Chapter 3 PART TWO

合集下载

英语《阅读教程》第一册答案

P35-3 1.d 2.f 3.i 4.b 5.g 6.c 7.j 8.e 9.h 10.a
P35-4 1.weather 2.slowly 3.typical 4.extreme 5.temperatures 6.storms 7.floods 8.rain 9.damage 10.worse
P53
1
1.diet 2.diet 3.fast food 4.universal 5.tacos and burrios 6.diabetes 7.low-carb diet plex carbohydrates 9.soy products 10.dairy
5) Some examples of directions from residents of the American Midwest are “Take this road here. Go straight north for two miles,” or, “Keep to the left around the curve. Then merge with Local Route 12 .”
w 7.public 8.restaurants 9.habits 10.health
Chapter 5
Part 1
5) A. family in the past
1. biometeorologists 2.atmosphere 3.rain,snow,humidity, air pressure 4.weather 5.strokes 6. sudden stopping of the heart 7.flu 8.lungs 9. emotional conditions and feelings 10. Seasonal Affective Disorder, long periods of darkness

语言学简明教程Chapter 3

3.5 Beyond the Sound Segments 超音段特征
1
3.1 Introduction
Phonology is the study of the sound patterns(systems) of language. It is concerned with the linguistic patterning of speech sounds, that is, the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns in human languages, with its primary aim being to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur. It is also called phonemics.
Chapter 3 Phonology: Sound Patterns (音位/音系学): 3.1 Introduction
3. 2 The Distinctive Sounds of Language
3.3 Minimal pair (最小对立体) 3.4 Some rules of phonology
For example, the words “pan” and “ban” differ only in the initial sound: „pan‟ beg with /b/. Therefore, /p/and /b/ are phonemes in English. The number of phonemes varies from one language to another. English 6 is often considered to have 44 phonemes.

二语习得引论读书笔记chapter3

主要研究成果I.The nature of languageII.Early approaches to SLA1.Contrastive Analysis (CA)1). as a beginning of the survey:aspects of its procedures are still incorporated in more recent approaches.It introduced the influence of L1 on L2 (Chomsky)2). CA: an approach to the study of SLA which involves predicting and explaininglearner problems based on a comparison of L1 and L2 to determine similarities and differences.(Based on idealized linguistic structures attributed to native speakers of L1 and L2)3). influenced by Structuralism and Behaviorism.4). Goal of CA was primarily pedagogical in nature: to increase efficiency in L2teaching and testing.5). Process:Describing L1 and L2 at different levelAnalyzing comparable segment of the language for elements that may cause problems6). Assessment:Cannot explain the logical problem of language learning (how learners knowmore than they’ve heard and been taught)Not always validated by evidence from actual learner errors.Stimulated the preparation of comparative grammarIts analytic procedures have been usefully applied to descriptive studies and to translation2.Error analysis (EA)1). EA: the first approach to the study of SLA which includes an internal focus onlearner’s creative ability to construct language.(based on the description and analysis of actual learner errors in L2)2). CA f EAPredictions by CA not always correct; many real learner errors are nottransferred from L1Focus on surface-level forms and patterns f underlying rules Behaviorism fmentalism (emphasis on the innate capacity) Teaching concerns as motivationI3). Procedures for analyzing learner errors:Collection of a sample of learner languageIdentification of errorsDescription of errorsExplanation of errorsEvaluation of errors4). ShortcomingsAmbiguity in classificationLack of positive dataPotential for avoidance3.Interlanguage (IL)1). IL refers to the intermediate states (interim grammars) of a learner’s languageas it moves toward the target L2.2). Characteristics:SystematicDynamicVariableReduced system, both in form and function3). Differences between SLA and L1 acquisition by childrenLanguage transfer from L1 to L2Transfer of training, or how the L2 is taughtStrategies of 2nd language learningOvergeneralization of the target language linguistic materials4). L1 as fossilization for L2 learners:Fossilization: the probability that they 'll cease their IL development in somerespects before they reach target language norms, in spite of continuing L2input and passage time.Relates to: the age of learning; social identity; communicative need.4.Morpheme order studies1). Refers to：a n important Q in the study of SLA, whether there is a naturalorder (or universal sequence) in the grammatical development of L2 learners.2). Inflection: it adds one or more units of meaning to the base form of a word, togive it a more specific meaning. (plural nouns, past tense etc.)3). The order of morpheme acquisition reported was similar in L1 and L2It supports an Identity Hypothesis (L1=L2): that processes involved in L1 and L2 acquisition are the same.4). The concept of natural order remains very important for understanding SLA.(both from linguistic and cognitive approaches)5.Monitor model1). One of the last of the early approaches which has an internal focus in theMonitor Model.(Stephen Krashen)2). It explicitly and essentially adopts the notion of a language acquisition device(LAD) (Chomsky used for children’s innate knowledge of language)3). Krashen’s approach: 5 hypotheses6.Consensus:1). What is being acquired in SLA is a “rule0governed” language systems2). How SLA take place involves creative mental processes.3). Why some learners are more (less) successful in SLA than others relates primarilyto the age of the learner.m. Universal Grammar (UG)1.UG (Chomsky): what all languages have in common.1). Two important conceptslinguistic competence (speaker-hearers’ underlying knowledge of language)needs to be accounted for LAsuch knowledge of language > what could be learned from the input. (the logic problem of language learning/ the poverty-of-the stimulus argument)2). The nature of speaker-hearers’ competence in native language can beexplained only by innate knowledge that human genetically endowed with.3). The innate knowledge is in the language facultyLanguage faculty: a component of the human mind, physically represented inthe brain and part of the biological endowment of the species.2.Principles and Parameters1). With Chomsky’s reconceptualization of UG in the Principles and Parametersframework [often called the Government and Binding (GB) model] and thesubsequent introduction of the Minimalist program, there came a new ideaabout the acquisition process.2). UG has been conceptualized as a set of principles which are properties of alllanguages in the world.Some of these principles contain parameters3). What is acquired in L1 acquisition (not UG itself):LA includes a process of selecting among the limited parametric options in UGthat match the settings which are encountered in linguistic input.4). How acquisition occurs for children:natural; instinctive; internal to the cognitive system5). Why some learners are more successful:Irrelevant with L1 acquisition, for all native speakers attain essentially the same final state. (For SLA, attitudes; motivation and social context matters)1.Functional approach1). Based on: the framework of Functionalism2). Characteristics of functional approaches to SLAFocus on the use of language in real situations (performance) and underlyingknowledge (competence)Assumption: purpose of language is communication; LA and SLA requirecommunicative useConcern about the sentence, discourse structure, how language is used ininteraction; include aspects of communication beyond language Systemic linguistics Systemic linguistics is a model for analyzing language in terms of the interrelated systems of choices that are available for expressing meaning.“language acquisition needs to be seen as the mastery of linguistic functions”3). What language learners acquire: meaning potential4). Process of acquisition:mastering certain basic functions of language developing a meaning potentialfor each5). pragmatic functions development in L1 acquisition: instrumental f regulatoryf interactional f personal f heuristic f imagination^ representational6). linguistic structures: directly reflections of the functions that language serves;related to the social and personal needs2.Functional Typology1). Based on: the comparative study of a wide range of the world’s language2). Goal: to describe patterns of similarities and differences among languages; todetermine which types and patterns occur more/less frequently or are universal in distribution.3). Application: why some L2 constructions are more/less difficult than others forL2 learners to acquire; for the selectivety of crosslinguistic influence or transfer4). important concept: markedness (deals with whether any specific feature oflanguage is marked or unmarked)5)In SLA, unmarked elements are easier to master than marked ones.6). Compared with CA:Functional typology goes beyond the surface-level structural (CA) to moreabstract patterns, principles and constraints;the Markedness Differential Hypothesis7). implications:some aspects of some languages are more difficultwhy some types and patterns of features are more/less frequent in native and2nd language (factors: perceptual salience, ease of cognitive processing,physical constraints, communicative needs)3.Function-to-form mapping1). Basic concept: L1 and L2 acquisition involves a process of grammaticalization.2). Grammaticalization: a grammatical function is first conveyed by sharedextralinguistic knowledge and inferencing based on the context of discourse,then by a lexical word, and only later by a grammatical marker.Driven by: communicative need and use.Related to : the development of more efficient cognitive process3). Pragmatic mode: a style of expressing meaning which relies more on context.Syntactic mode: a style which relies more on formal grammatical element4). According to function-to-mapping approach, LA importantly involves developinglinguistic forms to fulfill semantic or pragmatic functions.rmation organization1). Focus on: utterance structure (the way learners put their words together.)2). Includes:describing the structures of interlanguage (learner varieties)disc overing what organizational principles guide learners’ production at various stages of developmentanalyzing how these principles interact with one another.3). European Science Foundation (ESF) projectdevelopmental levels: in this study, no matter what their L1 and L2, thelearners go through a remarkably similar sequence of development in theirinterlanguage.organizing principles:*there is a limited set of principles (phrasal constraints; semanticconstraints; pragmatic constraints) which learners make use of fororganizing information.*Individual variation: how the principles apply in their L1 and influence the interlanguage use.。

Chapter_3收购、兼并和重组课后题目解析

Jimmy Johnson
—
Exhibit 1: Course Layout: Mergers, Acquisitions, and Other Restructuring Activities
Part I: M&A Environment
Part II: M&A Process
Part III: M&A Valuation and Modeling
Ch. 6: M&A Postclosing Integration
Ch. 9: Financial Modeling Techniques
Ch. 13: Financing the Deal
Ch. 17: Bankruptcy and Liquidation
Ch. 10: Private Company Valuation
Factors Affecting Corporate Governance: Market Model Perspective
External to Firm Legislation: 1933-34 Securities Acts Dodd-Frank Act of 2010 Sherman Anti-Trust Act External to Firm Regulators: SEC Justice Department FTC Internal to Firm Board of Directors Management Internal Controls Incentive Systems Corporate Culture & Values Takeover Defenses Bond Covenants External to Firm Institutional Activism: Pension Funds (Calpers) Mutual Funds Hedge Funds External to Firm Market for Corporate Control: Proxy Contests Hostile Takeovers

语言学复习重点Chapter 3

Chapter Three ——Morphology(形态学）Morphology: the study of word-formation, or the internal structure of words, or the rules by which words are formed.Word is a minimal free form with a unity of sound and meaning.The classification of words ：1、variableand invariable words（可变化词和不变词）Variable words are those words which can take inflective endings;E.g write, writes, writing, wrote, written; cat, cats.invariable words are those that cannot.E.g since, when, seldom, through, etc.2、grammatical and lexical words(语法词和词汇词)词汇词也即实词，又译作notional/content word ;语法词也即虚词，又称function/form word 功能词/形式词3、c1osed- class and open-class words (封闭类词和开放类词)According to their membership:c1osed- class and open-class words (封闭类词和开放类词)An close class is one whose membership is in principle fixed or limited. （封闭类：连介代冠）An open class is one whose membership is in principle indefinite or unlimited. (开放类：名动形副数叹)一、Morph Morpheme AllomorphMorph:The phonological and orthographic forms that represent morpheme are called morphs.[swi:t]{sweet}SweetMorpheme：The smallest unit of language.It can be represented as1-morpheme un-,-ish,-s.-ed1-morpheme word boy,desire2-morpheme wordboy+ish, desir(e)+ableAllomorphA morpheme may be represented by different forms, called allomorphs.im possible{in} in convenientir regular tax.il logical-s [-s] book books{plural} -es [-iz] box boxes-i [-ai] mouse miceConclusion:All the allomorphs should have the same meaning.All the allomorphs should be in complementary distribution.The allomorphs with the same meaning should function the same in the language grammar structure.二、Classification of morpheme1、Free vs. Bound morphemesFree morphemes: those that may constitute words by themselves,e.g. boy, girl, table, nation.Bound morphemes: those that cannot occur alone,e.g. -s, -ed, dis-, un-.Root: the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity, i.e. it is that part of the word left when all the affixes are removed.e.g. Dislike, impolite, production,Membership, carelessnessfriend as in unfriendliness.Root may befree: those that can stand by themselves,e.g. black+board; nation+-al; orbound: those that cannot stand by themselves,e.g. -ceive in receive, perceive, conceive.Affix: the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. Normally divided intoprefix (dis-, un-) andsuffix (-en, -ify).Base: a morpheme to which an affix is added,e.g.friend root > basefriendly root/base + suffix > baseunfriendly prefix + base > baseStem: a morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix may be added,e.g. friend+-s;friendship swrite+-ing,possibility+-es.Note:A stem can be equivalent to a root.A stem may contain a root and aderivational affix.2、Derivational vs Inflectional morphemeInflection indicates:case and number of nouns,tense and aspect of verbs,degree of adjectives or adverbs.Derivation: combination of a base and an affix to form a new word, e.g. friend+-ly > friendly.三、Word-formationCompoundingAffixationOther formation1、CompoundingTwo or more free roots combine to make a new word.✧Noun compounds: daybreak, playboy, haircut, windmill✧Verb compounds: brainstorm, lipread, babysit✧Adjective compounds: gray-haired, insect-eating, dutyfree✧Preposition compounds: into, throughoutEndocentric& exocentricEndocentric: one element serves as the head, the relationship of “a kind of”; e.g. self-control: a kind of controlarmchair: a kind of chairExocentric: there is no head, so not a relationship of “a kind of something”, e.g. scarecrow: not a kind of crowbreakneck: not a kind of neckWritten forms of compoundsSolid: blackboard, teapot, bodyguardHyphenated: wedding-ring, wave-lengthOpen: coffee table, washing machineFree variation:businessman, business-man, business manwinebottle, wine-bottle, wine bottleno one, no-one, noone2、Affixation✧Nominal forms: boys, boy’s✧Verb forms: wants, wanted, wanting✧Adjective/adverb forms: smaller, smallest3、DerivationClass-changing:✧N>V: lengthen, hospitalize, discard✧N>A: friendly, delightful, speechless✧V>N: worker, employee, inhabitant✧V>A: acceptable, adorable✧A>N: rapidness, rapidity✧A>V: deafen, sweeten✧Adj>Adv: exactly, quickly4、Other formations:1）Blendingtransfer+resistor>transistorsmoke+fog>smog2）Acronym①AIDS, Aids: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome②ASAP: as soon as possible3）Abbreviation/InitialismAI: artificial intelligencea.s.a.p.: as soon as possibleECU: European Currency Unit4）ClippingBack-clippings: ad(vertisement), chimp(anzee), deli(catessen), exam(ination), hippo(potamus), lab(oratory), piano(forte), reg(ulation)sFore-clippings: (ham)burger, (omni)bus, (violin)cello, (heli)copter, (alli)gator, (tele)phone, (earth)quakeFore-and-aft clippings: (de)tec(tive)5）Back-formationdiagnose < diagnosisenthuse < enthusiasmlaze < lazy6）Invention/CoinageMostly brand names:Kodak, Coke, nylon, Band-aid, Xerox, LycraCoca-cola, Orlon and Dacron7)BorrowingFrench: administration, parliament, public, court, crime, judge, army, enemy, Greek: catastrophe, cosmos, criterion, idiosyncrasySpanish and Portuguese: banana, barbecue, cafeteria, cargo, chocolate,8)Conversion 转换e.g. to butter the bread, take a look, empty a box, up the price9）Eponymsare words that originate from proper names of individuals or places.e.g. Sandwich (originating from the fourth Earl of Sandwich, who put his food between two slices of bread so that he could eat while gambling)ExerciseI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.1. A morpheme must convey a lexical meaning.2. All words can be said to contain a root morpheme.3. Free morphemes can be further classified into inflectional and derivational morphemes.4. All words have morphs but not necessarily allomorphs.5. The word “modernizations”is made up of three morphemes.6. Derivational morphemes never change the class of the words to which they are attached.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with a proper word.Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the ___ ___ of words and the____ by which words are formed.[-t], [-d], and [-id] are ___of the morpheme –ed.“Careless”is the __ of the word “carelessness”.__ affixes,__affixes, and __roots are all bound morphemes.III. Questions1. Analyze and then tell how many morphemes each of the following words contain. unselfishness, justifiable, sporting2. What constitutes the internal structure of words?3. List the allomorphs of the morpheme plural.。

物理专业英语名词解释

part one mechanics力学chapter 1 kinematics—uniformly accelerated motion运动学，匀加速运动frame of reference: 参照系position vector and displacement 位置向量和位移speedvelocity 速度instantaneous velocity瞬时速度velocity components速度分量acceleration 加速度graphical interpretation图像释义uniformly accelerated motion along a straight line 匀加速直线运动acceleration due to gravity (g) 重力加速度projectile problems落体问题relative motion相对运动chapter 2 dynamics-- newton's laws of motion动力学- 牛顿运动定律general properties of forces in mechanics:力的基本性质1 the law of universal gravitation万有引力定律2the weight 重量3 the tensile force 拉力4 the normal force 法向力5 the friction force 摩擦力6 dimensional analysis三维分析chapter 3 equilibrium平衡concurrent forces共点力are forces whose lines of action all pass through a common point. the forces acting on a point object are concurrent because they all pass through the same point, the point object.equilibrium 平衡rigid body刚体the torque (or moment) 转矩或力矩the two conditions for equilibrium 平衡的两个条件the center of gravity 重心axis轴chapter 4 work and energy功和能kinetic energy (ke) 动能conservative force保守力⑵gravitational (weight) potential energy (peg) 重力（重量）势能⑵elastic potential energy 弹性势能the efficiency 效率chapter 5 impulse and momentumthe linear momentum 冲量与动量an impulse 冲量collisions and explosions碰撞和爆炸a perfectly elastic collision 完全弹性碰撞coefficient of restitution恢复系数the center of mass重心chapter 6 rotation转动the angular speed 角速度the angular acceleration 角加速度tangential 【数】切线;正切centripetal acceleration ( )加速度the centripetal force 向心力chapter 7 rigid-body rotation刚体转动the moment of inertia 转动惯量parallel-axis theorem平行轴定理chapter 8 elasticity弹性elasticity弹性;弹力the stress 【物】应力[u][c]strain 应变the elastic limit弹性极限the shear modulus 切变模量standard atmospheric pressure标准大气压the hydrostatic pressure静水压力equation of continuity连续性方程the viscosity 粘度spring弹簧a restoring force 恢复力simple harmonic motion 简谐运动vibratory motion 振动运动the period ( ) 【数】循环节;周期the frequency ( ) 频率the elastic potential energy 弹性势能the simple pendulum 单摆chapter 11 wave motion波动a propagating wave 波传播wave terminology波术语in-phase vibrations同相振动standing waves驻波conditions for resonance共振的条件longitudinal (compressional) waves 纵向（挤压）波chapter 12 sound声音the intensey （i）强度loudness 响度beats节拍doppler effect 多普勒效应interference effects 干扰效应part two thermodynamics热力学chapter 1 the kinetic theory of gases第1章气体动力学理论avogadro's number ( ) 阿伏伽德罗数（）the root mean square speed根均方速度the absolute temperature绝对温度the mean free path (m.f.p.) 平均自由程（m.f.p.）the equipartition theorem of energy 能量均分定理ideal gas law理想气体定律heat 热the internal energy 内部能量an isobaric process is a process carried out at constant pressure. 等压过程是恒压进行的过程。

chapter03part01recommendation推荐系统.ppt

Recommender Systems
How do you know you can trust somebody’s recommendation?
Because experience has taught you? Because critic is trusted source of info? Because a friend/expert likes movies/novels/
Problems Cold-start: at initial stage, users can not get good recommendations Scalability Sparsity Users with different opinion or unusual taste may not get good recommendations
food you like? ???
Applications:
Book Recommender
Red Mars
Found ation
Jurassic Park
Lost World
2001
Difference Engine
Machine Lea User-Based
high correlation
like
A
B
C
Use user-item preferences
Explicit user ratings, transaction data
1. Find highly correlated users
Pearson correlation between user rating data
ru, j wa,u Pa, j uU wa,u ,

跨文化交际Chapter3

Tea Ceremony
• High-Context Cultures • Japanese • Chinese • Korean • African American • Native American • Arab • Greek • Latin • Italian • English • French • American • Scandinavian • German • German-Swiss • Low-Context Cultures
1) = Human nature orientation 2) = Man-nature orientation 3) = Time orientation 4) = Activity orientation 5) = Social orientation
人性取向人天取向时间取向行为取向人际取向
Chapter 3
Fundamental theories of intercultural communication
How to classify different cultures?
Culture patterns
Kluckhohn’s Value Orientation
Hofstede’s Dimensions of Cultural Variability Individualism vs. Collectivism Uncertainty Avoidance
• • • • • 1) What is the character of innate human nature? 2) What is the relation of man to nature? 3) What is the temporal focus? 4) What is the mode of human activity? 5) What is the mode of human relationship?

语言学chapter3课后答案

语⾔学chapter3课后答案Chapter 3Revision exercises reference1.Divide the following words into their separate morphemes by placing a “+”between each morpheme and the next:a. micro + film e. tele + com + muni + cat + ionb. be + draggle + d f. fore + fatherc. announce + ment g. psycho + physicsd. pre + digest + ion h. mechan + ist2.Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning and specify the typesof stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.suffix: -mentmeaning: added to some verbs to form nouns that refer to actions, processes, or statesstem type: added to verbsexample: statement, “something you say or write, especially publicly or officially, to let people know your intentions or opinions, or to record facts” enjoyment, “the feeling of pleasure you get from having or doing something, or something you enjoy doing”suffix: -nessmeaning: added to adjectives to form nouns which often refer to a state or quality stem type: added to adjective example: happiness, “the state of being happy”Kindness, “kind behavior towards someone”suffix: -shipmeaning: added to some nouns to form nouns which often denote a state, status, or skillsstem type: added to nounsexample: friendship, “a relationship between friends”readership, “all the people who read a particular newspaper ormagazine regularly”3.Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify thetypes of stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least two examples of each.in-: when added to adjectives, it means not; when added to nouns, it means without, lack of; it can also be spelt as il- before l, im- before b, m, p, and ir- before r. e.g.inability inaccuracy inaction inconsistencyinconvenience indeterminacy indiscretion inequityinhuman inapt infrequent infiniteingenuous infiltrate inhospitable immuneimmortal imperceptible imperfectde-: This prefix can form verbs and their derivatives meaning down, away; when added to the verb and their derivatives, it denotes removal or reversal. e.g.decaf decipher decolour descenddebase deform defrost defocusdegrade debrief debug deactivatedehydrate defoliate delimit dematerialize re-: This prefix means 1) once more, afresh, anew as in the world reaccustom; 2) returning to a previous state as in restore; or 3) in return, mutually as in react etc.E.g.recap reanimate rearm reassemblereassessing reattach reapply reappear Note: There is an exception to the rule when the word to which re- attaches begins with e. In this case a hyphen is often inserted for clarity, e.g. re-examine, re-enter, re-enact. A hyphen is sometimes also used where the world formed with the prefix would be identical to an already existing words, e.g. re-cover (meaning cover again), nor recover (meaning getting better in health).4.The Italicized part in each of the following sentences is an inflectionalmorpheme. Study each inflectional morpheme carefully and point out its grammatical meaning.●Sue moves in high-society circles in London.-s, third person singular, present simple tense● A traffic warden asked John to move his car.-ed, past tense●The club has moved to Friday, February 22nd.has -ed, present perfect●The branches of the trees are moving back and forth.are + v-ing, present continuous (plural).5.Determine whether the words in each of the following groups are related toone another by processes of inflection or derivation.a)go, goes, going, gone (inflection)●go, the root form●go + -es, present participle●go + -ing, present participle●gone, past participleb)discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverability (derivation)●dis-, prefix ( added to the nouns to form verbs) meaning reversal●-y, suffix (added after the verbs form nouns) denoting a state or an actionor its result●-er, a noun suffix added to the verbs, meaning a person or thing thatperforms a specified action or activity●-able, an adjective suffix added to the verbs meaning able to be●-ability, a noun suffix, or a derivative suffix of -able. It can also spell as-ibility, meaning having the quality as in manageability (可处理性) and suitability (适合性).c)inventor, inventor`s, inventors, inventors` (a mixture of inflection or derivation)●derivation: invent + -or●inflection: inventor`s, inventors`, `s indicating possessive cased)democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize (derivation)●-cy, added to the nouns ending with t to form another noun denoting astate governed in such a way●-ic, an adjective suffix, added to the nouns to form adjectives meaningrelated to or in resemblance with...●-ize, a suffix added to the nouns to form verbs denoting the conversion,or transforming.6.The following sentences contain both derivational and inflectional affixes. Underline all of the derivational affixes and circle the inflectional affixes.a)b)c)d)e)The strongest rower continued.f)g)h)Supplementary ExercisesI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.2.Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.3.Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.4.Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.5.Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.6.Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while thesecond element receives secondary stress.II. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:7.M ____ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.8.The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a g____ meaning.9.D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.10.C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words tocreate new words.11.The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form anew word are called m___________ rules.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:12.The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme13.The compound word “bookstore” is the place wh ere books are sold. Thisindicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.14.The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part ofspeech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements.15._______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combinedwith other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words16.The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semanticIV. Answer the following question(s):17.Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.。

骨科翻译

Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics（the 10th edition）(坎贝尔骨科手术学,第十版)ContentsVolume OnePART I GENERAL PRINCIPLES（普遍原则）Chapter 1. Surgical Techniques and Approaches(外科技术及入路)Chapter 2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Orthopaedics（磁共振成像在骨科的应用）PART II ARTHRODESIS（关节融合术）Chapter 3. Arthrodesis of Ankle, Knee, and Hip（踝关节、膝关节、髋关节融合术）Chapter 4. Arthrodesis of Shoulder, Elbow, and Wrist（肩关节、肘关节、腕关节融合术）PART III ARTHROPLASTY（关节成形术）Chapter 5. Introduction and Overview（引言与综述）Chapter 6. Arthroplasty of Ankle and Knee（踝关节与膝关节的成形术）Chapter 7. Arthroplasty of Hip（髋关节成形术）Chapter 8. Arthroplasty of Shoulder and Elbow（肩关节、肘关节成形术）PART IV AMPUTATIONS（截肢术）Chapter 9. General Principles of Amputations（截肢总论）Chapter 10. Amputations About Foot（足部截肢）Chapter 11. Amputations of Lower Extremity（下肢截肢）Chapter 12. Amputations of Hip and Pelvis（髋关节及骨盆截肢）Chapter 13. Amputations of Upper Extremity（上肢截肢）Chapter 14. Amputations of Hand（手部截肢）PART V INFECTIONS（感染）Chapter 15. General Principles of Infection（感染总论）Chapter 16. Osteomyelitis（骨髓炎）Chapter 17. Infectious Arthritis（感染性关节炎）Chapter 18. Tuberculosis and Other Unusual Infections（结核及其它少见感染）PART VI TUMORS（肿瘤）Chapter 19. General Principles of Tumors（肿瘤总论）Chapter 20. Benign Tumors of Bone（良性骨肿瘤）Chapter 21. Benign (Occasionally Aggressive) Tumors of Bone（良性（偶为恶性））的骨肿瘤Chapter 22. Malignant Tumors of Bone（恶性骨肿瘤）Chapter 23. Soft Tissue Tumors and Nonneoplastic Conditions Simulating Bone Tumors（软组织肿瘤及与肿瘤相似的非肿瘤性疾病）PART VII NONTRAUMATIC SOFT TISSUE DISORDERS（非创伤性软组织异常）Chapter 24. Nontraumatic Soft Tissue Disorders（非创伤性软组织异常）Chapter 25. Miscellaneous Nontraumatic Disorders（各种非创伤性异常）Volume TwoPART VIII CONGENITAL ANOMALIES（先天性畸形）Chapter 26. Congenital Anomalies of Lower Extremity（先天性下肢畸形）Chapter 27. Congenital and Developmental Anomalies of Hip and Pelvis（先天性和发育性髋关节及骨盆畸Chapter 28. Congenital Anomalies of Trunk and Upper Extremity（上肢与躯干部先天性畸形）PART IX OSTEOCHONDROSIS（骨软骨病）Chapter 29. Osteochondrosis or Epiphysitis and Other Miscellaneous Affections（骨软骨病、骨骺炎和其它病变）PART X NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS IN CHILDREN（儿童神经系统异常）Chapter 30. Cerebral Palsy（脑瘫）Chapter 31. Paralytic Disorders（麻痹性疾病）Chapter 32. Neuromuscular Disorders（神经肌肉疾病）PART XI FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS IN CHILDREN（儿童骨折脱位）Chapter 33. Fractures and Dislocations in Children（儿童骨折脱位）PART XII THE SPINE（脊柱）Chapter 34. Spinal Anatomy and Surgical Approaches（脊柱解剖及手术入路）Chapter 35. Fractures, Dislocations, and Fracture-Dislocations of Spine（脊柱的骨折、脱位与骨折－脱位）Chapter 36. Arthrodesis of Spine（脊柱融合术）Chapter 37. Pediatric Cervical Spine（儿童颈椎）Chapter 38. Scoliosis and Kyphosis（脊柱侧弯与驼背）Chapter 39. Lower Back Pain and Disorders of Intervertebral Discs（下腰痛与椎间盘疾病）Chapter 40. Infections of Spine（脊柱感染）Chapter 41. Other Disorders of Spine（其它脊柱疾病）Volume ThreePART XIII SPORTS MEDICINE（运动医学）Chapter 42. Ankle Injuries（踝关节损伤）Chapter 43. Knee Injuries（膝关节损伤）Chapter 44. Shoulder and Elbow Injuries（肩关节与肘关节损伤）Chapter 45. Recurrent Dislocations（复发性脱位）Chapter 46. Traumatic Disorders（创伤性疾病）PART XIV ARTHROSCOPY（关节镜）Chapter 47. General Principles of Arthroscopy（关节镜总论）Chapter 48. Arthroscopy of Lower Extremity（下肢关节镜）Chapter 49. Arthroscopy of Upper Extremity（上肢关节镜）PART XV FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS（骨折与脱位）Chapter 50. General Principles of Fracture Treatment（骨折治疗总论）Chapter 51. Fractures of Lower Extremity（下肢骨折）Chapter 52. Fractures of Hip（髋部骨折）Chapter 53. Fractures of Acetabulum and Pelvis（髋臼与骨盆骨折）Chapter 54. Fractures of Shoulder, Arm, and Forearm（肩部、上臂、前臂骨折）Chapter 55. Malunited Fractures（骨折畸形愈合）Chapter 56. Delayed Union and Nonunion of Fractures（骨折延迟愈合和骨不连）Chapter 57. Acute Dislocations（急性脱位）Chapter 58. Old Unreduced Dislocations（陈旧性未复位的脱位）Volume FourPART XVI PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURIES（外周神经损伤）Chapter 59. Peripheral Nerve Injuries（外周神经损伤）PART XVII MICROSURGERY（显微外科）Chapter 60. Microsurgery（显微外科）PART XVIII THE HAND（手）Chapter 61. Basic Surgical Technique and Aftercare（基本外科手术技术和术后处理）Chapter 62. Acute Hand Injuries（急性手外伤）Chapter 63. Flexor and Extensor Tendon Injuries（屈肌腱、伸肌腱损伤）Chapter 64. Fractures, Dislocations, and Ligamentous Injuries（骨折、脱位和韧带损伤）Chapter 65. Nerve Injuries（神经损伤）Chapter 66. Wrist Disorders（腕关节疾病）Chapter 67. Special Hand Disorders（特殊手部疾病）Chapter 68. Paralytic Hand（瘫痪手）Chapter 69. Cerebral Palsy of the Hand（脑瘫手）Chapter 70. Arthritic Hand（手部关节炎）Chapter 71. Compartment Syndromes and Volkmann Contracture（筋膜间室综合征与Volkmann挛缩）Chapter 72. Dupuytren Contracture（Dupuytren 挛缩）Chapter 73. Carpal Tunnel, Ulnar Tunnel, and Stenosing Tenosynovitis（腕管综合征、尺管综合征和狭窄性腱鞘炎）Chapter 74. Tumors and Tumorous Conditions of Hand（手部肿瘤与瘤样疾病）Chapter 75. Hand Infections（手部感染）Chapter 76. Congenital Anomalies of Hand（手部先天性畸形）PART XIX THE FOOT AND ANKLE（足与踝关节）Chapter 77. Surgical Techniques（外科技术）Chapter 78. Disorders of Hallux（拇趾疾病）Chapter 79. Pes Planus（扁平足）Chapter 80. Lesser Toe Abnormalities（足趾畸形）Chapter 81. Rheumatoid Foot（足部类风湿性）Chapter 82. Diabetic Foot（糖尿病足）Chapter 83. Neurogenic Disorders（神经源性疾病）Chapter 84. Disorders of Nails and Skin（趾甲、皮肤疾病）Chapter 85. Disorders of Tendons and Fascia（肌腱筋膜疾病）Chapter 86. Fractures and Dislocations of Foot（足部骨折脱位）C H A P T E R 1Surgical Techniques and Approaches（外科技术及入路）Andrew H. Crenshaw, Jr.SURGICAL TECHNIQUES（外科技术）Tourniquets（止血带）Roentgenograms in the Operating Room（X线在手术室中的应用）Positioning of Patient（病人体位）Local Preparation of Patient（局部准备）Draping(冲洗)Special Operative Techniques(特殊手术技术)SURGICAL APPROACHES(手术入路)Toes(足趾)Calcaneus(跟骨)Tarsus and Ankle(跗跖骨与踝)Tibia(胫骨)Fibula(腓骨)Knee(膝)Femur(股骨)Hip(髋)Acetabulum and Pelvis(髋臼与骨盆)Sacroiliac Joint(骶髂关节)Spine(脊柱)Shoulder(肩)Humerus(肱骨)Elbow(肘)Radius(桡骨)Ulna(尺骨)Wrist(腕)Hand (手)SURGICAL TECHNIQUES（外科技术）This section describes several surgical techniques especially important in orthopaedics: use of tourniquets, use of roentgenograms and image intensifiers in the operating room, positioning of the patient, local preparation of the patient, and draping of the appropriate part or parts. To avoid repetition in other chapters, two operative techniques common to many procedures, fixation of tendons or fascia to bone and bone grafting, are also described.这一部分描述了几种在矫形外科非常重要的外科技术，包括止血带的应用、X线与图像增强剂在手术室的应用以及患者的体位、术区准备和手术部位或多部位的铺单。

Test for Chapter 3

b. falls.
c. rises. d.
The total production of bread rises and the total production of wine
The total production of bread falls and the total production of wine The total production of bread and wine each fall.
Assume that John and Jane can switch between producing bread and wine at a constant rate.
Labor Hours Needed to Make Bottle of Wine Jane John 2 3 Loaf of Bread 1.5 1
a. 13 tons ofቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱcorn and 15 tons of fish. b. 13 tons of corn and 10 tons of fish. c. 12 tons of corn and 16 tons of fish.
Corn ( in tons)
d. 12 tons of corn and 11 tons of fish
1/3 units of bananas per unit of rice. 3/5 units of bananas per unit of rice. None of the above.
ANS: C
*
The production possibilities frontiers below show how much Bob and Betty can each produce in 8 hours of time. Bob’s PPF

英国文学史期末复习重点

英国文学史Part one: Early and Medieval English LiteratureChapter 1 The Making of England1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts.2. In 55 ., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar.The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years.It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain.And in 410 ., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned.3. The English ConquestAt the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates海盗. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles.And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo-Saxon, or Old English.4. The Social Condition of the Anglo-SaxonTherefore, the Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism.5. Anglo-Saxon Religious Belief and Its InfluenceThe Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century.Chapter 2 Beowulf1. Anglo-Saxon PoetryBut there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf.3. Analysis of Its ContentBeowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century.4. Features of BeowulfThe most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements.Chapter 3 Feudal England1 The Norman Conquest2. The Norman ConquestThe French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England.The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.3. The Influence of the Norman Conquest on the English LanguageBy the end of the fourteenth century, when Normans and English intermingled, English was once more the dominant speech in the country.3 The Romance1. The Content of the RomanceThe most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance.4. Malory’s Le Morte D’ArthurThe adventures of the Knights of the Round Table at Arthur’s court Chapter 5 The English Ballads2. The BalladsThe most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.Of paramount importance are the ballads of Robin Hood.3. The Robin Hood BalladsChapter 6 Chaucer1. LifeGeoffrey Chaucer, the founder/father of English poetry.3. Troilus and CriseydeTroilus and Criseyde is Chaucer’s longest complete poem and his greatest artistic achievement.But the poet shows some sympathy for her, hitting that her fault springs from weakness rather than baseness of character.4. The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales is Chaucer’s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature.6. His LanguageChaucer’s language, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter the “the heroic couplet” to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.Part Two: The English RenaissanceChapter 1 Old England in Transition1. The New MonarchyThe century and a half following the death of Chaucer was full of great changes.And Henry 7, taking advantage of this situation, founded the Tudor dynasty, a centralized monarchy of a totally new type, which met the needs of the rising bourgeoisie and so won its support.2. The ReformationProtestantismThe bloody religious persecution came to a stop after the church settlement of Queen Elizabeth.3. The English BibleWilliam TyndallThen appeared the Authorized Version, which was made in 1611 under the auspices of James I and so was sometimes called the King James Bible.The result is a monument of English language and English literature.The standard modern English has been fixed and confirmed.4. The Enclosure Movement5. The Commercial ExpansionChapter 2 More1. LifeThomas More2. UtopiaUtopia is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and Hythlody, a returned voyager.The name “Utopia” comes from two Greek words meaning “no place”.3. Utopia, Book OneBook One of Utopia is a picture of contemporary England with forcible exposure of the poverty among the laboring classes.4. Utopia, Book TwoIn Book Two we have a sketch of an ideal commonwealth in some unknown ocean, where property is held in common and there is no poverty.Chapter 3 The Flowering of English Literature3. Edmund Spenser1 LifeThe Poet’s Poet of the period was Edmund Spenser.In 1579 he wrote The Shepher’s Calendar, a pastoral poem in twelve books, one for each month of the year.2 The Faerie Queene masterpieceSpenser’s greatest work, The Faerie Queene published in 1589-1596, is a long poem planned in 12 books, of which he finished only 6.iambic feet Spenserian Stanza4. Francis Bacon father/founder of English essaythe founder of English English materialist philosophyBacon is also famous for his Essays. When it included 58 essays.Bacon is the first English essayist.Chapter 4 Drama7. The PlaywrightsThere was a group of so-called “university wits” Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodge and Nash.Chapter 5 Marlowe1. LifeThe most gifted of the “university wits” was Christopher Marlowe.2. WorkMarlowe’s best includes three of his plays, Tamburlaine,The Jew of Malta and Doctor Faustus.3. Doctor FaustusMarl owe’s masterpiece is The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.5. Marlowe’s Literary AchievementMarlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama.It is Marlowe who first made blank verse rhymeless iambic pentameter the principal instrument of English drama.Chapter 6 Shakespeare1. LifeWilliam Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564, in Stratford-on-Avon.After his death, two of his above-mentioned fellow-actors, Herminge and Condell, collected and published Shakespeare’s plays in 1623. To this edition, which has been known as the First Folio.4. The Great ComediesA Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It and Twelfth Night have been called Shakespeare’s “great comedies”.6. The Great TragediesShakespeare created his great tragedies, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth.7. Hamletthe son of the Renaissance9. The Poems1 Venus and Adonis2 The Rape of Lucrece3 Shakespeare’s Sonnets10. Features of Shakespeare’s DramaShakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two greatest treasuries of the English language.Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance.Part Three: The Period of the English Bourgeois RevolutionChapter 1 The English Revolution and the Restoration5. The Bourgeois Dictatorship and the Restorationin 1688 Glorious Revolution6. The Religious Cloak of the English RevolutionPuritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisie during the English Revolution. It preached thrift, sobriety, hard work and unceasing labour in whatever calling one happened to be, but with no extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labour.Chapter 2 Milton1. Life and WorkParadise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.2. Paradise Lost1 Paradise LostParadise Lost is Milton’s masterpiece.blank verse.Chapter 3 Bunyan1. LifeThe Pilgrim’s Progress was published in 1678.2. The Pilgrim’s Progress1The Pilgrim’s Progress is a religious allegory.Chapter 4 Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poetsa school of poets called “Metaphysical” by Samuel Johnson.by mysticism in content and fantasticality in formJohn Donne, the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.Chapter 6 Restoration Literature2. John DrydenThe most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration Period was John Dryden.Dryden was the forerunner of the English classical school of literature in the next century.Part Four: The Eighteenth CenturyChapter 1 The Enlightenment and Classicism in English Literature1. The Enlightenment and 18th Century England2 The Enlightenment in EuropeThe 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.3 The English EnlighternersThe representatives of the Enlightenment in English literature were Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, the essayists, and Alexander Pope, the poet. Chapter 2 Addison and Steele1. Steele and The TatlerRichard SreeleIn 1709, he started a paper, The Tatler, to enlighten, as well as to entertain, his fellow coffeehouse-goers.His appeal was made to “coffeehouses,” that is to say, to the middle classes, for whose enlightenment he stood up.“Issac Bickerstaff”2. Addison and The SpectatorThe general purpose is “to enliven morality with wit, and to temper wit with morality.”They ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.Chapter 3 Pope1. LifeAlexander Pope, the most important English poet in the first half of the 18th century.3. Workmanship and LimitationPope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18th century.Pope is the most important representative of the English classical poery. But he lacker the lyrical gift.Chapter 4 Swift3. Bickersta f f Almanac 1708Swift wrote his greatest work Gulliver’s Travels in Ireland.Chapter 5 Defoe and the Rise of the English Novel1. The Rise of the English Novelthe realistic novel: Defoe, Swift, Richardson and FieldingSwift’s world-famous novel Gulliver’s Travel sDefoe’s Robinson Crusoe the forerunner of the English realistic novel Richardson: Pamela, Clarissa and Sir Charles GrandisonFielding was the real founder of the realistic novel in England.The novel of this period …spoke the truth about life with an uncompromising courage.” The novelists of this period understood that “the job of a novelist was to tell the truth about life as he saw it.”Ibid. This explains the achievement of the English novel in the 18th century.4. Robinson Crusoe1 Today Defoe is chiefly remembered as the author of Robinson Crusoe, his masterpiece.Chapter 6 RichardsonSamuel RichardsonPamela was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.After Pamela, Richardson wrote two other novels: Clarissa Harlowe and Sir Charles Grandison.Clarissa is the best of Richardson’s novel.Chapter 7 Fielding the father of English novel1. LifeHis first novel Joseph Andrews was published in 1742.His Jonathan Wild appeared in 1743. It is a powerful political satire. In 1749, he finished his great novel Tom Jones.Amelia was his last novel. It is inferior to Tom Jones, but has merits of its own.3. Joseph Andrews4. Tom Jones1 The StoryFielding’s greatest work is The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling.6. Summary2 Fielding as the Founder of the English Realistic NovelAs a novelist, Fielding is very great. He is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary creation. He has been rightly called the “father of t he English novel.”Chapter 10 Johnson1. LifeSamuel Johnson, lexicographer, critic and poet.2. Johnson’s DictionaryIn 1755 his Dictionary was published.His Dictionary also marked the end of English writers’ reliance on the patronage of noblemen for support.Chapter 13 Sentimentalism and Pre-Romanticism in Poetry1. LifeThomas Gray2. Pre-RomanticismIn the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival.Pre-Romanticism was ushered in by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns.Chapter 14 Blake1. LifeWilliam Blake2. Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience4. Blake’s Position in English LiteratureFor these reasons, Blake is called a Pre-Romantic or a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century.Chapter 15 Burns1. LifeHis Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect were printed. masterpieceThe Scots Musical Museum and Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs 2. The Poetry of Burns1 Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.3. Features of Burns’ PoetryBurns is the national poet of Scotland.Part Five: Romanticism in EnglandChapter 1 The Romantic Periodthe Industrial Revolution the French RevolutionAmid these social conflicts romanticism arose as a new literary trend. It prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832.These were the elder generation of romanticists, sometimes called escapist romanticists, including Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey, who have also been called the Lake Poets.Active romanticists represented by Byron, Shelley and Keats.The general feature of the works of the romanticists is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society, which finds expression in a revolt against or an escape from the prosaic, sordid daily life, the “prison of the actual”under capitalism.Poetry, of course, is the best medium to express all these sentiments. The only great novelist in this period was Walter Scott.Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism which followed it.Chapter 2 WordsworthColeridgeIn 1798 they jointly published the Lyrical Ballads.The publication of the Lyrical Ballads marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, ., with classicism, and the beginning of Romantic revival in England.The Preface of the Lyrical Ballads served as the manifesto of the English Romantic Movement in poetry.Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey have often been mentioned as the “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the no rthwestern part of England.His deep love for nature runs through such short lyrics as Lines Written in Early Spring, To the Cuckoo, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, My Heart Leaps Up, Intimations of Immortality and Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey. The last is called his “lyrical hymn of thanks to nature”.Wordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language.Chapter 3 Coleridge and Southey1. ColeridgeColeridge’s best poems, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.Chapter 4 Byron1. LifeChilde Harold’s PilgrimageHe finished Childe Harold, wrote his masterpiece Don Juan.2. Childe Harold’s PilgrimageThis long poem contains four cantos. It is written in the Soenserian stanza.3. Don JuanByron remains one of the most popular English poets both at home and abroad. Chapter 5 Shelley4. Promethus UnboundShelley’s masterpiece is Promethus Unbound, a lyrical drama in 4 acts.6. Lyrics on Nature and LoveOde to the West WindChapter 6 Keats2. Long PoemsKeats wrote five long poems: Endymion, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, Lamia and Hyperion.5 The unfinished long epic Hyperion has been regarded as Keat’s greatest achievement in poetry.3. Short Poems1 His leading principle is: “Beauty in truth, truth in beauty.”3 Ode to Autumn, Ode on Melancholy, Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode to a NightingaleChapter 10 Scott2. His Historical NovelsScott has been universally regarded as the founder and great master of the historical novel.According to the subjet-matter, the group on the history of Scotland, the group on English history and the group on the history of European countries. In fact, Scott’s literary career marks the transition from romanticism to realism in English literature of the 19th century.Part Six: English Critical RealismChapter 2 DickensCharles Dickens critical realismDickens: Pickwick Papers, American Notes, Martin Chuzzlewit and Oliver Twist4 Dickens has often been compared Shakespeare for creative force and range of invention. “He and Shakespeare are the two unique popular classics that England has given to the world, and they are alike in being remembered not for one masterpiece but for creative world.”David CopperfieldChapter 3 Thackeray2. Vanity Fair: A Novel Without a HeroVanity Fair is Thackeray’s masterpiece. characters: Amelia Sedley and Rebecca Becky SharpThackeray can be placed on the same level as Dickens, as one of the greatest critical realists of 19th-century Europe.Chapter 4 Some Women Novelists1. Jane Austen 1775-1817She herself compared her work to a fine engraving made upon a little piece of ivory only two inches square.Jane Austen wrote 6 novels: Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Emma and Persuasion.2. The Bronte SistersCharlotte’s maiden attempt at prose writing, the novel Professor, was rejected by the publisher, but her next novel Jane Eyre, appearing in 1847, brought her fame and placed her in the ranks of the foremost English realistic writers. Emily’s novel Wuthering Heights appeared in 1847.Anne: Agnes Grey4. George EliotMary Ann Evansthree remarkable novels: Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner 3 Silas Marner:Critical realism was the main current of English literature in the middle of the 19th century.Part Seven: Prose-Writers and Poets of the Mid and Late 19th Century Chapter 1 Carlylethe Victorian AgeChapter 3 Tennysonthe Victorian Age prose especially the novel1. Tennyson’s Life and CareerAlfred Tennyson, the most important poet of the Victorian Age.In the same year 1850 he was appointed poet laureate in succession to Wordsworth.Chapter 7 Literary Trends at the End of the Century1. NaturalismNaturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in France and Germany, in the second half of the 19th century.2. Neo-RomanticismStevenson was a representative of neo-romanticism in English literature. Treasure Island masterpiece3. AestheticismAestheticism began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century. The theory of “art for art’s sake” was first put forward by the French poet Theophile Gautier.The two most important representatives of aestheticists in English literature are Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde.2 Oscar Wilde dramatistLady Windermere’s Fan, 1893; A Woman of No Importance, 1894; An Ideal Husband and The Importance of Being Earnest, 1895The Importance of Being Earnest is his masterpiece in drama.Part Eight: Twentieth Century English LiteratureModernismChapter 2 English Novel of Early 20th Century3. Henry JamesHe is regarded as the forerunner of the “stream of consciousness” literature in the 20th century.Chapter 3 Hardy1. Life and WorkAmong his famous novels, Tess of the D’Urbervillies and Jude the Obscure.2. Tess of the D’Urbervilliescharacters: Tess, Alec D’Urbervillies and Angel ClareChapter 6 Bernard ShawChapter 8 Modernism in Poetry1. ImagismEzra PoundThe two most important English poets of the first half of 20th century are W. B. Yeats and T. S. Eliot.2. W. B. YeatsThe Wild Swans at Coole, Michael Robartes and the Dancer, The Tower and The Winding StairT. S. E liot has referred to Yeats as “the greatest poet of our age-certainly the greatest in this . English language.”3. T. S. EliotThe Waste Land 1922 is dignifying the emergence of Modernism.T. S. Eliot was a leader of the modernist movement in English poetry and a great innovator of verse technique. He profoundly influenced 20th-century English poetry between World Wars 1 and 2.Chapter 9 The Psychological Fiction1. D. H. LawrenceSons and Lovers1913, the first of Lawrence’s important novel s, is largely autobiographical.This shows the influence of Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis,especially that of the “Oedipus complex.”The Rainbow, Women in Love and Lady Chatterley’s Lover3. James JoyceUlysses 1922June 16, 1904character: Leopold BloomJames Joyce was one of the most original novelists of the 20th century. His masterpiece Ulysses has been called “a modern prose epic”.His admirers have praised him as “second only to Shakespeare in his mastery of the English language.”4. Virginia Woolf“high-brows” the Bloomsbury GroupVirginia Wolf’s first two novels, The Voyage Out and Night and Day. Jacob’s Room, Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse and OrlandoPart Nine: Poets and Novelists Who Wrote both before and after the SecondWorld WarChapter 5 E. M. ForsterEdward Morgan Forster the Bloomsbury Groupfour novels: Where Angels Fear to Tread, The Longest Journey, A Room with a View and Howards EndA Passage to India, published in 1924, is Forster’s masterpiece.In 1927, Forster published a book on the theory of fiction, Aspects of the Novel.Chapter 10 William GoldingWilliam Gerald GoldingHis first novel Lord of the FliesChapter 11 Doris LessingGolden Notebook。

英语语言学Chapter3

Chapter3Ⅱ.Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:11. M is the smallest meaningful unit of language. (Morpheme)12. The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a g meaning.13. B morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.14. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d affixes.15. D affixes are added to an existing form to create words.16. A s is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.17. C is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.18. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m rules.19. In terms of morphemic analysis, d can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.20. As can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to which a derivational affix can be added.21. Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the of words and the by which words are formed.22. Morphology can be subdivided into two branches: morphology andor morphology.23. The phonological and orthographical realizations of a morpheme are termed .24. [-t]、[-d]、[-id] are of the morpheme {-ed}.25. “Careless” is the of the word “carelessness”.26. “Gentle” is the of the word “gentlemanliness”.27. A morpheme can convey two kinds of meanings: meaning andmeaning.28. affixes, ffixes, and roots are all bound morphemes.29. Compared with a free phrase, a compound has differentfeatures.30. The allomorphs [-s] and [-iz] of the morpheme {plural} indicates the applications of therule and rule.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:21. The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound__________.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of__________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements24. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words25. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic27. Bound morphemes are those that___________.A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes28. _______ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes29. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences30. “-s” in the word “books” is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root31. Morphology is the study of _______.A. the internal structure of words and the rules that govern their formationB. the uses of different types of utterances in different contextsC. the differences between sounds used inhuman languages and sounds in natureD. the rules that pertain to all languages throughout the world32. Which of the following does NOT belong to “open class words”?A. NounsB. AdjectivesC. ConjunctionsD. Adverbs33. What is the minimal unit of meaning?A. PhonemeB. MorphemeC. AllophoneD. Allomorph34. There are ______ morphemes in the word “undesirableity”.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six35. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. RainbowB. InactionC. Icy-coldD. Unpleasant36. ______ are bound morphemes because they cannot be used a separate words.A. RootsB. StemsC. AffixesD. Compounds37. Some words in the basic word stock are said to be stable because they ______.A. are complex wordsB. are technical wordsC. refer to the commonest things in lifeD. denote the most important concepts38. All the following words contain the inflectional affixes except _______.A. caresB. carefulC. fasterD. books39. The word “irresistible” is _______.A. a compound oneB. a clipped oneC. a blended oneD. a derived one40. Which of the following is not a free morpheme?A. bedB. treeC. danceD. children41. Which of the following affix differs from others?A. –lyB. –nessC. –ingD. –ful42. Of the following word-formation processes,_______ is the most productive.A. clippingB. blendingC. initialismD. derivation43. Morpheme that can occur “unattached” are called ______.A. inflectionalB. boundC. freeD. derivational morphemes44. The word “motherboard” is _______.A. a clipped oneB. a blended oneC. a compound oneD. an acronym45. The word “kung-fu” is _______.A. a clipped oneB. a blended oneC. a compound oneD. a borrowed one。

Chapter Two 词汇记忆

Chapter Two词汇记忆一．发音记忆法英语是拼音文字，语音感很强，发好音是学好英语记忆单词的第一关，记一个单词时，我们常常首先默念一下这个单词的发音，如[gud]，然后才拼出这个单词的字母g-o-o-d。

记单词，不能一个个字母地死记硬背，而是要结合英语的发音及发音规则进行记忆。

英语单词记忆无外乎是要记住单词的发音、拼写、词义和用法，而最首要的就是发音，读不出单词的语音，怎么能拼写出字母来呢？所以记单词首先应从语音上下功夫，掌握国际音标和发音规律，以达到科学记忆。

例如：我们知道元音字母0在重读音节时读[əu]，根据这条规则，go，hope，note 等词，不用费什么劲就记住了。

另外还有一条发音规则在0之后，如果是m，n，v，th时，o可以读[ʌ]，根据这条规则，我们不会把mother，some，come，dove,等单词中的0写错。

注意：发音记忆法的关键是发音正确。

如果一个单词听也听不懂，说也不会说，要想记住它实在是太难了。

二．分类记忆法英语词汇极其丰富，如果能把单词分明别类的进行记忆，是大有好处的。

分类方法灵活多样，例如：1）星期(week)Monday（星期一）、Tuesday（星期二）、Wednesday（星期三）、Thursday（星期四）、Friday （星期五）、Saturday（星期六）、Sunday（星期天）（2）月份(month)January（一月）、February（二月）、March（三月）、April（四月）、May（五月）、June （六月）、July（七月）、August（八月）、September（九月）、October（十月）、November （十一月）、December（十二月）（3）季节(season)spring（春节）、summer（夏天）、autumn（秋天）、winter（冬天）（4）颜色(color)red 红色（的）、yellow黄色（的）、blue蓝色（的）、green绿色（的）、black黑色（的）、white白色（的）、orange橙黄色（的）、brown棕色（的）、褐色（的）、pink粉红色（的）、purple紫色（的）、gray灰色（的）（5）国家(country)China(中国)、Japan（日本）、England(英国)、India（印度）、Canada（加拿大）、America / the United States(美国)、Australia（澳大利亚）、Germany（德国）、Russia（俄罗斯）、France（法国）（6）大洲Asia（亚洲）、Africa（非洲）、America（美洲）、Europe（欧洲）（7）动物(animal)lion（狮子）、tiger（老虎）、elephant（大象）、camel（骆驼）、cow（奶牛）、pig（猪）、fox（狐狸）、snake（蛇）、duck（鸭子）、chicken（鸡）、hen（母鸡）、bird（小鸟）、rabbit（兔子）、panda（熊猫）、deer（鹿）、giraffe（长颈鹿）、sheep（羊）、fish（鱼）、ant（蚂蚁）、mouse (mice) / rat（老鼠）、dog（狗）、cat（猫）、monkey（猴子）、pig （猪）（8）衣着clothes（衣服）、hat（帽子）、shirt（衬衫）、T-shirt（男衬衫）、coat（外套、上衣）、raincoat（雨衣）、uniform（制服）、skirt（裙子）、dress（连衣裙）、trousers（裤子）、jeans（牛仔裤）、sock（袜子）、shoe（鞋子）（9）科目(subject)Chinese（汉语）、math（数学）、English（英语）、history（历史）、geography（地理）、biology（生物）、physics（物理）、chemistry（化学）、P.E.（体育）（10）亲属father（父亲）、mother（母亲）、parents（父母）、grandfather / grandpa（爷爷、外公）、grandmother / grandma（奶奶、外婆）、grandparents（爷爷奶奶、外公外婆）、brother（哥、弟）、sister（姐、妹）、cousin堂（表）兄弟、堂（表）姐妹、husband （丈夫）、wife（妻子）、son（儿子）、daughter（女儿）、uncle（叔、伯、舅、姨夫、姑父）、aunt（姨母、姑母、伯母、婶母、舅母）三．构词记忆法大家都见过葡萄，摘葡萄都是一串一串地摘。

七年级英语上册《Chapter3 Troubles》课件(2) 牛津版

B2. Look at the pictures on page . Give short
answers to these questions.
• 1. What is the man doing with the bag in Picture 1? • He is showing a bag to two women. • 2. Which person is Paul? • He is the boy with glasses, in the green T-shirt.
I find my purse missing. = I cannot find my purse. 我的钥匙不见了。
I found my keys missing. I could not find my keys.
The man hurried aboard, and the two tourists went after him.
那个男的急急忙忙上了船，两名女游客跟着他上了船。
hurry to some place
hurry to do sth.
赶往某地
赶着去做某事
in a hurry = hurriedly
匆忙地
我匆忙地赶去学校。
I hurried to school. I hurried to go to school. I went to school in a hurry. I went to school hurriedly.
6.If the man in handcuffs, we know that ______ . b
• a. he has definitely done something
wrong • b. the police do not want him to run away. • c. he has attacked a policeman

SEC-chapter 3

Classical nomenclature
Or Ferrous chloride Ferric chloride Cuprous oxide Cupric oxide
(2) Binary compounds containing two nonmetals
Nonmetal compound = n-Element + n-Element’s stem-ide
1. Binary Compounds (MX)
(1) Binary compounds containing metals Name = Name of M + name of X
Stem - ide Element Element(N) Element’s stem-ous (lower state) -ic (higher state)
3.2.1 Metal ions (cations) for metal oxides, bases and salts
1. Single valence ions Cation’s name = Element + ion
For example: Na+ K+ Sodium ion Potassium ion Al3+ Aluminum ion Ca2+ Calcium ion
Name Aluminum oxide Aluminum chloride Magnesium bromide Magnesium nitride
Examples:
Stock system
FeCl2 : Iron(II) chloride FeCl3: Iron(III) chloride Cu2O: Copper(I) oxide CuO: Copper(II) oxide