arguement 01
GRE-Arguement 七种常见错误-个人总结
精心整理一．经不起推敲的类推（false analogy）This argument relies on what might be a false analogy between A and B C.（开头）In order for BC to serve as models that A should emulate,causal relationship with correlation ）The argument concluded based on a known correlation between A and B.Yet the correlation alone is only a scant evidence of theclaimed “cause-and –effect” relationship. Perhaps…..Moreover, the argument overlooks the fact that….The arguer has not accounted for the possibility that…. If this is the case, than the conclusion would lack any meritWithout considering and ruling out these and other alternative means of…., the arguer cannot confidently conclude that…..must do…in order to achieve the goal.（收尾）b)The recommendation depends on the additional unsubstantiated assumption that…..would by itself improve……(指出不一定能达到目标)Absent evidence that this is the case, it is equally possible that…..It is unreasonable to draw any conclusions about….based on statistics about….（指出数据不可依赖）The arguer fails to make clear the exact number of….If only small portions of the whole population are…..then the case might be that …（数据太小）Even if the sample size chosen from….is large enough, the statistics might also be incredible.Depending on the total number of….., it is entirely possible that…..are not representative of….For example, perhaps…..are particularly….were anonymous, or even confidential.If they were not, then respondents might have provided responses that they believed their superiors would approve of, regardless of whether the responses were truthful.In either event, the survey results would be unreliable for thepurpose of drawing any conclusions about….., let alone about…..七认为一切事情是永恒不变的a) 使用以前的数据证明当下This claim unfairly infers from….in the past that…..this yearstatistics and the….., the greater the possibility thatthe …..has changed over this time span, and the less justifiable the arguer’s reliance on the statistics to support the claim that…..攻击假设可以说The arguer simply assumes that ….. but he does not provide any evidence that……The recommendation depends on the assumption that …. Yet no evidence is offered to substantiate this assumption.In order for …… the arguer must assume that …..However,In either event, the survey results would be unreliable for the purpose of drawing any conclusions about….., let alone about…..(2 ×)Any of these scenarios, if true, would serve to undermine the claim that…..（3×）让步句Therefore, even though….., there is no guarantee that….. Even assuming that…., the arguer provides no clear evidence that…..Even if we accept the arguer’s assumption that….thecredibilitylogically acceptable persuasive concrete 【证明】relies on substantiate infer justifyreveal demonstrate。
ARGUMENT 就应该这样写成
六一快乐！GRE作文经过这几年的经验和探讨已经深入了很多，但是个人认为argument被过分低估了。
看着现成的整理好的题目分析或提纲，套着现成的闪光句型，语言不要太差的同学都能拿高分么？现实是这几年的中国同学GRE作文分数又开始象几年前的老托福作文分数：一方面好的分数比以前多了，另一方面很多人都是普通的4分甚至3.5分。
当然人和人的条件都是有差别的，但是光就客观的题目分析来说，以下的程度应该是几乎每个人都能够达到的。
并不是说每道题目都这么麻烦（相对于熟练的同学也不再麻烦）或是简单复杂化，而是为了让大家能够产生自己的思考，这许是冲向高分的必要条件，也是我上课追求的结果Issue和Argument其实这两种题型息息相关，从逻辑分析方法来说更是同宗同源（无论是三段论，充要条件还是假设法等等都会广泛使用）。
以前普遍认为两种题型的侧重不同：1. Issue立论提出自己观点，Argument评论驳斥题目观点2. Issue重全局自圆其说，Argument重局部刀刀见血3. Issue重说理强调演绎，Argument重挑错强调归纳……换个角度看这些区别其实也是对立统一的：2.没有全局哪有局部（反之亦然），想要自圆其说就不能让别人对你刀刀见血（批argument 的错误自己在Issue里不能照写不误）3.演绎归纳组合拳，Issue光演绎思路松散，Argument光归纳展不开文章至于第一点，因为argument题目的特点是用“事实”论证较少直接归纳原因，所以每道题目都有一些隐含的前提需要归纳，如果用Issue作者的眼光审视其中的大前提就是中心论点，也就是部分argument题目攻击的真正要害，其他只是演绎罢了。
提到大前提就要考虑三段论之类的问题，这个问题只是逻辑的一小部分但是对于本文还是太大，所以还是分析实例好理解（读者最好先自己想，再看后面的（引）文部分，最后再来看我的解释）。
………………………………………………………………………………………………好，大家读完（引）以后一般会觉得很有启发，这和我当初的感觉一样，而当我根据题目的逻辑*归纳成三段论的模式后，是否觉得和（引）有点不合拍？题17（一）大前提：只要物有所值，钱不是问题小前提：EZ（比ABC）物有所值结论：EZ多要钱不是问题（继续用EZ）而（引）所攻击的逻辑链大概是（二）大前提：只要有其他原因（比如不环保……），钱不是问题小前提：EZ（比ABC）物有所值结论：EZ多要钱不是问题（继续用EZ）很明显，这个逻辑中大小前提是脱节的。
GREArguement七种常见错误个人总结
一．经不起推敲的类推（f a l s e a n a l o g y）Thisargument relieson whatmightbea falseanalogy betweenAandBC.（开头）InorderforBCto serveasmodels thatAshould emulate,thearguermustassumethatall relevantcircumstances invol vedare essentiallythesame.(环境、背景不同)However,thisassumptionis unwarranted.（过渡）Forexample,theargument overlooks thepossibilitythat…..Perhaps…..（列举各种可能性）Thearguersimplyassumesthat…..buthedoes notprovideanyevidence that……areindeedcomparable. Asweknow,the…and…differconspicuously.Itistruethat both…...butevenhereexist fundamentaldifferences:….（两种东西本身不同）Therefore,eventhoughthe….provedeffectivein…..,thereisno guarantee thatitwill workjustaswellfor…..（结尾）二将因果关系与单纯的关联关系或时间关系混淆起来（confusecausalrelationshipwithcorrelation）Theargumentconcludedbasedona knowncorrelation betweenAandB.Yetthe correlationalone isonlya scantevidence oftheclaimed“cause-and–effect”relationship. Perhaps…..Moreover,theargument overlooks thefactthat….Thearguer hasnotaccountedfor thepossibilitythat….Ifthisisthecase,thantheconclusionwould lackanymeritwh atsoever.三．认为一个群体的特征适用于该群体的所有成员四．认为某条件是某结果的必要和/或充足条件1.要想取得理想的结果就必须按照这种（推荐的）行为去做2.按照这种（推荐的）行为去捉就足以去的理想的结果a)Therecommendationd ependsontheassumption thatno alternative meansof…areavailable.Yetnoevidenceisoffe redtosubstantiatethisassumption.Admitittedly,…..However,itis entirelypossible thatmeansotherthanthiswouldalso achievethedesiredresult.（指出替代选项的存在）Perhapsthedesiredimprovementcouldbe achieved if…..（列举替代选项）Without consideringandrulingout theseandotheralternativemeansof….,thearguer cannotconfidently concludet hat…..mustdo…inordertoachievethegoal.（收尾）b)Therecommendationdependsontheadditional unsubstantiated assumptionthat…..would byitself improve……(指出不一定能达到目标)Absentevidencethatthisisthecase,itis equallypossible that…..Thus,withoutbetterevidencethat……,theargumentremainsunconvincing.（列举可能性一）Evenassumingthat….,thearguerprovides noclearevidence that…..The merefact that….hardlysufficestoprove …….,atleastnotwithoutmoreinformationabout….（让步，列举可能性二）Evenif…..,perhaps additionalmeasures—suchas…..—wouldalsoberequiredinordertoachieve….objectives.(列举可能附加的条件)五．基于可能不具代表性的统计数据Oneproblemwiththeargumentinvolvesthesited statistics about….Itis unreasonable to drawanyconclusions about….basedonstatisticsabout….（指出数据不可依赖）Thearguerfailstomakeclearthe exactnumber of….Ifonly smallportions ofthewholepopulationare…..thenthecasemightbethat…（数据太小）Evenifthe samplesize chosenfrom….islargeenough,thestatisticsmightalsobe incredible. Dependingonthetotalnumberof…..,itis entirelypossible that…..arenotrepresentativeof….Forexample,perhaps…..areparticularly….Without consideringandrulingout theseandotheralternativemeansof….,thearguer cannotconfidently concludet hat…（数据没有代表性）六．基于不准确的调查或民意测验结果。
Arguement逻辑错误分类
Arguement逻辑错误分类1.Loose generalizationsDrawing conclusions about groups of people on the basis of stereotypes. Example: French people are more romantic.2.Hasty generalizationsArriving at a conclusion without enough evidence.Example: Asian-American students are better in math.3.Circular ReasoningRestating in different words what has already been stated.Example: Dieting is hard because it requires consuming fewer calories.4.Single cause-effectClaiming that only one event caused another when there may be no real connection.Example: When I sat down at the computer it stopped working, so I must have done somethingwrong.5.Slippery SlopeAssumes a chain of cause-effect relationships with very suspect connections. Example: Because I failed my exam, my parents were mad, I lost my wallet, my car wouldn't start,and I got fired.6.Non SequiturThe first part of the idea does not relate to the other.Example: I did well in school because I always wore nice clothes.7.Either/OrSuggesting only two alternatives when the issue may be much more complex. Example: America--love it or leave it!8.False AuthorityDraws attention away from the evidence and leans on the popularity of someone who may havelittle knowledge of the issue or product.Example: Kathie Lee Gifford, a popular TV celebrity, says that cruises are wonderful, so theymust be.9.Ad HominemAttacking the person instead of the ideas.Example: Don't vote for Jerry Brown; he's a left-wing fanatic, a throwback to the 60s whomeditates and eats health foods.10.Bandwagon ThinkingClaiming that most people agree so it must be right.Example: I wouldn't have cheated on my income taxes, but everyone else does, so why shouldn't I?11.Stacking the deckGiving a slanted view of the issue by focusing only on one side.Example: I deserve to get an A in the class because I like the teacher, work hard, and attend class.12.Appeal to EmotionExploiting the audience's feeling in order to get them on your side. Example: I believe I deserve a scholarship because I am an orphan who grew up in a dysfunctionalfoster family.13.Ignoring the questionChanging the topic before it is really consideredExample: The criminal won't say where he was on the night of the crime, but he does rememberbeing teased relentlessly as a child.14.Trivial objectionsCan be similar to ad hominem in that it focuses on things unimportant to the issue at hand.Example: I think Ross Perot would make a terrible president. His ears are huge.常见逻辑错误1它因other alternatives2原因本身存在的真实性The reliability of the study is dubious3比较contract4因果关系(无，倒置)correlation for causality5想当然的把两个现象联系在一起A is not the same as B6统计的时间不足(时间攻击)Besides these, there are other kinds such as:7 circular reasoning: unwarranted two things substantiate each other.8 biased sample (representation)9 sufficiency of sample10 Ad hominen: attack one person rather than his/her view.11 Ad populum: What the public say is true or the truth of a thing can be determined by putting it into a votes; the democracy is good but not absolutely right.12 Either-or thinking: There is no room for a middle ground or a thing is either at one point or at the other extremity but not at a mid point (so-called white-or-black fallacy)13 The “all things are equal” fallacy: without considering the change of time, space and other external conditions which may lead to the alteration of evidence, thereby the results of the recommendation or prediction.14 Non sequitor: the premise can’t certai nly lead to the result or in other words the consequence does not entail the premise.15 Straw man: falsify rather than represent the opponent’s view16 “After this, Therefore Because of this”: A happens before B so A must result to B.17 fallacy of equivocation: a word or phrase has been employed in different meanings throughout the argument. So-called the “stolen” transference of a concept in Chinese18 Irrational appeals: accept ideas based on other bases, say authority, other than reasonableness19 mistake the number for the proportion.20 without comparison with others.21 lack of comparison with the overall scenario22 hasty or sweeping conclusion without considering other factors23 inconsistency of concepts (simple identify A with B)。
高考英语读后续写备考秘籍：专题01 熟悉又陌生的词汇变形
特殊变形词不可不会距离高考还有一段时间，不少有经验的老师都会提醒考生，愈是临近高考，能否咬紧牙关、学会自我调节，态度是否主动积极，安排是否科学合理，能不能保持良好的心态、以饱满的情绪迎接挑战，其效果往往大不一样。
以下是本人从事10多年教学经验总结出的以下学习资料，希望可以帮助大家提高答题的正确率，希望对你有所帮助，有志者事竟成！养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。
做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。
总之，在最后的复习阶段，学生们不要加大练习量。
在这个时候，学生要尽快找到适合自己的答题方式，最重要的是以平常心去面对考试。
英语最后的复习要树立信心，考试的时候遇到难题要想“别人也难”，遇到容易的则要想“细心审题”。
越到最后，考生越要回归基础，单词最好再梳理一遍，这样有利于提高阅读理解的效率。
另附高考复习方法和考前30天冲刺复习方法。
英语最基本的构词法（word formation ）有三种：派生（derivation )、合成( compounding )和转化（conversion )。
利用构词法记忆单词，可以记忆成串，举一反三。
派生词缀和词根结合，或者粘着词根和粘着词根结合构成单词的方法，叫做派生法( derivation )。
用派生法构成的词叫做派生词（derivative )。
派生词的词缀法是英语构词法中最活跃的一种，在英语构词的历史上发挥极其重要的作用。
另外，这种构词法也是我们可以发挥能动性借以扩大词汇量的一种构词法。
词缀分为前缀和后缀两种。
考纲要求考生掌握3000多个英语单词。
因此，掌握常用派生词的构词方法不仅能帮助同学们做好语法填空题，还能帮助同学们扩大词汇量，为同学们在高考中稳操胜券奠定基础。
arguement很像的单词
主题：arguement很像的单词1. 概述arguement这个单词在英语中是一个常见的词语，但很多人都容易将其和其他单词混淆，因为arguement和其他单词在拼写和发音上非常相似。
本文将探讨arguement和其他单词的相似之处，并指出它们在意义和用法上的区别。
2. arguement和argument2.1 arguement和argument在拼写上非常相似，但它们在意义上却有着明显的区别。
argument是“争论、论证”的意思，常用于表示双方或多方之间的观点分歧，例如：We had an argument about whether to go on vacation or stay home this summer. 而arguement这个单词实际上并不存在，很多人在拼写时会出现错误，应该使用argument来表示“争论、论证”。
3. 同音异形的单词3.1 除了arguement和argument这两个单词外，还有一些其他单词在发音上和它们非常相似，但在拼写和意义上有着明显的差异。
例如：- Complimentplementpliment是“恭维、赞美”的意思，plement 是“补充、补充物”的意思。
尽管它们的发音相似，但在写作和交流中需要注意其用法的区别。
- Principal和principle：principal可以表示“校长、主要的”等意思，而principle表示“原则、准则”等意思。
尽管这两个单词在发音上很接近，但它们的意义却完全不同。
4. 总结根据以上的讨论，我们可以看到很多单词在拼写和发音上都非常相似，容易让人产生混淆。
然而，通过对这些单词的意义和用法进行充分的了解，我们就能够避免在写作和交流中出现错误。
建议大家在学习英语单词的时候，不仅要注意它们的拼写和发音，还要深入理解它们的意义和用法，以免造成不必要的误解和困惑。
5. 结语本文通过对arguement这个单词和其他单词的比较分析，希望能够帮助读者更好地理解这些常见的英语单词，避免在使用上出现错误。
GRE写作Arguemnt中英文超详细提纲
一、1.The fact that the Brim River is very deep and broad now does not necessarily indicate that the ancient Paleans could only crossed it by boat.现在又宽又深不代表过去也这样；即使又宽又深，也不一定只能坐船过去：干旱、结冰2.The author treat lack of evidence that there is Palean boats as there is not.可能是木头做的，容易腐烂3.Even if the Brim River was deep and broad and Paleans had no boats, thePalean baskets found in the Lithos can’t be definitely assumed to be made by people in Lithos.可能Lithos的人有船，是他们去Palea把篮子带回了Lithos；也可能是偶然的机遇使得某个Paleans使用的篮子被河水冲到了对岸，然后被某个Lithos的人发现并带回家使用。
二、1.The arguer assumes that the birth order is responsible for the firstborn monkeys’ larger amount of the hormone.However,this might not be the case,for there are a host of alternative explanations.可能是大猴子需要保护younger siblings，或者仅仅是由于大猴子比小猴子发育更加完全2.In similar fashion, the arguer unconvincingly concludes that the firstborn human’s relatively high levels of cortisol is attributed to birth order.可能是独生子女比较依赖有父母，而如果有几个兄弟姐妹就不应是这样：有玩伴比较容易独立3.The fact that the first-time mother monkeys have higher levels of cortisol does not necessarily result from the birth rate of the mother monkey. Furthermore, even assuming that the point is true, it does not indicate the same condition when apply to that of firstborn monkeys.可能是因为第一次生比较紧张，而生过几次后有经验了就不害怕了(4)Even the birth rate has effect on individual’s levels of stimulation, the argument is flawed since it concludes that it’s true for all the animals besides human and monkeys.人和猴子都属于灵长类动物，可能具有相同的特征，而其他动物如狮子、鸟类就不一定三、1.The author assumes that the decrease in number of shoppers owes to the increasing popularity of skateboarding.However, this might not be the case.可能是经济衰退，人们本来就不太愿意消费。
用原因分析法想观点 arguement类写法
2016-01-13何绍攀IELTS写作团IELTS写作团IELTSWRITING728天时间，让你对雅思写作充满自信！华山古称"西岳"，山峰像一朵莲花，古时候“华”与“花”通用，正如《水经注》所说：远而望之若花状，故名华山。
华山是道教主流全真派圣地，华山还是神州九大观日处之一。
华山是五岳中我拜访的第一座山峰，这里也是我走遍神州大地三山五岳的起点。
另外推荐大家在电脑上打开这些内容(如何打开请百度)，然后复制下来，打印出来的话，看起来就异常的轻松啦！任务一：句子背诵30. Television programs can be entertaining and enjoyable, bringing the best comedians, and musicians into our homes, and providing viewers with access to a huge variety of entertainment channels.看电视很娱乐和很享受。
电视节目让我们在家就可以看到最好的喜剧演员和音乐家，同时又让我们可以看到很多的娱乐频道。
31. Programs can also be informative and educational because news coverage makes the public aware of events around the world, and documentaries can make learning more interesting.电视节目信息丰富和有教育作用，因为新闻可以让我们了解身边发生的事情，纪录片可以让学习更有趣。
32. The Internet has revolutionized communication because we can keep in touch by email or instant messenger services, and video messaging is becoming common for business meetings.互联网革新了我们的交流方式。
ARGUEMENT题库变化
ARGUEMENT题库变化ARGUEMENT新题库删去了原来题库中所有的补充题（A1~A34），新增了15题，删去1题（第122题），另外有1道题目（113）略微改变了一下表述（但是意思是完全一样的！！！）。
新增题目中第4、6、7、9题其实是1999年题库中被删去的第56、69、71、90题。
新增题目如下：1. The following appeared in a memorandum from the head of a human resources department at a major automobile manufacturing company to the company's managers:“Studies have found that employees of not-for-profit organizations and charities are often more highly motivated than employees of for-profit corporations to perform well at work when their performance is not being monitored or evaluated. Interviews with employees of not-for-profit organizations suggest that the reason for their greater motivation is the belief that their work helps to improve society. Because they believe in the importance of their work, they have personal reasons to perform well, even when no financial reward is present. Thus, if our corporation began donating a significant portion of its profits to humanitarian causes, our employees’ motivation and productivity would increas e substantially and our overall profits would increase as well.”2. The following appeared in an editorial from a magazine produced by an organization dedicated to environmental protection:“In order to effectively reduce the amount of environmental da mage that industrial manufacturing plants cause, those who manage the plants must be aware of the specific amount and types of damage caused by each of their various manufacturing processes. However, few corporations have enough financial incentive to monitor this information. In order to guarantee that corporations reduce the damage caused by their plants, the federal government should require every corporation to produce detailed annual reports on the environmental impact of their manufacturing process, and the government should impose stiff financial penalties for failure to produce these reports.”3. The following appeared in a memorandum from the information technology department of a major advertising firm:“The more efficient a firm’s employees ar e, the more profitable that firm will be. Improvements in a firm’s information technology hardware and software are a proven way to increase the efficiency of employees who do the majority of their work on computers. Therefore, if our firm invests in the most powerful and advanced information technology available, employee productivity will be maximized. This strategy ensures that every dollar spent on enhanced information technology will help to increase our firm’s profit margins.”4. The following appeared as part of an article in a health club trade publication:“After experiencing a decline in usage by its members, Healthy Heart fitness center built an indoor pool. Since usage did not increase significantly, it appears that health club managers should adopt another approach—lowering membership fees rather than installing expensive new features.”5. The following appeared in a memorandum from the CEO of a consumer electronics manufacturing firm to the head of the company's human resources department,who is responsible for hiring new employees:“Eight years ago, our firm’s profits were increasing with each new employee we added. We discovered that each employee had the skills and motivation to generate more revenue for the firm than his or her salary cost us. However, for the past two years, our profit margin has been falling, even though we have continued to add employees. Thus, our newer employees are not generating enough revenue to justify their salaries. We must not be hiring new employees with the same level of skills and motivation as those we used to attract. Clearly, then, failures in the human resources department account for our falling profits.”6. The following appeared in a memorandum from a company’s marketing department:“Since our company started manufacturing and marketing a deluxe air filter six months ago, sales of our economy filter—and company profits—have decreased significantly. The deluxe air filter sells for 50 percent more than the economy filter, but the economy filter lasts for only one month while the deluxe filter can be used for two months before it must be replaced. To increase repeat sales of our economy filter and maximize profits, we should discontinue the deluxe air filter and concentrate all our adve rtising efforts on the economy filter.”7. The following appeared in the editorial section of a local newspaper:“The tragic crash of a medical helicopter last week points up a situation that needs to be addressed. The medical-helicopter industry supposedly has more stringent guidelines for training pilots and maintaining equipment than do most other airline industries, but these guidelines do not appear to be working: statistics reveal that the rate of medical-helicopter accidents is much higher than the rate of accidents for non-medical helicopters or commercial airliners.”8. The following appeared in a letter from a part-owner of a small retail clothing chain to her business partner:“Commercial real estate prices have been rising steadily in the Sandida Heights neighborhood for several years, while the prices in the adjacent neighborhood of Palm Grove have remained the same. It seems obvious, then, that a retail space in Sandida Heights must now be much more expensive than a similar space in Palm Grove, which was not the case several years ago. So, it appears that retail spaces in Sandida Heights are now overpriced relative to those in Palm Grove. Therefore, it would be in our financial interest to purchase a retail space in Palm Grove rather than in Sandida Heights.”9. The following appeared as part of an article in a daily newspaper:“The computerized onboard warning system that will be installed in commercial airliners will virtually solve the problem of midair plane collisions. One plane’s warning system can receive signals from another’s transponder—a radio set thatsignals a plan e’s course—in order to determine the likelihood of a collision and recommend evasive action.”10. The following appeared in a presentation by the chief production manager of a machine parts manufacturing company at a management meeting:“Our factory in Cookville is our most advanced and efficient. It is capable of producing ten drill bits for each dollar of production costs, whereas none of our other factories can produce more than seven drill bits per dollar of production costs. Therefore, we can reduce our overall drill bit production costs by devoting the Cookville factory entirely to drill bit production. Since reducing the production costs of individual machine parts is the only way to achieve our larger goal of reducing our overall production costs, dedicating the Cookville factory entirely to drill bit production and shifting all other machine part production to our other factories will help us to attain that larger goal.”11. The following appeared in a memorandum to a team developing accounting software for SmartPro Software, Inc.:“Currently, more professional accountants use SmartPro accounting software than any other brand. However, in the market for personal accounting software for non-professionals to use in preparing their income tax returns, many of our competitors are outselling us. In surveys, our professional customers repeatedly say that they have chosen SmartPro Software because our most sophisticated software products include more advanced special features than competing brands. Therefore, the most effective way for us to increase sales of our personal accounting software for home users would clearly be to add the advanced special features that our professional software products currently offer.”12. The following appeared in a memorandum from the assistant manager of Pageturner Books:“Over the past two years, Pageturner’s profits have decreased by 5 percent, even though we have added a popular café as well as a music section selling CDs andtapes. At the same time, we have experienced an increase in the theft of merchandise. We should therefore follow the example of Thoreau Books, which increased its profits after putting copies of its most frequently stolen books on a high shelf behind the payment counter. By doing likewise with copies of the titles that our staff reported stolen last year, we too can increase profitability.”13. The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a local newspaper:“Our city council’s neglect of the impoverished Railroad Flats neighborhood has left businesses with little incentive to locate there. Building a new professional football stadium in the neighborhood would solve this problem. Thousands of football fans would travel to the area to see games, and they would buy from local merchants, encouraging new businesses to open. So our city council should move quickly to fund the construction of a professional football stadium in Railroad Flats in order to help the ne ighborhood develop a thriving economy.”14. The following appeared in a memorandum from the marketing department of a children’s clothing manufacturer:“Our HuggyBunny brand is the bestselling brand of children’s clothing. Parents everywhere recognize the HuggyBunny logo as a mark of quality, and most of our customers show great brand loyalty. Sales reports have shown that parents are more likely to buy children’s clothes with the familiar HuggyBunny brand and logo than otherwise identical clothes without it. Therefore, if we use the HuggyBunny brand name and logo for the new line of clothing for teenagers that our company will soon be introducing, that clothing will sell better than it would if we labeled it with a new brand name and logo.”15. The following appeared in a research paper written for an introductory economics course:“For the past century, an increase in the number of residential building permits issued per month in a particular region has been a reliable indicator of coming improvements to that region’s economy. If the monthly number of residentialbuilding permits issued rises consistently for a few months, the local unemployment rate almost always falls and economic production increases. This well-established connection reveals an effective method by which a regional government can end a local economic downturn: relax regulations governing all construction so that many more building permits can be issued.”ISSUE题库最新变化ISSUE新题库删去了原来题库中所有的补充题（A1~A43），新增了10题，另外有7道题目（97、100、104、112、114、120、124）略微改变了一下表述（但是意思是完全一样的！！！）。
七年级英语上册 Unit 3 Troubles重难点解析试题
Unit 3 Troubles制卷人：歐陽文化、歐陽理複；制卷時間：二O二二年二月七日一词语学习〔一〕dealwith 对付，处理argue v.争吵名词形式是 arguementargument n．争论，争吵diary n．日记happento 发生在某人身上的stare(at) 盯着看steal---stole v.偷,盗窃dial v. 拨〔号码〕inhandcuffs 戴着手铐stay uplate 熬夜holdout 伸出，端出 hold---heldfollow = goafter v. 跟随,跟踪ring v.〔钟、铃等〕鸣，响,其过去式是rang aboard adv．在机上，在船上wait v. 等候hurryto 匆忙赶到report v．报告，汇报thief n.小偷其名词形式是theft，意为盗窃welldone 做的好。
它是句子It is well done.的简写形式。
(二)project n.工程，工程这里指作业。
Due n.到期grab---grabbed v.抓，抓住stormout 猛然冲出rush v.快速跑，冲 n.快速跑，冲 rush hour 顶峰时段cycle n.循环，骑自行车注意bicycle的组成：cycle作名词的一个意思是圆，bi在构词法中是一个前缀,意为两个------cycle加上前缀bi,构成一个新词bicycle即有两个轮子的车。
fallover 摔倒wonder v.疑惑，想知道feelguilty 感到愧疚，有犯罪感〔三〕a few ,some, few, severaldark brown coata bright white shirt(四)rob v. 抢劫 robberv.匪徒，robbery n. 抢劫takeplace 发生gang n．一伙，帮派towards prep．向，朝(五)advice n.建议 advise v. 建议match…to 将……与……(连接)配对tooon time 与 in timechoice n.选择其名词形式是choose obey v.遵守 obey the law 遵守法律compare…to 将……与……进展比拟chang one’smind 改变……的想法〔观念〕either … orought to must should maytell alie 说谎toomuch 太多，过量cross v. 穿过trip v. 绊倒，摔倒gun n．枪quite rather二重点难点解析1. Suddenly, two women tourists and a man beganarguing.突然，两个女游客和一个男人争吵起来。
Arguement通用顺序
1The following appeared in a memorandum written by the vice president of Nature's Way, a chain of stores selling health food and other health-related products."Previous experience has shown that our stores are most profitable in areas where residents are highly concerned with leading healthy lives. We should therefore build our next new store in Plainsville, which has many such residents. Plainsville merchants report that sales of running shoes and exercise clothing are at all-time highs. The local health club, which nearly closed five years ago due to lack of business, has more members than ever, and the weight training and aerobics classes are always full. We can even anticipate a new0generation of customers: Plainsville's schoolchildren are required to participate in a 'fitness for life' program, which emphasizes the benefits of regular exercise at an early age."------------------------------2The following appeared in a letter sent by a committee of homeowners from the Deerhaven Acres to all homeowners in Deerhaven Acres."Seven years ago, homeowners in nearby Brookville community adopted a set of restrictions on how the community's yards should be landscaped and what colors the exteriors of homes should be painted. Since then, average property values have tripled in Brookville. In order to raise property values in Deerhaven Acres, we should adopt our own set of restrictions on landscaping and housepainting."------------------------------3The following appeared in a newspaper article about law firms in the city of Megalopolis."In Megalopolis, the number of law school graduates who went to work for large, corporate firms declined by 15 percent over the last three years, whereas an increasing number of graduates took jobs at small, general practice firms. Even though large firms usually offer much higher salaries, law school graduates are choosing to work for the smaller firms most likely because they experience greater job satisfaction at smaller firms. In a survey of first-year students at a leadinglaw school, most agreed with the statement that earning a high salary was less important to them than job satisfaction. This finding suggests that the large, corporate firms of Megalopolis will need to offer graduates more benefits and incentives and reduce the number of hours they must work."------------------------------4The following was posted on an Internet real estate discussion site."Of the two leading real estate firms in our town—Adams Realty and Fitch Realty—Adams is clearly superior. Adams has 40 real estate agents. In contrast, Fitch has 25, many of whom work only part-time. Moreover, Adams' revenue last year was twice as high as that of Fitch, and included home sales that averaged $168,000, compared to Fitch's $144,000. Homes listed with Adams sell faster as well: ten years ago, I listed my home with Fitch and it took more than four months to sell; last year, when I sold another home, I listed it with Adams, and it took only one month. Thus, if you want to sell your home quickly and at a good price, you should use Adams."------------------------------5The following appeared in the business section of a newspaper."Given that the number of people in our country with some form of arthritis is expected to rise from 40 million to 60 million over the next twenty years, pharmaceutical companies that produce drugs for the treatment of arthritis should be very profitable. Many analysts believe that in ten years Becton Pharmaceuticals, which makes Xenon, the best-selling drug treatment for arthritis, will be the most profitable pharmaceutical company. But the patent on Xenon expires in three years, and other companies will then be able to produce a cheaper version of the drug. Thus, it is more likely that in ten years the most profitable pharmaceutical company will be Perkins Pharmaceuticals, maker of a new drug called Xylan, which clinical studies show is preferred over Xenon by seven out of ten patients suffering from the most extreme cases of arthritis."------------------------------6The following was written as a part of an application for a small business loan by a group of developers in the city of Monroe."A jazz music club in Monroe would be a tremendously profitable enterprise. Currently, the nearest jazz club is 65 miles away; thus, our proposed club, the C Note, would have the local market all to itself. Plus, jazz is extremely popular in Monroe: over 100,000 people attended Monroe's jazz festival last summer, several well-known jazz musicians live in Monroe, and the highest-rated radio program in Monroe is'Jazz Nightly,' which airs every weeknight. Finally, a nationwide study indicates that the typical jazz fan spends close to $1,000 per year on jazz entertainment. It is clear that the C Note cannot help but make money."------------------------------7The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Clearview newspaper."In the next mayoral election, residents of Clearview should vote for Ann Green, who is a member of the Good Earth Coalition, rather than for Frank Braun, a member of the Clearview town council, because the current members are not protecting our environment. For example, during the past year the number of factories in Clearview has doubled, air pollution levels have increased, and the local hospital has treated 25 percent more patients with respiratory illnesses. If we elect Ann Green, the environmental problems in Clearview will certainly be solved."------------------------------8The following appeared in a memorandum issued by the strategic planning department at Omni Inc."Mesa Foods, a manufacturer of snack foods that currently markets its products within a relatively small region of the country, has strong growth potential. Mesa enjoyed a 20 percent increase in profits last year, and its best-selling product, Diabolique Salsa, has had increased sales over eachof the past three years. Since Omni Inc. is interested in reaching 14-to-25 year olds, the age group that consumes the most snack food, we should buy Mesa Foods, and concentrate in particular on marketing Diabolique Salsa throughout the country."------------------------------9The following appeared in a memorandum from a dean at Omega University."Fifteen years ago, Omega University implemented a new procedure that encouraged students to evaluate the teaching effectiveness of all their professors. Since that time, Omega professors have begun to assign higher grades in their classes, and overall student grade averages at Omega have risen by thirty percent. Potential employers apparently believe the grades at Omega are inflated; this would explain why Omega graduates have not been as successful at getting jobs as have graduates from nearby Alpha University. To enable its graduates to secure better jobs, Omega University should now terminate student evaluation of professors."------------------------------10The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a Batavia newspaper."The department of agriculture in Batavia reports that the number of dairy farms throughout the country is now 25 percent greater than it was 10 years ago. During this same time period, however, the price of milk at the local Excello Food Market has increased from $1.50 to over $3.00 per gallon. To prevent farmers from continuing to receive excessive profits on an apparently increased supply of milk, the Batavia government should begin to regulate retail milk prices. Such regulation is necessary to ensure both lower prices and an adequate supply of milk for consumers."------------------------------11The following appeared in a memo from the mayor of the town of West Egg."Two years ago, our consultants predicted that West Egg's landfill, which is used for garbage disposal, would be completely filled within five years. During the past two years, however, town residents have been recycling twice as much aluminum and paper as they did in previous years. Next month the amount of material recycled should further increase, since charges for garbage pickup will double. Furthermore, over ninety percent of the respondents to a recent survey said that they would do more recycling in the future. Because of our residents' strong commitment to recycling, the available space in our landfill should last for considerably longer than predicted."------------------------------12The following appeared in a memo from a vice president of Alta Manufacturing."During the past year, Alta Manufacturing had thirty percent more on-the-job accidents than nearby Panoply Industries, where the work shifts are one hour shorter than ours. Experts believe that a significant contributing factor in manyon-the-job accidents is fatigue and sleep deprivation among workers. Therefore, to reduce the number of on-the-job accidents at Alta and thereby increase productivity, we should shorten each of our three work shifts by one hour so that our employees will get adequate amounts of sleep."------------------------------13The following appeared in a memo from the chief executive of a video game company."We have recently been offered the opportunity to buy the rights to produce a video game based on thesoon-to-be-published children's book "Squirrel Power," by Peter Wood. While the cost of the rights is substantial and will place economic constraints on our company in the short-term, there are two reasons that the purchase of these rights will undoubtedly be a wise investment. First, Wood's last three books have been best sellers and the movie based on his first book was highly profitable. Second, the popular characters and story line in "Squirrel Power" will save us time in developing our video game, thereby reducing our costs."------------------------------14The following appeared in a memo from the owner of Green Thumb Gardening Center, a small business serving a suburban town."There is evidence that consumers are becoming more and more interested in growing their own vegetables. A national survey conducted last month indicated that many consumers were dissatisfied with the quality of fresh vegetables available in supermarkets. And locally, the gardening magazine Great Gardens has sold out at the Village News stand three months in a row. Thus, we at Green Thumb Gardening Center can increase our profits by greatly expanding the variety of vegetable seeds we stock for gardeners this coming spring." ------------------------------15The following appeared in a newsletter offering advice to investors."Over 80 percent of the respondents to a recent survey indicated a desire to reduce their intake of foods containing fats and cholesterol, and today low-fat products abound in many food stores. Since many of the food products currently marketed by Old Dairy Industries are high in fat and cholesterol, the company's sales are likely to diminish greatly and their profits will no doubt decrease. We therefore advise Old Dairy stockholders to sell their shares and other investors not to purchase stock in this company."------------------------------16The following appeared in a letter to the editor of a local newspaper from a citizen of the state of Impecunia."Two years ago our neighboring state, Lucria, began a state lottery to supplement tax revenue s for education and public health. Today, Lucria spends more per pupil than we do, and Lucria's public health program treats far more people than our state's program does. If we were to establish a state lottery like the one in Lucria, the profits could be used to improve our educational system and public health program. The newlottery would doubtless be successful, because a survey conducted in our capital city concludes that citizens of Impecunia already spend an average of $50 per person per year on gambling."------------------------------17The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Walnut Grove town newspaper."Walnut Grove's town council has advocated switching from EZ Disposal (which has had the contract for trash collection services in Walnut Grove for the past ten years) to ABC Waste, because EZ recently raised its monthly fee from $2,000 to $2,500 a month, whereas ABC's fee is still $2,000. But the town council is mistaken; we should continue using EZ. EZ collects trash twice a week, while ABC collects only once. Moreover, EZ—which, like ABC, currently has a fleet of 20 trucks—has ordered additional trucks. Finally, EZ provides exceptional service: 80 percent of respondents to last year's town survey agreed that they were 'satisfied' with EZ's performance."------------------------------18The following appeared in an editorial in a Prunty County newspaper."In an attempt to improve highway safety, Prunty County recently lowered its speed limit from 55 miles per hour to 45 on all major county roads. But the 55 mph limit should be restored, because this safety effort has failed. Most drivers are exceeding the new speed limit and the accident rate throughout Prunty County has decreased only slightly. If we want to improve the safety of our roads, we should instead undertake the same kind of road improvement project that Butler County completed five years ago: increasing lane widths and resurfacing rough roads. Today, major Butler County roads still have a 55 mph speed limit, yet there were 25 percent fewer reported accidents in Butler County this past year than there were five years ago."------------------------------19The following appeared in a letter from the manager of a rock band named Double Rice."One year ago, tickets for Double Rice's concerts in stadiums around the country took, on average, at least 24 hours to sell out, if they sold out at all. But the band has been enjoying a surge in nationwide popularity among 14 to 25 year olds, and the 30,000 tickets for a recent concert in Megalopolis sold out in 12 minutes. Clearly the ticket sales in Megalopolis are a result both of the band's increased popularity and of the advertising campaign run in Megalopolis by the Ad Lib advertising agency. Thus, in order to ensure that the band's success in Megalopolis is repeated across the country, the band should hire Ad Lib to duplicate the Megalopolis ad campaign on a nationwide scale."------------------------------20The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Balmer Island Gazette."The population of Balmer Island increases to 100,000 duing the summer months. To reduce the number of accidents involving mopeds and pedestrian s, the town council of Balmer Island should limit the number of mopeds rented by each of the island's six moped and bicycle rental companies from 50 per day to 30 per day during the summer season. By limiting the number of rentals, the town council is sure to attain the 50 percent reduction in moped accidents that was achieved last year in the neighboring island of Torseau, when Torseau's town council enforced similar limits on moped rentals."------------------------------21The following appeared in a memo from the new vice president of Sartorian, a company that manufactures men's clothing."Five years ago, at a time when we had difficulties in obtaining reliable supplies of high-quality wool fabric, we discontinued production of our deluxe alpaca overcoats. Now that we have a new fabric supplier, we should resume production. This coat should sell very well: since we have not offered an alpaca overcoat for five years and since our major competitor nolonger makes an alpaca overcoat, there will be pent-up customer demand. Also, since the price of most types of clothing has risen in each of the past five years, customers should be willing to pay significantly higher prices for alpaca overcoats than they did five years ago, and our company profits will increase."------------------------------22The following appeared in a memo from the president of a company that builds and sells new homes in Steel City. "Over the past five years, the population of Steel City has increased by more than 20 percent, and family incomes in Steel City have risen much faster than the national average. Nationwide, sales of houses priced above $150,000 have increased more than have sales of lower-priced houses. Such data indicate that we should make changes in our business to increase company profits. First, we should build fewerlow-priced houses than we did last year and focus instead on building houses designed to sell at above $150,000. Second, we should hire additional workers so that we can build a larger total number of houses than we did last year."------------------------------23A recent sales study indicated that consumption of seafood dishes in Bay City restaurants has increased by 30 percent over the past five years. Yet there are no currently operating city restaurants that specialize in seafood. Moreover, the majority of families in Bay City are two-income families, and a nationwide study has shown that such families eat significantly fewer home-cooked meals than they did a decade ago but at the same time express more concern about eating healthily. Therefore, a new Bay City restaurant specializing in seafood will be quite popular and profitable.------------------------------24The following appeared in a memo from the president of Viva-Tech, a manufacturer of high-tech medical equipment. "In order to reduce costs, we should close some of our existing small assembly plants and build a large central plant.Grandview would be an ideal location for this new plant. First, of the locations that we have considered, Grandview has the largest adult population, so that we will be able to staff our plant quickly and easily. Second, since the average wage earned by workers in Grandview is less than that in the other locations, we should be able to keep production costs low. Last, as an inducement for us to build there, Grandview's town council has offered to allow us to operate for the first three years without paying city taxes."------------------------------25The following appeared in a memo from the mayor of the town of Hopewell."Two years ago, the town of Ocean View built a new municipal golf course and resort hotel. During the past two years, tourism in Ocean View has increased, new businesses have opened there, and Ocean View's tax revenues have risen by 30 percent. The best way to improve Hopewell's economy, and generate additional tax revenues, is to build a golf course and resort hotel similar to those in Ocean View."------------------------------26The following appeared in a memo from the chairperson of the school board in the town of Saluda."For the past five years, Mr. Charles Schade has been the music director at Steel City High School, and during that time the school band from Steel City High has won three regional band competitions. In addition, the quality of the music rehearsal facilities and musical instruments at Steel City High has improved markedly over the past five years. Because of such successes at Steel City High, the Saluda school board should hire Mr. Schade to plan and direct the general music education programs for the entire Saluda school system."------------------------------27The following appeared as part of a memo from the president of Automate, a company that manufactures automobiles."It has come to my attention that Sparks, Inc., the manufacturing company that just moved into our state, is advertising job openings at salaries that are twice as high as those paid to our experienced assembly-line workers. Some of our employees have already left to work for Spark s. In order to keep our best staff, we must pay them salaries equal to those Sparks pays its employees. Otherwise we will continue to lose employees in the future, because Sparks must staff the additional new plants that it plans to build in the state."------------------------------28The following is a memo from the superintendent of the Mylar school district."A recent six-month study, in which breakfast was made available at school for 100 schoolchildren ages five to twelve, found that children on the breakfast plan were less likely than other children to be absent from or late for school. Clearly, eating breakfast before school plays a role in reducing student absenteeism and tardiness. It is also well known that children who regularly eat a healthful breakfast tend to perform better in school. Therefore, in order to reduce absenteeism and tardiness and to improve academic performance in all of Mylar's elementary and secondary schools, we should provide breakfasts for all students before each school day."------------------------------then, McAllister has made public her commitment to environmental causes. She would be wise, therefore, to announce her intention to close all Lake City parks to automobile traffic, thus following the example of the former mayor of Plainsville, Alecia Yu . On the recommendation of a small group of concerned citizens, Mayor Yu prohibited automobile traffic in all Plainsville parks, and therefore was credited with solving the pollution problem and improving the quality of life in Plainsville. This action would have great appeal to the citizens of Lake City, most of whom participate in the community's recycling program, and would guarantee McAllister's success in her current quest to be Lake City's new mayor.------------------------------30According to information recently reported in the Eliottown Gazette, the number of people who travel to Eliottown has increased significantly over the past several years. So far this year over 100,000 people have arrived on flights toEliottown's airport, compared with only 80,000 last year and 40,000 the year before. Eliottown's train station has received more than 50,000 passengers this year, compared with less than 40,000 last year and 20,000 the year before. Clearly tourism in Eliottown has been increasing, thanks to the new Central Park and Museum of Modern Art that opened last year. Therefore, the funding for the park and museum should be increased significantly.------------------------------31The following appeared in the editorial section of a newsmagazine."Some states are creating new laws that restrict the use of of handheld cell phones by drivers of automobiles. Such legislation, however, is sheer folly. Although some people with cell phones undoubtedly cause problems on the road, including serious accidents, the majority do not. Besides, problems are also caused by drivers who are distracted by any number of other activities, from listening to the radio to disciplining children. Since there is no need to pass legislation restricting these and other such activities, it follows that there is no need to restrict people's freedom to use a device that they find convenient—or helpful in emergencies."------------------------------32Until recently, people in Hiparia did most of their shopping by driving to shopping malls. They are beginning, however, to do more of their shopping by ordering merchandise frommail-order catalogs and the Internet. These purchases are delivered to them by mail or by a delivery service. For many purchases, Hiparians no longer need to drive to and from shopping malls; there will therefore be a resulting reduction in the consumption of vehicle fuel in Hiparia.------------------------------33The following report appeared in an archaeology journal. "The discovery of distinctively shaped ceramic pots at various prehistoric sites scattered over a wide area has led archaeologists to ask how the pots were spread. Some believe the pot makers migrated to the various sites and carried the pots along with them; others believe the pots were spread by trade and their makers remained in one place. Now, analysis of the bones of prehistoric human skeletons can settle the debate: high levels of a certain metallic element contained in various foods are strongly associated with people who migrated to a new place after childhood. Many of the bones found near the pots at a few sites showed high levels of the metallic element. Therefore, it must be that the pots were spread by migration, not trade."------------------------------34Milk and dairy products are rich in vitamin D and calcium, substances essential for building and maintaining bones. Many people therefore believe that a diet rich in dairy products can help prevent osteoporosis, a disease in which the bones weaken significantly with age and that is linked to both environmental and genetic factors. But a long-term study of a large number of people has found that those who have consistently consumed dairy products throughout the years of the study have a higher rate of bone fractures than any other participants in the study. Since bone fractures are a symptom of osteoporosis, this study result shows that a diet rich in dairy products may actually increase, rather than decrease, the risk of osteoporosis.------------------------------35The following appeared in the summary of a study on headaches suffered by the residents of Mentia."Salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin, a medicine used to treat headaches. Although many foods are naturally rich in salicylates, for the past several decades food-processing companies have also been adding salicylates to foods as preservatives. This rise in thecommercial use of salicylates has been found to correlate with a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by participants in our twenty-year study. Recently,food-processing companies have found that salicylates can also be used as flavor additives for foods. With this new use for salicylates, we can expect a continued steady decline in the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia."------------------------------36The following appeared in an article written by Dr. Karp, an anthropologist."Twenty years ago Dr. Field, a noted anthropologist, visited the island of Tertia and concluded from his observations that children in Tertia were reared by an entire village rather than by their own biological parents. However, my recent interviews with children living in the group of islands that includes Tertia show that these children spend much more time talking about their biological parents than about other adults in the village. This research proves that Dr. Field's conclusion about Tertian village culture is false, and thus that the observation-centered approach to studying cultures is invalid. Because they are using the interview-centered method, my team of graduate students working in Tertia will establish a much more accurate understanding ofchild-rearing traditions there and in other island cultures."------------------------------37Woven baskets characterized by a particular distinctive pattern have previously been found only in the immediate vicinity of the prehistoric village of Palea and therefore were believed to have been unique to the Palean people. Recently, however, archaeologists discovered such a "Palean" basket in Lithos, an ancient village across the Brim River from Palea. The Brim River is very deep and broad, and so the ancient Paleans could only have crossed it by boat, but there is no evidence that the Paleans had boats. And boats capable of carrying groups of people and cargo were not developed until thousands of years after the Palean people disappeared. Moreover, Paleans would have had no need to cross the river—the woods around Palea are full of nuts, berries, and。
Arguement部分
Arguement部分开头实验结论In this argument, the arguer concludes that …doing…will lead to …To support the conclusion, the arguer points out that…In addition, the arguer reasons that…The argument suffers from several critical fallacies.自己应该干吗根据观察和现象自己改正根据因果In this argument, the arguer recommends that … should advise … to …To justify this claim, the arguer provides the evidence that… Thus…should follow the study’s recommendation and … in order to …自己尝试新方法根据预测和假想The conclusion in this argument is that … can expect to … by doing … In support of this prediction, the arguer claim s that … Moreover, the arguer assumes that this attempt has …benefits:1) to; 2)to; 3)to; This argument is fraught with vague, oversimplified, and unwarranted assumptions.换一个供应商In this argument, the arguer advocates that … should … This recommendation is based on the observation that … Meanwhile, the arguer assumes … to be a better choice … because … This argument is problematic for … reasons.自己应该干吗根据其他州的情况In this analysis, the arguer claims that … should … To substantiate the conclusion, the arguer cites the example of … where … In addition, the arguer assumes that … This argument is unconvincing for several critical flaws.正文：The m ajor problem with this argument is that …Another flaw that weakens this argument is that. …In addition, the arguer ignores several factors that might undermine the argum ent.… the arguer fails to consider several other relevant factors that mightinfluence …For instance … since … what’s m ore … etc.样本的问题：When samples are used to m ake general claims about a particular group, the sam ples should be close enough in time to the generation they are used to support, so that historical changes will not invalidate the generalization调查survey 的问题：The sample of the survey conducted by the … is vague.But we are told nothing about the way the poll was conducted and how well it represented the public opinions..（民意测验）How many people participated?The sample of the survey is not representative.数据的问题：（平均值）The study revealed, on average, only a sm all statistical correlation between（实验的数据不可靠）the data of the research is unconvincing（样本太小）the sample is too small to...（光数字没比例）the ratio of four to sixthere is only figures but no proportion of the survey 还是ratio?Insufficient SampleIf the [respondents] only stand for a tiny proportion of the whole [group], we should not be so sure about the conclusion that [the whole group…]The arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization.It was only carried out in Sun City, but the arguer applies its result to all the company’s markets while doesn’t show us whether Sun City is a representative market of the whole markets.实验组的人：性别，年龄，生理特征副作用有的病人会对抗生素过敏错误的类比：But the problem is that the two situations are not sim ilar enough to justify the analogical deduction.错误的比较：The com parison in this argument is incom plete and selective. The arguer discovers that …However, the arguer fails to provide any information regarding … respectively …别的因素：F urthermore the arguer ignores the possibility that … m ay … Unless the arguer also takes this factor into consideration, the com parison is unconvincing.It is very likely that … and hence… varies significantly.没有因果：Confusing causal relation with correlationthe arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization.Even if the maintenance of the airline has been improved as a result of sending its mechanics to the Seminar, which is, of course, an unwarranted assumption, it does not follow that就算怎样，也不怎样F inally, the arguer hints that … but he fails to analyze the causes. Is it because… or because … ?-----------------------------------------------------------其他：The fact that … does not necessarily imply that …First of all, the argum ent is based on a hasty generalization. According to the cited studies … which is understandable.It is very likely that … and hence… varies significantly.分析常用：the actual am ount of tim e for doing … respectively …The survey is based on two isolated examples. The arguer should survey more hospitals of both types.How large was the sam pleHow many people participated?What extent do this participators improve their …speed?The arguer fails to indicate the attitude of the residents to the ABC's performance.循环假设The arguer commits a fallacy of begging the question in assuming that …-------------------------------------------------------------结尾：To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains.To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide m ore evidence concerning the percentage of the affected families and their geographical distribution.In summary, the conclusion reached in this argument is invalid and misleading.In conclusion, the arguer fails to establish a causal relationship between …To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide evidence that …To better evaluate the argum ent, we would need more information about …As it stands, the argument is not well reasoned. To m ake it logically acceptable, the arguer would have to demonstrate that … is the only condition that …Additionally, the arguer must provide evidence to rule out other possible causes of the …To conclude, this argument is not persuasive as it stands.范文观摩呀！Argument 37The following is a memorandum from the director of personnel to the president of Get-Away Airlines. "Since our mechanics are responsible for inspecting andmaintaining our aircraft, Get-Away Airlines should pay to send them to the Quality-Care Seminar, a two-week seminar on proper maintenance procedures. I recommend this seminar because it is likely to be a wise investment, given that the automobile racing industry recently reported that the performance of its maintenance crews improved markedly after their crews had attended the seminar. These maintenance crews perform many of the same functions as doour mechanics, including refueling and repairing engines. The money we spend on sending our staff to the seminar will inevitably lead to improved maintenance and thus to greater customer satisfaction along with greater profits for our airline."[建议，看别人好自己也要]In this argument, the arguer concludes that sending the mechanics of Get-Away Airlines to a two-week Quality-Care Seminar on proper maintenance procedures will automatically lead to improved maintenance and to greater customer satisfaction along with greater profits for the airline. To support the conclusion, the arguer points out that the performance of the maintenance crews in the automobile racing industry improved markedly after their crews had attended the seminar. In addition, the arguer reasons that since the maintenance crews of the automobile racing industry and the mechanics of Get-Away Airlines perform many of the same functions, the airlines will gain similar benefits from the training program. This argument suffers from several critical fallacies.First, the argument Is based on a false analogy. The arguer simply assumes that airplane mechanics and automobile maintenance crews perform many similar functions, but he does not provide any evidence that their functions are indeed comparable. As we know, the structure, operation and function of airplanes and those of automobiles differ conspicuously. It is true that both the airplane and the automobile need refueling and engine maintenance, but even here there exist fundamental differences: the structure and the building materials of each other's engines are different, so is the oil they use. Therefore, even though the two-week Quality-Care Seminar proved effective in improving the performance of the maintenance crews in the automobile racing industry, there is no guarantee that it will work just as well for airplane mechanics.Second, the arguer commits a fallacy of hasty generalization.Even if the maintenance of the airline has been improved as a result of sending its mechanics to the Seminar, which is, of course, an unwarranted assumption, it does not follow that there will be greater profits as well as greater customer satisfaction for the airline. As we know, customer satisfaction depends on several major factors other than good maintenance of the airplane. For instance, customers are generally concerned about the punctuality,the on-board service, the ticket price, the luggage handling procedure and even the discount, all of which are ignored by the arguer. Besides, the arguer does not provide any solid information concerning how the airplane can improve its profits.Unless Get-Away Airlines can significantly increase its customers or passengers and at the same time cut down its costs, both of which are unknown from this argument, there is no guarantee that it wil l "inevitably" harvestgreater profits. Actually, the arguer's recommendation of investing in this training program as the only way to increase customer satisfaction and profits would most probably turn out to be ineffective and misleading.In conclusion, the arguer fails to establish a causal relationship between sending Get-A way's mechanics to the Quality-Care Seminar and improved maintenance, greater customer satisfaction and greater profits for the airline. To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide evidence that automobile maintenance and airplane maintenance are similar in every aspect. To better evaluate the argument, we would need more information about the relationship between improved maintenance and greater customer satisfaction along with greater profits.Argument 47:The nation of Claria covers a vast physical area. But despite wide geographic differences, many citizens are experiencing rising costs of electricity. A recent study of household electric costs in Claria found that families who cooled their houses with fans alone spent more on electricity than did families using air conditioners alone for cooling. However, those households that reported using both fans and air conditioners spent less on electricity than those households that used either fans or air conditioners alone. Thus, the citizens of Claria should follow the study's recommendation and use both air conditioners and fans in order to save money on electricity.[建议，根据不科学调查]In this argument, the arguer recommends that Claria should advise its citizens to install both air conditioners and fans for cooling in order to reduce the cost of electricity. To justify this claim, the arguer provides the evidence that many citizens of Claria suffer from the rising costs of electricity. In addition, he cites the result of a recent study that using fans alone costs more than using air conditioners alone, and that using both air conditioners and fans costs less than either using fans or air conditioners alone. A careful examination of this argument would reveal how groundless the conclusion is.In the first place, the arguer fails to take into account the geographical factors in the analysis. While we are informed that there are wide geographical differences in the nation of Claria, and that many citizens are experiencing rising costs of electricity,the arguer fails to make clear the exact number of those citizens or their percentage in the national population, as well as the geographical distribution of these citizens. If only a small portion of the whole population are experiencing the rising costs of electricitywhile most families do not have similar experience, then the reason might be that the former do not use electricity sparingly. In this case, the rising costs of those families have nothing to do with what kind of electric appliance they use to cool their houses. Or if only families living in hot areas are spending more money on cooling, then it is unwise to require citizens living in temperate and frigid zones to install both fans and air conditioners. In the absence of all this information, it is impossible for us to evaluate the recommended policy that is intended to help every household nationwide to reduce their electricity cost.In the second place, the comparison in this argument is incomplete and selective.The arguer discovers that using fans alone is more cost effective than using air conditioners alone, and that using both fans and air conditioners are the least expensive way of cooling.However, the arguer fails to provide any information regarding the actual amount of time for using, respectively,fans alone, air conditioners alone, and both fans and air conditioners in those three groups of surveyed families. It is very likely that these three groups of families are located in three very different climatic regions of Claria, and hence the amount of days of the year during which they need to cool their houses varies significantly. Families living in cooler areas of the nation certainly cool their houses for fewer hours and hence use less electricity than families living in hot areas, no matter what cooling appliance they use. Unless we are certain t hat the surveyed families live in the same climatic region, or that they need to cool their houses for the same amount of hours in the same year although they live in different regions, which is very unlikely, we have every reason to doubt the trustworthiness of this comparative study.Furthermore, the arguer ignores the possibility that the families who are spending more on electricity may be using more electricity for purposes other-than cooling. Unless the arguer also takes this factor into consideration, the comparison is unconvincing.To sum up, the conclusion lacks credibility because the evidence cited in the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains. To strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide more evidence concerning the percentage of the affected families and their geographical distribution. To better evaluate the argument, we would need more information regarding the electric expense relevant to the actual amount of time for cooling among, respectively, the three groups of households and the amount of electricity used for other purposes in all three groups of families under survey.Argument 57:The following appeared in a letter from a department chairperson to the president of Pierce University. "Some studies conducted by Bronston College, which is also located in a small town, reveal that both mate and femaleprofessors are happier living in small towns when their spouses are also employed in the same geographic area. Therefore, in the interest of attracting the most gifted teachers and researchers to our faculty and improving the morale of our entire staff, we at Pierce University should offer employment to the spouse of each new faculty member we hire. Although we cannot expect all offers to be accepted or to be viewed as an ideal job offer, the money invested in this effort will clearly be well spent because, if their spouses have a chance of employment, new professors will be more likely to accept our offers."[建议，看人家好自己也要]In this analysis, the arguer claims that Pierce University should offer employment to the spouse of each new faculty member that they hire. To substantiate the conclusion, the arguer cites the example of Bronston College where professors prefer to have their spouse employed in the same geographical area. In addition, the arguer assumes that this offer of a possible job for their spouse on the campus, no matter whether it will be accepted, is the only factor that new professors consider in deciding whether to accept a university position. This argument is unconvincing for several critical flaws.First of all, the argument is based on a hasty generalization . According to the cited studies, professors at Bronston College are happier living in small towns when their spouses are also employed in the local area than when their spouses work in distant areas, which is understandable. This fact tells very little about what actual conditions the professors often consider as important when they choose where to work. Even if we accept the arguer's assumption that whether their spouse can find a job in the local area is the only important question that new professors consider when they decide whether to accept an offer in a university situated in a small town, the arguer's recommendation is still unconvincing. Only when the offer of employment to the spouse is regarded as an ideal one and therefore accepted is it likely that the professor will consider accepting the university's offer. Consequently, it is unwarranted to assume that new professors will accept Pierce's offer whether their spouse can find satisfactory employment in the local area.In addition, the arguer fails to consider several other relevant factors that may influence new professors' decision. For instance, since Pierce's location is not ideal, the pay it offers should be high enough to be attractive. New gifted professors are also concerned about the position they can have and the courses they are supposed to teach in the new university. What's more, what researchers care most about might be the university's researchconditions such as laboratory equipments, adequate research funds, etc.Finally, the arguer hints that the morale of Pier ce's entire staff is low, but he fails to analyze the causes. Is it because the management of the university is poor, or because the pay is too low, or because the local area suffers from economic depression, or because the local environment is severely damaged by industrial pollution? Under these circumstances, offering employment to the spouse would be ineffective at all for the purpose of attracting more new professors. Furthermore, if these problems do exist, even if Pierce succeeds in hiring many of the most gifted teachers and researchers of the country, the general morale of the whole faculty would remain low.As it stands, the argument is not well reasoned. To make it logically acceptable, the arguer would have to demonstrate that an offer of employment to the spouse is the only condition that new professors consider on accepting Pierce's offer. Additionally, the arguer must provide evidence to rule out other possible causes of the low staff morale at the university.Argument 67:The following is a memorandum written by the director of personnel to the president of the Cedar Corporation."It would be a mistake to rehire the Good-Taste Company to supply the food in our employee cafeteria next year. It is the second most expensive caterer in the city. In addition, its prices have risen in each of the last three years, and it refuses to provide meals for people on special diets. Just last month three employees complained to me that they no longer eat in the cafeteria because they find the experience unbearable. Our company should instead hire Discount Foods. Discount is a family-owned local company and it offers a varied menu of fish and poultry. I recently tasted a sample lunch at one of the many companies that Discount serves and it was delicious—an indication that hiring Discount will lead to improved employee satisfaction."[建议，更换供应商]In this argument, the arguer advocates that the Cedar Corporation should hire Discount Foods, a family-owned local company that offers a varied menu of fish and poultry, instead of the Good-Taste Company, the present supplier of food in Cedar's employee cafeteria. This recommendation is based on the observation that the Good-Taste is expensive, that its prices have kept rising, that it does not serve special diets, and that three employees complained about it. Meanwhile, the arguer assumes Discount to be a better choice for Cedar because a sample lunch ofthis company that the arguer happened to taste was delicious. This argument is problematic for two reasons.The major problem with this argument is that the arguer fails to convince us that Cedar's present supplier the Good-Taste should be fired. First, the fact that the Good-Taste is the second most expensive caterer in the city may be due to its better foods, quality service and high reputation in this industry. Second, the fact that its prices have been rising for the last three years may be due to nationwide inflation or the rising cost in the food industry. Third, the fact that Good-Taste refuses to serve special diets does not indicate that it cannot meet the needs of Cedar Corporation unless the arguer can demonstrate that Good-Taste served special diets at first and now it refuses to do so, hence disappointing Cedar's employees, and that many or most of Cedar's employees are on special diets. Finally, the arguer fails to explain why three employees complained, which makes it impossible for us to evaluate the overall service of Good-Taste. Maybe these three people are those few on special diets. Even if they have every reason to complain about the foods or service of the supplier on a certain day, these three people's opinion lacks the necessary representative ness based on which we can make any general judgment concerning the overall performance of Good-Taste.Another point worth considering is the arguer's hasty generalization.We are informed that Discount serves fish and poultry, but we do not know whether Cedar's employees all prefer this limited menu. We can believe that one sample lunch that the arguer happened to taste was indeed delicious, but based on this slim information, we can never evaluate the overall performance of Discount.To conclude, this argument is not persuasive as it stands. Before we accept the conclusion, the arguer must present more facts that Good-Taste has indeed failed to meet the requirements of Cedar Corporation. To solidify the argument, the arguer would have to produce more evidence concerning the foods and service of Discount and how they can better meet the needs of Cedar's employees.Argument 77:The following is a recommendation from the dean at Foley College, a small liberal arts college, to the president of the college."Since college-bound students are increasingly concerned about job prospects after graduation, Foley College should attempt to increase enrollment by promising to find its students jobs after they graduate. Many administrators feel that this strategy is a way for Foley to compete against larger and more prestigious schools and to encourage students to begin preparing for careers as soon as they enter college. Furthermore, a student who must choose a career path withinhis or her first year of college and who is guaranteed a job after graduation is more likely to successfully complete the coursework that will prepare him or her for the future."[建议，根据不科学假想]The conclusion in this argument is that Foley College can expect to increase enrollment by promising to find jobs for students after their graduation. In support of this prediction, the arguer claims that college-bound students are increasingly concerned about job prospects after graduation. Moreover, the arguer assumes that this attempt has three benefits: (1) to enable Foley to compete with more famous schools; (2) to encourage students to start career preparation early; (3) to encourage students to complete their coursework. This argument is fraught with vague, oversimplified and unwarranted assumptions.One major assumption in short of legitimacy is the causal relationship claimed between college-bound students' increasing concern about job prospects after graduation and their expectation on the university to find jobs for them. Students' increasing concern about job prospects may mean that when they choose which university to go to they prefer those universities that can offer the majors most likely to lead to more job opportunities and higher income after graduation. They may also be more interested in prestigious universities because their students are more competitive and more welcomed in the job market. As is known to everyone, in a market economy, promising to find jobs for students is impractical and hence rather doubtful. This strategy may prove misleading and counterproductive in the end. Instead of promising jobs to students, Foley College should devote its resources and efforts to offering more majors with good job prospects as well as attracting more prestigious professors to enhance its reputation.In addition, the conclusion is based on a gratuitous assumption that promising students jobs will make students more conscious in their study.This, however, is unwarranted. When students do not have to worry about their employment after graduation, they feel no pressure in their study; as a result, they will become more passive and dependent and gradually lose the initiative to improve themselves. Although it is more likely that they will complete their coursework, but when they graduate, no company would like to employ them. By then the university's promise will turn out to be meaningless.In summary, the conclusion reached in this argument is invalid and misleading. To make the argument more convincing, the arguer would have to prove that college-bound students are most concerned about the promise of jobs after graduation and that Foley College can keep its promise in the end. Moreover, I would suspend my judgment about the credibilityof the recommendation until the arguer can provide concrete evidence that promising students jobs can actually encourage them to work harder in their study. Otherwise, the arguer is simply begging the question throughout the argument.even though the two-week Quality-Care Seminar proved effective in improving the performance of the maintenance crews in the automobile racing industry, there is no guarantee that it will work just as well for airplane mechanics.Even if the maintenance of the airline has been improved as a result of sending its mechanics to the Seminar, which is, of course, an unwarranted assumption,it does not follow that there will be greater profits as well as greater customer satisfaction for the airline.1，论据不足，没有具体数据. 2，过分简单得出结论，忽略多种原因. 3, 因果关系错误. In this argument, the author concludes that______. At first glance, the author’s reasoning seems to be appealing, while clearly examining the author’s reasoning, we may find that it is unconvincing. The argument contains several facets that are questionable.First of all, the author’s evidences are insufficient to support the conclusion. Obviously, author does not provide enough information on the subjects of the survey/poll.But we are told nothing about the way the poll was conducted and how well it represented the public opinionsIf the [respondents] only stand for a tiny proport ion of the whole [group], we should not b e so sure about the conclusion that [the whole group…]It was only carried out in Sun City, but the arguer applies its result to all the company’s markets while doesn’t show us whether Sun City is a representativemarket of the whole markets.The study revealed, on average, only a small statistical correlation bet weenOne specific example can not generate the general conclusion. Therefore, facing such limited evidence, the conclusion is unwarranted.Secondly, the author makes an oversimplified analogy between___ and___. In most instances, this is an unwarranted assumpt ion for the simple reason that things rarely remain the same over extended periods of time/from place to place. As we know, many factors should be taken into the considerat ion, such as demographics of the population, geographical and physical terrain of the two different areas. _______.In addit ion, the author commits “after this, and therefore because of this” fallacy. The causal relat ionship between the cause of _____ and the effect _____ is unwarranted.Even if …has been proved as a result of … , which is, of course, an unwarranted assumpt ion, it does not follow that …This is a fallacious reasoning unless the author can provide persuasive evidences to rule out any other possibilit ies.To sum up, the conclusion lacks of credibility. Regardless of who the author is, he or she has overlooked or chosen to ignore many aspects of his or her conclusion. To strengthen the conclusion, t he author should give more evidences about the above-ment ioned possibilities.问题：1。
[GRE]arguement 模板
![[GRE]arguement 模板](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/0de7ce82e53a580216fcfefb.png)
In this argument, the arguer advocates that [main idea].✓·in order to 好/boost (sagging) profits/improve the economic health✓·A should emulate B’s measures✓To bolster the conclusion,✓the arguer provides the evidence/statistics that...,✓points out that...✓cites the result of a resent survey that... indicated a preference for...✓cites data collected during a recent study, suggesting that ...✓along with the fact that .../ based on which he assumes that ...✓In addition/Furthermore/Meanwhile,✓he projects/predicts thatAlthough this argument might seem reasonable at first glance, it is in fact ill-conceived. The reasons are stated as follows.In the first place/In the second place/The last but not the least✓the threshold problem with this argument is that ……✓the argument depends on a dubious assumption that……✓the arguer assumes that no factor other than .... is responsible for/gives birth to……✓even if the evidence turns out to support the foregoing assumptions, the arguer just simply assumes that……✓Although this is entirely possible, the arguer offers no evidence to substantiate this crucial assumption.✓Nevertheless, there is no guarantee that it is necessarily the case, and the arguer does not supply any evidence to confirm this assumption.✓and neither any conclusive scientific evidence nor any anecdotal evidence is provided to affirm this assumption.✓It is very likely that✓It is possible that……✓It is reasonable to doubt that what the arguer assumes will not happen in reality. It is just as possible that……✓An appropriate example is not very far to seek.✓To illustrate this point clearly, let us take a look at the following representative example.✓The arguer's reasoning is flawed unless the arguer can convince me that these and other possible scenarios are unlikely.✓Without accounting for and ruling out these and other alternative explanations, the arguer cannot bolster the recommendation.✓Without patching these logical flaws /better evidence that the study/survey is statistically reliable the arguer cannot rely on it to draw any firm conclusions.✓To reach the cited conclusion, the arguer must explain either why none of these alternatives is available or why none of them is able to sustain.✓To reach the cited conclusion,the arguer should account for and rule out these possibilities. ✓the following deductions appear to be precarious since the most important premise proves to be unwarranted.To sum up, the conclusion reached by the arguer lacks credibility since the argument has several flaws which render it logically unpersuasive as it stands. In order to draw a better conclusion, the arguer should✓first further develop his argument by ……✓reason more convincingly, cite some evidence that is more persuasive to show the****.✓And also, he should eliminate the possible influences interrupting the analogy experiment.✓At last he should discreetly reconsider the proposal for ……✓Additionally, the author would provide more information to show that ……, and take every possible consideration into account.Therefore, if the author had considered the given factors discussed above, the argument would have been more through and acceptable.两个东西不相关From the outset,the author has failed to build a strong connection concerning the secondary infections and the problems faced by the two groups of patients. Considering the few information the author has provided me with, I am not sure the two groups of patients have even been infected for a second time.In addition, the doctors have limited the secondary infections on the severe muscle strain. It is somehow different form the normal muscle injuries and the author has also omitted the possible distinctions here. Since the secondary infections may not inflict the patients, the following deductions appear to be precarious since the most important premise proves to be unwarranted.Sample 不可信From the outset, what is the most fatal, the author's overall view is based on a precarious sample. /The arguer provides no evidence that survey’s respondents are representative of the overall group of ...Twenty five infants cannot well represent a truth generally for the relatively small number of individuals is dubious for scientific observation.This argument contains neither sign of random sampling nor the specific way how the study was conducted.Nor to mention the author has failed to convince me by providing with enough details focusing on the individual characteristics, necessarily including the personality of the parents, the circumstance they were facing since they were born and so on. Possibly, the twenty five infants all belong to a specific type of people; that is to say, their formation of the personalities cannot well illustrate a common truth withheld by all the infants.调查不可信Since the survey is a telephone survey, the reliability of its result is suspicious at many aspects, e.g. the size of the sample, who responded to the survey, if therespondents could exactly understand the questions, if the respondents were forthright when answering the questions, etc.没有对比，无法定义And also, the unfamiliar stimuli, as the author claims, can probably have the same effects on most of the infants. As we all know, it is the human instinct to be scared by the unknown; such characteristics may intensively appear on the infants. Maybe every infant tend to be distressful confronting the unfamiliar, somehow unpleasing stimuli as the infants in the group; therefore there is no reason to believe the distress only exist in the group. Since there is not a control group, which can eliminate such possibility, the author's evidence pointing out the special distress displayed by the group of infants has no strong bases. The comparison is deadly needed since the evidence presented here is a threshold process in verifying the effects of melatonin.还有其他的原因，不是就这一个Even if I admit, the group of the infants can accurately and precisely reflect the special signs of distress,is that to say the production of melatonin is the true reason leading to the result? As I have mentioned above, the genetic inheritance, the environment the infants have faced since the birth and many other factors can also contribute to the distress. Moreover, melatonin may not be the only hormone in effect; there can be a wide varieties of stimuli engendered by their mothers, correspondingly effect the infants; and thus there is no reason to believe a single hormone is the only effective factor, instead of a possible cooperative result. Still the author should provide some control teams eliminating the unrelated influences.错上加错In addition ，the follow-up studying doesn't help to explain and compensate for the fallacies mentioned above;on contrast it further aggravates the confusions made by the author. The author has mentioned a research made in the group of infants who are now teenagers. The relation is not accurate or strong enough to relate the signs to their condition as infants, while categorizing them into the shyness in strictly medical sense. The different conditions in growing up, can be more effective factor deciding what they are when they are teenagers; in fact, if an individual grows up without brother or sister, he can be a silent person since he never get used to talking to others. Such continuation cannot be truly verified, considering the murky information in observing the overall growing process of the infants.类比有错误Even if I admit that the two groups of patients are confronting the secondary infections as the author has stated, the author's analogy appears to be dubious.First and the foremost the author failed to illustrate with detailed information focusing on the patients. If the patients being to the first group treated by Dr. Newland are much stronger on average than that in the second group then the comparison is of little meaning.As a common sense in experiment the scientist should control unrelated factors as much as possible;besides the worries mentioned above, the factors say the age, the gender, or even the live style can also lead to a distinction in recovery. Secondly, if I omit the fallacies above, the author should illustrate his evidence, detailing the difference of two doctors and their treating method. Possibly, Dr. Newland is an expert in muscle injuries and Dr.Alton has a wider scope in his major and therefore, Dr. Alton doesn't have performance as excellent as Dr. Newland. And the treating condition and environment can also be divergent;a specifist may have better and more fitful medical utility dealing with the problem. Thus to blame the secondary infections for the delay in recovery is highly reckless while not ruling out all the alternative explanation all mentioned above.两个东西不能比，有差别In the ** place,Another trouble with the argument is that no clear evidence is provided to substantiate that the endemic/national statistics about the *** can be applied equally to other regions in the country. Adimittedly this might be possible that these town County embrace same characteristic to some extent,however,an inherent distinctions between every regions will inform us the exitence of another ability that……,which perhaps is very different from other regions in the country.逻辑错误调查错误·the sampling of the study is reliable.It is very likely that the experimental and the control groups of the study were not randomly chosen.For example, they are just ... which could not represent a diverse cross section of the population. 画蛇添足·it is necessary that过去·be responsible for/contribute to/ give birth to未来·this trend in... will continue in the future空间变化·the similar strategy will carry a similar result at ...另起炉灶·no course of action other than the proposed one will contribute to the problem.It is just as possible that other proposals might also solve the problem.For example, there are ...负面影响· there is no possible detrimental effect of...例子核心词汇such as/ especially if/人口因素·A has experienced a large growth in its population管理因素·imprudent (pricing and distribution) strategies or poor management偶然因素... was an aberration先天因素·... was more relatively healthy/relatively bright than average to begin with.For example, they exercise regularly and eat healthily司机因素... do not have enough security knowledge in mind or do not keep alert all the time.For example, a large portion of A, who enjoy the feeling of freedom and high speed, are bold and careless, which may be the lurking danger for accidents.时间因素were traveling during less safe times of the day, such as early in the morning, or during twilight地形因素the geographic features of ... are more conductive to cause accidents.For example, ... has many sharp turns天气因素poor weather价格因素the price of... has been cut down in order to tout consumers旅游因素A is a tour resort, so the customers who ... are mainly tourists instead of local residents.宴会因素most of th e consumption is from the big company’s invitation banquet品牌因素A has some special advantage thatB do not have - and that it cannot duplicate in any other types. 供求因素Property values are a function of supply and demand.It is at least likely that the demand for housing in the area happens to rocket dramatically due to an influx of major employers.In addition, it is possible that the supply of housing has decreased.竞争因素A’s competitive opponent firms and companies move to other cities. (go bankrupt)成本因素the cost for ... may has gone up rapidly, which will have to be included in the retail price of ...市场因素consumption of other similar products have also declined during that time,the amount of which might even exceed that of ...价格因素the earlier products are prohibitively expensive for most consumers改革因素the university built more laboratories in the past two years, and then, it is obvious that more money would spend on the new projects.教授因素there are too few professors of botany in the university and the students, although lack of interest, have no choice but to attend Thomas's class必修因素the classes she teaches are requirements for every science student.老师因素the school hired more effective teachers whose outstanding teaching methods contributed to theimprovement of……新旧因素... has to update its trucks, which are old and out of service, rather than add to its new...规模因素the size of the farms has shrinked.For example, a farm which has 30 cows producing more milk than two farms each of which has 10 cows.质量因素... is not so good, so people are unwilling to go to ... when they ...顾客因素many customers are indeed disgruntled about..., but too busy to take time and effort to formally complain.领导因素college career-planning staff provides students with little information about the current job market. 竞争因素·they have already attended a similar coursethere are cheaper but highly-qualified products from the formidable opponents/ the surrounding areas coming in the instant future insomuch as these products will tout more customers and make the future’s sales sharply down;习惯原因the consumer tastes and habits have become so well entrenched that consumers would not be glad to change.流行因素It is well known that the taste of the public especially when it comes to such vogue cases as ... shifts quicker than anyone can imagine. Today’s hot issue may well be in tomorrow’s landfill. Maybe at that time ... are in the fashion due to... other than...个人因素many unemployed residents are unwilling to go to work if offered the chance, for their handsome welfare can support their families。
arguement范文
Argument158The Trash-Site Safety Council has recently conducted a statewide study of possible harmful effects of garbage sites on the health of people living near the sites. A total of five sites and 300 people were examined. The study revealed, on average, only a small statistical correlation between the proximity of homes to garbage sites and the incidence of unexplained rashes among people living in these homes. Furthermore, although it is true that people living near the largest trash sites had a slightly higher incidence of the rashes, there was otherwise no correlation between the size of the garbage sites and people's health. Therefore, the council is pleased to announce that the current system of garbage sites does not pose a significant health hazard. We see no need to restrict the size of such sites in our state or to place any restrictions on the number of homes built near the sites.Sample EssayIn this argument, the council comes to the conclusion that the current system of garbage sites does not pose a significant health hazard and that therefore, there is no need to restrict the size of the garbage sites or the number of homes built near the site. To support this conclusion, the council cites a study of five garbage sites and three hundred people that showed only a small correlation between the closeness of the homes to the sites and the incidence of unexplained rashes among those people living there. Additionally, the council came to this conclusion despite the fact that people living near the largest such site had a slightly higher incidence of the rashes. This argument suffers from several critical weaknesses in logic and information presented.First of all, the members of the "Trash-Site Safety Council" are not listed, which could make a big difference in the believability of the study. A truly independent council could produce results that could be considered much more reliable than one with members with possible conflicts of interest. However, if the council were made up mainly of people who have an interest in finding that there is no problem with the trash sites - homebuilders or city councilmen, for example - then the study would lack some credibility. Without knowing the backgrounds and priorities of the council members, the argument is greatly weakened.Secondly, this was cited as a statewide study, but only five sites and three hundred people were studied. Although on average there was only a small statistical correlation shown between the nearness of the trash sites and the homes and people who lived in them, the margin of error could be quite large due to studying only a small sample of people that live near the trash sites in the state. It would be much more persuasive were a large majority of the homes and people near trash sites studied rather than merely a small percentage. Furthermore, the study cites only unexplained rashes as a health-related problem with some statistical correlation. The presence or absence of other types of health problems is not mentioned in the study. It could be that there were other, perhaps not immediately noticeable health problems such as cancer affecting the people living near the sites. Additionally, the study appears to cover only one moment in time, or at least the duration of the study is not discussed. Perhaps there are long-term effects that cannot be discovered by a study conducted over a short period of time. This weakens the argument by leaving out information that could help to persuade the reader one way or another.To add to the lack of credibility, the study does not discuss the relative size of the garbage sites or how close the homes and people were to the sites. There is really no data present to allow a proper decision to be made restricting the size of the sites or how close the homes could be located near the trash sites. At the very least, the fact that there is a slightly higher incidence of rashes in those living nearest the biggest trash sites indicates a need for further studies to prove or disprove the idea that trash sites of a certain size or location are health hazards.In summary, the findings and conclusions of the Trash-Site Safety Council are based mainly on speculation and a small amount of indicative data. The disclosure of the council members motives, the study of a larger sample of the population and trash sites, and further information on other types of health problems and relative nearness of the homes and people to the trash sites would give a much better argument either for or against restrictions on the such sites.Argument160As people grow older, an enzyme known as PEP increasingly breaks down the neuropeptide chemicals involved in learning and memory. But now, researchers have found compounds that prevent PEP from breaking neuropeptides apart. In tests, these compounds almost completely restored lost memory in rats. The use of these compounds should be extended to students who have poor memory anddifficulty in concentrating-and therefore serious problems in school performance. Science finally has a solution for problems neither parents nor teachers could solve.In this argument, the arguer states that researchers have found compounds that keep an enzyme known as PEP from breaking neuropeptides apart, which are known to be involved in learning and memory. The arguer states that tests have shown that these compounds almost completely restored lost memory in rats, and that therefore, these compounds should be administered to students with poor memory and difficulty in concentrating. This argument is unconvincing because it contains several critical flaws in logic.First of all, the arguer states that as people grow older, PEP breaks down the neuropeptide chemicals that are involved in learning and memory. It is true that generally, as people get older, they tend to have more problems with learning and memory. However, there is no direct link mentioned between the breaking down of the neuropeptide chemicals and the loss of learning ability or memory. Additionally, the arguer mentions neuropeptide chemicals that are broken down by PEP. What the researchers have found is a compound that prevents neuropeptides from breaking apart. These are two different physical actions: the breaking down of neuropeptide chemicals as opposed to the breaking apart of the neuropeptides themselves. Furthermore, it is not stated which of these physical actions is involved with the loss of learning ability and memory. It is not explicitly stated that the breaking down of chemicals causes a loss in learning ability and memory, only that this happens as people grow older. It is also not expressly stated whether the breaking apart of the neuropeptides themselves causes memory loss or a lessened learning ability. Without showing a direct link between the effect of keeping the neuropeptides from breaking apart and a reduction in the loss of memory and learning ability, the efficacy of the compounds is called into question. Secondly and most obviously, the compounds were only tested on rats. Rats may have a similar genetic structure to humans, but they are most certainly not the same as humans. There may be different causes for the learning and memory problems in rats as opposed to that of humans. The effect of the compounds on rats may also be very different from their effect on human beings. It is absurd in the extreme to advocate giving these compounds to students, even assuming that they would help the students with their studies, without conducting further studies assessing the compounds' overall effects on humans. The argument fails on this particular fact if for no other reason. Additionally, the arguer begins his or her argument by stating that "as people grow older", PEP breaks down the neuropeptide chemicals involved in learning and memory. At the end of the argument, the arguer advocates extending the compounds that prevent PEP from breaking neuropeptides apart to students who have poor memory and difficulty in concentrating. Students are generally young, not older people. There is no evidence presented that shows what actually causes students to have a poor memory or difficulty in concentrating. Indeed, it is more likely that it is extracurricular activities or a lack of sleep that causes such problems in students, not a problem associated with aging. It is highly unlikely that even if the stated compounds could help prevent the memory loss and decreased learning ability associated with aging that it would have any benefits for students.In summary, the arguer fails to convince with the argument as presented. To strengthen the argument, the arguer must show a direct link between the breaking apart of neuropeptides and loss of memory and learning ability. Additionally, he or she must show that students' poor memory and difficulty in concentrating is a result of the same process, and that the researcher's compounds would have as beneficial an effect on humans as it seems to have on rats.Argument161In a study of reading habits of Leeville citizens conducted by the University of Leeville, most respondents said they preferred literary classics as reading material. However, a follow-up study conducted by the same researchers found that the type of book most frequently checked out of each of the public libraries in Leeville was the mystery novel. Therefore, it can be concluded that the respondents in the first study had misrepresented their reading habits.This argument is based on two separate surveys of the citizens of Leeville, conducted by the University of Leeville. In the first survey, most respondents said that their preferred reading material was literary classics. A follow-up study by the same researchers found that mystery novels were the most frequently checked out books from each of the public libraries in Leeville. The arguer concludes that the respondents in the first study therefore misrepresented their own reading habits. This argument does not follow the facts and is therefore unconvincing due to several flaws in logic.First of all, it is possible that none of the citizens who responded to the first survey were participants in the second survey. Statisticallyspeaking, it is entirely possible that the first survey contained a greater majority of literary classics readers than are present in the general population of Leeville. The difference in the first study and the study of the books that were actually checked out from the library may purely be that the respondents had different interests in literature, therefore disallowing the arguer's conclusion that the first group misrepresented its preferred reading material.Secondly, it is possible that the difference in the survey results could be attributed to the lack of availability of literary classics in the Leeville public libraries. Simply put, the library may have thousands of mystery novels available for checkout but very few literary classics in their collections. Leeville citizens may actually prefer to read literary classics - the public libraries simply may not have them for the citizens to check out and read. Another possibility is that the Leeville public libraries restrict the checkout of literary classics - perhaps treating the books as a type of "reference" material that must be read inside the library and cannot be checked out. Furthermore, it is possible that no matter how many literary classics the Leeville public libraries have, the citizens have read them all in the past, perhaps many times over, and they are therefore not checked out. These possibilities further weaken the argument that the first respondents misrepresented their reading habits.Thirdly, literary classics are the type of book that people tend to buy for personal collections rather than checking them out of a library. It is a distinct possibility that the citizens of Leeville purchase literary classics to read and then keep in home libraries rather than checking them out of the library. Leeville citizens may prefer to read literary classics and therefore buy them for their own personal collections, thus checking other types of reading materials out of the library rather than buying them to own forever. The arguer's conclusion that the first set of respondents misrepresented their reading habits is critically weakened by this possibility.Finally, this argument does not account for the possibility that the survey samples themselves were flawed. There is no indication given about how many people were surveyed, the demographics involved, or the specific locations involved. For example, richer people would tend not to visit public libraries but they are possibly more predisposed to reading literary classics. Similarly, people who visit public libraries may be more predisposed to reading mystery novels than literary classics. Without knowing the relationship between those first surveyed and those who visit the public libraries, it is not possible to draw a proper conclusion about the accuracy of the first group's statements.In summary, the arguer fails to convince by jumping to a conclusion that fails to hold up to analysis. To strengthen the argument, the arguer needs to find further research that eliminates these other possibilities that preclude the judgment that the first group of respondents misrepresented their reading habits.Argument162A recent study shows that people living on the continent of North America suffer 9 times more chronic fatigue and 31 times more chronic depression than do people living on the continent of Asia. Interestingly, Asians, on average, eat 20 grams of soy per day, whereas North Americans eat virtually none. It turns out that soy contains phytochemicals called isoflavones, which have been found to possess disease-preventing properties. Thus, North Americans should consider eating soy on a regular basis as a way of preventing fatigue and depression.In this argument, the arguer cites a study showing that North Americans suffer from an amazingly higher rate of chronic fatigue and chronic depression than people living in Asia. From an unknown source, the arguer states that Asians eat much more soy than North Americans, who eat almost none, and that soy contains disease-preventing properties. The arguer then concludes his or her argument by stating that North Americans should consider regularly eating soy as a means of battling fatigue and depression. This argument suffers from at least four critical fallacies.For the sake of this argument, we will assume that the studies and the statistics about North Americans' and Asians' soy eating habits are correct, and that isoflavones have been found to have disease-fighting properties. Given that, there is still a problem with the arguer directly correlating the eating of soy with the prevention of disease and depression. First of all, simply because soy may have disease-preventing properties, that does not mean that it can therefore fight chronic fatigue and chronic depression. Fatigue and depression may not actually even be considered as "diseases", therefore even given the fact that soy has disease-fighting properties, it would have no effect on the "nondiseases" of fatigue and depression. Secondly, even assuming that fatigue and depression are diseases,they are not specifically mentioned as diseases that soy or isoflavones are able to prevent. Perhaps soy can help prevent osteoporosis (bone loss), mumps or even chicken pox, but that does not mean that it can specifically address the problems of chronic fatigue and chronic depression. These two critical weaknesses alone make the argument unconvincing.Furthermore, the arguer's conclusion is based on the idea that diet alone can prevent fatigue and depression by comparing the diets of North Americans and Asians. It is highly unlikely that diet alone is responsible for the tremendous difference in the rates of fatigue and depression between the two populations. Other factors such as lifestyles, occupations, residence in city or rural areas and levels of stress may play a much bigger factor than diet. Additionally, the arguer states that soy contains phytochemicals called isoflavones, which supposedly have disease-preventing properties. What is not stated, however, is whether these isoflavones are contained in a form in soy that is usable by the human body. It is possible that the particular configuration of the phytochemicals found in soy products is not usable by the human body, thereby producing no beneficial effects by people eating more soy products. In and of themselves, isoflavones may prevent certain diseases, but perhaps those found in soy are of no benefit to humans. By failing to address these possibilities, the arguer has presented an unconvincing argument.In summary, the argument fails due to four major flaws in logic. First, "disease-preventing" properties does not mean "fatigue and depression" preventing properties. Secondly, fatigue and depression may not even be considered as diseases. Thirdly, the arguer ignores the probability that diet alone is not the sole reason behind the increased rates of fatigue and depression for North Americans as opposed to Asians. Finally, isoflavones as found in soy may not produce the same beneficial effects as when it is found in other forms. To strengthen the argument and conclusion, the arguer should present evidence that directly links diet to fatigue and depression as well as evidence that shows that soy can specifically prevent chronic fatigue and chronic depression in North Americans.Argument164Claitown University needs both affordable housing for its students and a way to fund the building of such housing. The best solution to this problem is to commission a famous architect known for experimental and futuristic buildings. It is common knowledge that tourists are willing to pay money to tour some of the architect's buildings, so it can be expected that tourists will want to visit this new building. The income from the fees charged to tourists will soon cover the building costs. Furthermore, such a building will attract new students as well as donations from alumni. And even though such a building will be much larger than our current need for student housing, part of the building can be used as office space.This argument states that a famous architect that is known for futuristic and experimental buildings should be commissioned to build student housing for Claitown University as a means of gaining affordable housing for its students as well as funding the project. The arguer states that tourists would want to visit such student housing buildings and that the income from tourist fees would soon pay for the building. The arguer also states that the building would attract new students and donations from alumni, and that part of the oversized building could be used as office space. This argument is based on problematic reasoning and fails to convince for several reasons.First of all, the arguer assumes that because some of a famous architect's other buildings attract tourists and fees, tourists will also pay money to visit the new student housing building built by him or her. There is no justification for such reasoning. It is likely that such other buildings were built in tourist-type areas with the specific purpose in mind of attracting tourists. Examples of such buildings abound: the Empire State Building and the former World Trade Centers of New York, the Oriental Pearl of Shanghai, the Louvre museum building in Paris - all were built with the intention of attracting tourists. These buildings and their surrounding areas all have some intrinsic tourist value. It is highly likely that no matter how unusual the building, very few tourists would go out of their way to a college campus to see a student dormitory building. The argument lacks credibility from this standpoint.Secondly, hiring a famous architect will likely be prohibitively more expensive as such architect's services are in constant demand across the entire world, and only so many buildings can be designed in a certain period of time. The additional fee that the architect alone can command, combined with the likelihood that a futuristic or experimental design will also be tremendously more expensive, makes this idea unworkable. The arguer must be assuming an enormously large income from tourist's fees, which as stated before is extremely unlikely. This second point critically weakens the argument.Thirdly, the arguer fails to consider the viewpoint of the students that would be living in the futuristic or experimental housing. He or she assumes that such a building would attract students to the university, just as it would supposedly attract tourists. Even assuming that itwould attract tourists, what student, or person for that matter, wants to live in a home that is constantly toured by strangers? Furthermore, there are safety factors to consider. How safe can a futuristic or experimental building be? This argument must be rejected on safety grounds if for no other reason as an "experimental" building is simply not appropriate for use as student housing.Furthermore, the arguer assumes that the building would attract donations from alumni. On the contrary, the opposite is more likely. An expensive architect building an expensive student housing project is likely to anger alumni, not please them - it would be seen as a waste of money and they would refuse to donate any more to the school. Additionally, without any basis in fact, the arguer states that the building would be much larger than current student housing needs, but that the extra room could be used for office space. This suggests that the arguer has already seen some plans or made some plans, indicating that there may be a conflict of interest here that should be investigated further.In summary, without actual cost and income estimates, this argument is based on nothing more than pure speculation and perhaps wishful thinking. The argument at best is unconvincing - at worst it reeks of conflict of interest that may warrant investigation into the motives behind the argument.Argument165The following appeared in a business magazine."As a result of numerous consumer complaints of dizziness and nausea, Promofoods requested that eight million cans of tuna be returned for testing last year. Promofoods concluded that the cans did not, after all, contain chemicals that posed a health risk. This conclusion is based on the fact that the chemists from Promofoods tested samples of the recalled cans and found that, of the eight chemicals most commonly blamed for causing symptoms of dizziness and nausea, five were not found in any of the tested cans. The chemists did find that the three remaining suspected chemicals are naturally found in all other kinds of canned foods."This argument states that the Promofoods company recalled eight million cans of tuna for testing after numerous complaints from consumers of dizziness and nausea. Promofoods own chemists found that samples of the recalled cans had three of the eight chemicals most commonly blamed for symptoms of dizziness and nausea, but that these three are also found naturally in other types of canned foods. Promofoods concluded that the cans did not contain any chemicals that posed a health risk. This conclusion is based on faulty reasoning; therefore the argument is unconvincing.To begin with, the argument states that there have been "numerous" consumer complaints, obviously enough to warrant the recall of eight million cans of tuna. The arguer goes on to state that the chemists from Promofoods tested samples of the cans of tuna. This part of the argument has two flaws - first of all, the testers are not independent and may indeed have a duty to find that there is nothing wrong with the tuna, and secondly, the number of cans that were tested as a sample is not disclosed. The first flaw in the argument could be rectified by simply having outside, independent researchers test the samples of the recalled tuna. As it stands, the test results are somewhat suspicious due to the fact that Promofoods employees conducted the testing. The second flaw may or may not be a major problem, depending upon the number of cans that were sampled and how the sample was chosen. It could be that the defect was with only a certain production date or location, in which case the defects might not be found because the problem cans were not included in the recall or the sample. Additionally, if the number of cans sampled was too small, the sample may not have been representative of all of the cans of tuna, therefore possibly skewing the results one way or the other. To solve this problem, a statistically proper sample should be independently tested with the relative reliability of the numbers included in the argument.Furthermore, the researchers found that three out of the eight chemicals most commonly blamed for causing symptoms of dizziness and nausea were actually found in the recalled cans of tuna, but that they are also naturally found in all other kinds of canned foods. This part of the argument is also very weak, for at least two reasons. First, the argument does not state what levels of these chemicals were found in the Promofood tuna as compared with other types of canned foods. It does not state whether the chemical levels were lower, the same, or higher. The absence of this information critically weakens the argument. Moreover, the argument fails to mention any other possibly hazardous chemicals that may have been found in the cans tested. The arguer merely states that five of the eight most commonly blamed chemicals were not found. This argument leaves open the possibility, if not the probability, that other chemicals could have been found but not mentioned. For both of these reasons, the argument fails to convince.In summary, the wording of the argument suggests that there is something more to what the chemists found in the cans of tuna than was disclosed in the article in the business magazine. To be more persuasive and to end speculation, Promofoods should have a statistically relevant sample of all cans of its tuna tested by independent testing labs, with a full report released listing all chemicals found in the cans and their relative levels, not just what was not found in an unknown number of cans.Argument166The following appeared in a local newspaper."People should not be misled by the advertising competition between Coldex and Cold-Away, both popular over-the-counter cold medications that anyone can purchase without a doctor's prescription. Each brand is accusing the other of causing some well-known, unwanted side effect: Coldex is known to contribute to existing high blood pressure and Cold-Away is known to cause drowsiness. But the choice should be clear for most health-conscious people: Cold-Away has been on the market for much longer and is used by more hospitals than is Coldex. Clearly, Cold-Away is more effective."In this argument, the arguer concludes that Cold-Away is "clearly" a more effective over-the-counter cold medication. To support this conclusion, the arguer states that the brand Coldex is known to contribute to existing high blood pressure while Cold-Away is known to cause drowsiness. The arguer further states that Cold-Away is better for health-conscious people because it is used by more hospitals than the other brand and it has also been on the market for much longer. This argument suffers from several critical fallacies and is ultimately unconvincing.First of all, one wonders who the writer is of such a one-sided argument. The argument states that each brand has "accused" the other of causing well-known and undesirable side effects, then states that Coldex is known to contribute to existing high blood pressure while Cold-Away is known to cause drowsiness. Coldex does not cause high blood pressure, it is said to merely contribute to an existing medical condition. The wording of the argument could lead a casual reader into believing that Coldex causes high blood pressure, which is a much more serious side effect than drowsiness in most situations. This brings up the possibility that this particular argument was written by an employee or paid copywriter of the Cold-Away company. No evidence other than the statement of the author is given to support the allegations of side effects, which further weakens the argument.Secondly, the arguer states that for most health-conscious people, it should be a clear choice in choosing Cold-Away because it has been on the market much longer and is used by more hospitals than Coldex. First of all, simply being on the market longer in and of itself is not indicative of what medication a health-conscious person should choose. Indeed, many drugs that are new to the market have been developed with fewer and less serious side effects yet with greater efficacy of treatment. Secondly, there are a multitude of reasons that more hospitals might use one medication rather than another. It may be less expensive, which is important to the evermore cost-conscious hospital industry. The Cold-Away company may provide far and away more free samples, so that it costs the hospital nothing to dispense to patients, thereby increasing its use. Or perhaps the Cold-Away company simply has better marketing, thus giving the perception that it is better for health conscious people; therefore more hospitals use it. By neglecting to address these possibilities, the argument fails to convince that Cold-Away is clearly better for health-conscious people.Furthermore, the arguer concludes: "Clearly, Cold-Away is more effective." There is absolutely no evidence of any kind presented in the argument that addresses the idea of which cold medication is more effective. Side effects are discussed, and (specious) reasons are given why Cold-Away should be chosen by health conscious people. However, even assuming that all statements in the argument are true, there is nothing in the argument that discusses whether Coldex or Cold-Away is more effective. Again, length of time on the market is not an indicator of effectiveness, indeed it is extremely likely that a more recent market entry would be more effective (in this case Coldex) due to developments in medical technology. Similarly, if more hospitals are using Cold-Away than Coldex, there are factors other than effectiveness that could be the cause.To summarize, a careful reading of the argument shows that there is no solid evidence presented to warrant the conclusions that Cold-Away is better for health-conscious people or that it is more effective than Coldex. This "argument" reads more like advertising copy written by the Cold-Away company marketing department.Argument167A folk remedy* for insomnia, the scent in lavender flowers, has now been proved effective. In a recent study, 30 volunteers with chronic。
arguement就应该这样写
也许有人说arguement有什么难写的？不就是找逻辑错误么？？？那么多错误，随便找3个就ok了简单的很~~~但是，我得告诉大家，arguement不单单是要你找逻辑错误内在的要求是你自己的文章也要很具有逻辑性什么叫很具有逻辑性？？？不明白么？那就是你文章的组织，你段与段之间的关系不能拉出来什么就是什么，什么逻辑问题能说的多就先说什么什么逻辑来不及说或者说不清楚，就草草结束逻辑错误应该从大到小，而不是简单的先到先排我希望大家在看了我的分析后，能对你们的arguement有个全新的理解。
也希望支持我的朋友，能给我的帖子评分毕竟要给大家分享自己辛苦得到的经验，首先就是件很费力气的事情-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------arguement51The following appeared in a medical newsletter."Doctors have long suspected that secondary infections may keep some patients from healing quickly after severe muscle strain. This hypothesis has now been proved by preliminary results of a study of two groups of patients. The first group of patients, all being treated for muscle injuries by Dr. Newland, a doctor who specializes in sports medicine, took antibiotics regularly throughout their treatment. Their recuperation time was, on average, 40 percent quicker than typically expected. Patients in the second group, all being treated by Dr. Alton, a general physician, were given sugar pills, although the patients believed they were taking antibiotics. Their average recuperation time was not significantly reduced. Therefore, all patients who are diagnosed with muscle strain would be well a dvised to take antibiotics as part of their treatment“先看我同学是怎么写的他的3段攻击大概是这样的1。
新GRE分析性写作Arguement官方范文
Note: All responses are reproduced exactly as written, including errors, misspellings, etc., if any.Essay Response – Score 6While it may be true that the Mason City government ought to devote more money to riverside recreational facilities, this author's argument does not make a cogent case for increased resources based on river use. It is easy to understand why city residents would want a cleaner river, but this argument is rife with holes and assumptions, and thus, not strong enough to lead to increased funding.Citing surveys of city residents, the author reports city resident's love of water sports. It is not clear, however, the scope and validity of that survey. For example, the survey could have asked residents if they prefer using the river for water sports or would like to see a hydroelectric dam built, which may have swayed residents toward river sports. The sample may not have been representative of city residents, asking only those residents who live upon the river. The survey may have been 10 pages long,with 2 questions dedicated to river sports. We just do not know. Unless the survey is fully representative, valid, and reliable, it can not be used to effectively back the author's argument.Additionally, the author implies that residents do not use the river for swimming, boating, and fishing, despite their professed interest, because the water is polluted and smelly. While a polluted, smelly river would likely cut down on river sports, a concrete connection between the resident's lack of river use and the river's current state is not effectively made. Though there have been complaints, we do not know if there have been numerous complaints from a wide range of people, or perhaps from one or two individuals who made numerous complaints. To strengthen his/her argument, the author would benefit from implementing a normed survey asking a wide range of residents why they do not currently use the river.Building upon the implication that residents do not use the river due to the quality of the river's water and the smell, the author suggests that a river clean up will result in increased river usage. If the river's water quality and smell result from problems which can be cleaned, this may be true. For example, if the decreased water quality and aroma is caused by pollution by factories along the river, this conceivably could be remedied. But if the quality and aroma results from the natural mineral deposits in the water or surrounding rock, this may not be true. There are some bodies of water which emit a strong smell of sulphur due to the geography of the area. This is not something likely to be afffected by a clean-up. Consequently, a river clean up may have no impact upon river usage. Regardless of whether the river's quality is able to be improved or not, the author does not effectively show a connection between water quality and river usage.A clean, beautiful, safe river often adds to a city's property values, leads to increased tourism and revenue from those who come to take advantage of the river, and a better overall quality of life for residents. For these reasons, city government may decide to invest in improving riverside recreational facilities. However, this author's argument is not likely significantly persuade the city goverment to allocate increased funding.Reader Commentary for Essay Response — Score 6This insightful response identifies important assumptions and thoroughly examines their implications. The proposal to spend more on riverside recreational facilities rests on three questionable assumptions, namely:●that the survey provides a reliable basis for budget planning●that the river’s pollution and odor are the only reasons for its limited recreationaluse●that efforts to clean the water and remove the odor will be successfulBy showing that each assumption is highly suspect, this essay demonstrates the weakness of the entire argument. For example, paragraph 2 points out that the survey might not have used a representative sample, might have offered limited choices, and might have contained very few questions on water sports.Paragraph 3 examines the tenuous connection between complaints and limited use of the river for recreation. Complaints about water quality and odor may be coming from only a few people and, even if such complaints are numerous, other completely different factors may be much more significant in reducing river usage. Finally, paragraph 4 explains that certain geologic features may prevent effective river clean-up. Details such as these provide compelling support.In addition, careful organization ensures that each new point builds upon the previous ones. For example, note the clear transitions at the beginning of paragraphs 3 and 4, as well as the logical sequence of sentences within paragraphs (specifically paragraph 4).Although this essay does contain minor errors, it still conveys ideas fluently. Note the effective word choices (e.g., “rife with…assumptions”and “may have swayed residents”). In addition, sentences are not merely varied; they also display skillful embedding of subordinate elements. For example, note the sustained parallelism in the first sentence of the concluding paragraph.Since this response offers cogent examination of the argument and conveysmeaning skillfully, it earns a score of 6.Essay Response – Score 5The author of this proposal to increase the budget for Mason City riverside recreational facilities offers an interesting argument but to move forward on the proposal would definitely require more information and thought. While the correlations stated are logical and probable, there may be hidden factors that prevent the City from diverting resources to this project.For example, consider the survey rankings among Mason City residents. The thought is that such high regard for water sports will translate into usage. But, survey responses can hardly be used as indicators of actual behavior. Many surveys conducted after the winter holidays reveal people who list exercise and weight loss as a top priority. Yet every profession does not equal a new gym membership. Even the wording of the survey results remain ambiguous and vague. While water sports may be among the residents' favorite activities, this allows for many other favorites. What remains unknown is the priorities of the general public. Do they favor these water sports above a softball field or soccer field? Are they willing to sacrifice the municipal golf course for better riverside facilities? Indeed the survey hardly provides enough information to discern future use of improved facilities.Closely linked to the surveys is the bold assumption that a cleaner river will result in increased usage. While it is not illogical to expect some increase, at what level will people begin to use the river? The answer to this question requires a survey to find out the reasons our residents use or do not use the river. Is river water quality the primary limiting factor to usage or the lack of docks and piers? Are people more interested in water sports than the recreational activities that they are already engaged in? These questions will help the city government forecast how much river usage will increase and to assign a proportional increase to the budget.Likewise, the author is optimistic regarding the state promise to clean the river. We need to hear the source of the voices and consider any ulterior motives. Is this a campaign year and the plans a campaign promise from the state representative? What is the timeline for the clean-up effort? Will the state fully fund this project? We canimagine the misuse of funds in renovating the riverside facilities only to watch the new buildings fall into dilapidation while the state drags the river clean-up.Last, the author does not consider where these additional funds will be diverted from. The current budget situation must be assessed to determine if this increase can be afforded. In a sense, the City may not be willing to draw money away from other key projects from road improvements to schools and education. The author naively assumes that the money can simply appear without forethought on where it will come from.Examining all the various angles and factors involved with improving riverside recreational facilities, the argument does not justify increasing the budget. While the proposal does highlight a possibility, more information is required to warrant any action.Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 5Each paragraph in the body of this perceptive essay identifies and examines an unstated assumption that is crucial to the argument. The major assumptions discussed are:●that a survey can accurately predict behavior●that cleaning the river will, in itself, increase recreational usage●that state plans to clean the river will actually be realized●that Mason City can afford to spend more on riverside recreational facilities Support within each paragraph is both thoughtful and thorough. For example, paragraph 2 points out vagueness in the wording of the survey: Even if water sports rank among the favorite recreational activities of Mason City residents, other sports may still be much more popular. Thus, if the first assumption proves unwarranted, the argument to fund riverside facilities —rather than soccer fields or golf courses —becomes much weaker. Paragraph 4 considers several reasons why river clean-up plans may not be successful (the plans may be nothing more than campaign promises or funding may not be adequate). Thus, the weakness of the third assumptionundermines the argument that river recreation will increase and riverside improvements will be needed at all.Instead of dismissing each assumption in isolation, this response places them in a logical order and considers their connections. Note the appropriate transitions between and within paragraphs, clarifying the links among the assumptions (e.g., “Closely linked to the surveys…” or “The answer to this question requires...”). Along with strong development, this response also displays facility with language. Minor errors in punctuation are present, but word choices are apt and sentences suitably varied in pattern and length. The response uses a number of rhetorical questions, but the implied answers are always clear enough to support the points being made.Thus, the response satisfies all requirements for a score of 5, but its development is not thorough or compelling enough for a 6.Essay Response – Score 4The problem with the arguement is the assumption that if the Mason River were cleaned up, that people would use it for water sports and recreation. This is not necessarily true, as people may rank water sports among their favorite recreational activities, but that does not mean that those same people have the financial ability, time or equipment to pursue those interests.However, even if the writer of the arguement is correct in assuming that the Mason River will be used more by the city's residents, the arguement does not say why the recreational facilities need more money. If recreational facilities already exist along the Mason River, why should the city allot more money to fund them? If the recreational facilities already in existence will be used more in the coming years, then they will be making more money for themselves, eliminating the need for the city government to devote more money to them.According to the arguement, the reason people are not using the Mason River for water sports is because of the smell and the quality of water, not because the recreational facilities are unacceptable.If the city government alloted more money to the recreational facilities, then the budget is being cut from some other important city project. Also, if the assumptions proved unwarranted, and more people did not use the river for recreation, then much money has been wasted, not only the money for the recreational facilities, but also the money that was used to clean up the river to attract more people in the first place.Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 4This competent response identifies two unstated assumptions:●that cleaning up the Mason River will lead to increased recreational use●that existing facilities along the river need more fundingParagraph 1 offers reasons why the first assumption is questionable (e.g., residents may not have the necessary time or money for water sports). Similarly, paragraphs 2 and 3 explain that riverside recreational facilities may already be adequate and may, infact, produce additional income if usage increases. Thus, the response is adequately developed and satisfactorily organized to show how the argument depends on questionable assumptions.However, this essay does not rise to a score of 5 because it fails to consider several other unstated assumptions (e.g., that the survey is reliable or that the efforts to clean the river will be successful). Furthermore, the final paragraph makes some extraneous, unsupported assertions of its own. Mason City may actually have a budget surplus so that cuts to other projects will not be necessary, and cleaning the river may provide other real benefits even if it is not used more for water sports.This response is generally free of errors in grammar and usage and displays sufficient control of language to support a score of 4.Essay Response – Score 3Surveys are created to speak for the people; however, surveys do not always speak for the whole community. A survey completed by Mason City residents concluded that the residents enjoy water sports as a form of recreation. If that is so evident, why has the river not been used? The blame can not be soley be placed on the city park department. The city park department can only do as much as they observe. The real issue is not the residents use of the river, but their desire for a more pleasant smell and a more pleasant sight. If the city government cleans the river, it might take years for the smell to go away. If the budget is changed to accomodate the clean up of the Mason River, other problems will arise. The residents will then begin to complain about other issues in their city that will be ignored because of the great emphasis being placed on Mason River. If more money is taken out of the budget to clean the river an assumption can be made. This assumption is that the budget for another part of cit maintenance or building will be tapped into to. In addition, to the budget being used to clean up Mason River, it will also be allocated in increasing riverside recreational facilites. The government is trying to appease its residents, and one can warrant that the role of the government is to please the people. There are many assumptions being made; however, the government can not make the assumption that people want the river to be cleaned so that they can use it for recreational water activities. The government has to realize the long term effects that their decision will have on the monetary value of their budget.Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 3Even though much of this essay is tangential, it offers some relevant examination of the argument’s assumptions. The early sentences mention a questionable assumption (that the survey results are reliable) but do not explain how the survey might have been flawed. Then the response drifts to irrelevant matters —a defense of the city park department, a prediction of budget problems and the problem of pleasing city residents.Some statements even introduce unwarranted assumptions that are not part of the original argument (e.g., “The residents will then begin to complain about other issues" and "This assumption is that the budget for another part of city maintenance or building will be tapped into”). Near the end, the response does correctly note that city government should not assume that residents want to use the river for recreation. Hence, the proposal to increase funding for riverside recreational facilities may not be justified.In summary, the language in this response is reasonably clear, but its examination of unstated assumptions remains limited and therefore earns a score of 3.This statement looks like logical, but there are some wrong sentences in it which is not logical.First, this statement mentions raking water sports as their favorite recreational activities at the first sentence. However, it seems to have a ralation between the first sentence and the setence which mentions that increase the quality of the river's water and the river's smell. This is a wrong cause and result to solve the problem. Second, as a reponse to the complaints from residents, the state plan to clean up the river. As a result, the state expects that water sports will increase. When you look at two sentences, the result is not appropriate for the cause.Third, the last statement is the conclusion. However, even though residents rank water sports, the city government might devote the budget to another issue. This statement is also a wrong cause and result.In summary, the statement is not logical because there are some errors in it. The supporting setences are not strong enough to support this issue.Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 2Although this essay appears to be carefully organized, it does not follow the directions for the assigned task. In his/her vague references to causal fallacies, the writer attempts logical analysis but never refers to any unstated assumptions. Furthermore, several errors in grammar and sentence structure interfere with meaning (e.g., “This statement looks like logical, but there are some wrong sentences in it which is not logical”).Because this response “does not follow the d irections for the assigned task”and contains errors in sentence structure and logical development, it earns a score of 2.The statement assumes that everyone in Mason City enjoys some sort of recreational activity, which may not be necessarily true. They statement also assumes that if the state cleans up the river, the use of the river for water sports will definitely increase.Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 1The brevity of this two-sentence response makes it fundamentally deficient. Sentence 1 states an assumption that is actually not present in the argument, and sentence 2 correctly states an assumption but provides no discussion of its implications. Although the response may begin to address the assigned task, it offers no development. As such, it is clearly "extremely brief ... providing little evidence of an organized response" and should earn a score of 1.Note: All responses are reproduced exactly as written, including errors, misspellings, etc., if any.Essay Response – Score 6It might seem logical, at first glance, to agree with the argument in pr. Karp's article that children in Tertia actually are raised by their biological parents (and perhaps even by implication, that an observation-centered approach to anthropological study is not as valid as an interview-centered one). However, in order to fully evaluate this argument, we need to have a significant amount of additional evidence. The argument could end up being much weaker than it seems, or it might actually be quite valid. In order to make that determination, we need to know more then analyze what we learn. The first piece of evidence that we would need in order to evaluate Dr. Karp'sclaims is information about whether or not Tertia and the surrounding island group have changed significantly in the past 20 years. Dr. Field conducted his observational study 20 years ago, and it is possible that Tertia has changed significantly since then. For example, if we had evidence that in teh intervening years Westerners had settled on the island and they introduced a more typical Western-style family structure, it w certainly weaken Dr. Karp's argument. In that case, the original study could have been accurate, and Dr. Karp's study could be correct, as well, though his conclusion that Dr. Field's method is ineffective would be seriously weakened.Another piece of evidence that might help us evaluate this claim involves the exact locations where Dr. Karp's interviews took place. According to this article, Dr. Karp and his graduate students conducted interviews of "children living in the group of island that includes Tertia." If we were to learn that they never interviewed a single Tertian child, it would significantly weaken the conclusion. It could turn out to be the case, for example, that children on Tertia are raised communally, whereas children on other islands nearby are raised by their biological parents.In order to fully evaluate this article, we would also need to learn more about the interview questions that Dr. Karp's team used. What exactly did they ask? We don't know, nor do we know what the children's responses actually were. What did they say about their biological parents? The mere fact that they speak more frequently about their biological parents than they do about other adults does not meant hat they are raised by their biological parents. It would significantly undermine Dr. Karp's argument if it turned out that the children said things like how much they missed their parents or how their parents had left them in a communal environment. Without knowing WHAT the children said, it is hard to accept Dr. Karp's conclusion.It is slightly more difficult to discuss teh evidence we might need in order to evaluate the more interesting claims in Dr. Karp's article, namely his extension of the results of his study to a conclusion that interview-centered methods are inherently more valid than observational-centered approaches. In order to fully evaluate this claim, in fact, we would need to look at many more examples of interview-based and observation-based anthropological studies and we would also need to look intodifferent study designs. Perhaps Dr. Field did not conduct an effective observational study, but other observational approaches could be effective. In order to make such grandiose claims, Dr. Karp really needs a lot of additional evidence (ideally a meta- analysis of hundreds of anthropological studies).Clearly, then, we need to have additional evidence in order to get a more complete understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of Dr. Karp's article. We need to know about Tertia and the surrounding islands, whether or not they have changed over the past 20 years. We also need to know about study design (Dr. Karp's and Dr. Field's). And we really need a lot more information if we want to extend the results of a study about one island culture to all anthropological fieldwork.Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 6This outstanding response clearly addresses the specific task directions and presents a cogent, insightful analysis by specifically detailing the impact that different pieces of evidence would have on the argument. The introductory paragraph sets up the organization of the response, and each body paragraph provides the sort of compelling development typical in responses that receive a score of 6. For example, after the writer discusses possible evidence that Tertian child rearing practices have changed over the past 20 years, he or she clearly explains the impact information about those changes might have on the argument, saying, "In that case, the original study could have been accurate, and Dr. Karp's study could be correct, as well, though his conclusion that Dr. Field's method is ineffective would be seriously weakened.” Not only is this argument compelling, but it also demonstrates sophisticated syntax and facility with language. There is more insightful development in the fifth paragraph, in which the miter examines Dr. Karp's claims about interview-based studies. Although there are a few typos and minor errors here, nothing in the response distracts from the overall fluency of the writing. Sentences like this one demonstrate the fluent and precise diction and varied syntax that are evident throughout the response: "It could turn out to be the case, for example, that children on Tertia are raised communally,whereas children on other islands nearby are raised by their biological parents." Because of its compelling and insightful development and fluent and precise language, this response fits all of the bu1let points for a 6.Essay Response – Score 5There seems to be an abundance of evidence that, if we were to examine it closely, might make us reconsider Dr. Karp’s argument here. I f we look first at the evidence that might weaken this argument, we can see a lot of the problems with Dr. Karp’s article. It would certainly weaken the argument if we were to discover that Dr. Karp and his students did not actually conduct any of their interviews on the island of Tertia itself. Looking closely at the article, we see that Dr. Karp claims the interviews were conducted with children from the island group that includes Tertia. There is no evidence that they interviewed Tertian children. It would definitely weaken the argument if we were to learn that they interviewed children only on islands close to Tertia. Those islands may or may not have similar child-rearing traditions, and geographic proximity does not guarantee societal similarity.Another piece of evidence that would weaken the argument could come from transcripts of the interviews themselves. Dr. Karp’s a rticle makes the claim that the children “spend much more time talking about their biological parents than about other adults,” but he gives no indication of what exactly they say about their biological parents. After all, the children may be talking about how they never see their parents.One more important piece of evidence that might undermine the argument Dr. Karp is making in this article. He admits that twenty year s have passed since Dr. Field’s study was conducted, but he does not provide evidence that proves child-rearing techniques have not changed significantly in that time. Any number of factors could have led to a significant shift in how children are raised. Influences from other cultures, significant catastrophic events, or a change in government structures could have led to a change in family dynamics. Any evidence of such changes would clearly undermine Dr. Karp’s argument.If we went looking for evidence that could strengthen the argument, we might also find something interesting. Obviously, some of the evidence above might strengthen the argument if they were NOT as discussed above (e.g., if there were evidence thatthe Tertian islands have NOT changed since Dr. Field’s stu dy or if there were transcripts that showed the children spoke about how much they loved living with their biological parents). However, if we discovered that there are numerous interview-based studies that confirm Dr. Karp’s findings, it would go a long way toward bolstering his claim about Tertian child-rearing AND his claim about interview-centered studies being more effective. Another piece of evidence that would st rengthen Dr. Karp’s argument is undermining Dr. Field’s original study. Maybe Dr. Field was sloppy, for example.Dr. Karp’s article, then, ends up looking like something of an empty shell. Depending on the evidence we find to fill it out, we may discover that it is quite convincing, or we could determine that he is full of hot air.Reader Commentary for Essay Response – Score 5This strong response presents a generally thoughtful and well-developed analysis of the argument, and it follows the specific task directions quite clearly. This writer approaches the task by first discussing the evidence that m ight weaken Dr. Karp’s argument and then, in somewhat less depth, considering the evidence that could strengthen it. In both cases the writer analyzes the ways in which the evidence would bear on the argument. For example, the writer notes, “Influences f rom other cultures, significant catastrophic events, or a change in government structures could have led to a change in family dynamics. Any evidence of such changes would clearly undermine Dr. Karp’s argument.” Although the development presented here i s strong, the response does not present the compelling development required for a 6. For instance, in the first paragraph there is some repetition, and in the third paragraph the reader must fill in the implications of potential “changes” in Tertia, which are not fully fleshed out. How could a catastrophic event or a change in governmental structure have led to changes in child rearing traditions? The development, then, is strong but not outstanding. Also, the response demonstrates some facility with language, though it does not convey meaning skillfully enough to merit a score of 6. In general, the。
GRE 作文满分模板Arguement
GRE ARGUMENT 1On the other hand, Ii n the follow-up study the版权声明: 文书的刊登已经过顾客的授权许可, 详情请参见我们的隐私条款, 如果您的文书在经过我们的修改润色后成功帮助您申请到心仪的学校, 您也可以选择将您的申请文书授权给我们, 我们将把您的文书加入到此栏目中, 和更多的同学一起分享. 同时我们对愿意提供给我们做范文的客户会有一定的回馈活动, 具体活动请联系客服详询, 更多修改范文, 欢迎随时来电来函咨询！say. To fix this problem, use clearer words and write more directly with as few words as possible to get your meaning across.I think you can add more to your last 2 paragraphs. The second to last paragraph is only2 sentences, and your argument isn’t really developed (see my comment on the side). If you cannot think of anything else to add, maybe you could delete this paragraph. Your last paragraph, the conclusion, could be improved by going over the rest of yourarguments and summarizing them. Keep the last 2 sentences, though, because they are good for ending.版权声明这篇范文的刊登已经过顾客的授权许可，Best Writing 拥有此篇范文的版权。
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开始录音: 2011年1月21o, the vice president recommends that…. To substantiate this recommendation, he cites the following facts of…:1). 2). 3). Close scrutiny of each fact, however, reveals that none of them lends credible support to what the arguer maintains.
开始录音: 2011年1月21日 23:07
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Unless the surveyors sampled a sufficient number of…., and did so randomly across the entire… spectrum, the survey results are not reliable to gauge generally. The number of respondents/samples, in itself, doesn’t ensure representativeness. For example, if the sample included only…., then the results would no doubt suggest…. Or if , would account of only a little percentage, which renders the result of the survey meaningless.
Merely based on the unfounded assumption and dubious evidence, the arguer hastily draws the conclusion that…. To substantiate his recommendation, he points out that…. In addition, he indicates that…. Furthermore, he cites the results of a study in support of this recommendation. At first glance, the argument appears to be somewhat convincing, but further reflection reveals that it omits some ubstantial concern that should be addressed to substantiate the argument. In my point of view, this argument suffers from non-logical flaws.
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开始录音: 2011年1月21日 23:06
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In sum, the recommendation relies on certain dubious assumption and that renders it unconvincing as it stands. To render the recommendation the vice president must provide clear evidence—perhaps by way of …-- that… To better assess the recommendation, I would need to know…, and I would also need to know that…
开始录音: 2011年1月21日 23:05
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To sum up, the argument can’t substantiate its claim…, because evidence cited in the analysis doesn’t lend its credible support to what the arguer maintains. To make the argument more convincing, the arguer would have to provide more information with regard to…. Additionally, he would have to demonstrate that …. Therefore, if the argument had involved the given factors mentioned above, it would have been more thorough and logically acceptable.
开始录音: 2011年1月21日 23:09
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The respondents must be statically significant in number, and representative of all the
The surveyor must be cross-bencher and nonaligned.
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开始录音: 2011年1月21日 23:09