降水曲线dropdown curve沉积物sediment, deposit沉[降堆]积sedimentation, deposition沉降速度settling velocity流动稳定性flow stability不稳定性instability奥尔-索末菲方程Orr-Sommerfeld equation涡量方程vorticity equation泊肃叶流Poiseuille flow奥辛流Oseen flow剪切流shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流laminar flow分离流separated flow二次流secondary flow近场流near field flow远场流far field flow滞止流stagnation flow尾流wake [flow]回流back flow反流reverse flow射流jet自由射流free jet管流pipe flow, tube flow内流internal flow拟序结构coherent structure猝发过程bursting process表观粘度apparent viscosity 运动粘性kinematic viscosity动力粘性dynamic viscosity泊poise厘泊centipoise厘沱centistoke剪切层shear layer次层sublayer流动分离flow separation层流分离laminar separation湍流分离turbulent separation 分离点separation point附着点attachment point再附reattachment再层流化relaminarization起动涡starting vortex驻涡standing vortex涡旋破碎vortex breakdown涡旋脱落vortex shedding压[力]降pressure drop压差阻力pressure drag压力能pressure energy型阻profile drag滑移速度slip velocity无滑移条件non-slip condition 壁剪应力skin friction, frictional drag壁剪切速度friction velocity磨擦损失friction loss磨擦因子friction factor耗散dissipation滞后lag相似性解similar solution局域相似local similarity气体润滑gas lubrication液体动力润滑hydrodynamic lubrication浆体slurry泰勒数Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程Navier-Stokes equation牛顿流体Newtonian fluid边界层理论boundary later theory边界层方程boundary layer equation边界层boundary layer附面层boundary layer层流边界层laminar boundary layer湍流边界层turbulent boundary layer温度边界层thermal boundary layer边界层转捩boundary layer transition边界层分离boundary layer separation边界层厚度boundary layer thickness位移厚度displacement thickness动量厚度momentum thickness能量厚度energy thickness焓厚度enthalpy thickness注入injection吸出suction泰勒涡Taylor vortex速度亏损律velocity defect law 形状因子shape factor测速法anemometry粘度测定法visco[si] metry流动显示flow visualization油烟显示oil smoke visualization 孔板流量计orifice meter频率响应frequency response油膜显示oil film visualization阴影法shadow method纹影法schlieren method烟丝法smoke wire method丝线法tuft method氢泡法nydrogen bubble method 相似理论similarity theory相似律similarity law部分相似partial similarity定理pi theorem, Buckinghamtheorem静[态]校准static calibration动态校准dynamic calibration风洞wind tunnel激波管shock tube激波管风洞shock tube wind tunnel 水洞water tunnel拖曳水池towing tank旋臂水池rotating arm basin扩散段diffuser测压孔pressure tap皮托管pitot tube普雷斯顿管preston tube斯坦顿管Stanton tube文丘里管Venturi tubeU形管U-tube压强计manometer微压计micromanometer多管压强计multiple manometer 静压管static [pressure]tube流速计anemometer风速管Pitot- static tube激光多普勒测速计laser Doppler anemometer, laser Doppler velocimeter热线流速计hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计hot- film anemometer流量计flow meter粘度计visco[si] meter涡量计vorticity meter传感器transducer, sensor压强传感器pressure transducer热敏电阻thermistor示踪物tracer时间线time line脉线streak line尺度效应scale effect壁效应wall effect堵塞blockage堵寒效应blockage effect动态响应dynamic response响应频率response frequency底压base pressure菲克定律Fick law巴塞特力Basset force埃克特数Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数Grashof number努塞特数Nusselt number普朗特数prandtl number雷诺比拟Reynolds analogy施密特数schmidt number斯坦顿数Stanton number对流convection自由对流natural convection, free convec-tion强迫对流forced convection热对流heat convection质量传递mass transfer传质系数mass transfer coefficient 热量传递heat transfer传热系数heat transfer coefficient 对流传热convective heat transfer辐射传热radiative heat transfer动量交换momentum transfer能量传递energy transfer传导conduction热传导conductive heat transfer热交换heat exchange临界热通量critical heat flux浓度concentration扩散diffusion扩散性diffusivity扩散率diffusivity扩散速度diffusion velocity分子扩散molecular diffusion沸腾boiling蒸发evaporation气化gasification凝结condensation成核nucleation计算流体力学computational fluid dynamics (mechanics) 多重尺度问题multiple scale problem伯格斯方程Burgers equation对流扩散方程convection diffusion equationKDU方程KDV equation修正微分方程modified differential equation拉克斯等价定理Lax equivalence theorem数值模拟numerical simulation大涡模拟large eddy simulation数值粘性numerical viscosity非线性不稳定性nonlinear instability希尔特稳定性分析Hirt stability analysis相容条件consistency conditionCFL条件Courant- Friedrichs- Lewy condition ,CFL condition 狄里克雷边界条件Dirichlet boundary condition熵条件entropy condition远场边界条件far field boundary condition流入边界条件inflow boundary condition无反射边界条件nonreflecting boundary condition数值边界条件numerical boundary condition流出边界条件outflow boundary condition冯.诺伊曼条件von Neumann condition近似因子分解法approximate factorization method人工压缩artificial compression人工粘性artificial viscosity边界元法boundary element method配置方法collocation method能量法energy method有限体积法finite volume method流体网格法fluid in cell method, FLIC method通量校正传输法flux-corrected transport method 通量矢量分解法flux vector splitting method伽辽金法Galerkin method积分方法integral method标记网格法marker and cell method, MAC method 特征线法method of characteristics直线法method of lines矩量法moment method多重网格法multi- grid method板块法panel method质点网格法particle in cell method, PIC method质点法particle method预估校正法predictor-corrector method投影法projection method准谱法pseudo-spectral method随机选取法random choice method激波捕捉法shock-capturing method激波拟合法shock-fitting method谱方法spectral method稀疏矩阵分解法split coefficient matrix method不定常法time-dependent method时间分步法time splitting method变分法variational method涡方法vortex method隐格式implicit scheme显格式explicit scheme交替方向隐格式alternating direction implicit scheme, ADI scheme 反扩散差分格式anti-diffusion difference scheme紧差分格式compact difference scheme守恒差分格式conservation difference scheme克兰克-尼科尔森格式Crank-Nicolson scheme杜福特-弗兰克尔格式Dufort-Frankel scheme指数格式exponential scheme戈本诺夫格式Godunov scheme高分辨率格式high resolution scheme拉克斯-温德罗夫格式Lax-Wendroff scheme蛙跳格式leap-frog scheme单调差分格式monotone difference scheme保单调差分格式monotonicity preserving diffe-rence scheme 穆曼-科尔格式Murman-Cole scheme半隐格式semi-implicit scheme斜迎风格式skew-upstream scheme全变差下降格式total variation decreasing scheme TVD scheme 迎风格式upstream scheme , upwind scheme计算区域computational domain物理区域physical domain影响域domain of influence依赖域domain of dependence区域分解domain decomposition维数分解dimensional split物理解physical solution弱解weak solution黎曼解算子Riemann solver守恒型conservation form弱守恒型weak conservation form强守恒型strong conservation form散度型divergence form贴体曲线坐标body-fitted curvilinear coordi-nates [自]适应网格[self-] adaptive mesh适应网格生成adaptive grid generation自动网格生成automatic grid generation数值网格生成numerical grid generation交错网格staggered mesh网格雷诺数cell Reynolds number数植扩散numerical diffusion数值耗散numerical dissipation数值色散numerical dispersion数值通量numerical flux放大因子amplification factor 放大矩阵amplification matrix阻尼误差damping error离散涡discrete vortex熵通量entropy flux熵函数entropy function分步法fractional step method。
英文河流动力学水力学Lecture5 2013 -nonuniform flow profiles
Where D is the total depth of flow. The parameter β equals the near-bed stress slope, and can be used to model the Reynolds stress profile such that it produces the bottom stresses required in non-uniform flows. Note that β=-1 applies to uniform flow.
CVG5162 –River Hydraulics Lecture 5 – 2013 – Non-Uniform Flow Profiles
Non-uniform flow You may recall that non-uniform flow means a flow field that is changing in space, but not necessarily in time. In other, the flow depth is changing along the channel. If flow depth is increasing, then by continuity the flow depth is spatially decelerating. Conversely, if flow depth is decreasing, the flow is spatially accelerating. Gradually varying non-uniform flow profiles are studied in undergraduate hydraulics classes, and can be classified as follows: Mild slope (y n >yc )
第一讲河流动力学概述
参考书
沙玉清
钱宁
张瑞瑾
张小峰、刘兴年
邵学军王兴奎
朱鉴远
教学计划
泥沙运动力学 泥沙工程学 HEC-RAS的应用 ……
中国古代的治河名人（三人半？）
大禹（公元前21世纪）：
从“壅防百川，随高堙（音因）痺（音毕）”到 “疏川导滞”
李冰（公元前256年）：
蜀守冰凿离堆，辟沫水之害，穿二江成都之中。 水旱从人，不知饥馑，时无荒年，天下谓之天府也。
王景（公元69年，东汉）：分水分沙，滞洪放淤
“河、汴分流”；“十里立一水门，令更相洄注”。 黄河800年安宁。 从“疏、导” 到“筑堤束水，以水攻沙” “河务一团糟”，黄河无决溢最长仅10年。
学科体系
河流动力学
河道水力学
泥沙运动力学
河床演变学
河流模拟
泥沙工程学
狭义河流动力学
弯道水力学 洪水水力学 …… 模型试验 数学模型
治河工程 取水工程 水库工程 防洪工程 航道整治工程 ……
泥沙运动力学
（mechanics of sediment transport）
泥沙：受流体、冰川、重力等作用运动后 沉积下来的固体颗粒。 研究泥沙在流体中冲刷、搬运、沉积规律 的学科，是河流动力学的重要分支（另一 分支为河床演变学）。 特点：微观角度，力学方法为主。
泥沙的利与弊
利：
重要的工程材料 建筑地基 工业原料 淤灌农田
弊：
淤塞河道，抬高洪水
水库渠系的淤积失去作用 淤塞航道、码头影响通航 磨损水轮机、泄洪工程
无坝枢纽引水防沙
河流水力学中的水流动力学与水动力学模型
河流水力学中的水流动力学与水动力学模型河流水力学是研究河流中水的运动、变化和影响的学科。
水流动力学（Hydrodynamics）和水动力学 (Hydraulics) 是河流水力学中的两个重要分支。
水流动力学主要研究液体无限接近于静止状态而而不是由于静水压力而流动时的力学性质和变化规律。
它包括流体静力学、流体动力学和流体水动力学等内容。
水动力学附着于水文学的领域中，探讨流量与河床之间的互动问题，是应用力学在水文学的一个分支。
在水流动力学的研究中，常用雷诺数来描述流体的流动状态。
雷诺数（Re）是流场中惯性力与粘性力的比值，即Re=惯性力/粘性力，通俗点说，就是比较“快”和比较“慢”两种液体在运动时，惯性力和摩擦力占的比例。
雷诺数越大，惯性力越强，粘性力越弱，流体的速度分布、流线轮廓会发生很大的变化，出现旋力、涡旋、湍流等等。
水流动力学通常研究的对象是静止水体中的水流，比如飞机飞过湖面，水面随之波动形成涟漪、浪花、气泡等图案。
水流动力学的研究不仅和地球上的河流、湖泊、海洋等水域有关，同样应用在航空飞行、化工加工、水电利用、环境污染、生态保护等领域。
而水动力学则是将力学原理用于研究水在管道、水库、持滞池、水闸等设施中的流动规律和相应的物理量时进行研究。
水力学主要通过建立水动力学模型来进行研究，大多数研究通过物理实验来模拟实际情况，得到相关数据进行计算分析。
这些实验中一般会建立两种模型，即放大模型和原型模型。
放大模型将大型水力结构物缩小成比例减小的模型进行配制，以模拟实际工程中的设计。
原型模型则是尽可能地模拟实际情况所建立的模型，往往使用原材料制成，并实际测量水流运动的各种参数。
这种方法一般用于大型水利工程的实验验证，如水坝、堤防等大型设施。
通过对这些模型的实验数据进行计算处理，水动力学研究人员可以对水流动的各项参数进行分析，包括速度、流量、压力、粘度等。
水流动力学和水动力学模型的运用带来了很多好处。
比如，在水力学建模中，通常需要加入其他一些因素，比如气候和水文变化。
水力学、水动力学、水文学
水力学、水动力学、水文学英文回答：Hydraulics, hydrodynamics, and hydrology are three branches of study that are closely related to water. Although they all deal with water, they focus on different aspects and have distinct applications.Hydraulics is the study of the behavior of fluids, particularly in relation to engineering applications. It involves the study of how fluids, such as water, flow through pipes, channels, and other structures. Hydraulics is used in various fields, including civil engineering, mechanical engineering, and environmental engineering. For example, when designing a water supply system for a city, hydraulics is used to determine the flow rate, pressure, and size of pipes needed to deliver water to different locations.Hydrodynamics, on the other hand, is the study of themotion of fluids, including both liquids and gases. It focuses on understanding the forces and movements of fluids in motion. Hydrodynamics is used in fields such as naval architecture, aerospace engineering, and oceanography. For instance, when designing a ship, hydrodynamics is used to analyze the flow of water around the hull and optimize its shape to reduce drag and improve efficiency.Hydrology, as the name suggests, is the study of water in its natural state, including its distribution, movement, and properties on the Earth's surface. It involves analyzing the water cycle, rainfall patterns, river flow, groundwater, and water quality. Hydrology is essential for managing water resources, predicting floods, and assessing the impact of human activities on water systems. For example, hydrology is used to determine the water availability in a watershed and develop strategies for sustainable water management.中文回答：水力学、水动力学和水文学是与水密切相关的三个研究领域。
英语专业名词（水利方面）
英语专业名词（水利方面）水 water水圈 hydrosphere水体 water body水科学 water science水文学 hydrology陆地水文学 land hydrology应用水文学 applied hydrology工程水文学 engineering hydrology地表水 surface water地下水 groundwater水汽 water vapour水文要素 hydrologic elements降水 precipitation雨季 rainy season雪 snow积雪 snow cover初雪 first snow终雪 latest snow融雪 snowmelt冰雹 hail截留 interception填洼 depression detention地面滞留 surface detention陆面蒸发 evaporation of land水面蒸发 evaporation of water surface土壤蒸发 evaporation from soil散发（植物蒸腾） transpiration蒸发能力 evaporation capability下渗（入渗） infiltration稳渗 steady infiltration下渗能力 infiltration capability 河川径流 river runoff降雨径流 rainfall runoff暴雨径流 storm runoff融雪径流 snowmelt runoff枯季径流 dry season runoff基流 base flow洪水 flood阴塞高压 blocking high低空急流 low－level jet低涡 vortex反气旋（高压） anticyclone气旋（低压） cyclone热带气旋 tropic cyclone热带低压 tropic depression热带风暴 tropic storm强热带风暴 severe tropic storm 台风 typhoon气团 air mass锋（锋面） front天气 weather气象 meteorology气候 climate气候区划 climatic regionalization 气候带 climatic zone气候变化 climatic change小气候 microclimate热带 tropic zone副热带（亚热带） subtropic zone比湿 specific humidity风 wind风向 wind direction风速 wind speed蒲福风级 Beaufort wind scale露 dew露点 dew point雾 fog霜 frost霜点 frost point初霜 first frost终霜 latest frost霜冻 frostbite无霜期 frost－free period流域 watershed (basin)流域面积（集水面积） drainage area闭合流域 enclosed basin不闭合流域 non－enclosed basin闭流区（内流区） bling drainage area分水线（分水岭） divide流域特征 basin characteristics流域几何特征 basin geometric characteristics 河道复流（河道再生） resurgence常年河 perennial stream间歇河 intermittent stream悬河（地上河） elevated stream夺流河（断头河） captured river盈水河 gaining stream亏水河 losing stream暴洪河流 flashy stream地下暗河（地下河） underground river 界河 boundary river国际河流 international river废河道（古河道） dead river岸 bank左岸 left bank右岸 right bank凹岸 concave bank凸岸 convex bank岸壁 land wall水边线（岸线） water line堤防 levee河长 river length河弯 river bend弯曲率 tortuosity航道 navigable channel河段 reach上游 upstream潜洲 submerged bar深潭 deep pool水利学 hydraulics明渠水力学 open channel hydraulics 水静力学 hydrostatics水动力学 hydrodynamics明渠水流 open channel flow恒定流 steady flow非恒定流 unsteady flow均匀流（等速流） uniform flow非均匀流（变速流） non－uniform flow 急流 supercritical flow缓流 subcritical flow异重流 density current临界流 critical flow临界水深 critical depth临界流速 critical velocity临界流量 critical discharge水头 head位置水头（位能） elevation head低强水头（压能） pressure head流速水头（动能） velocity head雷诺数 Reymold number韦伯数 Weber number水力因素 hydraulic factor湿周 wetted perimeter水力半径 hydraulic radius宽深比 width－depth ratio中泓线 midstream of channel深泓线 Thatweg落差 fall瀑布 waterfall波浪 wave驻波 standing wave移动波 translation wave河流动力学 river dynamics河流泥沙 river sediment泥沙特征 property of sediment土壤侵蚀 soil erosion水力侵蚀 water erosion山洪侵蚀 torrential erosion流域侵蚀 basin erosion流域产沙量 watershed sediment yield溶解性总固体 total dissolved solids离子含量 ion concentration离子总量 total ion concentration离子流量 ion discharge矿化度 mineral content盐度 salinityPH值 ph value碱度 alkalinity酸度 acidity酸雨 acid rain电导率 electric conductivity混浊度（浊度） turbidity总需氧量 total oxygen demand溶解氧 dissolved oxygen需氧量 oxygen demand生化需氧量 biochemical oxygen demand滑雪需氧量 chemical oxygen demand硬度 hardness非碳酸盐硬度（永久硬度） non－carbonate hardness 硬水 hard water浮冰 floating ice锚冰 anchor ice封冻期 freeze－up period封冻（封河） freeze－up平封 flat freeze－up立封 upright freeze－up冰盖 ice cover连底冻 grounded ice cover冰丘 ice mound封冻冰缘 ice edge of freeze－up清沟 lead初生清沟 primary lead再生清沟 secondary lead冰花路毡 sludge road felt冰上覆雪 snow cover over ice冰脊 ice ridge冰缝 crack悬冰 suspended ice cover冰堆 ice pack冰塞 ice jam冰上结冰 aufeis解冻期 break－up period冰变色 color change of ice cover冰上有水 accumulation of melt water 月中天 lunar transit引潮力 tidal generation force天文潮 astronomic tide气象潮 metorologic tide潮汐周期 tidal cycle半日潮 semidiurnal tide全日潮 diurnal tide混合潮 mixed tide大潮 spring tide小潮 neap tide中潮 moderate tide太阴月 lunar day潮期 duration of tide涨潮历时 duration of tidal rise落潮历时 duration of tidal fall潮流 tidal current涨潮流 flood tidal current落潮流 ebb tidal current憩流 slack tide潮流速 tidal velocity往复流 reversing current旋转流 rotary current潮流期 duration of tidal current涨潮流历时 duration of flood current地下水径流 groundwater runoff地下水流速 velocity of groundwater flow地下水坡度（地下水水面坡度） hydraulic gradient of groundwater 地下水等水位线图 water－table contour map 含水层 aquifer含水岩系 water－content rock series含水岩组 water－content rock formation含水岩性 water－content rock property含水介质 water－hearing medium均匀介质 homogeneous medium非均匀介质 inhomogeneous medium含水层边界 aquifer boundary透水边界 permeable boundary隔水边界 confining boundary弱透水边界 acquitted boundary透水层 permeable bed隔水层 confining bed弱透水层 acquitter水文地质参数 hydrogeological parameters渗透系数 permeability coefficient导水系数(释水系数） coefficient of transmissivity贮水系数 storativity水位传导系数（水力扩散系数）coefficient of water table conductivity压力传导系数 coefficient of pressure conductivity持水度 water－holding capacity土壤水分常数 soil moisture constants土壤吸湿系数 absorption coefficient of soil moisture凋萎系数 wilting coefficient田间持水量 field capacity毛管断裂含水量 moisture content at capillary rupture最大水分吸水量 maximum molecular moisture content零通量面法 zero flux plane method潜水 phreatic water降水入渗补给 precipitation recharge降水入渗补给系数 coefficient of precipitation recharge地表水补给 surface water recharge凝结水补给 condensation recharge侧向补给 lateral recharge越流补给 leakage recharge灌溉补给系数 irrigation recharge coefficient of groundwater 潜水蒸发 phreatic water evaporation潜水蒸发临界深度 critical depth of phreatic water evaporation 潜水溢出量 phreatic water overflow to surface潜水位 phreatic water level潜水埋深 buried depth of phreatic water level潜水含水层厚度 thickness of phreatic water aquifer内流湖 endorheic lake淡水湖 fresh lake咸水湖 salt lake盐湖 saline lake季节性湖泊 seasonal lake富营养湖泊 eutrophic lake贫营养湖泊 poornutrient lake湖流 lake current梯度流 gradient current漂流 current of friction湖浪 lake wave湖泊波漾（假湖） lake seiche湖泊增减水 lake wind denivellation湖泊资源 lake resources湖泊率 lake ratio湖泊补给系数 recharge coefficient of lake湖泊换水周期 lake residence period湖盆 lake basin湖面高程 elevation of water level in lake岛屿率 insulosity湖泊分层 lake layering正温层 direct thermal stratification逆温层 inverse thermal stratification湖泊形态参数 morphometric parameter of lake 高位沼泽（贫营养沼泽） main level mire中位沼泽（中营养沼泽） medium level mire沼泽水文 mire hydrology沼泽水量平衡 water balance of mire沼泽水 mire water沼泽蒸发 mire evaporation沼泽径流 mire runoff沼泽表面流 surface flow of mire沼泽表层流 surface layer flow of mire沼泽含水性 moistureproperty of mire沼泽持水性 water retention of mire沼泽透水性 perviousness of mire沼泽率 mire ratio冰川 glacier山地冰川（山岳冰川） mountain glacier谷冰川 valley glacier宽尾冰川 broad－tail glacier冰斗冰川 cirque glacier悬冰川 hanging glacier贯通冰川（山麓冰川） penetrating glacier冰原 ice field冰川平衡线 equilibrium line of glacier委托观测 entrust gauging水文仪器 hydrologic instrument直读仪器 direct－reading instrument自记仪器 automatic－recording instrument遥测仪器 remote telemetry unit传感器 sensor固态存贮器 solid storage计数器 counter记录器 recorder显示器 display unit平均无故障工作时间 mean time between failures 相应水位 equivalent stage水文测站 hydrometric station基本站 basic station辅助站 auxiliary station专用站 special station水文试验站 hydraulic experimental station基准水文站 bench mark hydrologic station水文气象站 hydrometeorology station巡测站 tour gauging station水文站 gauging station雨量站网 rain gauging network水面蒸发站网 water surface evaporation network水位站网 stage gauging network泥沙站网 sediment gauging network水质站网 water quality network地下水观测井网 groundwater voservation well network 站网规划 hydrologic network planning水文分区 hydrologic regionalization站网布设 network layout站网分析 network analysis站网检验 network examination站网优化 network optimization站网调整 network adjustment站网密度 network density现实密度 real density可用密度 usable density容许最稀站网 minimum network设站年限 station required age水文信息 hydrologic information水文效益 hydrologic benefit基面 datum临时水准点 temporary benchmark测验断面 measuring cross－section基本水尺断面 basic gauge cross－section流速仪测流断面 current－meter measuring cross－section 浮标测流断面 float measuring cross－section比降水尺断面 slope measuring cross－section辅助水尺断面 secondary gauging cross－section临时测流断面 temporary measuring cross－section水文缆道 hydrometric cableway悬索缆道 suspended cableway悬杆缆道 suspended rod cableway机动缆道 motorized cableway手动缆道 hand－operating cableway主索 main cable循环索 loop cable起重索 suspension cable水文缆车 hydrometric cable car吊船过河索 cableway for anchoring boat缆道测验仪 cableway measuring device水文测船 hydrometric boat水文测桥 hydrometric bridge桥测车 gauging vehicle on bridge水文巡测车 tour gauging vehicle for hygrometry雨量器 raingauge承水器 raingauge receiver量杯 measuring glass渠积雨量器 accumulative raingauge雨量计 rainfall recorder虹吸式雨量计 siphon rainfall recorder翻斗式雨量计tipping－bucket rainfall recorder长期雨量计 long－term rainfall recorder遥测雨量计 telemetering rainfall recorder测雨雷达 precipitation－monitoring radar雪量线 snow gauge雨雪量计 rain and snow recorder蒸发量 evaporation蒸发量观测 evaporation observation蒸发量折算系数 reduction coefficient of evaporation 遮挡率 screen ratio蒸发器 evaporation pan小型蒸发器（蒸发皿） small evaporation panE－601型蒸发器 evaporation pan of type E－601漂浮蒸发器 floating evaporation pan蒸发计 evaporimeter遇测蒸发计 telemetering evaporimeter钩形水尺 hook gauge最高水位水尺 crest stage gauge校核水尺 check gauge基本水尺断面 basic gauge辅助水尺断面 auxiliary gauge比降水尺断面 slope gauge临时水尺 temporary gauge水位计 stage gauge自记水位计 stage recorder浮子式水位计 float－type stage recorder压力式水位计 pressure－type stage recorder超声波水位计 ultrasonic stage recorder遥测水位计 telemetering stage recorder接触试水位计 contact－type stage recorder远传水位计 telecontrol stage recorder自记水位计台 stage recorder installation静水井 stilling well水深 depth测得水深 measured depth有效水深 effective depth相对水深 relative depth断面平均水深 mean depth at a cross－section干绳改正 air line correction湿绳改正 wet line correction测点流速 velocity measurement测速垂线 surface velocity水面流速 velocity at a point测点流速 maximum point velocity最大测点流速 velocity－measuring vertical垂线平均流速 mean velocity at a vertical部分平均流速 mean velocity at a segment断面平均流速 cross－section velocity distribution 浮标流速 point velocity coefficient中泓流速 surface velocity coefficient流速分布 velocity distribution流速梯度 velocity gradient垂线流速分布 vertical velocity distribution断面流速分布 cross－section velocity distribution 水面流速分布 surface velocity coefficient顺流 downstream flow逆流 upstream flow流速脉动 velocity pulsation中泓流速 midstream流向测量 flow－direction measurement体积法 cubature流速仪 current－meter转子式流速仪 rotating－element current－meter旋杯式流速仪 cup－type current－meter旋桨式流速仪 propeller－type current－meter电波流速仪 electric wave current－meter超声波剖面流速仪 ultrasonic profile current－meter多普勒流速仪 Doppler current－meter参证流速仪 reference current－meter流量计 flow meter文杜里水流计 Venturi flow meter毕托管 Pitot tube流速仪检定 current－meter calibration检定槽 calibration tank检定车 calibration carriage浮标 float水面浮标 surface float小浮标 small float双浮标 double float浮杆 float－rod堰顶高程 elevation of weir crest堰顶水头 weir head水工建筑物测流 flow measurement by hydraulic structure 闸门开启高度 gate opening行近河槽 approach channel行近流速 approach velocity堰流 weir flow流态 flow regime自由流 free flow淹没流 submerged flow半淹没流 half－submerged flow孔流 sluice flow射流 jet flow淹没比 submergence ratio淹没系数 submergence coefficient流速系数 velocity coefficient流量系数 discharge coefficient稀释法测流 dilution method for discharge measurement 示踪剂 tracer标准溶液 standard solution背景浓度 background concentration solution稀释比 dilution ratio推移质输沙率测验 bed load discharge measurement器策法 sampling method坑测法 pit method沙波法 dune tracking method床沙测验 bed material measurement照相法 photographic method打印法 stamp pad method床沙采样器 bed material sampler悬移质采样器 suspended sediment sampler瞬时式采样器 instantaneous sampler积时式采样器 time－integrating sampler瓶式采样器 bottled sampler皮囊式采样器 collapsible sample泵式采样器 pumping sampler调压式采样器 pressure adjustable sampler同位素测沙仪 radioisotope sediment concentration meter 光电测沙仪 photoelectric sediment concentration meter 振动式测沙仪 vibrational sediment concentration meter 推移质采样器 bed load sampler网式采样器 basket－type sampler吸管 pipet光电颗分仪 photoelectric particle size meter比重计（密度计） hydrometer泥沙沉降 sediment settling沉降速度 settling velocity平均沉速 mean settling velocity絮凝 flocculation反凝剂 defloeculant粒径 particle diameter中数粒径 median particle diameter平均粒径 mean particle diameter等容粒径 nominal diameter投影粒径 projected diameter三轴平均粒径 triaxial mean particle diameter几何平均粒径 geometric mean particle diameter筛析粒径 sieve diameter沉降粒径 settling diameter粒径组 fraction of particle size颗粒级配 grain－size distribution颗粒级配曲线 grain－size distribution curve单样颗粒级配 index sample grain－size distribution垂线平均颗粒级配 mean grain－size distribution in a vertical 对照断面 check cross－section控制断面 control cross－section消减断面 attenuation cross－section水样保存 water－sample preservation检出率 detected ratio超标率 over－limit ratio痕迹量 trace未检出 nonreadout回收率 recovery ratio溶解气体采样器 dissolved gases sampler冰情观测 ice－regime observation固定点冰厚测址 fixed－point ice thickness measurement 冰情目测 visual observation of ice regime冰情符号 ice code冰情图 ice－regime charta初冰日期 first－ice date封冰日期 freeze－up date解冻日期 break－up date终冰日期 end ice date封冻历时 freeze－up duration水浸冰厚 thickness of immersed ice敲露水面宽 open－water width冰流量 ice discharge等深点流速改正法 revised isobath－velocity method流速过程线改正法 revised velocity－hydrograph method 有效潮差 significant tidal range负波高 negative wave height水库水文测验 hygrometry of reservoir入库水量 reservoir inflow出库水量 reservoir outflow水库供水 reservoir water supply水库弃水 surplus water released frome reservoir水库渗漏量 reservoir seepage volume水库蓄水量 reservoir storage水库蓄水变量 variation of reservoir storage水库蓄水变率 rate of reservoir storage change坝上水位 stage behind dam库区水位 stage in reservoir region水库淤积测量 reservoir sedimentation survey水库淤积量 reservoir sedimentation volume地形法 method of topographic survey断面法 method of cross－section survey淤积形态 morphology of reservoir deposition淤积三角洲 sedimentation delta淤积物密度 dry density of reservoir deposition岩溶地区水文调查 hydrologic investigation in karst areas 实际地表集水面积 actual surface colleting area交换水量 exchange water沙量调查 silt－quantity investigation水质调查 water quality investigation调查区 investigation zone水文实验研究 experimental research in hydrology代表流域 representative basin实验流域 experimental basin相似流域 similar basin径流实验研究 experimental research in runoff径流场 runoff plot人工降雨装置 artificial rainfall device蒸发实验研究 experimental research in evaporation蒸发池 evaporation tank土壤蒸发器 soil evaporator蒸散器 evapotranspirometer农田蒸发器 evaporator for agricultural land蒸渗仪 lysimeter地下水均衡场 groundwater balance plot合理性检查 rational examination电算整编 processing by computer水文年鉴 water year－book测站考证 station examination站年 station year平均值 mean value极值 extreme value加权平均法 weighted mean method断流水位 stage of zero flow河干 river of zero flow水文过程线 hydrograph水文综合过程线 synthetic hydrograph等值线 isopleth分布曲线 distribution curve水文特征值 hydrologic characteristic value径流总量 total runoff径流模数 runoff modulus径流系数 runoff coefficient洪峰 flood peak洪水流量 peak discharge洪水总量 flood volume输沙量 sediment runoff输沙模数 modulus of sediment runoff水位流量关系 stage－discharge relation连时序法 chronological method绳套曲线 loop curve流量过程线法 discharge hydrograph method潮汐要素法 tidal factor relation method定潮汐要素法 constant tidal factor relation method合轴相关法 coaxial correlation method一潮推流法method of discharge computation for a singletide水位流量关系 single－valuedprocessing of stage－discharge relation关系曲线延长 extension of relation curve流率表 rating table单断沙关系index and cross－section average sediment concentration relation单断沙关系曲线法 index and cross－section aerage sediment concentration relation curve method水位单断沙比关系曲线法 stage versus ratio of index and cross －section average sediment concentration relation curve method 单断沙比过程线法hydrograph method of index and cross－section average sediment concentration ratio单样过程线法hydrograph method of index sediment concentration自由度 degree of freedom真值 true value测量值（实测值） measured value最或然值 most probable value误差 error绝对误差 absolute error相对误差 relative error插机误差（偶然误差） random error系统误差 systematic error允许误差 permissible error平均误差 mean error最大误差（极限误差） maximum error伪误差（粗差） spurious方差 variance标准差 standard deviation相对标准差 relative standard deviation离差（偏差） deviation闭合差 closure error平差 adjustment精确度（总精度） accuracy精密度 precision准确度 correctness垂线抽样误差（M型误差） measuring vertical sampling error 数据库 data base分布式数据库 distributed type data base集中式数据库 concentrated type data base网络式数据库 network type data base层次数据库 laminarization data base关系数据库 relation data base数据模型 data model关系数据模型 relation data model层次数据模型 laminarization data model网状数据模型 network data model数据量 data bulk结点 node数据处理 data processing数据存贮 data storage数据检索 data retrieval数据输入 data input数据输出 data output数据库文件 data base file水文数据库 hydrologic data base水文基本数据库 hydrologic basic data base湖泊水文预报 hydrologic firecasting of lake施工水文预报 hydrologic forecasting for construction period潮汐预报 tidal prediction泥沙预报 sediment forecasting旱情预报 soil moisture forecasting地下水动态预报 groundwater regime forecasting预见期 forecast lead time短期水文预报 short－term hydrologic forecasting中长期水文预报medium and long－term hydrologic forecasting超长期水文预报 extended long－term hydrologic forecasting 预报误差 forecast error作业预报 operational forecasting预报方案 forecast scheme评定标准 accuracy standard方案合格率 qualified ratio of scheme确定性系数 deterministic coefficient汛 seasonal flood春汛 spring flood伏汛 summer flood秋汛 autumn flood汛期 flood season防汛 flood defence报汛站 flood－reporting station报汛站网 flook－reporting network常年水情站 perennial hydrologic reporting station汛期水情站 hydrologic reporting station inflood season辅助水清站网 auxiliary hydrologic reporting network洪水警报 flood warning点雨量 point rainfall面雨量 areal rainfall泰森多边形 Thiessen polygon等雨量线法 isohyetal method产流 runoff yield蓄满产流 runoff yield at natural storage超渗产流 runoff yield in excess of infiltration产流面积 area of runoff yield地表径流（直接径流） direct runoff地面流（坡面流） surface flow of mire壤中流 prompt subsurface flow前期影响雨量 antecedent rainfall土壤缺水量 soil moisture deficit下渗能力曲线（下渗曲线） infiltration capability curve 初损 initial losses后损（后渗） continuing losses坡面汇流 overland flow concentration河网汇流（河槽汇流） river network flow concentration 地下汇流 groundwater flow concentration汇流曲线 flow concentration curve流域汇流曲线 basin flow concentration curve坡面汇流曲线 overland flow concentration curve河网汇流曲线 river network flow concentration curve 地下汇流曲线 groundwater flow concentration curve 流域汇流时间 basin flow concentration time洪峰滞时 peak time lag流域滞时 basin time lag等流滞时 isochrone单位线 unit hydrograph经验单位线 empiricat unit hydrograph综合单位线 synthetic unit hydrograph瞬时单位线 instantaneous unit hydrograph地貌瞬时单位线geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph坡地单位线 slope unit hydrograph河网单位线 river network unit hydrographS－曲线 S－curve无因次单位线 dimensionless unit hydrograph退水曲线 recession curve水文模型 hydrologic model水文物理模型（水文实体模型） hydrophysical model比尺模型 scale model比拟模型 analogue model水文数学模型 hydrologic mathematic model水文概念模型physically－based hydrologic mathematic model水文数学物理模型 deterministic hydrologic model确定性水文模型 stochastic hydrologic model分散式模型 distributed model集总式模型 lumped model线性水温模型 linear hydrologic model非线性水文模型 nonlinear hydrologic model时不变水文模型 time－invariant hydrologic model时变水文模型 time－variant hydrologic model流域水文数学模型hydrologic mathematic model of watershed模型结构 model structure模型参数 model parameter模型误差 model error模型率定 model calibration模型检验 model verification水文模拟 hydrologic simulation遥测终端机 telemetry terminal meter中继机 relay meter前置通信控制机 preset communication controller自报式系统 self－reporting system查询－应答式系统 polling－answerback system混合式系统 mix system时分制遥测系统 time－division telemetry system频分制遥测系统 frequency－division telemetry system误码率 probability of word error接受率 receiving probability数据收集平台 data collection platform水文计算（水文分析计算） hydrologic computation设计站 design station设计流域 design watershed代表站 representative station参证站 bench－mark station典型年（代表年） typicyear水文系列 hydrologic series同步系列 synchronous series系列代表性 series representativeness柱状图 histogram诺谟图 monogram输沙量计算（固体径流计算） computation of sediment runoff 水库回水计算 computation of reservoir backwater水库淤积计算 computation of reservoir sedimentation水库下游河道冲刷计算computation of degradation below reservoir溃坝洪水计算 evaluation of dam break flood感潮河段水力计算 hydraulic calculation for tidal reach水文统计 hydrologic statistics总体 population样本 sample样本容量 sample size随机变量 random variable随机系列 random series累计频率（频率） cumulative frequency经验频率 empirical frequency水文频率分布曲线（水文频率曲线）hydrologic frequency distribution curve皮尔逊分布 Pearson distribution对数正态分布 log normal distribution频率分析 frequency analysis随机模拟 stochastic simulation时间序列 time series随机水文分析 hydrologic stochastic analysis趋势项 trend term周期项 cycle term随机项 stochastic term调和分析（谐波分析） harmonic analysis潜分析 spectrum analysis噪声 noise回归分析（相关分析） regression analysis相关系数 correlation coefficient自回归分析 autoregression analysis逐步回归分析 stepwise regression analysis设计供水 design flood溢洪道设计洪水 spillway design flood分期设计洪水 stage design flood施工设计洪水 design flood for construction period校核洪水 check flood实测洪水 observed flood调查洪水 investigated flood古洪水 paleoflood坝址洪水 dam－site flood入库洪水 reservoir inflow flood分项调查法 item－by－item investigation method 降雨径流模型法 rainfall－runoff model method 蒸发差值法 evaporation difference method径流年内分配 annual distribution of runoff径流多年变化 multiyear variation of runoff丰水期 high－water period平水期 normal－water period枯水期（枯季） low－flow period丰水年 wet year平水年（中水年） normal year枯水年 dry year特枯水年 extraordinary dry year连续丰水年 continuous wet years连续枯水年 continuous dry years水文年鉴 water year设计暴雨 design storm设计雨型 design storm pattern暴雨路径 storm track暴雨时程分配 time distribution of storm暴雨地区分布 special distribution of storm暴雨参数等值线 storm parametric isoline map点面换算系数 point－area conversion coefficient 点面关系 point－area relationship定点定面关系 fixedpoint－fixed area relationship可能最大露点 probable maximum dew point暴雨移置改正 storm transposition correction流域形状改正 watershed shape correction水汽改正 moisture correction入流障碍改正 inflow obstacle correction综合改正 synthetic correction暴雨幅合分量 convergence component of storm地形增强因子 topographic increasing factor等百分数法 isopercental method可能最大洪水 probable maximum flood涝 surface water logging渍 subsurface waterlogging排涝 surface waterlogging control排渍 subsurface waterlogging control排涝规划 waterlogging control planning排涝标准 standard for waterlogging control排涝计算 computation of waterlogging control设计排涝流量 design discharge for surface drainage设计排渍流量design drainage discharge of subsurface waterlogging control设计排涝水位 design water level for surface drainage水资源危机 water resources crisis水荒 water famine水能资源（水力资源） waterpower resources河流水能资源 waterpower resources of river潮汐水能资源 tidal power resources可开发的水能资源 developable waterpower resources水资源评价 water resources assessment水资源基础评价 water resources basic assessment水量评价 water quantity assessment水质评价 water quality assessment地表水资源评价 surface water resources assessment地下水资源评价 groundwater resources assessment水资源评价指标 indexes of water resources assessment水资源总量 total amount of water resources地表水资源量 surface water resources amount地下水资源量 groundwater resources amount可利用量 utilizable water地下水可开采量 groundwater available yield可供水量 available water supply径流调节 runoff regulation综合利用水库调节（多目标水库调节）reservoir regulation for comprehensive utilization水库调洪 reservoir flood routing水库供水调节 reservoir regulation for water supply水电站径流调节 runoff regulation of hydropower regulation 水库反调节 reregulating reservoir水库群调节 multi－reservoir regulation径流调节计算 computation of runoff regulation时历法（长系列操作法） chronological series method概率法（数理统计法） probability method随机模拟法 stochastic simulation method调节周期 regulating period目标函数 objective function约束方程 constraint equation状态变量 state variable决策变量 decision variable数学规划 mathematic programming线性规划 linear programming非线性规划 nonlinear programming水库防洪调度 flood control scheduling of reservoir水库实时调度 real－time reservoir scheduling水库群调度 multi－reservoir scheduling水库预报调度 reservoir scheduling based on forecast抽水蓄能 pumped storage水沙调度 scheduling of water and sediment水环境 water environment水环境要素（水环境基质） water environment elements水环境背景值（水环境本底值）water environmental background value水生态系统 aquatic ecosystem化学径流 chemical runoff环境用水 environmental water环境水文学 environmental hydrology环境水力学 environmental hydraulics环境水化学 environmental hydrochemistry地下水超量开采 groundwater overdraft人工补给（人工回灌） artificial recharge地下水降落漏斗 groundwater depression cone化学水污染 chemical water pollution无机物水污染 water pollution by inorganic substances有机物水污染 water pollution by organic substances有毒物质水污染 water pollution by toxic substances放射性水污染 radioactive water pollution热污染 thermal pollution生物水污染 water pollution by organism富营养化 eutrophication赤潮 red tide次生水污染 secondary water pollution地下水污染 groundwater pollution水污染常规分析指标index of routine analysis for water pollution水污染遥感监测remote－sensing monitoring of water pollution污染物 pollutant污染物迁移 transport of pollutant机械迁移 physical transport物理－化学迁移 physicochemical transport人为污染源 artificial pollution source天然污染源 natural pollution source污染源调查 investigation of pollution sources污染源控制 pollution source control水质参数 water quality parameters水质模型 water quality model水温模型 water temperature model水质生物评价 biologic assessment of water quality水环境效益 water environmental effect水污染环境效应 environmental effect of water pollution水环境影响评价 water environmental impact assessment水环境保护 water environmental protection水质规划 water quality planning河流水质规划 river water quality planning水库水质规划 reservoir water quality planning水污染综合防治规划planning of comprehensive water pollution control水源保护区 protection zone of water source水质管理 water quality management水污染源管理 water pollution source management蒸发 evaporation。
地下水动力学与水力学及河流动力学
地下水动力学与水力学及河流动力学
“地下水动力学”与“水力学及河流动力学”均属于力学的分支学科。
“地下水动力学”（Groundwater Dynamics）是研究地下水在多孔介质中运动规律的科学，主要研究地下水的赋存、运动和质量传输等过程，以及与之相关的工程问题。
它涉及到地质学、物理学、数学等多个学科领域，对于地下水资源的合理开发利用、地下工程的设计和施工等具有重要意义。
“水力学及河流动力学”（Hydraulics and River Dynamics）是研究水体在流动过程中的力学行为和河流系统的动力过程的科学。
它主要关注水体的流动特性、水力学结构、河流形态、河床演变等方面，涉及到水文学、流体力学、地质学等多个学科领域。
该学科对于水利工程、防洪工程、航道工程、环境保护等领域具有重要的应用价值。
这两个学科在研究对象、方法和应用领域等方面存在一定的差异，但也有许多相互关联和交叉的地方。
在实际工程和环境问题中，往往需要综合运用这两个学科的知识和方法来解决问题。
英文河流动力学水力学Project【文章】
Relevance between Stream Barb Length and Bank Erosion Analysis Using Delft-3D Flow Model at Sawmill CreekAbstractThe Sawmill Creek is a small creak which is located in Ottawa, Canada. It generates from the south of Lester Road, flowing through several primary residential area and finally drains into Rideau River. There is a wide range of discharge and water level fluctuation taking place in sawmill creek. And the watershed of Sawmill Creek responds quickly to big rainfall events across the year. Several bends in Sawmill have witnessed notable band erosion and aquatic habitats reduction in the recent years due to high flow rate and distinct secondary flow which is towards the outer bank near the water surface and towards the inner bank near the bed at the bends. Several barbs have been constructed in two primary bends in October, 2009 and the result and following measurement show improvements in the band erosion and aquatic habitats problems. The objective of this paper is trying to study the relevance between the length of barbs and band erosion reduction effect to find the proper design plan for stream barbs and obtain the best effect of band erosion reduction and aquatic habitats protection. The three dimensional hydraulic software, Delft-3D, is applied to study the barbs effect in this paper.1. INTRODUCTION1.1. Introduction to Sawmill CreekAs It is shown in Figure1. Sawmill Creek begins in a wetland south of Lester Road, Ottawa, flows towards west and then towards north through South Keys andFigure 1. The Location and Flow Path of Sawmill Creek(Sawmill Creek 2014 Summary Report, 2014)Heron Park and finally flows into the Rideau River near the intersection of Bank Street and Riverside Drive. The total watershed of Sawmill Creek is 27.73km2 and thetotal length is approximately 11km. The surficial geology condition has a high degree of diversification, consisting of 40% sand, 29% clay 12% gravel, 9% diamicton, 6% organic deposits and 4% Paleozoic bedrock. The surficial geology in the watershed area is mainly marine clay plains with sand and rock ridges (RVCA,2008).The natural watercourse accounts for 41% of the total water course and the rest section is channelized.According to Sawmill Creek 2014 Summary Report, there were 26 aquatic species , including 4 game fish species, observed in 2014 and It is shown in Table 1.Table 1. Fish Species Observed in Sawmill Creek in 2004(Sawmill Creek 2014 Summary Report, 2014)Figure 2. The Fluctuation of Discharge and Water Surface Elevation(WSE) in One Year for 2009 (E. C. Jamieson et al.,2013)Although Sawmill Creek is one of the last free-flowing cool water streams left in the urban core of the City of Ottawa, the lower and middles reaches of the creek arehighly urbanized and the creek corridor is degraded and confined by development and transportation infrastructure (RVCA 2012).The land use in Sawmill Creek watershed includes 48% urban/rural, 16%wooded area, 12% transportation area, 11% wetland, 1% agriculture, 1% water body and 11% unclassified area. 54% of the land use was made up of residential, industrial or commercial, infrastructure and recreation. The high degree of the urbanization and quick respond to rainfall in heavy rainfall events directly causes wide range of water level fluctuation in Sawmill Creek watershed. Figure 2 shows the discharge and water surface elevation fluctuation condition across one year in Sawmill Creek.1.2 Bank Erosion in Sawmill CreekBank Erosion is a kind of flow-bank interaction change process due to strongly secondary flow when water flows in the bend. As flow approaches the bend, the flow rate near the outer band is faster than that near the inner bank, which causes the low cohesive material at the surface of the outer bank eroded and gradual sedimentation at the inner bank.Figure 3. Erosion along Sawmill Creek(Sawmill Creek 2014 Summary Report, 2014)Excessive erosion and deposition of sediment within a stream have a detrimental effect on the bank stability, channel change and aquatic habitat. And poor bank stability caused by bank erosion can make the bank become easier to be eroded. With increase in runoff during rain season in Ottawa will adjust to accommodate the additional flow, increasing stream bank erosion. Accelerated stream bank erosion is part of the process as the stream seeks to reestablish a stable size and pattern.Damaging or removing streamside vegetation to the point where it no longer provides for bank stability can cause a dramatic increase in bank erosion(Steam Notes, Volume 1 Number 2). The loss of bank vegetation is also a significant problem due to the interaction between bank failure and bank erosion, resulting in trees falling into the stream and the potential to impact in aquatic habitat and migration path. Figure 3 shows high levels of bank erosion were observed along many sections of Sawmill Creek downstream of Walkley Road. Figure 4 shows the image of bank erosion happening in one bend of Sawmill Creek.Figure 4. Erosion in One Bend of Sawmill Creek(Sawmill Creek 2014 Summary Report, 2014)1.3. Stream BarbsStream barb a type of groyne which has been used for centuries under a variety of purposes ranging from river training to stream bank protection. It is a kind of linear rock structure connected with the bank and stretching into the channel. It is typically anchored. It is one of the most reliable and economically attractive approaches for stabilizing eroding banks in incised channels. The general configuration of barbs is shown in Figure 5.As for the bend area of the small stream, 3 or 4 stream barbs are generally installed at the outer bank and parallel with each other with a spacing ranging from1m to 3m, determined by specific condition. Barbs are generally constructed out of large rock riprap, between 500 and 600mm in diameter, with additional smaller riprap (d:50~ 230mm) along the bank side slope (50% above/below bank full) upstream of each barb to provide additional protection in the area.( E.C. Jamieson et al.,2009) Spurs were spaced at roughly twice the average baseflow channel width (< 7 m) with lengths roughly 40 percent of the average width. Crests were level, 2 m wide, and 1 m above the bed, or about 60 cm above baseflow water surface elevation. Stone size ranged from 0.2 to 450 kg, with 50 to 85 percent of the stones weighing less than 36 kg (F D. Shields et al.,1998).Figure 5. Conceptual Drawing of Spurs (darker rock)(F D. Shields et al.,1998)This configuration redirects the attacking current and the primary secondary flow cell away from the outer bank towards the centre of the channel (Minor et al., 2007, Jamieson et al. accepted). Moreover, unlike other bank protection measures (e.g. riprap, concrete paving and gabion walls), stream barbs require less material and can promote vegetated stream banks, maintain deep pool habitat through the development of scour holes at barb tips and increase aquatic species diversity (Shields et al., 1998; Engelhard et al., 2004).However, Stream barbs do not address bank failure due to soil instability and Drawdown (Technical Note 23: Design of Stream Barbs, U.S, 2005).Therefore, additional work should be done before the barbs installation such as stream clean up, vegetative planting and site monitoring. The plan is to incorporate vegetative planting and other bioengineering practices during the construction phase to address these additional mechanisms of bank failure( E.C. Jamieson et al.,2009). Moreover, vegetation provides additional roughness to dissipate energy along the stream bank and enhances wildlife habitat and water quality( E.C. Jamieson et al.,2009).1.4 Target Reach InformationThe target reach of this study is a 50-m reach in Sawmill Creek, which generally consists of two small bends and receives approximately 90% of the contributing watershed area. The reach is experiencing bank erosion and mass wasting at two consecutive bends. The linear distance and area of eroding bank in the first (second) bend were 13.4m and 41.7m2 (28.0 m and 46.0 m2)(E. C. Jamieson et al., 2013).A number of large boulders dominated the morphology of the second (downstream) bend, and a riffle had formed close to the apex of the bend. (E. C. Jamieson etal.,2013) target reach was selected not only because the eroding banks indicated the presence of erosion processes but also because of relative ease of site access and lack of proximity to critical infrastructure. (E. C. Jamieson et al.,2013)The site image of the target reach and two bends are presented in figure 2.Figure 6. (A) Aerial photo of the Sawmill Creek study area; red dashed line indicates right bank and flow is from south to north. (B) Bend 1 looking upstream, and (C) outside bank of bend 2 looking downstream.( E.C.Jamieson et al., 2009)In September 2009, a series of seven stream barbs were installed to protect the two eroding outer channel banks and to serve as a demonstration project for the use of these structures in a semi-alluvial channel( E.C. Jamieson et al., 2009). Three barbs were placed in the first upstream) bend, and four barbs were placed in the proceeding(downstream) bend (labeled B4–B7) (Figures 1 and 2) ( E.C. Jamieson et al., 2009).numbered in the downstream direction. Photos taken on 9 November2009,during low flow conditions (discharge, Q~ 0.3m3/s). (E. C. Jamieson et al.,2013) 2. OBJECTIVETable 2.Barb Installation Plan In the Two Bends of Sawmill Creek(E. C. Jamieson et al.,2009)According to the barb design plan in previous study (E. C. Jamieson et al.,2009), the barb installation angle was determined due to laboratory experiments (Matsuura, T et al., 2004 and numerical modeling (Minor, B. et al,. pp1087-1095). In these experiments, which considered 90 and 135º channel bends, optimum bank protection was achieved for a series of three barbs, each with an alignment angle of 30º (E. C. Jamieson et al.,2009).However, the length of stream barbs are determined due to the USDA guidelines recommendation value which says barb lengths should not exceed one-third of the cross section top width at bank full flow but does not specify the optimum value of barb length. The barb length design in the two bends of Sawmill Creek was not taken into account in detail. It can be concluded that there may be a better barb design plan with the optimum length value.The objective of this paper is trying to study the relevance between the length of barbs and band erosion reduction effect to find the proper design plan for stream barbs and obtain the best effect of band erosion reduction and aquatic habitats protection using Delft-3D hydraulic flow model.3. METHODDelft-3D hydraulic flow model (Delft-3D-FLOW) is a unique, fully integrated computer software suite for a multi-disciplinary approach and 3D computations for coastal, river and estuarine areas. It can carry out simulations of flows, sediment transports, waves, water quality, morphological developments and ecology. It has been designed for experts and non-experts alike(Delft3D-FLOW_User_Manual, Deltares System. The Delft-3D suite is composed of several modules, grouped around a mutual interface, while being capable to interact with one another(Delft3D-FLOW_User_Manual, Deltares System. It is a multi-dimensional (2D or 3D)hydrodynamic (and transport) simulation program which calculates non-steady flow and transport phenomena that result from tidal and meteorological forcing on a rectilinear or a curvilinear, boundary fitted grid(Delft3D-FLOW_User_Manual, Deltares System).The general process is to simulate several flow conditions with different value of barb length and analyze the velocity and shear stress profile to see the differences.3.1 Grid GenerationThe Delft-3D-RGFGRID interface is used to generate splines and grids based on the channel, which is the first step of the flow simulation.Figure 8. Grid Generation A BC(A: Spline Generation; B: Change Spline into Grid; C: Orthogonalisation;D: Refinement .)The channel ichnography is obtained from the Geographic information System (GIS) which can be used to determine the land boundary in The Delft-3D-RGFGRID interface.After determining the land boundary, several splines can be drawn along the channel and perpendicular to the channel, roughly. The splines should be as smooth as possible and overlap with the channel boundary as much as possible when drawing the boundary splines.After splines are determined, grid can be generated from the splines. In order to make the grid cell uniform and smooth, orthogonalisation should be done several times until getting the optimum grid. The grid was refined two times to improve the resolution in these regions for better flow and sediment transport calculations. The first time of refinement sets the M refinement factor and N refinement factor equal to 3 and 3,and the second time equal to 2 and 2, respectively. Finally, a optimum grid with 74 points in M-direction and 14 points in N-direction is generated successfully. This process is shown in Figure 8.3.2 Bathymetry GenerationThe Delft-3D-QUICKIN interface is used to generate continuous bathymetry image based on the depth data and the gird generated previously, which is the secondstep of the flow simulation.Figure 9. Bathymetry Image B(A: Colored view; B: 3D view)The depth data are obtained from field measurement in 36 cross sections in the two bends area and several thalweg lines on the river bed. After the gird and depth data input is done, the size of gird cell can be averaged using Grid Cell Averaging function. Then, the continuous bathymetry image can be displayed through triangular interpolation and internal diffusion. The internal diffusion is used to fill the blank depth data in the channel.This process is shown in Figure 93.3 Virtual Barbs InstallationThe Delft-3D-FLOW_INPUT interface is used to simulate of flow and record the data in observation points and cross sections based on the bathymetry image and the gird generated previously, which is the third step of the flow simulation.Table 3. Channel and Flow Parameters Setting in Flow SimulationAfter the grid and bathymetry image input is done, several channel and flow parameters can be determined, which are shown in table 3. The initial water level and discharge were determined using the average value between low flow and bank full condition, which were 1m and 2.5m/s3, respectively. The open boundary condition at upstream and downstream were set as ‘Total Discharge’and ‘Water Level’, respectively.Figure 10. Three Barb Length Plans( A: Barb length is 0m; B: Barb length is1.28m; C: Barb length is2.56m) and Observation points( Blue crossing) andCross Sections (Blue line across the stream )The location of observation points and cross sections were determined as Figure 10 shows. The principle of observation site selection is to put observation sites between each barbs in order to observe the flow parameter change according to the barb length variation. 6 virtual barbs were installed at the outer bank with 3 virtual barbs at each bend using the dry point function in The Delft-3D-FLOW_INPUT interface. As it is shown in Figure 10, three Barb length plans were set as 0m, 1.28m and 2.56m, respectively. And the maximum barb length, 2.56m ,meets the requirement of USDA guidelines which recommends barb lengths should not exceed one-third of the cross section top width, 7.7m , at bank full flow condition.4. RESULTSC BA AB CFigure 11. The Horizontal Velocity Result in Three Barb Length plan( A: Barb length is 0m; B: Barb length is 1.28m; C: Barb length is 2.56m) The Delft-3D-QIUCKPLOT interface is used to output the simulation results based on the flow and channel parameters generated previously, which is the last step of the flow simulation.The horizontal velocity result in three barb length plan is shown in Figure 11.From the comparison with Figure A and Figure B, it can be seen that after barb installation, the horizontal velocity decreases along the outer bank, which proves the barb effect on reducing the bank erosion. And the horizontal velocity at the center of the channel increases slightly.The comparison with Figure B and Figure A illustrates that when barb length increases to the maximum value, the horizontal velocity along the outer bank decreases, which directly shows improvement in reducing the bank erosion. However, it also shows the horizontal velocity at the center of the channel and one of the inner bank increases dramatically. This may have a effect on the river bed erosion, resulting in the instability of aquatic habitat and migration.4. DISCUSSIONThis paper generally discusses the relevance between barb length and bank erosion reducing effect using Delft-3D software. According to the simulation result, increasing the barb length within the recommended range can reduce the horizontal velocity along the outer bank, which can further reduce the outer bank erosion effect.However, several limitation of this paper should be aware of. First, this paper choose the average water level and upstream discharge value of the low flow and bank full condition as the initial parameters in the study. More discharge and water level need be input to study the stability of long barb performance under difference flow conditions. Second, This paper choose the angle of barbs as a constant value，which is 90°,while changing the barb length. Further study needs to be done to study the relevance between barb length , barb angle and bank erosion reducing effect. Third, this study only carried out computer simulation on this subject. Lab and field experiments need to be done to determine the reliability of the experiment result.This paper provides a further thinking in the optimum barb design plan. The barb length should be taken into account when designing barbs. A proper barb length can obtain the optimum bank and habitat protection effect.5. CONCLUSION1. Increasing the barb length within the recommended range can reduce the horizontal velocity along the outer bank, which can further reduce the outer bank erosion effect.2. Increasing the barb length can also cause the increasing of horizontal velocity at the center of the channel and inner bank, which may result in erosion and instability ofaquatic habitat and migration at these location.3. Stream barb design should take the barb length into account and pay attention to the reducing and increasing effect on erosion at different channel location in order to find the optimum plan.6. REFERENCESRideau Valley Conservation Authority (RVCA). 2008. City Stream Watch Annual Report. Manotick, ON: Julia SuttonJamieson EC, Rennie CD, Townsend RD. 2009. Design of stream barbs for field scale application at Sawmill Creek, Ottawa. WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment (Proceedings of River Basin Management V, Malta, Sep. 2009) 124:281-292.Shields, F.D., Knight, S.S. & Cooper, C. M. Addition of spurs to stone toe protection for warm water fish habitat rehabilitation. J. American Water Res. Ass., 34, pp. 1427-1436, 1998.Elizabeth C. Jamieson, Matthew A. Ruta, Colin D. Rennie and Ronald D. Townsend1 Monitoring stream barb performance in a semi-alluvial meandering channel: flow field dynamics and morphology. Ecohydrology. 6, 611–626 (2013) Published online 6 February 2013 in Wiley Online Library() DOI: 10.1002/eco.1370F D. Shields, Jr., S. S. Knight, and C. M. Cooper. Addition of Spurs to Stone Toe Protection For Warm Water Fish Habitat Rehabilitation. Journal of the American Water Resources Association. V ol. 34, No.6. December 1998.pp1427-1436. Stream Barb Erosion. Stream Notes V olume 1,Number 2.The Rideau Valley Conservation, City of Ottawa, Heron Park Community Association, Ottawa Fly fishers Society, Ottawa Stewardship Council, Rideau Roundtable, National Defense HQ - Fish and Game Club, and the National Capital Commission. Sawmill Creek 2014 Summary Report. the City Stream Watch 2014 Summary Report.Minor B, Rennie CD, Townsend DR. 2007. “Barbs” for river bend bank protection: application of a three-dimensional numerical model. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 34: 1087- 1095.Engelhardtm C., Kruger, A., Sukhodolov A. A study of phytoplankton spatial distributions, flow structure and characteristics of mixing in a river reach with groynes. J. of Plankton Res., 26(11), pp. 1351-1366, 2004.Technical Note 23: Design of Stream Barbs, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Natural Resources Conservation Service, Portland Oregon, 2005.Delft3D-FLOW_User_Manual, Deltares System.。
流体动力学专业英语
流体动力学fluid dynamics 连续介质力学mechanics of continuous media 介质medium 流体质点fluid particle 无粘性流体nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid 连续介质假设continuous medium hypothesis 流体运动学fluid kinematics 水静力学hydrostatics 液体静力学hydrostatics 支配方程governing equation 伯努利方程Bernoulli equation 伯努利定理Bernonlli theorem 毕奥- 萨伐尔定律Biot-Savart law 欧拉方程Euler equation 亥姆霍兹定理Helmholtz theorem 开尔文定理Kelvin theorem 涡片vortex sheet 库塔- 茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski condition 布拉休斯解Blasius solution 达朗贝尔佯廖d'Alembert paradox 雷诺数Reynolds number 施特鲁哈尔数Strouhal number 随体导数material derivative 不可压缩流体incompressible fluid 质量守恒conservation of mass 动量守恒conservation of momentum 能量守恒conservation of energy 动量方程momentum equation 能量方程energy equation 控制体积control volume 液体静压hydrostatic pressure 涡量拟能enstrophy 压差differential pressure 流［动］ flow 流线stream line 流面stream surface 流管stream tube 迹线path, path line 流场flow field 流态flow regime流动参量flow parameter 流量flow rate, flow discharge 涡旋vortex 涡量vorticity 涡丝vortex filament 涡线vortex line 涡面vortex surface 涡层vortex layer 涡环vortex ring 涡对vortex pair 涡管vortex tube 涡街vortex street 卡门涡街Karman vortex street 马蹄涡horseshoe vortex 对流涡胞convective cell 卷筒涡胞roll cell 涡eddy 涡粘性eddy viscosity 环流circulation 环量circulation 速度环量velocity circulation 偶极子doublet, dipole 驻点stagnation point 总压［力］ total pressure 总压头total head 静压头static head总焓total enthalpy 能量输运energy transport 速度剖面velocityprofile 库埃特流Couette flow 单相流single phase flow 单组份流single-component flow 均匀流uniform flow 非均匀流nonuniformflow 二维流two-dimensional flow三维流three-dimensional flow 准定常流quasi-steady flow 非定常流unsteady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流transient flow 周期流periodicflow 振荡流oscillatory flow 分层流stratified flow 无旋流irrotationalflow 有旋流rotational flow 轴对称流axisymmetric flow 不可压缩性incompressibility 不可压缩流［动］ incompressible flow浮体floating body 定倾中心metacenter 阻力drag, resistance减阻drag reduction 表面力surfaceforce 表面张力surface tension 毛细［管］作用capillarity 来流incoming flow 自由流free stream自由流线free stream line 外流external flow 进口entrance, inlet 出口exit, outlet 扰动disturbance,perturbation 分布distribution 传播propagation 色散dispersion 弥散dispersion 附加质量addedmass ,associated mass 收缩contraction 镜象法image method无量纲参数dimensionlessparameter 几何相似geometricsimilarity 运动相似kinematicsimilarity 动力相似［性］ dynamicsimilarity 平面流plane flow 势potential 势流potential flow 速度势velocity potential 复势complexpotential 复速度complex velocity流函数stream function 源source汇sink速度［水］头velocity head 拐角流corner flow 空泡流cavity flow超空泡supercavity 超空泡流supercavity flow 空气动力学aerodynamics 低速空气动力学low-speed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学high-speed aerodynamics 气动热力学aerothermodynamics 亚声速流[ 动] subsonic flow 跨声速流[ 动] transonic flow 超声速流[ 动]supersonic flow 锥形流conical flow楔流wedge flow 叶栅流cascadeflow 非平衡流[ 动] non-equilibrium flow 细长体slenderbody 细长度slenderness 钝头体bluff body 钝体blunt body 翼型airfoil 翼弦chord 薄翼理论thin-airfoil theory 构型configuration 后缘trailing edge 迎角angle ofattack 失速stall 脱体激波detached shock wave 波阻wavedrag 诱导阻力induced drag 诱导速度induced velocity 临界雷诺数critical Reynolds number 前缘涡leading edge vortex 附着涡boundvortex 约束涡confined vortex 气动中心aerodynamic center 气动力aerodynamic force 气动噪声aerodynamic noise 气动加热aerodynamic heating 离解dissociation 地面效应ground effect气体动力学gas dynamics 稀疏波rarefaction wave 热状态方程thermal equation of state 喷管Nozzle 普朗特- 迈耶流Prandtl-Meyer flow 瑞利流Rayleigh flow 可压缩流[ 动] compressible flow 可压缩流体compressible fluid 绝热流adiabatic flow 非绝热流diabaticflow 未扰动流undisturbed flow 等熵流isentropic flow 匀熵流homoentropic flow 兰金- 于戈尼奥条件Rankine-Hugoniot condition状态方程equation of state 量热状态方程caloric equation of state 完全气体perfect gas 拉瓦尔喷管Laval nozzle 马赫角Mach angle 马赫锥Mach cone 马赫线Mach line马赫数Mach number 马赫波Machwave 当地马赫数local Machnumber 冲击波shock wave 激波shock wave 正激波normal shockwave 斜激波oblique shock wave头波bow wave 附体激波attachedshock wave 激波阵面shock front激波层shock layer 压缩波compression wave 反射reflection折射refraction 散射scattering 衍射diffraction 绕射diffraction 出口压力exit pressure 超压[ 强] over pressure 反压back pressure 爆炸explosion 爆轰detonation 缓燃deflagration 水动力学hydrodynamics 液体动力学hydrodynamics 泰勒不稳定性Taylor instability 盖斯特纳波Gerstner wave 斯托克斯波Stokes wave 瑞利数Rayleigh number 自由面free surface 波速wave speed, wave velocity 波高wave height 波列wave train 波群wave group 波能wave energy 表面波surface wave 表面张力波capillary wave 规则波regular wave 不规则波irregular wave 浅水波shallow water wave 深水波deep water wave 重力波gravity wave 椭圆余弦波cnoidal wave 潮波tidal wave 涌波surge wave 破碎波breaking wave 船波ship wave 非线性波nonlinear wave 孤立子soliton 水动[ 力] 噪声hydrodynamic noise 水击water hammer 空化cavitation 空化数cavitation number 空蚀cavitation damage 超空化流supercavitating flow 水翼hydrofoil 水力学hydraulics 洪水波flood wave 涟漪ripple 消能energy dissipation 海洋水动力学marine hydrodynamics 谢齐公式Chezy formula 欧拉数Euler number 弗劳德数Froude number 水力半径hydraulic radius 水力坡度hvdraulic slope 高度水头elevating head 水头损失head loss 水位water level 水跃hydraulic jump 含水层aquifer 排水drainage 排放量discharge 壅水曲线back water curve 压[ 强水] 头pressure head 过水断面flow cross-section 明槽流open channel flow 孔流orifice flow 无压流free surface flow 有压流pressure flow 缓流subcritical flow 急流supercritical flow 渐变流gradually varied flow 急变流rapidly varied flow 临界流critical flow 异重流density current, gravity flow堰流weir flow 掺气流aerated flow 含沙流sediment-laden stream 降水曲线dropdown curve 沉积物sediment, deposit 沉[降堆]积sedimentation, deposition 沉降速度settling velocity 流动稳定性flowstability 不稳定性instability 奥尔-索末菲方程Orr-Sommerfeld equation涡量方程vorticity equation 泊肃叶流Poiseuille flow 奥辛流Oseenflow 剪切流shear flow 粘性流[ 动]viscous flow 层流laminar flow 分离流separated flow 二次流secondary flow 近场流near fieldflow 远场流far field flow 滞止流stagnation flow 尾流wake [flow] 回流back flow 反流reverse flow 射流jet 自由射流free jet 管流pipeflow, tube flow 内流internal flow 拟序结构coherent structure 猝发过程bursting process 表观粘度apparent viscosity 运动粘性kinematic viscosity 动力粘性dynamic viscosity 泊poise 厘泊centipoise 厘沱centistoke 剪切层shear layer 次层sublayer 流动分离flow separation 层流分离laminarseparation 湍流分离turbulentseparation 分离点separation point附着点attachment point 再附reattachment 再层流化relaminarization 起动涡startingvortex 驻涡standing vortex 涡旋破碎vortex breakdown 涡旋脱落vortex shedding 压[力]降pressuredrop 压差阻力pressure drag 压力能pressure energy 型阻profiledrag 滑移速度slip velocity 无滑移条件non-slip condition 壁剪应力skin friction, frictional drag 壁剪切速度friction velocity 磨擦损失frictionloss 磨擦因子friction factor 耗散dissipation 滞后lag 相似性解similar solution 局域相似localsimilarity 气体润滑gas lubrication液体动力润滑hydrodynamiclubrication 浆体slurry 泰勒数Taylor number 纳维- 斯托克斯方程Navier-Stokes equation 牛顿流体Newtonian fluid 边界层理论boundary later theory 边界层方程boundary layer equation 边界层boundary layer 附面层boundarylayer 层流边界层laminar boundarylayer 湍流边界层turbulentboundary layer 温度边界层thermalboundary layer 边界层转捩boundary layer transition 边界层分离boundary layer separation 边界层厚度boundary layer thickness位移厚度displacement thickness动量厚度momentum thickness 能量厚度energy thickness 焓厚度enthalpy thickness 注入injection 吸出suction 泰勒涡Taylor vortex 速度亏损律velocity defect law 形状因子shape factor 测速法anemometry 粘度测定法visco[si]metry 流动显示flow visualization油烟显示oil smoke visualization 孔板流量计orifice meter 频率响应frequency response 油膜显示oilfilm visualization 阴影法shadowmethod 纹影法schlieren method烟丝法smoke wire method 丝线法tuft method 氢泡法nydrogenbubble method 相似理论similaritytheory 相似律similarity law 部分相似partial similarity 定理pitheorem, Buckingham theorem 静[ 态] 校准static calibration 动态校准dynamic calibration 风洞windtunnel 激波管shock tube 激波管风洞shock tube wind tunnel 水洞water tunnel 拖曳水池towing tank旋臂水池rotating arm basin 扩散段diffuser 测压孔pressure tap 皮托管pitot tube 普雷斯顿管preston tube斯坦顿管Stanton tube 文丘里管Venturi tubeU 形管U-tube压强计manometer 微压计micromanometer 多管压强计multiple manometer 静压管static[pressure]tube 流速计anemometer风速管Pitot- static tube 激光多普勒测速计laser Doppler anemometer,laser Doppler velocimeter 热线流速计hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计hot- film anemometer流量计flow meter 粘度计visco[si]meter 涡量计vorticity meter 传感器transducer, sensor 压强传感器pressure transducer 热敏电阻thermistor 示踪物tracer 时间线time line 脉线streak line 尺度效应scale effect 壁效应wall effect 堵塞blockage 堵寒效应blockage effect 动态响应dynamic response 响应频率response frequency 底压base pressure 菲克定律Fick law 巴塞特力Basset force 埃克特数Eckert number 格拉斯霍夫数Grashof number 努塞特数Nusselt number 普朗特数prandtl number 雷诺比拟Reynolds analogy 施密特数schmidt number 斯坦顿数Stanton number 对流convection 自由对流natural convection, free convec-tion 强迫对流forced convection 热对流heat convection 质量传递mass transfer 传质系数mass transfer coefficient 热量传递heat transfer 传热系数heat transfer coefficient 对流传热convective heat transfer 辐射传热radiative heat transfer 动量交换momentum transfer 能量传递energy transfer 传导conduction 热传导conductive heat transfer 热交换heat exchange 临界热通量critical heat flux 浓度concentration 扩散diffusion 扩散性diffusivity 扩散率diffusivity 扩散速度diffusion velocity 分子扩散molecular diffusion 沸腾boiling 蒸发evaporation 气化gasification 凝结condensation 成核nucleation 计算流体力学computational fluid mechanics 多重尺度问题multiple scale problem 伯格斯方程Burgers equation 对流扩散方程convection diffusion equationKDL方程KDV equation 修正微分方程modified differential equation 拉克斯等价定理Lax equivalence theorem 数值模拟numerical simulation 大涡模拟large eddy simulation数值粘性numerical viscosity 非线性不稳定性nonlinear instability 希尔特稳定性分析Hirt stability analysis 相容条件consistencyconditionCFL 条件Coura nt- Friedrichs-Lewy condition ,CFL condition 狄里克雷边界条件Dirichlet boundarycondition 熵条件entropy condition远场边界条件far field boundarycondition 流入边界条件inflowboundary condition无反射边界条件nonreflecting boundary condition数值边界条件numerical boundarycondition 流出边界条件outflowboundary condition冯. 诺伊曼条件von Neumanncondition近似因子分解法approximatefactorization method 人工压缩artificial compression 人工粘性artificial viscosity 边界元法boundary element method 配置方法collocation method 能量法energymethod 有限体积法finite volumemethod 流体网格法fluid in cellmethod, FLIC method 通量校正传输法flux-corrected transport method通量矢量分解法flux vector splittingmethod 伽辽金法Galerkin method积分方法integral method 标记网格法marker and cell method, MACmethod 特征线法method ofcharacteristics 直线法method oflines 矩量法moment method 多重网格法multi- grid method 板块法panel method 质点网格法particlein cell method, PIC method 质点法particle method 预估校正法predictor-corrector method 投影法projection method 准谱法pseudo-spectral method 随机选取法random choice method 激波捕捉法shock-capturing method 激波拟合法shock-fitting method 谱方法spectral method 稀疏矩阵分解法split coefficient matrix method 不定常法time-dependent method 时间分步法time splitting method变分法variational method 涡方法vortex method 隐格式implicitscheme 显格式explicit scheme 交替方向隐格式alternating directionimplicit scheme, ADI scheme 反扩散差分格式anti-diffusion differencescheme 紧差分格式compactdifference scheme 守恒差分格式conservation difference scheme 克兰克- 尼科尔森格式Crank-Nicolson scheme 杜福特- 弗兰克尔格式Dufort-Frankel scheme 指数格式exponential scheme 戈本诺夫格式Godunov scheme 高分辨率格式high resolution scheme 拉克斯-温德罗夫格式Lax-Wendroffscheme 蛙跳格式leap-frogscheme 单调差分格式monotonedifference scheme 保单调差分格式monotonicity preserving differencescheme 穆曼- 科尔格式Murman-Cole scheme 半隐格式semi-implicit scheme 斜迎风格式skew-upstream scheme 全变差下降格式total variation decreasing schemeTVD scheme 迎风格式upstreamscheme , upwind scheme 计算区域computational domain 物理区域physical domain 影响域domain ofinfluence 依赖域domain ofdependence 区域分解domaindecomposition 维数分解dimensional split 物理解physicalsolution 弱解weak solution 黎曼解算子Riemann solver 守恒型conservation form弱守恒型weak conservation form强守恒型strong conservation form散度型divergence form 贴体曲线坐标body- fitted curvilinear coordi-nates [ 自] 适应网格[self-]adaptivemesh 适应网格生成adaptive gridgeneration 自动网格生成automaticgrid generation 数值网格生成numerical grid generation 交错网格staggered mesh 网格雷诺数cellReynolds number 数植扩散numerical diffusion 数值耗散numerical dissipation 数值色散numerical dispersion 数值通量numerical flux 放大因子amplification factor 放大矩阵amplification matrix 阻尼误差damping error 离散涡discrete vortex 熵通量entropy flux 熵函数entropy function 分步法fractional step method 广义连续统力学generalized continuum mechanics 简单物质simple material 纯力学物质purely mechanical material 微分型物质material of differential type 积分型物质material of integral type 混合物组份constituents of a mixture 非协调理论incompatibility theory 微极理论micropolar theory 决定性原理principle of determinism 等存在原理principle of equipresence 局部作用原理principle of objectivity客观性原理principle of objectivity 电磁连续统理论theory of electromagnetic continuum 内时理论endochronic theory 非局部理论nonlocal theory 混合物理论theory of mixtures 里夫林- 矣里克森张量Rivlin-Ericksen tensor 声张量acoustic tensor 半向同性张量hemitropic tensor 各向同性张量isotropic tensor 应变张量strain tensor 伸缩张量stretch tensor 连续旋错continuous dislination 连续位错continuous dislocation动量矩平衡angular momentum balance余本构关系complementary constitutive relations 共旋导数co-rotational derivative, Jaumann derivative非完整分量anholonomic component 爬升效应climbing effect 协调条件compatibility condition 错综度complexity 当时构形current configuration 能量平衡energy balance 变形梯度deformation gradient 有限弹性finite elasticity 熵增entropy production 标架无差异性frame indifference 弹性势elastic potential 熵不等式entropy inequality 极分解polar decomposition 低弹性hypoelasticity 参考构形reference configuration 响应泛函response functional 动量平衡momentumbalance 奇异面singular surface贮能函数stored-energy function内部约束internal constraint 物理分量physical components 本原元primitive element 普适变形universal deformation速度梯度velocity gradient 测粘流动viscometric flow 当地导数localderivative 岩石力学rockmechanics 原始岩体应力virginrock stress构造应力tectonic stress 三轴压缩试验three-axial compression test三轴拉伸试验three-axial tensiletest 三轴试验triaxial test 岩层静态应力lithostatic stress 吕荣lugeon地压强geostatic pressure 水力劈裂hydraulic fracture 咬合[ 作用]interlocking 内禀抗剪强度intrinsicshear strength 循环抗剪强度cyclicshear strength 残余抗剪强度residual shear strength 土力学soilmechanics 孔隙比void ratio 内磨擦角angle of internal friction 休止角angle of repose 孔隙率porosity 围压ambient pressure 渗透系数coefficient of permeability [ 抗] 剪切角angle of shear resistance 渗流力seepage force 表观粘聚力apparent cohesion 粘聚力cohesion 稠度consistency 固结consolidation 主固结primaryconsolidation 次固结secondaryconsolidation固结仪consolidometer 浮升力uplift 扩容dilatancy 有效应力effective stress 絮凝[ 作用]flocculation 主动土压力active earthpressure 被动土压力passive earthpressure 土动力学soil dynamics 应力解除stress relief 次时间效应secondary time effect 贯入阻力penetration resistance 沙土液化liquefaction of sand 泥流mud flow多相流multiphase flow 马格努斯效应Magnus effect 韦伯数Webernumber 环状流annular flow 泡状流bubble flow 层状流stratified flow 平衡流equilibrium flow 二组份流two-component flow 冻结流frozenflow 均质流homogeneous flow 二相流two-phase flow 气-液流gas-liquid flow 气-固流gas-solid flow 液-气流liquid-gas flow 液-固流liquid-solid flow 液体- 蒸气流liquid-vaporflow 浓相dense phase 稀相dilutephase 连续相continuous phase 离散相dispersed phase 悬浮suspension 气力输运pneumatictransport 气泡形成bubbleformation 体密度bulk density 壅塞choking 微滴droplet 挟带entrainment 流型flow pattern 流[态] 化fluidization 界面interface 跃动速度saltation velocity 非牛顿流体力学non-Newtonian fluidmechanics非牛顿流体non-Newtonian fluid幂律流体power law fluid 拟塑性流体pseudoplastic fluid触稠流体rheopectic fluid 触变流体thixotropic fluid 粘弹性流体viscoelastic fluid 流变测量学rheometry 震凝性rheopexy 体[ 积] 粘性bulk viscosity 魏森贝格效应Weissenberg effect 流变仪rheometer 稀薄气体动力学rarefiedgas dynamics 物理化学流体力学physico-chemical hydrodynamics 空气热化学aerothermochemistry 绝对压强absolute pressure 绝对反应速率absolute reaction rate绝对温度absolute temperature 吸收系数absorption coefficient活化分子activated molecule 活化能activation energy 绝热压缩adiabatic compression绝热膨胀adiabatic expansion 绝热火焰温度adiabatic flametemperature 电弧风洞arc tunnel 原子热atomic heat 雾化atomization自燃auto-ignition 自动氧化auto-oxidation 可用能量availableenergy 缓冲作用buffer action 松密度bulk density 燃烧率burning rate燃烧速度burning velocity 接触面contact surface 烧蚀ablation 各向同性的isotropic。
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水力学、河流动力学、流体力学专业词汇Fundamental Glossary in HydraulicsHydrostatics 水静力学Hydrodynamics 水动力学Physical properties of water 水的物理性质Density 密度Specific gravity 比重Kinematic viscosity 运动粘性Absolute viscosity 动力粘性Elastic modulus 弹性模量Surface tension 表面张力Temperature 温度Isotropic (y) 各向同性Anisotropic (y) 各向异性Uniform (ity) 均匀(性) Heterogeneous (ity) 不均匀(性)Main force 主要作用力Gravity 重力Inertia force 惯性力pressure 压力(强)Drag 阻力Mass force 质量力Surface force 表面力Constitutive relationship 本构关系Stress 应力Strain 应变Deformation 变形Displacement 位移Normal 法向Tangent 切向Shear 剪力Acceleration 加速度Angular deformation 角变形Local acceleration 当地加速度convective acceleration 迁移加速度compressibility 压缩性continuity连续性Scalar 纯量vector 矢量tensor 张量magnitude 模(大小) direction 方向Divergence 散度curl 旋度gradient 梯度Source 源sink 汇Frequency 频率amplitude 振幅phase 相位resonance共振Mass conservation 质量守恒momentum conservation 动量守恒energy conservation 能量守恒Initial condition 初始条件boundary condition边界条件Ordinal differential equation 常微分方程partial differential equation 偏微分方程Convection, advection 对流diffusion 扩散dispersion 弥散decay 衰减degradation降解Flow pattern流态flow type 流型Laminar flow 层流turbulent flow 紊流Supercritical flow 急流subcritical flow 缓流critical flow临界流Rapidly varied flow急变流gradually varied flow渐变流Uniform flow 均匀流non-uniform flow 非均匀流Mainstream flow 主流wake flow 尾流Steady flow 恒定流unsteady flow 非恒定流One-dimensional flow 一维流two-dimensional flow二维流three-dimensional flow 三维流Single-phase flow 单相流double-phase flow 两相流multi-phase flow 多相流Irrotational flow 无旋流potential flow 势流rotational flow 有旋流Open channel flow 明渠流free surface flow 自由表面流(明渠流)Pipe flow 管流pressure flow 有压流Jet 射流plume 卷流(羽流) cross flow 横流Stagnation point驻点separation point分离点Coherent structure相干结构bursting猝发turbulent intensity紊动强度Boundary layer 边界层viscous sub-layer粘性底层displacement thickness排挤厚度mixing length混掺长度Flow field, current field 流场flow net 流网Submerged discharge 淹没出流unsubmerged discharge非淹没出流Renolds number雷诺数Froude number 佛汝德数Prandtl number普朗特数Courant number柯朗数Peclet 彼克雷特数dimensionless number无量纲数Streamline 流线path line迹线Vortex line 涡线vortex ring 涡环vortex street涡街Flux 通量circulation 环量vorticity 涡度Water level , water stage 水位discharge , flow-rate , flow 流量Water depth 水深velocity 流速Roughness 糙率water surface profile 水面线bed slope 底坡Velocity fluctuation 脉动流速pressure fluctuation 脉动压强Instantaneous velocity 瞬时流速mean velocity 平均流速time-averaged velocity时均流速Depth-averaged velocity 水深平均流速velocity gradient 流速梯度pressure gradient压强梯度Cross-section of flow , wet cross section 过水断面Wetted perimeter 湿周hydraulic radius水力半径Hydraulic head 水头Elevation head 位置水头piezometric head测压管水头velocity head 流速水头Head loss水头损失frictional loss 沿程损失local head loss局部损失Entrance head loss 进口水头损失exit head loss 出口水头损失bend head loss弯头水头损失Abrupt expansion head loss 突扩损失contraction head loss收缩损失Transition head loss渐变段损失Hydraulic jump 水跃hydraulic drop跌水conjugate depth共轭水深Weir堰Sharp-crested weir 尖顶堰broad-crested weir 宽顶堰practical weir实用堰Orifice 孔口nozzle管嘴Dam 坝sluice 水闸spillway溢洪道Tunnel 隧洞penstock 压力水管culvert涵洞Aqueduct 渡槽siphon pipe虹吸管Energy dissipation device 消能工Stilling basin 消力池roller bucket 消力戽Baffle pier 消力墩plunge pool 跌水池Energy dissipation by hydraulic jump底流消能Energy dissipation by surface regime面流消能Ski-jump energy dissipation 挑流消能Nappe 水舌vena-contracta收缩断面Cavitation 空化cavitation damage 空蚀Aeration 掺气Water wave 水波water hammer水锤Hydraulic and river dynamics 水力学及河流动力学Sediment 泥沙bed load 床沙suspension load 悬沙wash load 冲泻质Incipient velocity起动流速settling velocity沉速Fluvial process河床演变de">Grounder water 地下水seepage渗透permeability 渗透性Similarity[simi’læriti] theory 相似理论Hydraulic modeling水力模拟Physical modeling 物理模拟Undistorted model正态模型distorted model变态模型Similitude 相似准则similarity 相似性full scale 足尺reduced scale缩尺Fluid measurement 流动量测flow visualization 流动可视化Transducer，sensor 传感器probe探头scale 比尺flume 水槽Numerical modeling数值模拟Finite element 有限元finite difference有限差finite volume 有限体积boundary element边界元Characteristics 特征线Scheme 方法(格式) algorithm 算法turbulence model 紊流模型Large-eddy simulation 大涡模拟Grid 网格node结点time step时间步长nodal spacing 结点间距Coefficient系数parameter参数Explicit 显式implicit隐式stability 稳定性convergence收敛性robustness（坚固性）健壮性sensitivity 敏感性accuracy 精度Error误差calibration 率定verification 验证application 应用prediction 预测reproduction复演Estuary hydraulics 河口动力学Coastal hydraulics 海岸动力学Open channel hydraulics明渠水力学Wave hydrodynamics 水波动力学Groundwater Hydraulics地下水水力学regular wave 规则波irregular wave 不规则波Tide潮汐spring tide大潮neap tide小潮diurnal tide全日潮semi-diurnal tide半日潮Computational Hydraulics计算水力学Environmental Hydraulics环境水力学Eco-hydraulics 生态水力学Hydro-informatics 水利信息学Dissolved oxygen (DO) 溶解氧chemical oxygen demand(COD) 化学需氧量Biochemical oxygen demand(BOD) 生化需氧量dilution 稀释度Pollutant 污染物constituent 组分eutrophication 富营养化Hydrology水文学Flood洪水flood routing调洪演算flood peak flow洪峰流量Runoff径流precipitation降水evaporation蒸发evapotranspiration 腾发, 蒸散发。