2015职称外语-理工类新增文章及译文.

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2015年职称英语理工类新增文章含翻译

2015年职称英语理工类新增文章含翻译阅读理解第九篇An Essential Scientific ProcessAll life on the earth depends upon green plants. Using sunlight, the plants produce their own food. Then animals feed upon the plants. They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. But that’s not all. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. Some of the ox ygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses. The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live.The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis. Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbon dioxide. The water gets to the plant through its roots. The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color. The chlorophylls are the molecules that trap light energy. The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose.Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata. Water vapor also moves out of the stomata. More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata. During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis. As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed. The stomata of most plants close. Water loss stops.If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth. Most organisms would disappear. Th e earth’s atmosphere would no longer contain oxygen. Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet.词汇：nutrient n.营养物organism n.生物体，有机体carbon dioxide n.二氧化碳chloroplast n.叶绿体molecule n.分子vapor n.水蒸气oxygen n.氧气photosynthesis n.光合作用chlorophyll n.叶绿素glucose n.葡萄糖cease v.停止注释：1．Then animals feed upon the plants.动物以植物为食。

新增15年职称

理工类阅读理解第九篇An Essential Scientific ProcessAll life on the earth depends upon green plants. Using sunlight, the plants produce their own food. Then animals feed upon the plants. They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. But that’s not all. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. Some of the oxygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses. The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live.The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis. Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbon dioxide. The water gets to the plant through its roots. The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophylls that give plants their green color. The chlorophylls are the molecules that trap light energy. The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose.Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata. Water vapor also moves out of the stomata. More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata. During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis. As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed. The stomata of most plants close. Water loss stops.If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth. Most organisms would disappear. The earth’s atmosphere would no longer contain oxygen. Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet.【练习】1．In the first paragraph，the word “excess” meansA heavy.B extra.C green.D liquid.2．Which of the following does not move through a plant’s stomata?A Carbon dioxide.B Water vapor.C Oxygen.D Food.3．In the title, the term Essential Scientific Process refers toA photosynthesis.B the formation of glucose.C global warming.D water getting to the roots of plants.4．This passage is primarily developed byA explaining a process.B telling a story.C comparing and contrasting.D convincing the reader of plants’ importance.5．Another good title for this passage would beA Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide.B Plants and Their Roots.C How Photosynthesis Works.D Why Our Earth Needs Water.理工类阅读理解第二十二篇Real World RobotsWhen you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being, performing humanlike functions, and responding to your questions in a monotone voice accentuated by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a robot often is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out repetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by humans. Today’s robot is more than an automatic machine that performs one task again and again. A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligence—that is, a robot contains a computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, and learning from past experience.A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles that roll and rotate.A robot even has limbs that swivel and move in combination with joints and motors. To find its way in its surroundings1, a robot utilizes various built-in sensors. Antennae attached to the robot’s base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeter as it moves on an incline, a gyroscope or a pendulum inside it senses the vertical differential. To determine its distance from an object and how quickly it will reach the object，the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path2. These and other sensors constantly feed information to the computer, which then analyzes the information and corrects or adjusts the robot’s actions. As science and technology advance, the robot too will progress in its functions and use of artificial-intelligence programs.【练习】1．Another good title for this passage would beA Robots: Taking the Place of Humans.B Artificial Intelligence Programs.C Today’s Robots and How They Function.D Modern-Day Sensors.2．Artificial intelligence isA the unnatural way in which robots move.B a voiceless, box-shaped machine that performs repetitive tasks.C sensors such as antennae and a gyroscope.D a computer program that imitates human intellectual processes.3．The last paragraph suggests that future robots will beA more humanlike in behavior and actions.B more like automatic machines.C better able to move on inclines.D better equipped with laser light sensors.4．The writer begins the passage by comparingA the shape of a human being with a box.B a modem robot with a fictional robot.C an imaginary machine with a human.D a computer program with artificial intelligence.5．The word humanoid meansA lacking human characteristics.B anything having the appearance of a humanoid.C being void or vacant.D having a human form or characteristics.理工类补全短文第五篇A Record-Breaking RoverNASA’s Mars rover Opportunity has boldly gone where no rover has gone before—at least in terms of distance. ____1____On July 27, after years of moving about on Martian ground, the golf-cart-sized Opportunity had driven more than 24 miles, beating the previous record holder—a Soviet rover sent to the moon in 1973.“This is so remarkable considering Opportunity was intended to drive about 1 kilometer and was never designed for distance,” says John Callas, the Mars Exploration Rover Project Manager.____2____ “But what is really importantly is not how many miles the rover has racked up, but how much exploration and discovery we have accomplished over that distance.”OPPORTUNITYThe solar-powered Opportunity and its twin rover, Spirit, landed on Mars 10 years ago on a mission expected to last 3 months. ____3____Spirit stopped communicating with Earth in March 2010, a few months after it got stuck in a sand pit. But Opportunity has continued to collect and analyze Martian soil and rocks.During its mission, Opportunity has captured, and sent back to Earth, some 187,000 panoramic and microscopic images of Mars with its cameras. ____4____MARATHON ROVERThe rover doesn’t seem to be ready to stop just yet. If Opportunity can continue on, it will reach another major investigation site when its odometer hits 26.2 miles. ____5____Researchers believe that clay minerals exposed near Marathon Valley could hold clues to Mars’s ancient environment1. Opportunity’s continuing travels will also help researchers as they plan for an eventual human mission to the Red Planet.【练习】A It has also provided scientists with data on the planet’s atmosphere, soil, rocks, and terrain.B He works at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.C Scientists call this site Marathon Valley, because when the rover reaches the area, it will have traveled the same distance as the length of a marathon since its arrival on Mars.D Opportunity has been working on Mars since January 2004.E The objective of the rovers was to help scientists learn more about the planet and to search for signs of life，such as the possible presence of water.F Since arriving on the Red Planet in 2004, Opportunity has traveled 25.01 miles, more than any other wheeled vehicle has on another world.理工类补全短文第九篇Lightening StrikesThree years ago a bolt of lightning all but destroyed Lyn Miller’s house in Aberdeen—with her two children inside. “There was a huge rainstorm,” she says, recalling the terrifying experience. “My brother and I were outside desperately working to stop floodwater from coming in the house. Suddenly I was thrown to the ground by an enormous bang. ____1____ The door was blocked by rubble, but we forced our way in and found the children, thankfully unharmed. Later I was told to be struck by lightning is a chance in a million.” In fact, it’s calculated at one chance in 600,000. Even so, Dr Mark Keys of AER Technology, an organisation that monitors the effects of lightning, thinks you should be sensible. “I wouldn’t go out in a storm—but then I’m quite a careful person.” He advises anyone who is unlucky enough to be caught in a storm to get down on the ground and curl up into a ball, making yourself as small as possible.Lightning is one of nature’s most awesome displays of sheer power. ____2____ 250 years ago, Benjamin Franklin, the American scientist and statesman，proved that lightning is a form of electricity, but scientists still lack a complete understanding of how it works.____3____ Positive electrical charges streaming upwards from trees or church spires may glow and make a buzzing noise, and people’s hair can stand on end. And if you fear lightning, you’ll be glad to know that a company in America has manufactured a hand-held lightning detector which can detect it up to 70 kms away, sound a warning tone and monitor the storm’s approach.Nancy Wilder was playing golf at a club in Surrey when she was hit by a bolt of lightning. Mrs Wilder’s heart stopped beating, but she was resuscitated and, after a few days in hospital, where she was treated for bums to her head, hands and feet, she was pronounced fit again. Since that time, she has been a strictly fair weather golfer1. ____4____ The best place to be is inside a car!The largest number of people to be struck by lightning at one time was in September 1995 when 17 players on a football pitch were hit simultaneously. The most extraordinary aspect of the strike was the fact that 11 of the victims—seven adults and four children—had burn patterns of tiny holes at 3 centimetre intervals on each toe and around the soles of their feet.Harold Deal, a retired electrician from South Carolina, USA, was struck by lightning 26 years ago. He was apparently unhurt, but it later emerged that the strike had damaged the part of the brain which controls the sensation of temperature. ____5____Animals are victims of lightning too2．Hundreds of cows and sheep are killed every year, largely because they go under trees. In East Anglia in 1918, 504 sheep were killed instantaneously by the same bolt of lightning that hit the ground and travelled through the entire flock. Lightning is also responsible for starting more than 10,000 forest fires each year world-wide.【练习】A No wonder the ancient Greeks thought it was Zeus, father of the gods, throwing thunderbolts around in anger.B In fact, a golf course is one of the most dangerous places to be during a thunderstorm.C Lightning has long been hailed as one of the most impressive displays of nature’s power.D When I picked myself up, the roof and the entire upper storey of the house had been demolished.E Occasionally there are warning signs.F Since then the freezing South Carolina winters haven’t bothered Harold, since he is completely unable to feel the cold.理工类补全短文第十三篇Affectionate AndroidsComputers are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoid robots to dawn1. And it won’t be long before we will see realistic cyber companions, complete with skin, dexterity, and intelligence. They will be programmed to tend to your every need.Will we ever want to marry robots? Artificial intelligence researcher David Levy has published a book claiming human-robot relationships will become popular in the next few decades. ____1____Will humans really be able to form deep emotional attachments to machines? It will, in fact, be relatively easy to form these strong attachments because the human mind loves to anthropomorphize: to give human attributes to other creatures —even objects.For example, researchers in San Diego recently put a small humanoid robot in with a toddler playgroup for several months. ____2____ The children ended up treating it as a fellow toddler. When it lay down because its batteries were flat，the kids even covered it with a blanket.In a few decades, when humanoid robots with plastic skin look and feel very real, will people want to form relationships with them? What if the bots could hold a conversation? And be programmed to be the perfect companions—soul mates, even? ____3____ And like those toddlers in the experiment, they will be very accepting of them.The next question, then, is whether there is anything wrong with having an emotional relationship with a machine. Even today there are people who form deep attachments to their pets and use them as substitutes for friends or even children. Few consider that unethical.____4____ For those who always seem to end up marrying the wrong man or woman, a robotic Mr. or Ms. Right could be mighty tempting. As the father of artificial intelligence, Marvin Minsky, put it when asked about the ethics of lonely older people forming close relationships with robots: “If a robot had all the virtues of a person and was smarter and more understanding, why would the elderly bother talking to other grumpy old people?”A robot could be programmed to be as dumb or smart, as independent or subservient, as an owner desired. And that’s the big disadvantage. Having the perfect robot partner will damage the ability to form equally deep human-human relationships. People will always seem imperfect in comparison. When you’re behaving badly, a good friend will tell you. ____5____People in relationships have to learn to adapt to each other: to enjoy their common interests and to deal with their differences. It makes us richer, stronger, and wiser. A robot companion will be perfect at the start. However, there will be nothing to move the relationship to grow to greater heights.【练习】A It’s easier to have a robot companion instead of a human friend.B But a sophisticated robot will probably be even more attractive.C And if you want to go ahead and tie the knot with your special electronic friend，Levy said that such marriages will be socially acceptable by around 2050.D However, few owners will program their robots to point out their flaws.E Maybe your generation could resist, but eventually there will be a generation of people who grow up with humanoid robots as a normal part of life.F The bot knew each child because it was programmed with face and voice recognition，and it giggled when tickled.。

2015年职称英语新增文章翻译

其他部落比如霍皮和柯契地族也制作陶器。每个部落都用独特的方法制做出特别形式和样式的陶器。
亚瑟的创奇
很多文化都有某类能代表他们民族深信的价值观的英雄。有关亚瑟王的不同寻常的事情就是他的英雄主义传奇已经持续了几个世纪，并且影响力早已超越它所诞生的英国。在有关亚瑟王早期的故事中，他是一个战士，他在公元约700年抗击、震慑入侵的北欧人。许多这类亚瑟王的故事大概是基于事实。无论是否叫作亚瑟，大量证据证明是有这样一个战士存在的。后来这些故事被美化修饰，使得它们的真实性受到质疑。根据这些故事，我们知道亚瑟出生在位于英国西海岸廷塔杰尔的一座城堡里，这里经常狂风暴雨。由于亚瑟是国王UtherPendragon的私生子，所以他被巫师Merlin偷偷地带走，因此他不知道自己的真实身份。在王者之剑从它刺穿的石头中拔出时，他才成为国王。他娶了美丽的Guinevere，并且召集所有贵族骑士来到他的王宫，这其中就包括Lancelot，后来Guinevere背叛了亚瑟王和他，在一起。亚瑟王最终在决斗中被他的私生子Mordred打败，他的尸体被偷偷地运到阿瓦隆岛上。这个传奇故事对中世纪的英国人和法国人很有吸引力，那个时候骑士精神的道德标准——骑士的理想的品格——是许多故事中很重要的一部分。Galahad，Percival，Gawain，以及其他亚瑟王的骑士的英雄主义故事也都传播开来。在今天的英国，有许多地方都宣称是亚瑟王传奇遗址的一部分。廷塔杰尔还有一座成为废墟的城堡。格拉斯顿堡附近还有一座古代修道院的遗迹，据说亚瑟王和Guinevere的尸体在12世纪就在这里被挖掘出来。这些都不能证明传奇的真实性，但是它们却让这种神秘气氛延续下去。
AcrosstheDesert
穿越沙漠撒哈拉沙漠是世界上最大的沙漠。它从塞内加尔到埃及横跨非洲。撒哈拉沙漠的环境不好。白天非常热，晚上有时又很冷。在撒哈拉沙漠中很难找到水。 2006年，KevinLin,RayZahab和Charlie决定做些困难的事情。他们决定跑步穿越4300英里（6920千米）的撒哈拉沙漠。这似乎是不可能完成的，但是他们还想尝试一下。他们三人喜欢挑战自己，而这将是一个很大的挑战式 11月2日的早晨，Kevin,Ray和Charlie开始了他们跑步穿越撒哈拉的旅程。他们每天早晨5点开始跑，到上午11点停下来休息，然后到下午5点继续跑，一直跑到下午9点半。他们每天大概跑40英里（64千米）。每天如此，起床，跑步。听着iPod里的音乐不休停地跑。在旅途中，Kevin,Ray和Charlie需要吃很多事物。大多数的人每天需要2000卡路里的热量，而他们三人每天需要6000—9000卡路里。那真是很多食物！他们每天也需要喝大量的水。三人在途中也出现了很多问题，很多次他们都想放弃回家。白天通常很热（140华氏度／60摄氏度），高温导致他们生病，他们的腿和脚都受了伤。有时候天刮起了大风导致他们什么也看不见。有一次他们迷了路，但是他们没有放弃。111天以后，Kevin,Ray和Charlie成功完成了他们穿越撒哈拉沙漠的旅途。他们彼此拥抱，把手伸进红海的海水里，然后他们跑进旅馆好好洗了个澡。

2015职称英语理工类B级新增

Real World RobotsWhen you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being, performing humanlike functions, and responding to your questions in a monotone voice accentuated by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a robot often is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out repetitive or dangerous functions usually performed by h umans. Today’s robot is more than an automatic machine that performs one task again and again. A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligence—that is, a robot contains a computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such as reasoning, drawing conclusions, and learning from past experience.A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles that roll and rotate. A robot even has limbs that swivel and move in combination with joints and motors. To find its way in its surroundings1, a robot utilizes various built-in sensors. Antennae attached to the robot’s base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeter as it moves on an incline, a gyroscope or a pendulum inside it senses the vertical differential. To determine its distance from an object and how quickly it will reach the object，the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path2. These and other sensors constantly feed information to the computer, which then analyzes the information and corrects or adjusts the robot’s actions. As scien ce and technology advance, the robot too will progress in its functions and use of artificial-intelligence programs.Lightening StrikesThree years ago a bolt of lightning all but destroyed Lyn Miller’s house in Aberdeen—with her two children inside. “There was a huge rainstorm,” she says, recalling the terrifying experience. “My brother and I were outside desperately working to stop floodwater from coming in the house. Suddenly I was thrown to the ground by an enormous bang. ____1____ The door was blocked by rubble, but we forced our way in and found the children, thankfully unharmed. Later I was told to be struck by lightning is a chance in a million.” In fact, it’s calculated at one chance in 600,000. Even so, Dr Mark Keys of AER Technology, an organisation that monitors the effects of lightning, thinks you should be sensible. “I wouldn’t go out in a storm—but then I’m quite a careful person.” He advises anyone who is unlucky enough to be caught in a storm to get down on the ground and curl up into a ball, making yourself as small as possible. Lightning is one of nature’s most awesome displays of sheer power. ____2____ 250 years ago, Benjamin Franklin, the American scientist and statesman，proved that lightning is a form of electricity, but scientists still lack a complete understanding of how it works. ____3____ Positive electrical charges streaming upwards from trees or church spires may glow and make a buzzing noise, and people’s hair can stand on end. And if you fear light ning, you’ll be glad to know that a company in America has manufactured a hand-held lightning detector which can detect it up to 70 kms away, sound a warning tone and monitor the storm’s approach.Nancy Wilder was playing golf at a club in Surrey when she was hit by a bolt of lightning. Mrs Wilder’s heart stopped beating, but she was resuscitated and, after a few days in hospital, where she was treated for bums to her head, hands and feet, she was pronounced fit again. Since that time，she has been a strictly fair weather golfer1. ____4____ The best place to be is inside a car! The largest number of people to be struck by lightning at one time was in September 1995 when 17 players on a football pitch were hit simultaneously. The most extraordinary aspect of the strike was the fact that 11 of the victims—seven adults and four children—had burn patterns of tiny holes at 3 centimetre intervals on each toe and around the soles of their feet. Harold Deal, a retired electrician from South Carolina, USA, was struck by lightning 26 years ago. He was apparently unhurt, but it later emerged that the strike had damaged the part of the brain which controls the sensation of temperature. ____5____ Animals are victims of lightning too2．Hundreds of cows and sheep are killed every year, largely because they go under trees. In East Anglia in 1918, 504 sheep were killed instantaneously by the same bolt of lightning that hit the ground and travelled through the entire flock. Lightning is also responsible for starting more than 10,000 forest fires each year world-wide.第九篇：More Rural Research Is Needed1Agricultural research funding is vital if the world is to feed itself better than it does now. Dr. Tony Fischer, crop scientist, said demand was growing at 2.5% per year, but with modern technologies and the development of new ones, the world should be able to stay ahead1。

2015年职称英语理工类A级补全短文

四、补全短文（一）Mobile phones（移动电话）Mobile phones should carry a label if they proved' to be a dangerous source of radiation, according to Robert Bell, a scientist. And no more mobile phone transmitter towers should be built until the long-term health effects of the electromagnetic radiation they emit are scientifically evaluated, he said. "Nobody's going to drop dead overnight but we should be asking for more scientific information," Robert Bell said at a conference on the health effects of low-level radiation（1）A report widely circulated among the public says that up to now scientists do not really know enough to guarantee there are noill-effects on humans from electromagnetic radiation. According to Robert Bell, there are 3.3 million mobile phones in Australia alone and they are increasing by 2,000 a day（2）AS well, there are 2,000 transmitter towers around Australia, many in high density residential areas. （3）The electromagnetic radiation emitted from these towers may have already produced some harmful effects on the health of the residents nearby.Robert Bell suggests that until more research is completed the Government should ban construction of phone towers from within a 500 metre radius of school grounds, child care centres, hospitals, sports playing fields and residential areas with a high percentage of children（4）He adds that there is also evidence that if cancer sufferers are subjected toelectromagnetic waves the growth rate of thedisease accelerates.（5）According to Robert Bell, it is reasonablefor the major telephone companies to fund it.Besides, he also urges the Government to set upa wide-ranging inquiry into possible healtheffects.A He says there is emerging evidence thatchildren absorb low-level radiation at a ratemore than three times that of adults.B By the year 20004 it is estimated thatAustralia will have 8 million mobile phones:nearly one for every two people:C "If mobile phones' are found to be dangerous,they should carry a warning label' until propershields can be devised," he said.D Then who finances the research?E For example, Telstra, Optus and V odaphonebuild their towers where it is geographicallysuit-able to them and disregard the need of thecommunity.F The conclusion is that mobile phones bringsmore harm than benefit（C、B、E、A、D）（二）The wor ld’s longest bridge（世界上最长的桥）Rumor has it that' a legendary six-headedmonster lurks in the deep waters of theTyrrhenian Sea between Italy and the island ofSicily.（1）When completed in 2010, the world'slongest bridge will weigh nearly 300,000 tons -equivalent to the iceberg that sank the Titanic –and stretch 5 kilometers long. "That's nearly 50percent longer than any other bridge ever built,''says structural engineer Shane Rixon.（2）They're suspension bridges, massivestructures built to span vast water channels or.A suspension bridge needs just two towers toshoulder the structure's mammoth weight,thanks to hefty supporting cables slung betweenthe towers and anchored firmly in deep pools ofcement at each end of the bridge. The MessinaStrait Bridge will have two 54,100-ton towers,which will support most of the bridge's load.The beefy cables of the bridge, each 1. 2 meterin diameter, will hold up the longest and widestbridge deck ever built.When construction begins on the MessinaStrait Bridge in 2005, the first job will be toerect370 meter-tall steel towers（3）Gettingthese cables up will be something'. It's not justtheir, length - totally 5. 3 kilometers but theirweight（4）After lowering vertical " suspender" cablesfrom the main cables, builders will erect a60-me-wide 54,630-ton steel roadway, or deck -wide enough to accommodate 12 lanes oftraffic. deck's weight will pull down on thecables with a force of 70,500 tons. In return, thecables yank up against their firmly rootedanchors with a force of 139,000 tons -equivalent to the weight of about 100,000 cars.Those anchors are essential（5）A Some environmentalists are against theproject on biological grounds.B What do the world's longest bridges have incommon?C If true, one day you might spy the beastwhile zipping across the MessinaStraitBridge.D They're what will keep the bridge fromgoing anywhere.E The second job will be to pull two sets ofsteel cables across the strait, each set being abundle of 44,352 individual steel wires.F They will tip up the scales at 166,500 tons -more than half the bridge's total mass.(C、B、E、F、D)（三）Reinventing the table（重新发明元素周期表）An earth scientist has rejigged the periodictable' to make chemistry simpler to teach tostudents.(1) But Bruce Railsback from theUniversity of Georgia says he is the first tocreate a table that breaks with tradition andshows the ions of each element rather than justthe elements themselves."I got tired of breaking my arms trying toexplain the periodic table to earth students," hesays, criss-crossing his hands in the air andpointing to different bits of a traditional table.（2）But he has added' contour lines to chargedensity, helping to explain which ions reactwith which."Geochemists just want an intuitive senseof what's going on with the elements, "saysAlbert from the University of Cambridge.（3）（4）He explains that sulphur, for example, shows up in three different spots - one for sulphide, which is found in minerals, one for sulphite, and one for sulphate, which is found in sea salt, for instance.He has also included symbols to show which ions are nutrients, and which are common in soil or water.（5）A There have been many attempts to redesign the periodic table since Dmitri Mendeleev drew it up in 1871.B Railsback has still ordered the elements according to the number of protons they have.C "I imagine this would be good for undergraduates.D "Railsback has listed some elements more than once.E And the size of element's symbol reflects how much of it is found in the Earth's crust.F The traditional periodic table was well drawn.（A、B、C、D、E）（四）The Bilingual Brain（双语大脑）A But their use of Broca's area was different.B One group consisted of those who had learned a second language as children.C How does Hirsch explain this difference?D We use special parts of the brain for language learning.E And that is very different from learning a language in a high school orcollege class.F Their work led to an importantdiscovery.（F、B、A、C、E）（五）A Record-Breaking RoverNASA’s Mars rover Opportunity has boldlygone where no rover has gone before—at least in terms of distance. ____1____OnJuly 27, after years of moving about on Martianground, the golf-cart-sized Opportunity haddriven more than 24 miles, beating the previousrecord holder—a Soviet rover sent to the moonin 1973.―This is so remarkable consideringOpportunity was intended to drive about 1kilometer and was never designed for distance,‖says John Callas, the Mars Exploration RoverProject Manager.____2____ ―But what is really importantly isnot how many miles the rover has racked up,but how much exploration and discovery wehave accomplished over that distance.‖OPPORTUNITYThe solar-powered Opportunity and its twinrover, Spirit, landed on Mars 10 yearsago on a mission expected to last 3 months.____3____Spirit stopped communicating withEarth in March 2010, a few months after it gotstuck in a sand pit. But Opportunity hascontinued to collect and analyze Martian soiland rocks.During its mission, Opportunity has captured,and sent back to Earth, some187,000 panoramic and microscopic images ofMars with its cameras.____4____MARATHON ROVERThe rover doesn’t seem to be ready to stopjust yet. If Opportunity can continue on, it willreach another major investigation site when itsodometer hits 26.2 miles.____5____Researchers believe that clayminerals exposed near Marathon Valley couldhold clues to Mars’s ancient environment1.Opportunity’s continuing travels will also helpresearchers as they plan for an eventual humanmission to the Red Planet.A It has also provided scientists with data onthe planet’s at mosphere, soil, rocks, and terrain.B He works at NASA’s Jet PropulsionLaboratory in Pasadena, California.C Scientists call this site Marathon Valley,because when the rover reaches the area, it willhave traveled the same distance as the length ofa marathon since its arrival on Mars.D Opportunity has been working on Marssince January 2004.E The objective of the rovers was to helpscientists learn more about the planet and tosearch for signs of life such as the possiblepresence of water.F Since arriving on the Red Planet in 2004,Opportunity has traveled 25.01 miles, morethan any other wheeled vehicle has on anotherworld.（F、B、E 、A、C）（六）Dung to death（施肥致死）Fields across Europe are contaminated withdangerous levels of the antibiotics given tofarm animals. The drugs, which are in manuresprayed onto fields as fertilizers, could begetting into our food and water, helping tocreate a new generation of antibiotic-resistant"superbugs".The warning comes from a researcher inSwitzerland who looked at levels of the drugsin farm. （1）Some 120,000 tons of antibiotics are used inthe European Union and the US each year.More than half are given to farm-animals toprevent disease and promote growth.（2）Most researchers assumed that humansbecome infected with the resistant strains byeating contaminated meat.3 But far more of thedrugs end up in manure than in meat products,says Stephen Mueller of the Swiss FederalInstitute for Environmental Science andTechnology in Dubendorf.（3）With millions of tons of animals manurespread onto fields of crops such as wheat andbarley each year, this pathway seems an equallylikely route for spreading resistance, he said.The drugs contaminate the crops, which arethen eaten.（4）Mueller is particularly concerned about agroup of antibiotics called sulphonamides. （5）His analysis found that Swiss farm manurecontains a high percentage of sulphonamides;each hectare of field could be contaminated with up to 1 kilogram of the drugs. This concentration is high enough to trigger the development of resistance among bacteria. But vets are not treating the issue seriously.There is growing concern at the extent to which drugs, including antibiotics, are polluting the environment. Many drugs given to humans are also excreted unchanged and are not broken down by conventional sewage treatment.A They do not easily degrade or dissolve in water.B And manure contains especially high levels of bugs that are resistant to antibiotics, he says.C Animal antibiotics is still an area to which insufficient attention has been paid.D But recent research has found a direct 0link between the increased use of these farmyard drugs and the appearance of antibiotic-resistant bugs that infect people.E His findings are particularly shocking because Switzerland is one of the few countries to have banned antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed.F They could also be leaching into tap water pumped from rocks beneath fertilized fields （E、D、B、F、A）（七）Time in the animal world（动物界中的时间）Rhythm controls everything in Nature.（1）The sun provides a basic time rhythm for all living creatures including humans. Nearly all animals are influenced by sun cycles and have developed a biological clock in their bodiesfollowing these cycles. The moon also exerts itsforce and influence on the sea. Its gravitationalattraction causes the rising of the tide. （2）When the moon is behind the Earth, centrifugalforce cause the second tide of the day.Animals living in tidal areas must have theinstinct of predicting these changes, to avoidbeing stranded and dying of dehydration. Sincethe time of the dinosaurs, the king crab hasbeen laying eggs at the seaside in a set way. Toavoid predator fish 3 , the eggs are always farfrom seawater and protected by sand. In thefollowing two months, the eggs undergodramatic changes related to the cycles of themoon. When the second spring tide comes, theyoung king crabs have matured.（3）Most of the mammals, either thegiant-elephant or the small shrew, have thesame average total number of heartbeats in theirlifetime. Shrews live only for two and a halfyears, and spend their life at a high speed andhigh tempo. Animals like shrews with a pulserate of 600 per minute have an average total ofeight. hundred million heartbeats throughouttheir life The African elephant has a pulse rateof 25 beats per minute, and a life span 6 of 60years. The size of the body determines thespeed of life.（4）As we get older, our sense of time is beinginfluenced by the physiological changes of ourbody. The elderly spend more time resting, anddo few sports（5）For a child, a week is seen asa long time.A For an adult; 'time goes fast year by year.,B It 'controls, for example, the flapping ofbirds' wings, the beating of the heart and therising and setting of the sun.C The larger the animal is, the longer its lifespan is and the slower its life tempo isD The tide goes out when the moon movesaway and its attraction is weaker.E We always tend to think' all the animalshave the same sense of time as human beings.F The second spring tide` takes them back tothe sea.（B、D、F、C、A）（八）Watching Microcurrents flow（观察微电流流程）We can now watch electricity as it flowsthrough even the tiniest circuits. By scanningthe magnetic field generated aselectric .currents flow through objects,physicists have managed（1）The technologywill allow manufacturers to scan microchips forfaults, as well as revealing microscopic defectsin anything from aircraft to banknotes.Xiao and Ben Schrag at Brown Universityin Providence, Rhode Island, visualize thecurrent by measuring subtle changes in themagnetic field of an object and （2）Their sensor is adapted' from an existingpiece of technology that is used to measurelarge magnetic fields in computer hard drives." We redesigned the magnetic sensor to make itcapable of measuring very weak changes inmagnetic fields," says Xiao.The resulting device is capable ofdetecting a current as weak as 10 microamperes,even when wire is buried deep within a chip,and it shows up features as small as 40nanometers across.At present, engineers looking for defectsin a chip have to peel off the layers andexamine the circuits visually; this is one of theobstacles （3）But the new magneticmicroscope is sensitive enough to look insidechips and reveal faults such as short circuits,nicks in the wires or electro migration — wherea dense area of current picks up surroundingatoms and moves them along. "It is likewatching a river flow," explains Xiao.As well as scanning tiny circuits, themicroscope can be used to reveal the internalstructure of any object capable of conductingelectricity. 3 For example, it could look directlyat microscopic cracks in an aeroplane’sfuselage（4）The technique cannot yet pick upelectrical activityin the human brain becausethe current there is too small, but Xiao doesn'trule it out in the future." I can never say never,"he says.Although the researchers have only justmade the technical details of the microscopepublic, it already on sale, from electronicscompany Micro Magnetics in Fall River,Massachusetts. It is the size of a refrigeratorand takes several minutes to scan a circuit, butXiao and Schrag are working （5）A to shrink it to the size of a desktop computer and cut the scanning time to 30 seconds.B to making chips any smaller.C to take tiny chips we require.D to picture the progress of the currents.E converting the information into a color picture showing the density of current at each point.F faults in the metal strip of a forged banknote or bacteria in a water sample（D、E、B、F、A）（九）Lightening StrikesThree years ago a bolt of lightning all but destroyed Lyn Miller’s house in Aberdeen—with her two children inside. ―There was a huge rainstorm,‖ she says, recalling the terrifying experience. ―My brother and I were outside desperatelyworking to stop floodwater from coming in the house. Suddenly I was thrown to theground by an enormous bang. ____1____ The door was blocked by rubble, but we forced our way in and found the children, thankfully unharmed. Later I was told to be struck by lightning is a chance in a million.‖ In fact, it’s calculated at one chance in 600,000. Even so, Dr Mark Keys of AER Technology, an organisation that monitors the effects of lightning, thinks you should be sensible. ―I wouldn’t go out in a storm—but then I’m quite a careful person.‖ He advises anyone who is unlucky enough to be caught in a storm to get down on the ground and curl up into a ball,making yourself as small as possible.Lightning is one of nature’s most awesomedisplays of sheer power. ____2____ 250 yearsago, Benjamin Franklin, the American scientistand statesman proved that lightning is a formof electricity, but scientists still lack a completeunderstanding of how it works. ____3____Positive electrical charges streaming upwardsfrom trees or church spires may glow and makea buzzing noise, and people’s hair can stand onend. And if you fear lightning, you’ll be glad toknow that a company in America hasmanufactured a hand-held lightning detectorwhich can detect it up to 70 kms away, sound awarn ing tone and monitor the storm’s approach.Nancy Wilder was playing golf at a club inSurrey when she was hit by a bolt of lightning.Mrs Wilder’s heart stopped beating, but she wasresuscitated and, after a few days in hospital,where she was treated for bums to her head,hands and feet, she was pronounced fit again.Since that time, she has been a strictly fairweather golfer1. ____4____ The best place tobe is inside a car! The largest number ofpeople to be struck by lightning at one time wasin September 1995 when 17 players on afootball pitch were hit simultaneously. Themost extraordinary aspect of the strike was thefact that 11 of the victims—seven adults andfour children—had burn patterns of tiny holesat 3 centimetre intervals on each toe and aroundthe soles of their feet.Harold Deal, a retired electrician from SouthCarolina, USA, was struck by lightning 26years ago. He was apparently unhurt, but it lateremerged that the strike had damaged the part ofthe brain which controls the sensation oftemperature. ____5____Animals are victims oflightning too2Hundreds of cows and sheepare killed every year, largely because they gounder trees. In East Anglia in 1918, 504 sheepwere killed instantaneously by the same bolt oflightning that hit the ground and travelledthrough the entire flock. Lightning is alsoresponsible for starting more than 10,000 forestfires each year world-wide.A No wonder the ancient Greeks thought itwas Zeus, father of the gods, throwingthunderbolts around in anger.B In fact, a golf course is one of the mostdangerous places to be during a thunderstorm.C Lightning has long been hailed as one ofthe most impressive displays of nature’s power.D When I picked myself up, the roof and theentire upper storey of the house had beendemolished.E Occasionally there are warning signs.F Since then the freezing South Carolinawinters haven’t bothered Harold, since he iscompletely unable to feel the cold.（D、A、E、B、F）（十）How Deafness Makes It Easier to Hear（如何让失聪的人更容易听见）A No man-made device could replace theability to hear.B When he wanted to appreciate music,Eagar played the piano.C Still, as Michael Eagar discovered, whenit comes to musical harmonies,hearing isirrelevant.D Michael Eagar, who died in2003,became deaf at the age of 21.E Beethoven produced his most wonderfulworks after he became deaf.F Solomon argues that Beethoven'sdeafness "heightened" his achievement as acomposer.（F、D、A、B、C）（十一）Virtual Driver（虚拟驾驶员）Driving involves sharp eyes and keen ears,analyzing with a brain, and coordinationbetween hands, feet and brain. A man has sharpeyes and keen ears, analyzes through his brain,and maintains coordination between his handsand brains. He can control a fast-moving carwith different parts of his body. ___1___.Apparently there isn’t anyone in the driver’scab, but there is in fact a virtual driver1. Thisvirtual driver has eyes, brains, hands and feettoo. The minicameras on each side of the carare its eyes and are responsible for observingthe road conditions ahead of it as well as thetraffic to its left and right. If you open the boot,you can see the most important part of theautomatic driving system: a built-in computer.___2___. The brain is responsible forcalculating the speeds objects surrounding thecar are moving at2, analyzing their position onthe road, choosing the right path, and giving orders to the wheel and the control system.In comparison with the human brain, the virtual driver’s best advantage is that it r eacts quickly. ___3___. However, it takes the world’s best racecar driver at least one second to react, and this doesn’t include the time he needs to take action.With its rapid reaction and accurate control, the virtual driver can reduce the accident rate on expressways considerably. In this case, is it possible for us to let it have the wheel3 at any time and in any place? ___4___. With its limited ability to recognize things, the car can now only travel on expressways.The intelligent car determines its direction by the clear lines that mark the lanes clearly and recognizes vehicles according to their regular shapes. ___5___. This being the case4, people still have high hopes about driverless cars, and think highly intelligent cars are what the cars of the future should be like.A Experts say that we cannot do that just yet.B In the near future, intelligent cars will be put into commercial operation.C This is the brain of the car.D But how does an intelligent car control itself?E It completes the processing of the images sent by the cameras within 100 milliseconds.F However, it cannot recognize moving people and bicycles on ordinary roads that have no clear markings on them.（D、C、E、A、F）（十二）Musical Training Can ImproveCommunication Skills（音乐训练可以提高交流技能）American scientists say musical trainingseems to improve communication skills andlanguage retardation. They found thatdeveloping musical skills involves the sameprocess in the brain as learning how to speak.The scientists believe that1 could help childrenwith learning disabilities.（1）. She says musical training involvesputting together different kinds of information,such as hearing music, looking at musical notes,touching an instrument and watching othermusicians. This process is not much differentfrom learning how to speak.（2）.The further explains musical training andlearning to speak each make us think aboutwhat we are doing2. She says speech and musicpass through a structure of the nervous systemcalled the brain stem. （3）. Until recently,experts have thought the brain stem could notbe developed or changed. But Professor Kranssand her team found that musical training canimprove a person's brain stem activity.The study involved individuals withdifferent levels of musical ability. They wereasked to wear an electrical device that measuresbrain activity. The Individuals wore theelectrode while they watched a video ofsomeone speaking and a person playing amusical instrument -- the cello.（4）.The study found that the more years of trainingpeople had, the more sensitive they were to thesound and rhythm of the music3. Those whowere involved in musical activities were thesame people in whom the improvement ofsensory events was the strongest. （5）.Shesays using music to improve listening skillscould mean they hear sentences and understandfacial expressions better.A Both involve different senses.B Nina Kraus is a neurobiologist atNorthwestern University in Illinois.C Some disabled children attended themusical training Class.D It shows the importance of musicaltraining to children with learning disabilities.E Professor Krauss says cellos havesound qualities similar to some of the soundsthat are important with speech.F The brain stem controls our ability tohear.（B、A、F、E、D）（十三）Affectionate AndroidsComputers are now powerful enough toallow the age of humanoid robots to dawn1.And it won’t be long before we will seerealistic cyber companions, complete with skin,dexterity, and intelligence. They will beprogrammed to tend to your every need.Will we ever want to marry robots? Artificialintelligence researcher David Levy haspublished a book claiming human-robotrelationships will become popular in the nextfew decades. ____1____Will humans really beable to form deep emotional attachments tomachines? It will, in fact, be relatively easy toform these strong attachments because thehuman mind loves to anthropomorphize: togive human attributes to other creatures—evenobjects.For example, researchers in San Diegorecently put a small humanoid robot in with atoddler playgroup for several months.____2____ The children ended up treating it asa fellow toddler. When it lay down because itsbatteries were flat the kids even covered itwith a blanket.In a few decades, when humanoid robotswith plastic skin look and feel very real, willpeople want to form relationships with them?What if the bots could hold a conversation?And be programmed to be the perfectcompanions—soul mates, even? ____3____And like those toddlers in the experiment, theywill be very accepting of them.The next question, then, is whether there isanything wrong with having an emotionalrelationship with a machine. Even today thereare people who form deep attachments to theirpets and use them as substitutes for friends oreven children. Few consider that unethical.____4____ For those who always seem toend up marrying the wrong man or woman,a robotic Mr. or Ms. Right could bemighty tempting. As the father of artificial intelligence, Marvin Minsky, put it when asked about the ethics of lonely older people forming close relationships with robots: ―If a robot had all the virtues of a person and was smarter and more understanding, why would the elderly bother talking to other grumpy old people?‖A robot could be programmed to be as dumb or smart, as independent or subservient, as an owner desired. And that’s the big disadvantage. Having the perfect robot partner will damage the ability to form equally deep human-human relationships. People will always seem imperfect in comparison. When you’re behaving badly, a good friend will tell you.____5____People in relationships have to learn to adapt to each other: to enjoy their common interests and to deal with their differences. It makes us richer, stronger, and wiser. A robot companion will be perfect at the start. However, there will be nothing to move the relationshipto grow to greater heights.A It’s easier to have a robot companion instead of a human friend.B But a sophisticated robot will probably be even more attractive.C And if you want to go ahead and tie the knot with your special electronic friend Levy said that such marriages will be socially acceptable by around 2050.D However, few owners will program their robots to point out their flaws.E Maybe your generation could resist, but eventually there will be a generation of peoplewho grow up with humanoid robots as a normalpart of life.F The bot knew each child because it wasprogrammed with face and voice recognitionand it giggled when tickled.（C、F、E、B、D）（十四）Robotic Highway Cones(机器人高速路锥形路标)A And they can return to the originalplace at the end of the day.B He is thinking about starting a smallbusiness.C Farritor was ―Inventor of the Year‖in 2003.D Work on the idea began in 2002using a National Academy of Sciencesgrant.E We replace that with a robot.F These robotic cones and barrels canmove out of the way, or into place, fromcomputer commands made miles away.（F、A、D、E、B）(十五) A Memory Drug?(记忆药物？)A Like steroids for bulking up themuscles, these drugs would bulk upmemory.B A memory enhancer could helpeliminate forgetting associated withaging and disease.C What are the potential implications ofmemory-enhancing drugs for theworkplace?D We may find ourselves struggling withthese kinds of questions in thenot-too-distant future.E There is a pill that you could takeevery day to allow you to remembereverything.F The gene makes a protein that assiststhe NMDA2 receptor, which plays animportant role in long-term memory byhelping to initiate LTP.（B、F、A、C、D）。

2015年职称英语之阅读理解24篇重点文章(精心整理)

2015职称英语教材讲解阅读理解——目录2015年职称英语考试（综合类）阅读理解 (2)1、第二篇Outside-the-classroom Learning Makes a Big Difference (2)2、第九篇Single-parent Kids Do Best（卫生第35篇） (3)3、第十八篇Goal of American Education (6)4、第二十九篇I’ll Be Bach（理工第29篇） (9)5、第三十六篇Life as a Movie Extra (11)6、第三十七篇Pop Music in Africa (14)7、第四十七篇Narrow Escape (16)2015年职称英语考试（理工类）阅读理解 (20)1、第七篇Sugar Power for Cell Phones (20)2、第十五篇Winged Robot Learns to Fly (22)3、第十八篇Thirst for Oil (25)4、第三十篇Digital Realm (27)5、第三十二篇Mind-reading Machine (30)6、第四十二篇Renewable Energy Sources (33)7、第四十八篇Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright (36)8、第五十篇Cell Phones Increase Traffic,Pedestrian Fatalities (39)2015年职称英语考试（卫生类）阅读理解 (43)1、第三篇Cooking Oil Fumes Cause Tumor (43)2、第二十五篇Eat to Live (46)3、第十八篇Exercise Can Replace Insulin for Elderly Diabetics (49)4、第二十四篇Sleep Lets Brain File Memories（理工第28篇） (51)5、第三十六篇Dangerous Sunshine to Children (54)6、第三十七篇Hypertension Drugs Found to Cut Risk of Stroke (56)7、第三十九篇Sauna (59)2015年职称英语考试（综合类）阅读理解1、第二篇Outside-the-classroom Learning Makes a Big DifferencePutting a bunch of college students in charge of a$300,000Dance Marathon,fundraiser surely sounds a bit risky1.When you consider the fact that the money is supposed to be given to children in need of medical care,you might call the idea crazy.Most student leaders don't want to spend a large amount of time on something they care little about,said 22-year-old University of Florida student Darren Heitner.He was the Dance Marathon's operations officer for two years.Yvonne Fangmeyer,director of the student organization office at the University of Wisconsin,conducted a survey in February of students involved in campus organizations2.She said the desire for friendship was the most frequently cited reason for joining.At large universities like Fangmeyer's,which has more than40,000students,the students first of all want to find a way to"belong in their own corner of campus".Katie Rowley,a Wisconsin senior,confirms the survey's findings."I wanted to make the campus feel smaller by joining an organization where I could not only get involved on campus butalso find a group of friends."All of this talk of friendship,however,does not mean that students aren't thinking about their resumes."I think that a lot of people do join to'fatten up their resume'",said Heitner."At the beginning of my college career,I joined a few of these organizations,hoping to get a start in my leadership roles."But without passion student leaders can have a difficult time trying to weather the storms that come.For example,in April,several student organizations at Wisconsin teamed up3for an event designed to educate students about homelessness and poverty.Student leaders had to face the problem of solving disagreements, moving the event because of rainy weather,and dealing with the university's complicated bureaucracy."Outside-of the classroom learning really makes a big difference",Fangmeyer said.练习：1.An extracurricular activity like raising a fund of$300,000is risky because most student leaders_________.A)are lazy B)are stupid C)are not rich enough D)will not take an interest in it2.Atherican students join campus organizations mostly for_________.A)making a difference B)gaining experienceC)building friendship D)improving their resumes3.Who is Katie Rowley?_________.A)She's a senior professor B)She's a senior studentC)She's a senior official D)She's a senior citizen4.What do student leaders need to carry an activity through to a successful end?_________.A)Passion.B)Money.C)Power.D)Fame.5.The phrasal verb fatten up in paragraph6could be best replaced by_________.A)invent B)rewrite C)polish D)complete答案与题解：1.D本题问的是：像募集30万美元的课外活动有点冒险是因为多数学生领导者？答案可以从第二段的第一句话中找到。

2015职称英语理工A阅读理解文章及译文

2015职称英语理工A阅读理解文章及译文第34篇Batteries Built by VirusesWhat do chicken pox, the common cold, the flu, and AIDS have in common?They'realldiseasecausedbyviruses,tiny microorganisms that can pass frompersontoperson.It'snowonderthatwhenmostpeoplethinkaboutviruses, finding ways to steer clear of viruses is what's on people's minds.Noteveryonerunsfromthetinydiseasecarriers,though.InCambridge,Massachusetts,scientistshavediscoveredthatsomeviruses can be helpful 'in an unusual way. They are putting viruses to work, teaching them to build some of the world's smallest rechargeable batteries.Viruses and batteries may seem like an unusual pair, but they're not so strange for engineer Angela Belcher, who first came up with the idea. At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Cambridge, she and her collaboratorsbringtogetherdifferentareasofscienceinnewways.Inthecase ofthevirus-builtbatteries,thescientistscombinewhattheyknowabout biology, technology and production techniques.Belcher'steamincludes Paula Hammond, who helps put together the tinybatteries,andYet-MingChiang,anexpertonhowtostoreenergyintheformofabattery."We'reworkingonthingswetraditionallydon'tassociatewith nature," says Hammond.Manybatteriesarealreadyprettysmall.YoucanholdA,CandDbatteries in your hand. The coin-like batteries that power watches are often smaller than apenfiy.However,everyyear,newelectronicdeviceslikepersonalmusicplayers orcellphonesgetsmallerthantheyearbefore.Asthesedevicesshrink, ordinary batteries won't be small enough to fit inside.The ideal battery will store a lot of energy in a small package. Right now,Belcher'smodelbattery,ametallicdiskcompletelybuiltbyviruses,lookslike a regular watch battery. But inside, its components are very small --so tiny you can only see them with a powerful microscope.Howsmallarethesebatteryparts?To get some idea of the size, pluck one hair from your head. Place your hair on a piece of white paper and try to see howwideyourhairis--prettythin,right?Althoughthewidthofeachperson'shair is a bit different, you could probably fit about 10 of these virus-built battery parts,sidetoside,across one hair. These microbatteries may change the way we look at viruses.病毒电池水痘、普通感冒、流感和艾滋病有哪些相似之处呢？这些都是由病毒引起的疾病，病毒是能够在人与人之间传染的微生物。

2015职称英语新增文章参考译文

第九篇AnEssentialScientificProcess一个至关重要的科学过程地球上所有的生命都依靠绿色植物生存。

植物利用阳光制造自己的食物，而动物则以植物为食，它们吸收植物制造和储存的营养物质。

但是植物能做的还不仅仅这些，它们还能利用阳光产生氧气，这些氧气的一部分被植物自身消耗了，但植物消耗的氧气量远小于它们产生的氧气，这些多余的氧气对于动物以及其他生物体的生存是至关重要的。

植物将光转化为营养物质和氧气的这个过程叫作光合作用，在这一过程中，植物不仅吸收阳光中的能量，还吸收水和二氧化碳。

水通过根系进入植物体内，而二氧化碳则通过叶片上的小孔进人植物体，这些小孔叫作气孔。

二氧化碳进入植物体内后，到达叶绿体，叶绿体是绿色植物体内的一种特殊细胞。

叶绿体是光合作用发生的地方。

叶绿体内包含叶绿素，这种物质使得叶子呈现绿色，它是一种能吸收光能的分子，吸收进来的光能将水和二氧化碳转化，产生氧气和一种结构简单的糖——葡萄糖。

二氧化碳和氧气通过气孔进出。

水蒸气也是从气孔逸出。

植物体通过根系吸收的水分中的90%。

白天，大多数植物的气孔都是张开的，使得二氧化碳能进入植物体参与光合作用。

到了夜晚，植物不再需要二氧化碳，于是大多数植物的气孔就关闭了，水分散失也停止了。

如果光合作用停止的话，地球上将不会再有食物或其他有机物质，大多数生物体都会消失，地球的大气中的氧气也将消失。

光合作用对于地球上的生命来说是至关重要的。

理工C补全短文新增文章：第五篇ARecord-BreakingRover 参考译文：破纪录的漫游车美国宇航局的火星漫游车“机遇号”到达了其他任何漫游车都没能到达的地方——至少从距离上来说是如此。

自2004年“机遇号”到达火星以来，它已经行驶了25.01英里，比任何外星漫游车走的距离都长。

在火星上行驶数年之后，到7月27日，如高尔夫球车那么大的“机遇号”已经行驶了超过24英里，打败了之前的纪录保持者——一辆1973年被送上月球的苏联漫游车。

2015理工A级职称英语新增文章(费尽心血整理版)

Small But WiseOn December 14,NASA1 blasted a small but mighty telescope into space. The telescope is called WISE and is about as wide around as a trashcan. Don't let its small size fool you:WISE has a powerful digital camera, and it will be taking pictures of some the wildest objects2 in the known universe,including asteroids,faint stars,blazing galaxies3 and giant clouds of dust where planets and stars are born. "I'm very excited because we're going to be seeing parts of the universe that we haven't seen before,"said Ned Wright, a scientist who directs the WISE project. Since arriving in space,the WISE telescope has been circling the Earth,held by gravity in a polar orbit4(this means it crosses close to the north and south poles with each lap5).Its camera is pointed outward,away from the Earth,and WISE will snap a picture of a different part of the sky every 11 minutes. After six months it will have taken pictures across the entire sky. The pictures taken by WISE won't be like everyday digital photographs,however. WISE stands for"Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer."As its name suggests,the WISE camera takes pictures of features that give off infrared radiation6.Radiation is energy that travels as a wave. Visible light, including the familiar spectrum of light7 that becomes visible in a rainbow,is an example of radiation. When an ordinary digital camera takes a picture of a tree,for example,it receives the waves of visible light that are reflected off the tree. When these waves enter the camera through the lens,they're processed by the camera,which then puts the image together. Waves of infrared radiation are longer than waves of visible light, so ordinary digital cameras don't see them,and neither do the eyes of human beings. Although invisible to the eye,longer infrared radiation can be detected as warmth by the skin.That's a key idea to why WISE will be able to see things other telescopes can't. Not everything in the universe shows up in visible light. Asteroids,for example,are giant rocks that float through space 一but they absorb most of the light that reaches them. They don't reflect light,so they're difficult to see. But they do give off infrared radiation, so an infrared telescope like WISE will be able to produce images of them. During its mission WISE will take pictures of hundreds of thousands of asteroids.Brown dwarfs8 are another kind of deep-space object that will show up in WISE's pictures. These objects are"failed" stars 一which means they are not massive enough to jump start9 the same kind of reactions that power stars such as the sun. Instead,brown dwarfs simply shrink and cool down. They're so dim that they're almost impossible to see with visible light, but in the infrared spe ctrum they glow.小而聪明12月14日，美国国家航空航天局发射了一个体积小而威力大的望远镜，它的名字叫“WISE”(聪明)，大约只有一个垃圾盒子那么宽。

2015职称英语理工A阅读翻译1-3篇阅读

1、Ford Abandons Electric VehiclesThe Ford motor company’s abandonment of electric cars effectively signals the end of the road for the technology，analysts say．General Motors。

and Honda’ceased production of battery．powered cars in 1 999, to focus on fuel cell and hybrid electric gasoline engines, which are more attractive to the consumer．Ford has now announced it will do the same．Three years ago．the company introduced the Think City two—seater car and a golf cart called the THINK, or Think Neighbor．It hoped to sell 5，000 cars each year and 10，000 carts．But a lack of demand means only about l，000 of the cars have been produced，and less than 1。

700 carts have been sold so far in 2002．“The bottom line is we don’t believe that this is the future of environment transport for the mass market．”Tim Holmes of Ford Europe said on Friday．“We feel we have given electric our best shot”The Think City has a range of only about 53 miles and up to a six-hour battery recharge time．General Motors’EVI electric vehicle also had a limited range。

2015-2016年职称英语考试理工类B级新增文章及译文

2015-2016年职称英语考试理工类B级新增文章及译文D依靠多种内置的感觉器来帮助寻找路径。

连接在机器人底部的天线能够探测到机器人撞到的任何物体。

在斜坡上移动的时候，如果机器人开始摇晃，机器人内部的陀螺仪和钟摆仪就会探测到水平方向的变化。

机器人探测自己与其他物体的距离以及到达该物体的时间的方法是发射激光束和超声波，通过反射的信号来判断这些信息。

这些探测器不断地向计算机提供信息，计算机将这些信息进行分析，从而纠正或调整机器人的进一步动作。

随着科技的进步，机器人也会在功能和人工智能程序等方面上取得发展。

When Our Eyes Serve Our StomachOur senses aren’t just delivering 汪strict view of what’s going on in the world; they’re affected by what’s going on in our heads. A new study finds that hungry people see food-related words more clearly tha n people who’ve just eaten.Psychologists have known for decades that what’s going on,inside our head affects our senses. For example, poorer children think coins are larger than they are, and hungry people think pictures of food are brighter. Remi Radel of University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis，France，wanted to investigate how this happens. Does it happen right away as the brain receives signals from the eyes or a little later as the brain’shigh-level thinking processes get involved.Radel recruited 42 students with a normal body mass index. On the day of his or her test, each student was told to arrive at the lab at noon after three or four hours of not eating. Then they were told there was a delay. Some were told to come back in 10 minutes; others were given an hour to get lunch first. So half the students were hungry when they did the experiment and the other half had just eaten.For the experiment, the participant looked at a computer screen. One by one, 80 words flashed on the screen for about l/300th of a second each. They flashed at so small a size that the students could only consciously perceive. A quarter of the words were food-related. After each word，each person was asked how bright the word was and asked to choose which of two words they’d seen — a food-related word like cake or a neutral word like boat. Each word appeared too briefly for the participant to really read it.Hungry people saw the food-related words as brighter and were better at identifying food- related words. Because the word appeared too quickly for them to be reliably seen, this meansthat the difference is in perception ,not in thinking processes, Radel says.“This is something great to me. Humans can really perceive what they need or what they strive for. From the experiment, I know that our brain can really be at the disposal of our motives and needs,” Radel says.我们的视觉服务于我们的胃口我们的五官不仅仅让我们感知世界;还受大脑活动的影响。

2015年职称英语考试理工类教材新增文章-已经精心翻译

2015年职称英语考试理工类教材新增题型2015年新版职称英语教材新增文章系列之理工类补全短文第十三篇Affectionate Androids-多情的机器人Computers are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoid robots to dawn1. And it won’t be long before we will see realistic（逼真的）cyber companions（伙伴）, complete with skin, dexterity, and intelligence.They will be programmed（设定） to tend（照料） to your every need.-计算机技术已经足够成熟，能够支持人形机器人的诞生和普及，进入人形机器人的时代。

不久，我们将看到逼真机器人伙伴，完整的皮肤，敏捷，智力。

他们将编程倾向于你所有的需要。

Will we ever want to marry robots? Artificial（人工） intelligence researcher David Levy has published a book claiming（声称）human‐robot relationships will become popular（受欢迎） in the next few decades （十年）. ____1____Will humans really be able to form deep emotional attachments to machines? It will, in fact, be relatively easy to form these strong attachments because the human mind loves to anthropomorphize: to give human attributes to other creatures（生物、动物、人）—even objects （目标）.-我们会想结婚的机器人吗？人工智能研究者戴维已经出版了一本书，声称人类‐机器人关系将成为未来几十年将人类真的能够形成深厚的感情的机器？它会，事实上，是比较容易形成这些强大的附件，因为人类喜欢人格化：给人的属性的其他生物甚至物体For example, researchers in San Diego recently put a small humanoid robot in with a toddler playgroup for several months. ____2____The children ended up treating it as a fellow toddler. When it lay down（躺下） because its batteries were flat（电用尽），the kids（孩子） even covered it with a blanket（毛毯）.-例如，在圣迭戈的研究人员最近提出一个小型人形机器人与几个月的幼儿游戏小组。

【精编范文】15年的全国职称英语理工类阅读理解(2)-word范文 (1页)

【精编范文】15年的全国职称英语理工类阅读理解(2)-word范文本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==15年的全国职称英语理工类阅读理解(2)15年全国职称英语理工类阅读理解In the last 500 years , nothing about people --- not their clothes , ideas , or languages --- has changed as much as what they eat . The original chocolate drink was made form the seeds of the cocoa tree by South American Indians . The Spanish introduced it to the rest of the world during the 1500 s . And although it was very expensive , it quickly became fashionable . In London shops where chocolate drinks were served became important meeting places . Some still exist today .The potato is also from the New World . Around 1600, the Spanish brought it from Peru to Europe , where it soon was widely grown . Ireland became so dependent on it that thousands of Irish people starved when the crop failed during the Potato Famine of 1845-6, and thousands more were forced to emigrate to America .There are many other foods that have traveled from south America to the Old World . But some others went in the opposite direction . Brazil is now the worlds largest grower of coffee , and coffee is an important crop in Colombia and other South American countries . Butit is native to Ethiopia . It was first made into a drink by Arabs during the 1400 s .According to an Arabic legend , coffee was discovered when a goatherd named Kaldi noticed that his goats were attracted to the red berries on a coffee bush . He tried one and experienced the wide - awake feeling that one - third of the worlds population now starts the day with .。

2015年职称英语真题：理工A（文字版部分）

2015年职称英语真题：理⼯A(⽂字版部分) 第2部分阅读判断 Lackof Oxygen Delayed the Rise of Animals on Earth Scientistshave long speculated as to why animal species didn’t flourish sooner, oncesufficient oxygen covered the Earth’s surface. Animals began to prosper at theend of the Proterozoic period, about 800 million years ago — but what about thebillion-year stretch before that, when most researchers think there also wasplenty of oxygen? Well,it seems the air wasn’t so great then, after all. Ina study published Oct. 31 in Science, Yale researcher Noah Planavsky and hiscolleagues found that oxygen levels during the “boring billion” period wereonly 0.1% of what they are today. In other words, Earth’s atmosphere couldn’thave supported a diversity of creatures, no matter what genetic advancementswere poised to occur. “There is no questionthat genetic and ecological innovation must ultimately be behind the rise ofanimals, but it is equally unavoidable that animals need a certain level ofoxygen,” said Planavsky, co-lead author of the research along with ChristopherReinhard of the Georgia Institute of Technology. “We’re providing the firstevidence that oxygen levels were low enough during this period to potentiallyprevent the rise of animals.” Thescientists found their evidence by analyzing chromium (Cr) isotopes in ancientsediments from China, Australia, Canada, and the United States. Chromium isfound in the Earth’s continental crust, and chromium oxidation is directlylinked to the presence of free oxygen in the atmosphere. Specifically,the team studied samples deposited in shallow, iron-rich ocean areas, near theshore. They compared their data with other samples taken from younger localesknown to have higher levels of oxygen. Oxygen’srole in controlling the first appearance of animals has long vexed scientists.“We were missing the right approach until now,” Planavsky said. “Chromium gaveus the proxy.” Previous estimates put the oxygen level at 40% of today’sconditions during pre-animal times, leaving open the possibility that oxygenwas already plentiful enough to support animal life. Inthe new study, the researchers acknowledged that oxygen levels were “highlydynamic” in the early atmosphere, with the potential for occasional spikes.However, they said, “It seems clear that there is a first-order difference inthe nature of Earth surface Cr cycling” before and after the rise of animals. “If we are right, ourresults will really change how people view the origins of animals and othercomplex life, and their relationships to the co-evolving environment,” saidco-author Tim Lyons of the University of California-Riverside. “This could be agame changer.” Fundingsources for the research included the NASA Exobiology Program and the NationalScience Foundation’s Earth-Life Transitions program, awarded to Planavsky,Reinhard, and Lyons. Theother members of the research team included Xiangli Wang, a postdoctoral fellowat Yale; Thomas Johnson, of the University of Illinois; Danielle Thomson, ofCarleton University; Peter McGoldrick, of the University of Tasmania; andWoodward Fischer, of the California Institute of Technology. 16.The study discovered the rise of animals occurred earlier than the Proterozoicperiod.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 17.Many researchers believe the oxygen level was high during pre-animal times.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned 18. The teamwas funded by several research institutes.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 19. Geneticadvancements triggered the rise of animals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 20. Thesamples studied in the research were collected in ocean areas.A. RightB. WrongC.Not mentioned 21. Thestudy revealed that chromium found in Earth’s continental crust remained stablebefore and after the rise ofanimals.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 22. TimLyons liked to play computer games in his spare time.A.RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned 第3部分概括⼤意与完成句⼦ FirstImage-recognition Software 1.Dartmouth researchers and their colleagues have created an artificial 1 ,software that uses photos to locate documents on the Internet with far gre jthan ever before. 2.The new system, which was tested on photos and is now being applied to , Ishows for the first time that a machine learning algorithm (运算法则)or ,ma9e I recognition and retrieval is accurate and efficient enough toimprove large seaie , document searches online. The system uses pixel (像素)data in images and potentia y video — rather than just text — to locatedocuments. It learns to recognize the pixels associated with a search phrase bystudying the results from text-based image search engines. The knowledgegleaned (收集) from those results can then beapplied to other photos without tags or captions making for more accuratedocument search results. 3."Over the last 30 years," says Associate Professor Lorenzo Torresani,a co-author of the study, "the Web has evolved from a small collection ofmostly text documents to a modern, massive, fast-growing multimedia dataset,where nearly every page includes multiple pictures or videos. When a personlooks at a Web page, he immediately gets the gist (主旨)of it by looking at the pictures in it. Yet, surprisingly, all existing popularsearch engines, such as Google or Bing, strip away the information contained inthe photos and use exclusively the text of Web pages to perform the documentretrieval. Our study is the first to show that modern machine vision systemsare accurate and efficient enough to make effective use of the informationcontained in image pixels to improve document search." 4.The researchers designed and tested a machine vision system — a type ofartificial intelligence that allows computers to learn without being explicitlyprogrammed — that extracts semantic (语义的) information from thepixels of photos in Web pages. This information is used to enrich thedescription of the HTML page used by search engines for document retrieval. Theresearchers tested their approach using more than 600 search queries (查询)on a database of 50 million Web pages. They selected the text-retheval searchengine with the best performance and modified it to make use of the additionalsemantic information extracted by their method from the pictures of the Webpages. They found that this produced a 30 percent improvement in precision overthe original search engine purely based on text. 23. Paragraph 1 __B__ 24. Paragraph 2 __C__ 25. Paragraph 3 __E__ 26. Paragraph 4 __D__ A.Popularity of the new system B.Publication of the new discovery C.Function of the new system D.Artificial intelligence software created E.Problems of the existing search engines F.Improvement in document retrieval 27. The new system does documentretrieval by __C__. 28. The new system is expected toimprove precision in __B__. 29. When performing documentretrieval the existing search engines ignore __A__ 30. The new system was found moreeffective in document search than the __E__ rmation in images B.current popular search engines ing photos D.machine vision systems E.document search F.description of the HTML page 第4部分阅读理解 Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat,More Light Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems,or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but until now they haven’t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. That’s because they operate at low temperatures to cool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn’ta very efficient way to gather heat. That’s a problem of economics. Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower cost. And it’s also a space problem: photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications. In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, anassociate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a solution in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from Thin Silicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen’s University, Canada. Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon, but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon, commonly known as thin-film silicon. They don’t create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they require much less silicon,they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately, thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect. “That means that their efficiency drops when you expose them to light— pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cell,” Pearce explains,which is one of the reasons thin-film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market. However, Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film siliconin a new type of PVT. You don’t have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact, Pearce’s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures, near the boiling point of water, they could make thicker cells that largely overcame the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy collector,they also found that by baking the cell once a day, they boosted the solar cell’s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent. 31. PVTs are not efficient in A. creating electricity. B. cooling silicon solar cells. C. generating heat. D. powering solar thermal collectors. 32. One of the problems PVTs have is that A. their thermala pplications are costly. B. they are too expensive to afford. C. it is hard to fix them on the roof. D. they occupy too much space. 33. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advantage of thin-film silicon solar cells? A. They are flexible. B. They are less expensive. C. They are electrically efficient. D. They are environment friendly. 34. Thin-film solar panels do not sell well on market because A. they do not work well if exposed to light. B. their advantages are not well-recognized. C. they need improving in appearance. D. they are not advertised. 35 Which of the following statements is true? A. New techniques have been developed to produce thin-film silicon. B Thin-film silicon works efficiently at low temperature. C Thin-film silicon's electrical efficiency improves when heated up. D Anew material enlarging the Staebler-WronsKi effect has been created. 译⽂：第⼗三篇更有效的太阳能系统：更多热量，更强灯光太阳能光伏热能系统，也叫PVT，能够⽣成热量和电能。