LASER DIODE INTENSITY NOISE INDUCED
物理专业常用英语词汇
物理：absolute acceleration 绝对加速度absolute error 绝对误差absolute motion 绝对运动absolute temperature 绝对温度absolute velocity 绝对速度absolute zero 绝对零度absorption 吸收absorptivity 吸收率accelerated motion 加速运动acceleration of gravity 重力加速度acceleration 加速度accidental error 偶然误差acoustics 声学acting force 作用力adjustment 调节aether 以太air pump 抽气机air table 气垫桌air track 气垫导轨alternating current circuit 交流电路alternating current generator 交流发电机alternating current 交流电altimeter 测高仪ammeter 安培计amperemeter 电流计ampere 安培Ampere's experiment 安培实验Ampere's force 安培力Ampere's law 安培定律amperemeter 安培计amplitude 振幅angle of rotation 自转角，转动角angular acceleration 角加速度angular displacement 角位移angular velocity 角速度anion 负离子anisotropy 各向异性annihilation 湮没anode 阳极antenna 天线applied physics 应用物理学Archimedes principle 阿基米德原理area 面积argumentation 论证argument 辐角astigmatoscope 散光镜atomic nucleus 原子核atomic physics 原子物理学atomic spectrum 原子光谱atomic structure 原子结构atom 原子Atwood ' s machine 阿特伍德机average power 平均功率average velocity 平均速度Avogadro constant 阿伏加德罗常数Avogadro law 阿伏加德罗定律balance 天平ballistic galvanometer 冲击电流计band spectrum 带状谱barometer 气压计basicquantity 基本量basicunits 基本单位battery charger 电池充电器b a t t er y,a cc u m u la t o r 蓄电池battery 电池组beam 光束betatron 电子感应加速器Bohr atom model 玻尔原子模型boiling point 沸点boiling 沸腾bounce 反弹bound charge 束缚电荷bound electron 束缚电子branch circuit 支路breakdown 击穿brightness 亮度buoyancy force 浮力calorifics 热学camera 照相机capacitance 电容capacitor 电容器capillarity 毛细现象cathode ray 阴极射线cathode-ray tube 阴极射线管cathode 阴极cation 正离子cell 电池Celsius scale 摄氏温标centre of gravity 重心centre of mass 质心centrifugal force 离心力centripetal acceleration 向心加速度centripetal force 向心力chain reaction 链式反应chaos 混沌characteristic spectrum 特征光谱charged body 带电体charged particle 带电粒子charge 充电circular hole diffraction 圆孔衍射circular motion 圆周运动classical mechanics 经典力学classical physics 经典物理学cloud chamber 云室coefficient of maximum staticfriction 最大静摩摩系数coefficient of restitution 恢复系数coefficient of sliding friction 滑动摩擦系数coefficient 系数coherent light 相干光源coil 线圈collision 碰撞component force 分力component velocity 分速度composition of forces 力的合成composition of velocities 速度的合成compression 压缩concave lens 凹透镜concave mirror 凹面镜concurrent force 共点力condensation 凝结condenser 电容器conducting medium 导电介质conductor 导体conservative force field保守力场conservative force 保守力constant force 恒力constant 常量continuous spectrum 连续谱convergent lens 会聚透镜convex lens 凸透镜convex mirror 凸面镜coordinate system 坐标系coplanar force 共面力Corolis force 科里奥利力corpuscular property 粒子性corpuscular theory 微粒说Coulomb force 库仑力coulomb 库仑Coulomb's law 库仑定律counter 计数器creation 产生creepage 漏电crest 波峰critical angle 临界角critical resistance 临界电阻critical temperature 临界温度crystal 晶体current density 电流密度current element 电流元current source 电流源current strength 电流强度curvilinear motion 曲线运动cyclotron 回旋加速器damped vibration 阻尼振动damping 阻尼Daniell cell 丹聂耳电池data processing 数据处理data 数据decay 衰变definition of ampere 安培的定义defocusing 散集density 密度derived quantity 导出量derived unit 导出单位dielectric 电介质diffraction pattern 衍射图样diffraction 衍射diffuse reflection 漫反射digital timer 数字计时器dimensional exponent 量纲指数dimension 量纲diode 二级管diopter 屈光度direct current, DC 直流direct impact 正碰direct measurement 直接测量discharge 放电disorder 无序dispersion 色散electromagnet 电磁体electrometer 静电计first cosmic v elo c ity第一宇宙速度完全弹性碰撞impulse 冲量displacement 位移electromotive force 电动势fission 裂变incident angle 入射角divergent lens 发散透镜electron 电子fixed-axis rotation 定轴转动incident ray 入射线Doppler effect 多普勒效应double slit diffraction 双缝衍射driving force 驱动力dry cell 干电池echo 回声eddy current 涡流effective value 有效值elastic body 弹性体elastic force 弹［性］力elasticity 弹性electric charge 电荷electric circuit 电路electric corona 电晕electric energy 电能electric field 电场electric field intensity 电场强度electric field line 电场线electric flux 电通量electric leakage 漏电electric neutrality 电中性electric potential 电位，电势electric potential difference电位差，电势差electric potential energy 电位能electric power 电功率electric quantity 电量electrification 起电electrification by friction 摩擦起电electrified body 带电体electrode 电极electrolysis 电解electrolyte 电解质electromagnetic damping 电磁阻尼electromagnetic induction 电磁感应electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射electromagnetic wave 电磁波electromagnetic wave spectrum 电磁波谱electromagnetism induction phenomenon 电磁感应现象electron beam 电子束electron cloud 电子云electron microscope 电子显微镜electron volt 电子伏特electroscope 验电器electrostatic equilibrium 静电平衡electrostatic induction 静电感应electrostatic screening 静电屏蔽elementary charge 基本电荷，元电荷energy 能量energy level 能级equilibrium 平衡equilibrium condition 平衡条件equilibrium of forces 力的平衡equilibrium position 平衡位置equilibrium state 平衡态equivalent source theorem 等效电源定理erect image 正像error 误差ether 以太evaporation 蒸发excitation 激发excitation state 激发态experiment 实验experimental physics 实验物理学external force 外力eyepiece 目镜far sight 远视Faraday cylinder法拉第圆筒Faraday law ofelectromagnetic induction 法拉第电磁感应定律Faraday's law ofelectromagnetic induct 法拉第电磁感应定律farad 法拉(电容的单位)film interference 薄膜干涉final velocity 末速度flotation balance 浮力秤fluid 流体focal length 焦距focusing 调焦，聚焦focus 焦点force 力forced vibration 受迫振动fractal 分形free charge 自由电荷free electron 自由电子free period 自由周期freezing point 凝固点frequency 频率friction force 摩擦力fusion 聚变galvanometer 电流计gas 气体general physics 普通物理学generator 发电机good conductor 良导体gravitation 引力gravity 重力gravitational potential energy重力势能gravity field 重力场ground earth 接地ground state 基态ground wire 地线hadron 强子half life period 半衰期heat 热heat transfer 传热henry 亨利hertz 赫兹(频率的单位)Hooke law 胡克定律humidity 湿度hydrogen 氢原子hypothesis 假设ice point 冰点ideal gas 理想气体image 像image distance 像距image height 像高imaging 成像imperfect inelastic collision 非indirect measurement 间接测量induced electric current 感应电流induced electric field 感应电场induction current 感应电流induction electromotive f o r c e感应电动势induction motor 感应电动机inertia 惯性inertial force 惯性力inertial system 惯性系infrared ray 红外线infrasonic wave 次声波initial phase 初位相initial velocity 初速度input 输入instantaneous power 瞬时功率instantaneous velocity 瞬时速度instrument 仪器insulated conductor 绝缘导体insulating medium 绝缘介质insulator 绝缘体intensity of sound 声强interference 干涉interference fringe 干涉条纹interference pattern 干涉图样interferometer 干涉仪internal energy 内能internal force 内力internal resistance 内阻intonation 声调inverted image 倒像invisible light 不可见光ion beam 离子束ionization 电离irreversible process 不可逆过程isobaric process 等压过程isobar 等压线isochoric process 等体积过程isothermal 等温线isothermal process 等温过程isotope 同位素isotropy 各向同性joule 焦耳（功的单位）Joule heat 焦耳热Joule law 焦耳定律Joule' law 焦耳定律Kepler law 开普勒定律kinematics 运动学kinetic energy 动能Laplace's equation 拉普拉斯方程laser 激光，激光器law 定律law of conservation of angular momentum 角动量守恒定律law of conservation of energy 能量守恒定律law of conservation of mass 质量守恒定律law of conservation of mechanical energy 机械能守恒定律law of conservation of momentum 动量守恒定律law of electric c h a r g e conservation 电荷守恒定律Le Systè me International d ` Unit ès 国际单位制(SI)lead 导线length 长度lens 透镜lens formula 透镜公式Lenz's law 楞次定律lepton 轻子Light ray 光线light source 光源light wave 光波lightning rod 避雷针light 光line spectrum 线状谱lines of current 电流线lines of force of electric field 电力线liquefaction 液化liquefaction point 液化点liquid 液体longitudinal wave 纵波loop 回路Lorentz force 洛仑兹力luminous intensity 发光强度magnetic field 磁场magnetic field intensity 磁场强度magnetic field line 磁场线magnetic induction flux 磁感应通量magnetic induction 磁感应强度magnetic induction line磁感应线magnetic material 磁性材料magnetic needle 磁针magnetic pole 磁极magnetics 磁学magnetism 磁学magnetization 磁化magnet 磁体magnification 放大率magnifier 放大镜，放大器manometer 流体压强计mass 质量mass defect 质量亏损mass-energy equation 质能方程matter 物质matter wave 物质波Maxwell's equations 麦克斯韦方程组mean speed 平均速率mean velocity 平均速度measurement 测量mechanical energy 机械能mechanical motion 机械运动mechanical vibration 机械振动mechanics 力学medium 介质melting fusion 熔化melting point 熔点metre rule 米尺microdetector 灵敏电流计micrometer caliper 螺旋测微器microscope 显微镜microscopic particle 微观粒子mirror reflection 镜面反射mirror 镜mixed unit system 混合单位制modern physics 现代物理学molar volume 摩尔体积molecular spectrum 分子光谱molecular structure 分子结构moment of force 力矩momentum of electromagneticfield 电磁场的动量momentum 动量motor 电动机multimeter 多用［电］表musical quality 音色N pole 北极natural frequency 固有频率natural light 自然光negative charge 负电荷negative crystal 负晶体negative ion 负离子negative plate 负极板network 网络neutralization 中和neutron 中子newton 牛顿（力的单位）Newton first law 牛顿第一定律Newton second law牛顿第二定律Newton third law 牛顿第三定律nonequilibrium state 非平衡态north pole 北极nucleus force 核力nucleus of condensation 凝结核object 物object distance 物距object height 物高objective 物镜observation 观察Oersted's experiment 奥斯特实验ohm 欧姆Ohm law 欧姆定律ohmmeter 欧姆计Ohm's law 欧姆定律open circuit 开路optical bench 光具座optical centre of lens 透镜光心optical fiber 光导纤维optical glass 光学玻璃optical instrument 光学仪器optical lever 光杠杆optical path difference 光程差optical path 光程(路)optically denser medium 光密介质optically thinner medium 光疏介质optics 光学orbit 轨道order 有序oscillograph 示波器output 输出overweight 超重parallel connection ofcondensers 电容器的并联parallelogram rule 平行四边形定律parallel-resonance circuit 并联谐振电路parameter 参量particle 质点，粒子Pascal law 帕斯卡定律path 路程peak 峰值pendulum 摆penumbra 半影perfect conductor 理想导体perfect elastic collision 完全弹性碰撞perfect inelastic collision 完全非弹性碰撞periodicity 周期性period 周期periscope 潜望镜permanent magnet 永磁体permittivity of vacuum 真空介电常数permittivity 电容率phase 位相phenomenon 现象photocurrent 光电流photoelectric cell 光电管photoelectric effect 光电效应photoelectron 光电子photography 照相术photon 光子physical balance 物理天平physical quantity 物理量physics 物理学piezometer 压强计pitch 音调Planck constant 普朗克常量plasma 等离子体point charge 点电荷polarization 偏振polarized light 偏振光polycrystal 多晶体poor conductor 不良导体positive charge 正电荷positive crystal 正晶体positive ion 正离子positive plate 正极板positron 正电子potential energy 势能potentiometer 电位差计power 功率pressure 压强，压力primary coil 原线圈principle of constancy of light velocity 光速不变原理prism 棱镜projectile 抛体projectile motion 抛体运动projector 投影仪proton 质子pulley 滑轮pulley block 滑轮组quantity of heat 热量quantization 量子化quantum 量子quantum mechanics 量子力学quantum number 量子数radar 雷达radioactive source 放射源radius of gyration 回旋半径random motion 无规则运动range 量程rated voltage 额定电压reacting force 反作用力real image 实像real object 实物reasoning 推理recoil 反冲rectilinear motion 直线运动reference frame 参考系，坐标系reference system 参考系reflected angle 反射角reflected ray 反射线reflection coefficient 反射系数reflection law 反射定律reflectivity 反射率refracted angle 折射角refracted ray 折射线refraction law 折射定律refraction coefficient 折射系数refractive index 折射率relative acceleration 相对加速度relative error 相对误差relative motion 相对运动relative velocity 相对速度relativity 相对论resistance 电阻resistance box 电阻箱resistivity 电阻率resistor 电阻［器］resolution of force 力的分解resolution of velocity 速度的分解resonance 共振，共鸣resonant frequency 共振频率resultant force 合力resultant velocity 合速度reversibility of optical path 光路可逆性reversible process 可逆过程rheostat 变阻器right-hand screw rule 右手螺旋定则rocker 火箭rotating magnetic field 旋转磁场rotation 自转，转动Rutherford scattering 卢瑟福散射Rutherford ［α-particlescattering ］experiment 卢瑟福［α 散射］实验S pole 南极saturation 饱和scalar 标量scalar field 标量场scanner 扫描器second cosmic velocity 第二宇宙速度selective absorption 选择吸收self-induced electromotiveforce 自感电动势self-inductance 自感self-induction phenomenon 自感系数semiconductor 半导体semi-transparent film 半透膜sensitive galvanometer 灵敏电流计sensitivity 灵敏度sensitometer 感光计sensor 传感器series connection ofcondensers 电容器的串联series-resonan ce circuit 串联谐振电路short circuit 短路short sight 近视shunt resistor 分流电阻significant figure 有效数字simple harmonic motion (SHM)简谐运动simple harmonic wave 简谐波simple pendulum 单摆single crysta（l monocrystal）单晶体single slit diffraction 单缝衍射sinusoidal alternating current简谐交流电sinusoidal current 正弦式电流sliding friction 滑动摩擦slit 狭缝solar cell 太阳能电池solenoid 螺线管solidification 凝固solidifying point 凝固点solid 固体solution 溶液solvation 溶解sonar 声纳sound source 声源sound velocity 声速sound wave 声波sound 声［音］source 电源south pole 南极space 空间spark discharge 火花放电special relativity 狭义相对论specific heat capacity 比热容spectacles 眼镜spectral analysis 光谱分析spectral line ［光］谱线spectrograph 摄谱仪spectrography 摄谱学spectroscopy 光谱学spectrum 光谱speed 速率spherical mirror 球面镜spontaneous radiation 自发辐射spring balance 弹簧秤stability 稳定性stabilized current supply 稳流电源stabilized voltage supply 稳压电源standard atmosphericpressure 标准大气压standard cell 标准电池standing wave 驻波static friction 静摩擦stationary state 定态steady current 恒定电流steady current source 恒流源steady voltage source 恒压源steam point 汽点stiffness 劲度［系数］stimulated radiation 受激辐射stop watch 停表sublimation 升华superconductivity 超导［电］性superconductor 超导体superposition principle ofelectric field 电场强度叠加原理superposition theorem 叠加定律supersaturation 过度饱和supersonic speed 超声速supersonic wave 超声波supply transformer 电源变压器surface resistance 表面电阻switch 开关system of concurrent forces 共点力系system of particles 质点系system of units 单位制systematic error 系统误差telescope 望远镜temperature 温度tension 张力the law of gravity 万有引力定律theorem 原理theorem of kinetic energy 动能定理theorem of momentum动量定理theoretical physics 理论物理学theory 理论thermal capacity 热容［量］thermal equilibrium 热平衡thermal motion 热运动thermal transmission 传热thermodynamic scale ［of temperature ］热力学温标thermodynamic temperature 热力学温度thermometer 温度计thermometric scale 温标thermonuclear reaction 热核反应thick lens 厚透镜thin lens 薄透镜third cosmic velocity 第三宇宙速度three-phase alternating current 三相［交变］电流time 时间timer 定时器，计时器torsion balance 扭秤total reflection 全反射trajectory 轨道transformer 变压器transistor 晶体管transition 跃迁translation 平移transmission line 传输线transmissivity 透射率transverse wave 横波triboelectrification 摩擦起电triode 三极管trough 波谷tuning fork 音叉turbulent flow 湍流ultrasound wave 超声波ultraviolet ray 紫外线umbra 本影undulatory property 波动性uniform dielectric 均匀电介质uniform motion 匀速运动unit 单位unit system 单位制universal constant 普适常量universal gravitation 万有引力universal meter 多用［电］表β -ray β射线vacuum tube 真空管γ -decay γ衰变vacuum 真空γ -ray γ射线value of amplitude 幅值vaporization 汽化variable 变量vector 矢量velocity of light 光速velocity 速度verification 验证vernier 游标vernier caliper 游标卡尺vibration 振动viewing angle 视角viewing field 视场virtual image 虚像virtual object 虚物virtual value 有效值visibility 可见度visible light 可见光voltage 电压voltage division circuit 分压电路voltaic cell 伏打电池voltmeter 伏特计voltmeter-ammeter m et h o d伏安法volt 伏特volume 体积vortex electric field 涡旋电场watt 瓦特wave equation 波动方程wave theory 波动说wavelength 波长wave-particle dualism 波粒二象性wave 波weight 重量weightlessness 失重white light 白光work 功work function 逸出功X-ray X 射线Young exper iment杨氏实验zero line 零线α -decay α 衰变α-particle α 粒子α-ray α 射线β -decay β 衰变。
半导体激光器国家标准(二)
半导体激光器国家标准（二）3.1.32 远场光强分布Far field intensity distribution在距离远远大于激光光源瑞利长度的接收面上得到的光强分布。
3.1.33 近场光强分布Near field intensity distribution激光器在输出腔面（AR面）上的光强分布。
3.1.34 近场非线性Near field non-linearity热应力引起半导体激光器阵列或巴条中各个发光单元在垂直p-n结的方向上发生的位移，导致激光器阵列或巴条近场各个发光单元不在一条直线上，又称为"smile"效应。
3.1.35 偏振Polarization半导体激光器是利用光波导效应将光场限制在有源区内，使光波沿着有源区层传播，并通过腔面输出，半导体激光器的偏振特性与电场和磁场两个空间变量有关，对于横向电场（TE）偏振光，只存在（Ey，Hx，Hz）三个分量，对于横向磁场（TM）偏振光，只存在（Ex，Ez，Hy）三个分量。
半导体激光器偏振特性优劣通常用偏振度来表征，偏振度为两种偏振态的光功率差与光功率和的比值，通常以百分比表示。
3.1.36 热阻Thermal resistance热量在热流路径上遇到的阻力，反映介质或介质间的传热能力的大小，激光器产生1W 热量所引起的温升大小，单位为℃/W或K/W。
3.1.37 波长-温度漂移Wavelength-temperature shift半导体激光器稳定工作时，结温每升高1℃所引起的波长变化，单位是nm/K。
3.1.38 斜率效率Slope efficiency激光器额定光功率的10％和90％对应的光功率差值△P与相应工作电流的差值△I的比值称为斜率效率。
3.1.39 光功率-电流曲线扭折Optical power-current curve kink光功率-电流曲线上出现的非线性变化的拐点。
扭折表征了光功率与工作电流的线性关系的优劣。
相对强度噪声(rin)测量程序
Relative intensity noise (RIN) measuring procedure相对强度噪声（RIN）测量程序This procedure describes a component test which may not be appropriate for a system level test depending on the implementation.这是一个组件测试流程，根据应用环境来看，它可能不适合于系统级的测试。
A.5.1 Test objective 测试目标When lasers which are subject to reflection induced noise effects are operated in a cable plant with a low optical return loss the lasers will produce an amount of noise which is a function of the magnitude and polarization state of the reflected light.当受到反射引起的噪声影响的激光器在具有低光回损的电缆设备中工作时，激光器将产生一定量的噪声，这个噪声是反射光的大小和偏振态的函数。
The magnitude of the reflected light tends to be relatively constant. However, the polarization state varies significantly as a function of many cable parameters, particularly cable placement.反射光的大小趋于相对恒定。
然而，偏振态受许多电缆参数的影响而呈现出一定的函数关系，特别是随电缆的放置而显著变化。
南京师范大学博硕士学位论文格式规范及样式(参考)
博士、硕士研究生学位论文书写格式（一）纸张要求：学位论文一律用A4纸打印。
（二）论文内容要求及排列顺序1、封面按照学校统一规定的学位论文格式打印，题目一般在20个字以内为宜，要求简明、恰当，中、外文题目应一致。
封面颜色为：博士，红色；硕士：咖啡色；教育硕士：浅蓝色；高校教师（两课）：深蓝色；同等学力：浅黄色。
2、声明论文扉页内容为“声明”（包括学位论文“独创性声明”和“使用授权声明”，详见下，可由研究生部网页下载。
），声明须由作者本人签名，未签名者不得参加论文答辩。
3、索取号由《中国图书馆分类法》（第四版）给出的论文分类号和论文著者号组成。
索取号应打印在封面的左上角（见封面样页）。
注：索取号由校图书馆提供，详见图书馆网站→本博硕学位论文4、目录分章、节列出并注明每章、节的页码号，附录、附件也应列入页码号。
5、摘要500字左右（含3－5个关键词），其内容同前言，但要更简明、精辟，可以独立使用，也可以引用和作为推广介绍。
与中文对应的英文摘要亦含关键词。
6、前言博士：5000－8000字左右，硕士：2000—5000字左右。
应包含学位论文的主要信息，包括本领域的前沿动态、作者的研究目的、研究方法、研究成果和最终结论，其重点是作者的创新性成果和结论。
7、正文学位论文的主体，要求文科博士学位论文一般不低于6万字，理科博士学位论文一般不低于4万字（含艺术类、体育类专业）；文科硕士学位论文一般不低于3万字，理科硕士学位论文一般不低于2万字（含艺术类、体育类专业）。
8、参考文献和注释按文中出现的顺序列出直接引用的主要参考文献，注释可列在所在页下方，应标明引文的所在页码。
具体格式为：引文源于著作时：[序号]作者，著作名，出版者，出版年份卷（期），引文在著作中的页码。
引文源于杂志时：[序号] 作者，文章题目，杂志名称，发行年份和期号，引文在杂志中的页码。
引文源于论文集、丛书时：[序号]论文集或丛书主编，论文集或丛书名，出版者，出版年份，引文在论文集或丛书中的页码。
半导体一些术语的中英文对照
半导体一些术语的中英文对照离子注入机 ion implanterLSS理论 Lindhand Scharff and Schiott theory 又称“林汉德-斯卡夫-斯高特理论”。
沟道效应 channeling effect射程分布 range distribution深度分布 depth distribution投影射程 projected range阻止距离 stopping distance阻止本领 stopping power标准阻止截面 standard stopping cross section退火 annealing激活能 activation energy等温退火 isothermal annealing激光退火 laser annealing应力感生缺陷 stress-induced defect择优取向 preferred orientation制版工艺 mask-making technology图形畸变 pattern distortion初缩 first minification精缩 final minification母版 master mask铬版 chromium plate干版 dry plate乳胶版 emulsion plate透明版 see-through plate高分辨率版 high resolution plate, HRP超微粒干版 plate for ultra-microminiaturization 掩模 mask掩模对准 mask alignment对准精度 alignment precision光刻胶 photoresist又称“光致抗蚀剂”。
负性光刻胶 negative photoresist正性光刻胶 positive photoresist无机光刻胶 inorganic resist多层光刻胶 multilevel resist电子束光刻胶 electron beam resistX射线光刻胶 X-ray resist刷洗 scrubbing甩胶 spinning涂胶 photoresist coating后烘 postbaking光刻 photolithographyX射线光刻 X-ray lithography电子束光刻 electron beam lithography离子束光刻 ion beam lithography深紫外光刻 deep-UV lithography光刻机 mask aligner投影光刻机 projection mask aligner曝光 exposure接触式曝光法 contact exposure method接近式曝光法 proximity exposure method光学投影曝光法 optical projection exposure method 电子束曝光系统 electron beam exposure system分步重复系统 step-and-repeat system显影 development线宽 linewidth去胶 stripping of photoresist氧化去胶 removing of photoresist by oxidation等离子［体］去胶 removing of photoresist by plasma 刻蚀 etching干法刻蚀 dry etching反应离子刻蚀 reactive ion etching, RIE各向同性刻蚀 isotropic etching各向异性刻蚀 anisotropic etching反应溅射刻蚀 reactive sputter etching离子铣 ion beam milling又称“离子磨削”。
南京师范大学博硕士学位论文格式规范及样式(参考)
博士、硕士研究生学位论文书写格式（一）纸张要求：学位论文一律用A4纸打印。
（二）论文内容要求及排列顺序1、封面按照学校统一规定的学位论文格式打印，题目一般在20个字以内为宜，要求简明、恰当，中、外文题目应一致。
封面颜色为：博士，红色；硕士：咖啡色；教育硕士：浅蓝色；高校教师（两课）：深蓝色；同等学力：浅黄色。
2、声明论文扉页内容为“声明”（包括学位论文“独创性声明”和“使用授权声明”，详见下，可由研究生部网页下载。
），声明须由作者本人签名，未签名者不得参加论文答辩。
3、索取号由《中国图书馆分类法》（第四版）给出的论文分类号和论文著者号组成。
索取号应打印在封面的左上角（见封面样页）。
注：索取号由校图书馆提供，详见图书馆网站→本博硕学位论文4、目录分章、节列出并注明每章、节的页码号，附录、附件也应列入页码号。
5、摘要500字左右（含3－5个关键词），其内容同前言，但要更简明、精辟，可以独立使用，也可以引用和作为推广介绍。
与中文对应的英文摘要亦含关键词。
6、前言博士：5000－8000字左右，硕士：2000—5000字左右。
应包含学位论文的主要信息，包括本领域的前沿动态、作者的研究目的、研究方法、研究成果和最终结论，其重点是作者的创新性成果和结论。
7、正文学位论文的主体，要求文科博士学位论文一般不低于6万字，理科博士学位论文一般不低于4万字（含艺术类、体育类专业）；文科硕士学位论文一般不低于3万字，理科硕士学位论文一般不低于2万字（含艺术类、体育类专业）。
8、参考文献和注释按文中出现的顺序列出直接引用的主要参考文献，注释可列在所在页下方，应标明引文的所在页码。
具体格式为：引文源于著作时：[序号]作者，著作名，出版者，出版年份卷（期），引文在著作中的页码。
引文源于杂志时：[序号] 作者，文章题目，杂志名称，发行年份和期号，引文在杂志中的页码。
引文源于论文集、丛书时：[序号]论文集或丛书主编，论文集或丛书名，出版者，出版年份，引文在论文集或丛书中的页码。
物理专业英语词汇（S）_数学物理英语词汇
s branch s 分支s d exchange interaction s d 交换相互酌s d mixing s d 混合s d problem s d 问题s matrix s 矩阵s orbital s 轨函数s process s 过程s quark s 夸克s wave s 波s/n ratio 信噪比saccharimeter 糖量计saccharometer 砂糖检糖计sachs moment 萨克斯矩saddle point method 最陡下降法safety facfor 安全因子safety factor 定全系数sagitta 天箭座sagittal beam 弧矢光束sagittarius 人马座sagnac effect 萨尼亚克效应saha ionization theory 萨哈电离论saha's equation 萨哈公式saha's formula 萨哈公式sakata model 坂田模型salt 盐sample 样品sampling 抽样sampling oscilloscope 取样示波器sampling theorem 抽样定理saros 萨罗斯周期satellite 卫星satellite line 光谱线的伴线satellite observation 人造卫星观测satellite reflection 卫星反射saturable absorber 选择性饱和滤光器非线性滤光器saturable dye 饱和染料saturable reactor 饱和电抗器saturated steam 饱和水蒸汽saturated vapor 饱和水蒸汽saturated vapor pressure 饱和蒸汽压saturated vapor pressure curve 饱和蒸气压曲线saturation 饱和saturation current 饱和电流saturation curve 饱和曲线saturation magnetization 饱和磁化saturation point 饱和点saturation pressure 饱和压力saturation state 饱和态saturation temperature 饱和温度saturation value 饱和值saturation vapor pressure 饱和蒸气压saturation voltage 饱和电压saturn 土星sausage instability 腊肠形不稳定性savart plate 萨瓦尔板savart's polarizing plate 萨瓦尔偏振光镜sawtooth generator 锯齿形波发生器saxon woods potential 萨克逊伍兹势scalar coupling 标量耦合scalar curvature 标量曲率scalar field 标量场scalar particles 标量粒子scalar potential 标量势scalar quantity 标量scale 度标scale factor 标度因子scale height 标高scale invariance 扩张不变性scale of two circuit 二进位定标电路scaling circuit 定标电路scaling invariance 标度无关性scaling law 标度律scaling theory 标度理论scan 扫描scandium 钪scanning 扫描scanning auger microanalysis 扫描俄歇微区分析scanning electron microscope 扫描电子显微镜scanning laser acoustic microscope 扫描激光声显微镜scanning total reflection 扫描全反射scanning transmission electron microscope 扫描透射电子显微镜scanning tunneling microscope 扫描隧道电子显微镜scattered light 漫射光scattered radiation 散射辐射scattered wave 散射波scattered x rays 散射 x 射线scattering 散射scattering amplitude 散射辐度scattering angle 散射角scattering center 散射中心scattering chamber 散射室scattering coefficient 散射系数scattering cross section 散射截面scattering factor 散射因子scattering formula 散射公式scattering length 散射长度scattering matrix 散射矩阵scattering medium 散射介质scattering operator 散射算符scenograph 透视仪schaefer bergmann's diffraction pattern 夏费贝尔格曼衍射图样schering bridge 沃电桥schlieren chamber 超快扫描照相机schlieren method 纹影照相法schlieren pattern 纹影图样schmid factor 施密得因数schmidt camera 施密特望远镜schmidt lines 施密特线schmidt number 施密特数schmidt rule 施密特定则schmidt telescope 施密特望远镜schmidt value 施密特值schmitt trigger 施密特触发器schoenflies' symbol 熊夫利符号schottky barrier 肖脱基势垒schottky barrier gate field effect transistor 肖脱基势结型场效应晶体管schottky defect 肖脱基缺陷schottky diode 肖脱基二极管schottky disorder 肖脱基缺陷schottky effect 散粒效应schottky transistor 肖脱基晶体管schrot effect 散粒效应schultz method 舒尔茨法schulz gage 舒尔茨真空计schumann region 舒曼区schumann resonance 舒曼共振schur's lemma 舒尔引理schwarzschild exterior solution 施瓦茨席尔德外部解schwarzschild interior solution 施瓦茨席尔德内部解schwarzschild radius 施瓦茨席尔德半径schwinger function 施温格函数schwinger model 施温格模型sciameter x射线测定器science 科学scientist 科学工走scintigram 闪烁图scintillation 闪光;闪烁scintillation counter 闪烁计数器scintillation crystal 闪烁晶体scintillation screen 闪烁屏scintillation spectrometer 闪烁谱仪scintillator 闪烁体scintilloscope 闪烁仪sclerometer 硬度计scleronomic system 与时间无关的系统scmitt trigger circuit 施密特触发器scorpius 天蝎座scotopic vision 暗视觉scram 紧急停堆scratch hardness 划痕硬度screen grid 屏栅screening 屏蔽screening constant 屏蔽常数screening effect 屏蔽效应screening number 屏蔽常数screw axis 螺旋轴screw dislocation 螺型位错screw pinch 螺旋箍缩sculptor 玉夫座scutum 盾牌座seaquake 海震search light 探照灯second harmonic generation 二次谐波发生second law of thermodynamics 热力学第二定律second order phase transition 二级相跃迁second quantization 二次量子化second sound 第二声second viscosity 第二粘性secondary battery 二次电池secondary cell 二次电池secondary circuit 次级电路secondary component 次级成分secondary cosmic rays 次级宇宙线secondary defect 二次缺陷secondary electron 次级电子secondary electron induced by ion bombardment 离子轰恍应二次电子secondary electron multiplier 二次电子倍增管secondary emission 二次电子发射secondary extinction 次级衰减secondary ion emission 次级离子发射secondary ion mass spectrometry 次级离子质谱法secondary ionization 次级电离secondary paticle beam 次级粒子束secondary quantum number 次量子数secondary radiation 次级辐射secondary spectrum 次级光谱secondary standard 二次标准secondary thermometer 二次温度计secondary x rays 二次 x 射线seconds pendulum 秒摆sector velocity 面积速度secular acceleration 长期加速secular equation 永恒方程secular parallax 长期视差secular perturbation 长期微扰secular precession 长期岁差sedimentation coefficient 沉降系数sedimentation equilibrium 沉降平衡sedimentation velocity 沉降速度seebeck effect 塞贝克效应seed crystal 晶种seeing 能见度seger cone 测温锥segment 段segmentation 分割segregation 偏析seiche 静震seismic focus 震源seismic intensity 地震强度seismic wave 地震波seismoelectricity 地震电学seismogeomagnetism 地震地磁学seismogram 地震记录图seismograph 地震仪seismology 地震学seismometer 地震计seismophysics 地震物理学seismoscope 验震器selected area diffraction 选区衍射selection 选择selection rule 选择规则selective absorption 选择性吸收selective growth 选择性生长selective reflection 选择反射selectivity 选择性selector 选择器selenium 硒selenium cell 硒光电池selenium rectifier 硒整流selenochronology 月球年代学selenodesy 月球测量学selenography 月面学selenomorphology 月貌学selenophone 照相录声机selenotectonics 月球构造学self absorption 自吸收self acting control 自行控制self adjoint extension 自伴扩张self adjoint operator 自伴算符self blocking 阻挡效应self canalization 自沟道效应self channeling 自沟道效应self collision 自碰撞self compression 自压缩self consistent field 自洽场self correlation 自相关self diffusion 自扩散self diffusion coefficient 自扩散系数self energy 自能self excitation 自激self excited generator 自激发电机self excited oscillation 自激振荡self excited oscillation circuit 自激振荡电路self focusing beam 自聚焦束self inductance 自感self induction 自感应self intensification 自增强self locking 自同步self mode locking 自锁模self operated control 自行控制self oscillation 自激振荡self oscillatory system 自激振荡系统self quenching counter 自灭式计数管self reversal 自反转self rotation 固有转动self similarity 自相似self sustained oscillations 连续振荡self sustaining discharge 自续放电self sustaining fusion 自续聚变self trapped electron 自俘获电子self trapped exciton 自俘获激子self trapping 自陷获selsyn motor 自动同步机sem 扫描电子显微镜semi 半semi channeling 半沟道效应semi classical method 半经典方法semi classical theory 半经典论semi group 半群semi insulator 半绝缘体semicircular spectrometer 半圆形光谱仪semicircular spectroscope 半圆形光谱仪semiconducting glass 半导电玻璃semiconductive polymer 半导电聚合物semiconductor 半导体semiconductor detector 半导体探测器semiconductor device 半导体装置semiconductor diode 半导体二极管semiconductor doped glass 半导体掺入玻璃semiconductor heterostructure 半导体异质结构semiconductor laser 半导体激光器semiconductor laser diode 半导体激光二极管semiconductor memory 半导体存储器semiconductor metal contact 半导体金属接触semiconductor microcrystallite 半导体微晶semiconductor quantum well structure 半寻体量子阱结构semiconductor rectifier 半导体整流semiconductor superlattice 半导体超点阵semiempirical molecular orbital method 半经验分子轨道法semileptonic decay 半轻子衰变semimetal 半金属semipermeable membrane 半透膜sense of rotation 旋转方向sensibility 灵敏度sensible heat 显热sensitive element 敏感元件sensitive tint 灵敏色辉sensitive tint plate 灵敏色辉片sensitivity 敏感度sensitized fluorescence 敏化荧光sensitometer 感光计sensitometry 感光度测定sensor 敏感元件sensor test 传感圃验separate excitation 他激separated function type synchrotron 分离机能型同步加速器separately excited generator 他激电机separating surface 界面sequence 序列serber force 塞伯力series connection 串联series generator 串激发电机series of spectrum lines 光谱线系series resistance 串联电阻series resonance 串联共振serpens 巨蛇座servoamplification 伺服放大servomechanism 伺服机构servomotor 伺服电动机sextans 六分仪座sextet 六重态seyfert galaxy 赛弗特星系shade 阴影shadow 阴影shadow effect 阴影效应shadow method 阴影法shadow microscope 阴影电子显微镜shadow scattering 衍射散射shallow water wave 浅水波shannon theorem 香农定理shape memory effect 形状记忆效应shaping circuit 形成电路sharp series 锐系列shearing force 剪切力shearing interferometer 错位干涉仪shearing modulus 剪切殚性模量shearing strain 剪切应变shearing strength 抗剪强度shearing stress 剪切应力sheet model 薄板模型shell 壳shell model 壳模型shf 超高频shield 屏蔽shield of a pile 屏蔽shielding material 屏蔽材料shift 位移shiva laser 希瓦激光器shive wave machine 沙伊布的波动实验器shock 冲击shock heating 冲花加热shock tube 花管shock tunnel 花管shock wave 冲花shockley partial dislocation 肖克利局部位错shockley state 肖克利态shore hardness 肖氏硬度short circuit 短路short focus lens 短焦距的透镜short life 短命short range correlation 短程关联short range interaction 短程相互酌short range order 短程有序short range order parameter 短程有序度short take off and landing aircraft 短距起落机short wave 短波shot effect 散粒效应shot noise 散粒噪声shower 簇射shower counter 簇射计数器shower particle 簇射粒子shubnikov de haas effect 舒勃尼科夫德哈斯效应shubnikov group 舒勃尼科夫群shunt 分路shunt generator 并励发电机shutter 快门si prefixes si 词头si unit si 单位side pressure 侧压side quark s 夸克sideband 边带sideband instability 边带不稳定性sidereal day 恒星日sidereal time 恒星时sidereal year 恒星年siderite 石铁陨星siderolite 石铁陨星siderostat 定星镜siemens 闻子sievert 违特sight 视觉sigma bond 键sigma electron 电子sigma model 模型sigma orbital 轨函数sigma pi interaction 相互酌signal 信号signal generator 信号发生器signal lamp 信号灯signal reproduction 信号的再生signal to noise ratio 信噪比signal velocity 信号速度signs of the zodiac 黄道十二宫silencer 消声器silent discharge 无声放电silicon 硅silicon diode 硅二极管silicon photocell 硅光电池silicon semiconductor detector 硅半导体探测器silver 银silver oxide cell 氧化银电池similarity 相似similarity law 相似定律similarity parameter 相似准则similarity theory 相似理论similarity transformation 相似变换similitude criterion 相似准则similitude theorem 相似定理simple harmonic motion 简谐运动simple pendulum 单摆simple tone 纯音simulation 模拟simulator 模拟器simultaneity 同时性simultaneously measurable 同时可测定sine 正弦sine condition 正弦条件sine curve 正弦曲线sine galvanometer 正弦检疗sine wave 正弦波sine wave generator 正弦波振荡器single bond 单键single closed shell nuclei 单闭合壳核single crystal 单晶single crystal diffraction 单晶衍射single crystal growing 单晶生长single electron tunneling 单电子隧道贯穿single mode fiber 单模纤维single particle energy 单粒子能single particle level 单粒子能级single particle transition probability 单粒子跃迁几率single phase alternating current 单相交流single wavelength laser 单波长激光器singlet 单线singlet state 单态singular integral 奇异积分singular matrix 奇异矩阵singular point 奇点singularity of space time 时空奇点sink 汇点sintering 烧结sinusoid 正弦曲线sinusoidal wave 正弦波siphon 虹吸siren 验音盘site selection spectroscopy 位置选择光谱学size effect 尺寸效应skew quadrupole magnet 斜四极磁铁skew ray 不交轴光线skin depth 囚深度skin effect 囚效应skin friction 表面摩擦skin layer 表层sky radiation 天空辐射skylab 天空实验室skyrme force 斯基尔姆力skyshine 天空回散照射slater determinant 斯莱特行列式slavnov taylor identity 斯拉夫诺夫泰勒恒等式slide 滑动slide resistance 滑触变阻器slide rheostat 滑触变阻器sliding friction 滑动摩擦slip 滑移slip plane 滑移面slit 狭缝slit function 狭缝函数slit spectrograph 狭缝摄谱仪slit width 缝隙宽slot antenna 狭缝天线slow acting relay 时滞继电器slow neutron 慢中子slow neutron capture 慢中子俘获slow positron beam 慢正电子束slowing down 减速slowing down density 减速密度slowing down length 慢化长度slowing down of neutrons 中子减速slowing down power 慢化本领small angle scattering 小角散射small angle scattering camera 小角散射照相机small calorie 克卡smectic crystal 近晶型液晶smectic phase 碟状液晶分子相smelting 熔解smith interferometer 史密斯干涉仪smoothing circuit 平滑电路snoek peak 斯诺依克峰so group 特殊正交群soap bubble model 皂泡模型sodium 钠sodium chloride structure 食盐结构sodium discharge lamp 钠灯sodium nitrate structure 硝酸钠结构sodium vapour lamp 钠灯sodiumlamp 钠灯soft component 软成分soft magnetic material 软磁材料soft mode 软模soft phonon 软声子soft superconductor 第一类超导体soft x ray spectroscopy 软 x 射线光谱学softening 软化softening point 软化点softening temperature 软化温度software 软件sol 溶胶solar activity 太阳活动solar apex 太阳向点solar battery 太阳电池solar beam plan 阳光计划solar calendar 阳历solar cells 太阳电池solar constant 太阳常数solar corona 日冕solar cosmic rays 太阳宇宙线solar cycle 太阳活动周solar day 太阳日solar eclipse 日食solar energy 太阳能solar energy storer 太阳能贮藏器solar flare 太阳耀斑solar furnace 太阳炉solar halo 日晕solar magnetic field 太阳磁场solar neutrino 太阳中微子solar neutrino unit 太阳中微子单位solar noise 太阳噪声solar physics 太阳物理学solar radiation 太阳辐射solar radio radiation 太阳射电辐射solar radioastronomy 太阳射电天文学solar spectrum 太阳光谱solar system 太阳系solar telescope 太阳望远镜solar time 太阳时solar wind 太阳风solar x ray 太阳 x 射线solar year 太阳年solarization 曝光过度酌soldering 钎焊solenoid 螺线管solid 固体solid angle 立体角solid body 固体solid helium 固体氦solid of revolution 族转体solid phase 固相solid solution 固溶体solid solution hardening 固溶体硬化solid state 固态solid state counter 固体计数器solid state detector 固体探测器solid state electronics 固体电子学solid state laser 固体激光器solid state physics 固体物理学solid state pinch effect 固体箍缩效应solid state plasma 固体等离子体solid state relay 固体继电器solidification 凝固solidification point 结晶温度solidifying point 凝固点solidus 固相线solitary wave 孤立波soliton 孤立子solstice 二至点solubility 溶解度solubility product 溶解度积solute 溶质solution 溶液;解solution velocity 溶解速度solvation 溶剂化solvent 溶媒sommerfeld radiation condition 拴菲辐射条件sonagraph 声图仪sonar 声呐sonde 探头sondheimer oscillation 松德亥姆振动sone 宋sonic depth finder 声深度观察装置sonic holography 声全息学sonics 应用声学sonoluminescence 声发光sonometer 弦音计soret effect 俗效应sorption 吸着sorption pump 吸着泵sound 声sound absorbent 吸声体sound absorption 吸声sound absorption coefficient 吸声率sound absorption factor 吸声率sound absorptivity 吸声率sound analyser 声音分析器sound effect 声效应sound energy 声能sound field 声场sound field calibration 声场校准sound insulation 隔声sound intensity 声强sound level 声级sound level meter 声级计sound navigation and ranging 声呐sound output 声功率sound power level 声功率级sound pressure 声压sound proof chamber 隔音室sound quality 音质sound quantum 声子sound radiation 声辐射sound rays 声线sound recording 录声sound reflection 声反射sound reflector 声音反射器sound refraction 声折射sound reproduction 声的重发sound source 声源sound spectrum 声谱sound velocity 声速sound vibration 声振动sound volume 声量sound wave 声波sound wave luminescence 声波发光sounding compass 发声罗盘source 源source follower 源跟踪器源极输出器source of energy 能源source of heat 热源source of light 光源source of sound 声源south pole 南极space 空间space astronomy 空间天文学space charge 空间电荷space charge density 空间电荷密度space charge effect 空间电荷效应space charge factor 电子管导电系数space charge layer 空间电荷层space charge limited current 空间电荷限制电流space clock 宇宙钟space communication 宇宙通讯space density 空间密度space distribution 空间分布space filtering 空间滤波space flight 宇宙飞行space group 空间群space inversion 空间反射space junk 空间垃圾space laboratory 天空实验室space lattice 空间点阵space navigating plant 航天工厂space plant 太空工厂space plasma physics 空间等离子体物理学space potential 空间电位space probe 宇宙探测器航天探测器space quantization 空间量子化space reflection 空间反射space research 宇宙空间研究space science 空间科学space shuttle 航天飞船space station 宇宙空间站space telescope 空间望远镜space time 时空space time quantization 时空量子化space velocity 空间速度space very long baseline interferometry 空间甚长基线干涉测量法space vlbi 空间甚长基线干涉测量法spallation 散裂spallation reaction 散裂反应spark 火花spark breakdown 火花哗spark chamber 火花室spark counter 火花计数器spark discharge 火花放电spark gap 火花隙spark line 火花谱线spark spectrum 火花光谱sparking 放花spatial frequency filtering 空间频率的滤波spatial frequency spectrum 空间频率谱spatial parity conservation law 空间宇称守恒律spatial quantization 空间量子化spatial velocity 空间速度spationautics 宇宙航行学speaker 扬声器special function 特殊函数special orthogonal group 特殊正交群special theory of relativity 狭义相对论special unitary group 特殊酉群specific acoustic impedance 比声阻抗specific binding energy 比结合能specific conductance 导电率specific electronic charge 电子的比电荷specific gravity 比重specific gravity bottle 比重瓶specific heat 比热specific heat at constant pressure 定压比热specific heat at constant volume 定体比热specific impulse 比冲量specific ionization 比电离specific power 功率密度specific ray constant 比常数specific resistance 电阻率specific surface 比表面积specific viscosity 比粘度specific weight 比重specification 说明speckle 斑纹speckle holography 斑纹全息学speckle interferometry 斑纹干涉学speckle pattern 斑纹图样speckle shearing interferometry 斑纹切位变干涉测定spectacle lens 眼镜片spectacles 眼镜spectral analysis 光谱分析spectral characteristic 光谱特性spectral colour 谱色spectral density 谱线密度spectral distribution 光谱分布spectral distribution curve 光谱分布曲线spectral function 谱函数spectral ghost 光谱鬼线spectral intensity 谱强度spectral line 谱线spectral line width 谱线宽度spectral luminous efficiency 光谱发光效率spectral purity 谱纯度spectral reflectance 光谱反射系数spectral reflection factor 光谱反射系数spectral representation 谱表示spectral sensitivity 谱灵敏度spectral sequence 光谱序spectral series 谱线系spectral term 谱项spectral type 光谱型spectrobologram 分光变阻测热图spectrobolometer 分光变阻测热计spectrofluorimeter 分光荧光计spectrofluorometer 分光荧光计spectrogram 光谱图spectrograph 分光谱仪spectrohelioscope 太阳光谱观测镜spectrometer 光谱仪spectrometry 光谱测定法spectrophotofluorometer 荧光分光光度计spectrophotography 光谱摄影学spectrophotometer 分光光度计spectrophotometry 光谱测定法spectrophysics 光谱物理学spectroradiometer 辐射谱仪spectroscope 分光镜spectroscopic analysis 光谱分析spectroscopic binary 分光双星spectroscopic lamp 光谱灯spectroscopic notation 光谱学符号spectroscopic parallax 分光视差spectroscopic photography 分光摄影术spectroscopy 光谱学spectrum 光谱spectrum locus 光谱轨迹spectrum selector 光谱选挥器spectrum variable 光谱变星speech analysis 语音分析speech processing 语音处理speed 速率speed of propagation 传播速度spent fuel 烧过的核燃料sphalerite structure 闪锌矿型结构spherical aberration 球面象差spherical albedo 球面反照率spherical astronomy 球面天文学spherical coordinates 球坐标spherical mirror 球面镜spherical nucleus 球形核spherical pendulum 球摆spherical photometer 球形光度计spherical tensor 球面张量spherical wave 球面波spherically symmetric potential 球对称势spherometer 球面仪spherulite 球粒spica 角宿spiking oscillation 脉冲尖峰振荡spin 自旋spin correlation 自旋相关spin density matrix 自旋密度矩阵spin density wave 自旋密度波spin doublet 自旋双重态spin echo 自旋回波spin exchange relaxation 自旋交换张弛spin flip 自旋反转spin flip laser 自旋反转激光器spin flip raman laser 自旋反转喇曼激光器spin fluctuation 自旋涨落spin glass 自旋玻璃spin hamiltonian 自旋哈密顿函数spin incoherence 自旋非相干性spin magnetic moment 自旋磁矩spin magnetic resonance 自旋磁共振spin matrix 自旋矩阵spin orbit coupling 自旋轨道耦合spin orbit interaction 自旋轨道相互酌spin orbit splitting 自旋轨道劈裂spin phonon interaction 自旋声子相互酌spin polarization 自旋极化spin quantum number 自旋量子数spin reorientation 自旋再取向spin resonance 自旋共振spin spin interaction 自旋自旋相互酌spin sublevel 自旋亚能级spin wave 自旋波spinel 尖晶石spinel structure 尖晶石型结构spinodal curve 旋节线spinodal decomposition 旋节线分解spinon 自旋振子spinor 旋量spinor field 旋量场spiral arm 旋臂spiral galaxy 旋涡星系spiral growth 螺旋形生长spiral nebula 旋涡星云splitting 分裂splitting factor 破裂系数splitting of spectral lines 谱线的分裂spontaneous emission 自发发射spontaneous fission 自发裂变spontaneous magnetization 自发磁化spontaneous optical rotatory power 自发旋光本领spontaneous polarization 自发极化spontaneous radiation 自发辐射spontaneous strain 自发变形spontaneous symmetry breakdown 自发对称破缺spontaneous transition 自发跃迁sporadic e layer 分散 e 层sporadic reflection 异常反射spot size 光斑尺寸spout 龙卷spread function 扩展函数spring 弹簧spring balance 弹簧秤spur 径迹spurion 虚假粒子spurious count 虚假计数spurious impulse 虚假计数spurious radiation 寄生辐射sputnik 卫星sputter ion pump 溅射离子泵sputtering 飞溅square well potential 矩形势阱squeezed state 压缩态squid 超导量子干涉仪stability 稳定度stability conditions 稳定条件stability theory of flow 聊稳定性理论stabilization 稳定化stabilizer 稳定器stable element 稳定元素stable isotope 稳定同位素stable nucleus 稳定核stacking fault 堆垛层错stacking fault tetrahedron 堆垛层错四面体stagnation 滞止stagnation point 滞点staircase magnetization curve 阶梯磁化曲线stalling 失速standard atmosphere 标准大气;标准大气压standard barometer 标准气压计standard big bang model 标准大爆炸模型standard candle 标准烛光standard capacitor 标准电容器standard cell 标准电池standard clock 标准钟standard conditions 标准条件standard cosmology 标准宇宙论standard deviation 均方根误差standard electrode 标准电极standard frequency 标准频率standard illuminant 标准光源standard instrument 标准仪器standard leak 标准漏孔standard light source 标准光源standard model 标准模型standard observer 标准观测员standard pressure 标准压力standard resistance 标准电阻standard resistance thermometer 标准电阻温度计standard resistor 标准电阻standard signal generator 标准信号发生器standard state 标准状态standard stimuli 标准剌激standard temperature 标准温度standard thermometer 标准温度计standard time 标准时standardization 标准化standing wave laser 驻波激光器standing wave ratio 驻波比standing wave type accelerator cavity 驻波型加速撇振腔standing waves 驻波stanton number 斯坦顿数star 星star atlas 星图star catalog 星表star cloud 星云star cluster 星团star formation 恒星形成stark effect 斯塔克效应stark spectroscopy 斯塔克光谱学stark switching method 斯塔克开关法starquake 星震starting voltage 始发电压state 态state density 态密度state function 态函数state variable 态变数state vector 态矢量static ac dc converter 静止变流static characteristic 静态特性static charge 静电荷static electricity 静电static induction transistor 静电感应晶体管static pressure 静压static pressure tube 静压statics 静力学stationary field 恒定场stationary gaussian markovian process 平稳高斯马尔可夫过程stationary motion 稳定运动stationary point 逗留点stationary process 平稳过程stationary random process 平稳随机过程stationary satellite 同步卫星stationary state 定态stationary universe 稳定宇宙stationary wave method 驻波法stationary waves 驻波statistical average 统计平均statistical distribution 统计分布statistical ensemble 统计系综statistical equilibrium 统计平衡statistical estimation 统计估计statistical factor 统计因数statistical fluctuation 统计起伏statistical inference 统计推断statistical law 统计定律statistical mechanics 统计力学statistical model 统计模型statistical operator 统计算符statistical optics 统计光学statistical physics 统计物理学statistical sum 统计和statistical thermodynamics 统计热力学statistical weight 统计权重stator 定子steady flow 稳定流steady state 稳态steady state universe 稳定宇宙steam 汽steam engine 蒸汽机stefan boltzmann constant 斯忒藩玻耳兹曼常数stefan boltzmann law 斯蒂芬玻尔兹曼定律stellar association 星协stellar astronomy 恒星天文学stellar cosmogony 恒星演化学stellar evolution 恒星演化stellar foramtion 恒星形成stellar interferometer 恒星干涉仪stellar magnitude 星等stellar photometry 恒星测光stellar population 星族stellar spectrograph 恒星摄谱仪stellar spectroscopy 恒星光谱学stellar spectrum 恒星光谱stellar statistics 恒星统计学stellar structure 恒星结构stellar supercluster 超星系团stellarator 仿星器step 度step function 阶跃函数stepping motor 脉冲电动机stereocomparator 体视比较仪stereographic projection 球极平面投影stereography 立体画法stereoisomer 立体异构体stereoisomerism 立体异构stereophotography 立体摄影术stereophotometer 立体光度计stereophotometry 立体光度测量法stereophotomicrograh 立体显微照相仪stereophysics 立体物理学stereopicture 立体相片stereoplanigraphy 精密立体测量法stereoptics 立体摄影光学stereoradiograph 立体射线照相仪stereoregularity 立体规则性stereoscope 体视镜stereoscopic effect 立体视效应stereoscopic television 立体电视stereoscopic vision 立体视觉stereospectrogram 立体谱图stereotelemeter 立体遥测仪stereotelemetry 立体遥测术stereotelevision 立体电视steric effect 立体效应steric hindrance 空间障碍stern gerlach experiment 斯特陡抢帐笛轺stern volmer equation 斯特段侄匠眺sternheimer effect 斯特叮默效应stickiness 粘附性stiff chain 刚性链stiffness 刚性stilb 熙提stimulated brillouin scattering 受激布里渊散射stimulated compton scattering 受激康普顿散射stimulated emission pumping spectroscopy 受激发射激发光谱学stimulated raman scattering 受激喇曼散射stimulated rayleigh scattering 受激瑞利散射stimulated scattering 受激散射stimulus 刺激stochastic cooling 随机冷却stochastic differential equation 随机微分方程stochastic differentiation 随机微分stochastic integral 随机积分stochastic process 随机过程stochastic quantization 随机量子化stoichiometric equation 化学计量方程stoichiometry 化学计量学stokes component 斯托克斯分量stokes equation 斯托克斯方程stokes law 斯托克斯定律stokes line 斯托克斯线stokes paradox 斯托克斯佯谬stokes's approximation 斯托克斯近似stol aircraft 短距起落机stoner theory 斯托纳理论stopping power 阻止本领storage capacity 存储容量storage counter 存储计数器storage oscilloscope 存储示波器storage ring 储存环straggling 离散strain 应变strain ellipsoid 应变椭球strain gage 应变计strain tensor 应变张量strange attractor 奇异吸引子strange particle 奇异粒子strange quark s 夸克strangeness 奇异性stratified fluid 分层铃stratosphere 平零stray capacity 杂散电容stray current 涡流stray light 杂散光stray radiation 杂散辐射streak camera 超快扫描照相机stream 流stream function 怜数streamer chamber 冲烈streamer discharge 菱放电streamline 吝streamline flow 层流strength 强度strength function 力函数strength of materials 材料强度stress 应力stress concentration 应力集中stress concentration factor 应力集中系数stress cracking 应力断裂stress ellipsoid 应力椭球stress function 应力函数stress intensity factor 应力强度因数stress of electromagnetic field 电磁场的应力stress relaxation 应力弛豫stress strain diagram 应力应变图stress tensor 应力张量stress wave 应力波string 弦string electrometer 弦线静电计string galvanometer 弦线电疗string model 弦模型strip tensometer 应变计stripping reaction 涎反应stroboscope 频闪观测器stroboscope polarimeter 频闪观测偏振计stroboscopic disc 频闪观测盘strong convergence 强收敛strong coupling 强耦合strong electrolyte 强电解质strong focusing 强聚焦strong focusing synchrotron 强聚焦同步加速器strong interaction 强相互酌strontium 锶strouhal number 斯特劳哈尔数structural phase transition 结构相变structural relaxation 结构弛豫structural stability 结构稳定性structure 结构structure constant 结构常数structure factor 结构因子structure function 结构函数structure image 结构象structure invariant 结构不变量structure semi invariant 结构半不变量sturm liouville equation 施图尔姆刘维方程su group 特殊酉群su model su模型su symmetry su对称性subboundary 亚晶界subcritical 次临界的subharmonic 次谐波subjective brightness 亮度sublattice 亚晶格sublattice magnetization 亚晶格磁化sublevel 次能级sublimation 升华sublimation heat 升华热sublimation nuclei 升华核sublimation pump 升华泵submarine earthquake 海震subroutine 子程序subsonic flow 亚声速流subsonic velocity 亚声速subspace 子空间substance 物质substitution method 置换法substitutional solid solution 替代式固溶体substratosphere 副平零subsystem 子系统subtractive colour mixtures 减法混色successive phase transition 逐次相变suction 吸入suction pump 吸气泵suction pyrometer 吸入式高温计sudden approximation 瞬时近似sulfur 硫sulfur cycle 硫循环sulphur 硫sulphuric acid 硫酸sum over states 统计和sum rule 求和定则summer solstice 夏至sun 太阳。
超低噪声单频可调谐光纤激光器
超低噪声单频可调谐光纤激光器陈月娥;王勇【摘要】研制了一款超低噪声单频可调谐高抗振激光器,介绍了它的工作原理和设计方案.该激光器工作波长为1 550 nm,主要由单频激光谐振腔、保偏光纤放大器以及监控反馈光路组成.采用了精密稳定的闭环温控技术,使得激光器的工作温度极其稳定,温度控制分辨率达0.001℃.使用了鉴频部件及配套闭环系统锁定激光器的输出频率和功率,由此不仅保证了波长和功率的稳定性能,而且大大降低了激光器的低频噪声,同时制备的激光器光学膜也有效地提高了激光损伤阈值.与同类激光器的性能相比,设计的光纤激光器可保证功率稳定性优于1％,相对强度噪声优于-130 dBc/Hz;选择不同类型的种子光源谐振腔,激光器的线宽可控制在1～400 kHz.另外,激光器的最大波长调谐范围为3 nm,输出功率可达1W.在频率为1 Hz时,其相位噪声低于10 μrad·Hz-1/2/m OPD;抗振动能力可达到0.1g(g为重力加速度).【期刊名称】《光学精密工程》【年(卷),期】2013(021)005【总页数】6页(P1110-1115)【关键词】保偏光纤激光器;可调谐激光器;低噪声;抗振;单频【作者】陈月娥;王勇【作者单位】燕山大学理学院,河北秦皇岛066004;浙江嘉莱光子技术有限公司,浙江宁波315336;浙江嘉莱光子技术有限公司,浙江宁波315336【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TN248.1;TN2421 引言光纤激光器是光纤通信中最具前途的一种光源。
其中，单频光纤激光器在过去的20年中得到了长足发展，并在分布式传感、相干光通信、雷达等领域有着广泛的应用［1－2］。
在获得单频光纤激光输出的众多方法中，分布布拉格反射方法是较为常用的一种，由该方法获得的单频光纤缴光器具有窄线宽、频率可调、相干长度长以及噪声低等性能。
阵列式及分布式的光纤传感技术通常可以满足各种民用监测的需求，故在桥梁、建筑物、公路和石油化工等领域得到了广泛的应用［3］。
半导体一些术语的中英文对照
半导体一些术语的中英文对照离子注入机ionimplanterLSS理论LindhandScharffandSchiotttheory 又称“林汉德-斯卡夫-斯高特理论”。
沟道效应channelingeffect射程分布rangedistribution深度分布depthdistribution投影射程projectedrange负性光刻胶negativephotoresist正性光刻胶positivephotoresist无机光刻胶inorganicresist多层光刻胶multilevelresist电子束光刻胶electronbeamresistX射线光刻胶X-rayresist刷洗scrubbing甩胶spinning涂胶photoresistcoating后烘postbaking光刻photolithographyX射线光刻X-raylithography电子束光刻electronbeamlithography离子束光刻ionbeamlithography深紫外光刻deep-UVlithography光刻机maskaligner投影光刻机projectionmaskaligner曝光exposure接触式曝光法contactexposuremethod接近式曝光法proximityexposuremethod光学投影曝光法opticalprojectionexposuremethod磷硅玻璃phosphorosilicateglass硼磷硅玻璃boron-phosphorosilicateglass钝化工艺passivationtechnology 多层介质钝化multilayerdielectricpassivation划片scribing电子束切片electronbeamslicing烧结sintering印压indentation热压焊thermocompressionbonding热超声焊thermosonicbonding冷焊coldwelding点焊spotwelding球焊ballbonding楔焊wedgebonding内引线焊接innerleadbonding外引线焊接outerleadbonding梁式引线beamlead装架工艺mountingtechnology附着adhesion封装packaging金属封装metallicpackagingAmbipolar双极的Ambienttemperature环境温度Amorphous无定形的，非晶体的Amplifier功放扩音器放大器Analogue(Analog)comparator模拟比较器Angstrom埃Anneal退火Anisotropic各向异性的Anode阳极Arsenic(AS)砷Auger俄歇Augerprocess俄歇过程Avalanche雪崩Avalanchebreakdown雪崩击穿Avalancheexcitation雪崩激发Backgroundcarrier本底载流子Backgrounddoping本底掺杂Backward反向Backwardbias反向偏置Ballastingresistor整流电阻Ballbond球形键合Band能带Bandgap能带间隙Barrier势垒Barrierlayer势垒层Barrierwidth势垒宽度Base基极Basecontact基区接触Basestretching基区扩展效应Basetransittime基区渡越时间Basetransportefficiency基区输运系数Base-widthmodulation基区宽度调制Basisvector基矢Bias偏置Bilateralswitch双向开关Binarycode二进制代码Binarycompoundsemiconductor二元化合物半导体Bipolar双极性的BipolarJunctionTransistor(BJT)双极晶体管Bloch布洛赫Blockingband阻挡能带Chargeconservation电荷守恒Chargeneutralitycondition电中性条件Chargedrive/exchange/sharing/transfer/storage电荷驱动/交换/共享/转移/存储Chemmicaletching化学腐蚀法Chemically-Polish化学抛光Chemmically-MechanicallyPolish(CMP)化学机械抛光Chip芯片Chipyield芯片成品率Clamped箝位Clampingdiode箝位二极管Cleavageplane解理面Clockrate时钟频率Clockgenerator时钟发生器Clockflip-flop时钟触发器Close-packedstructure密堆积结构Close-loopgain闭环增益Collector集电极Collision碰撞CompensatedOP-AMP补偿运放Common-base/collector/emitterconnection共基极/集电极/发射极连接Common-gate/drain/sourceconnection共栅/漏/源连接Common-modegain共模增益Common-modeinput共模输入Common-moderejectionratio(CMRR)共模抑制比Compatibility兼容性Compensation补偿Compensatedimpurities补偿杂质Compensatedsemiconductor补偿半导体ComplementaryDarlingtoncircuit互补达林顿电路ComplementaryMetal-Oxide-SemiconductorField-Effect-Transistor(CMOS)互补金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管Complementaryerrorfunction余误差函数Computer-aideddesign(CAD)/test(CAT)/manufacture(CAM)计算机辅助设计/测试/制De.broglie德布洛意Decderate减速Decibel(dB)分贝Decode译码Deepacceptorlevel深受主能级Deepdonorlevel深施主能级Deepimpuritylevel深度杂质能级Deeptrap深陷阱Defeat缺陷Degeneratesemiconductor简并半导体Degeneracy简并度Degradation退化DegreeCelsius(centigrade)/Kelvin摄氏/开氏温度Delay延迟Density密度Densityofstates态密度Depletion耗尽Depletionapproximation耗尽近似Depletioncontact耗尽接触Depletiondepth耗尽深度Depletioneffect耗尽效应Depletionlayer耗尽层DepletionMOS耗尽MOSDepletionregion耗尽区Depositedfilm淀积薄膜Depositionprocess淀积工艺Designrules设计规则Die芯片（复数dice）Diode二极管Dielectric介电的Dielectricisolation介质隔离Difference-modeinput差模输入Differentialamplifier差分放大器Differentialcapacitance微分电容Diffusedjunction扩散结Diffusion扩散Diffusioncoefficient扩散系数Diffusionconstant扩散常数Diffusivity扩散率Diffusioncapacitance/barrier/current/furnace扩散电容/势垒/电流/炉Electrostatic静电的Element元素/元件/配件Elementalsemiconductor元素半导体Ellipse椭圆Ellipsoid椭球Emitter发射极Emitter-coupledlogic发射极耦合逻辑Emitter-coupledpair发射极耦合对Emitterfollower射随器Emptyband空带Emittercrowdingeffect发射极集边（拥挤）效应Endurancetest=lifetest寿命测试Energystate能态Energymomentumdiagram能量-动量(E-K)图Enhancementmode增强型模式EnhancementMOS增强性MOSEntefic(低)共溶的Environmentaltest环境测试Epitaxial外延的Epitaxiallayer外延层Epitaxialslice外延片Expitaxy外延Equivalentcurcuit等效电路Equilibriummajority/minoritycarriers平衡多数/少数载流子ErasableProgrammableROM(EPROM)可搽取（编程）存储器Errorfunctioncomplement余误差函数Etch刻蚀Etchant刻蚀剂Etchingmask抗蚀剂掩模Excesscarrier过剩载流子Excitationenergy激发能Excitedstate激发态Exciton激子Extrapolation外推法Extrinsic非本征的Extrinsicsemiconductor杂质半导体Face-centered面心立方Falltime下降时间Heatsink散热器、热沉Heavy/lightholeband重/轻空穴带Heavysaturation重掺杂Hell-effect霍尔效应Heterojunction异质结Heterojunctionstructure异质结结构HeterojunctionBipolarTransistor（HBT）异质结双极型晶体Highfieldproperty高场特性High-performanceMOS.(H-MOS)高性能MOS.Hormalized归一化Horizontalepitaxialreactor卧式外延反应器Hotcarrior热载流子Hybridintegration混合集成Image-force镜象力Impactionization碰撞电离Impedance阻抗Imperfectstructure不完整结构Implantationdose注入剂量Implantedion注入离子Impurity杂质Impurityscattering杂志散射Incrementalresistance电阻增量（微分电阻）In-contactmask接触式掩模Indiumtinoxide(ITO)铟锡氧化物Inducedchannel感应沟道Infrared红外的Injection注入Inputoffsetvoltage输入失调电压Insulator绝缘体InsulatedGateFET(IGFET)绝缘栅FETIntegratedinjectionlogic集成注入逻辑Integration集成、积分Interconnection互连Interconnectiontimedelay互连延时Interdigitatedstructure交互式结构Interface界面Interference干涉Internationalsystemofunions国际单位制Internallyscattering谷间散射Matching匹配Maxwell麦克斯韦Meanfreepath平均自由程Meanderedemitterjunction梳状发射极结Meantimebeforefailure(MTBF)平均工作时间Megeto-resistance磁阻Mesa台面MESFET-MetalSemiconductor金属半导体FETMetallization金属化Microelectronictechnique微电子技术Microelectronics微电子学Millenindices密勒指数Minoritycarrier少数载流子Misfit失配Mismatching失配Mobileions可动离子Mobility迁移率Module模块Modulate调制Molecularcrystal分子晶体MonolithicIC单片ICMOSFET金属氧化物半导体场效应晶体管Mos.Transistor(MOST)MOS.晶体管Multiplication倍增Modulator调制Multi-chipIC多芯片ICMulti-chipmodule(MCM)多芯片模块Multiplicationcoefficient倍增因子Nakedchip未封装的芯片（裸片）Negativefeedback负反馈Negativeresistance负阻Nesting套刻Negative-temperature-coefficient负温度系数Noisemargin噪声容限Nonequilibrium非平衡Nonrolatile非挥发（易失）性Normallyoff/on常闭/开Numericalanalysis数值分析Occupiedband满带Officienay功率Photoelectriccell光电池Photoelectriceffect光电效应Photoenicdevices光子器件Photolithographicprocess光刻工艺(photo)resist（光敏）抗腐蚀剂Pin管脚Pinchoff夹断PinningofFermilevel费米能级的钉扎（效应）Planarprocess平面工艺Planartransistor平面晶体管Plasma等离子体Plezoelectriceffect压电效应Poissonequation泊松方程Pointcontact点接触Polarity极性Polycrystal多晶Polymersemiconductor聚合物半导体Poly-silicon多晶硅Potential(电)势Potentialbarrier势垒Potentialwell势阱Powerdissipation功耗Powertransistor功率晶体管Preamplifier前置放大器Primaryflat主平面Principalaxes主轴Print-circuitboard(PCB)印制电路板Probability几率Probe探针Process工艺Propagationdelay传输延时Pseudopotentialmethod膺势发Punchthrough穿通Pulsetriggering/modulating脉冲触发/调制Pulse WidenModulator(PWM)脉冲宽度调制Punchthrough穿通Push-pullstage推挽级Qualityfactor品质因子Quantization量子化Schottkybarrier肖特基势垒Schottkycontact肖特基接触Schrodingen薛定厄Scribinggrid划片格Secondaryflat次平面Seedcrystal籽晶Segregation分凝Selectivity选择性Selfaligned自对准的Selfdiffusion自扩散Semiconductor半导体Semiconductor-controlledrectifier可控硅Sendsitivity灵敏度Serial串行/串联Seriesinductance串联电感Settletime建立时间Sheetresistance薄层电阻Shield屏蔽Shortcircuit短路Shotnoise散粒噪声Shunt分流Sidewallcapacitance边墙电容Signal信号Silicaglass石英玻璃Silicon硅Siliconcarbide碳化硅Silicondioxide(SiO2)二氧化硅SiliconNitride(Si3N4)氮化硅SiliconOnInsulator绝缘硅Siliverwhiskers银须Simplecubic简立方Singlecrystal单晶Sink沉Skineffect趋肤效应Snaptime急变时间Sneakpath潜行通路Sulethreshold亚阈的Solarbattery/cell太阳能电池Solidcircuit固体电路SolidSolubility固溶度Sonband子带Transistoraging(stress)晶体管老化Transittime渡越时间Transition跃迁Transition-metalsilica过度金属硅化物Transitionprobability跃迁几率Transitionregion过渡区Transport输运Transverse横向的Trap陷阱Trapping俘获Trappedcharge陷阱电荷Trianglegenerator三角波发生器Triboelectricity摩擦电Trigger触发Trim调配调整Triplediffusion三重扩散Truthtable真值表Tolerahce容差Tunnel(ing)隧道（穿）Tunnelcurrent隧道电流Turnover转折Turn-offtime关断时间Ultraviolet紫外的Unijunction单结的Unipolar单极的Unitcell原（元）胞Unity-gainfrequency单位增益频率Unilateral-switch单向开关Vacancy空位Vacuum真空Valence(value)band价带Valuebandedge价带顶Valencebond价键Vapourphase汽相Varactor变容管Varistor变阻器Vibration振动Voltage电压Wafer晶片Waveequation波动方程Waveguide波导Wavenumber波数CT:ContaminationThreshold??污染阀值Ctrl:Control控制；管理；抑制D:Die芯片DAC igitalAnalogConverter??数字转换器DSP igitalSignalProcessing数字信号处理EFO:ElevtronicFlame-Off电子打火系统FA:FaceAngle顶锥角（面锥角）FAB:FreeAirBall空气球FD:FloppyDisk软盘，软式磁碟片Frd:Forward??前进GEM:GenericHi:HightMagnification高倍率Hybd:Hybrid混合动力/混合式Impd:Impedence阻抗Ins:Inspection检查，检验L/F eadFrame框架Lo:LowMagnification低倍率PM reventiveMaintenance??PR atternRecognitionT/P:TopPlate??顶板UPH:UnitPerHour??每小时产量UTI:UltrasonicTransducerInterface超声波传感受器接口VLL:VisualLeadLocator导脚定位W/C:WireClamp??线夹W/H:WorkHolder??轨道W/S:WireSpool??线轴ESD:ElectroStaticDischarge静电释放EPa:ESDProtectedarea??静电防护区ESDS??????????????????????静电敏感设备BM:BreakdownMaintenance事后维修CM:CorrectiveMaintenance改良保养PVM:PreventiveMaintenance预防保养MP:MaintencePreventive保养预防PM:ProductionMaintenance生产保养BG：backgrinding??背部研磨DS：diesaw????将wafer切die DA：dieattach??=DB:diebond??装片WB：wirebond焊线????。
光纤通信中常用英文缩写
光纤通信中常用英文缩写(光纤通信中常用英文缩写(2006-08-15 08:43:28)转载分类：课程相关知识光纤通信中常用英文缩写Acronymsac alternating current 交变电流交流AM amplitude modulation 幅度调制AON all-optical network 全光网络APD avalanche photodiode 雪崩二极管ASE amplified spontaneous emission 放大自发辐射ASK amplitude shift keying 幅移键控ATM asynchronous transfer mode 异步转移模式BER bit error rate 误码率BH buried heterostructure 掩埋异质结BPF band pass filter 带通滤波器C3 cleaved-coupled cavity 解理耦合腔CATV common antenna cable television 有线电视CDM code division multiplexing 码分复用CNR carrier to noise ratio 载噪比CSO Composite second order 复合二阶CPFSK continuous-phase frequency-shift keying 连续相位频移键控CVD chemical vapour deposition 化学汽相沉积CW continuous wave 连续波DBR distributed Bragg reflector 分布布拉格反射DFB distributed feedback 分布反馈dc direct current 直流DCF dispersion compensating fiber 色散补偿光纤DSF dispersion shift fiber 色散位移光纤DIP dual in line package 双列直插DPSK differential phase-shift keying 差分相移键控EDFA erbium doped fiber amplifier 掺铒光纤激光器FDDI fiber distributed data interface 光纤数据分配接口FDM frequency division multiplexing 频分复用FET field effect transistor 场效应管FM frequency modulation 频率调制FP Fabry Perot 法布里里-珀落FSK frequency-shift keying 频移键控FWHM full width at half maximum 半高全宽FWM four-wave mixing 四波混频GVD group-velocity dispersion 群速度色散HBT heterojunction-bipolar transistor 异质结双极晶体管HDTV high definition television 高清晰度电视HFC hybrid fiber-coaxial 混合光纤纤/电缆IC integrated circuit 集成电路IMD intermodulation distortion 交互调制失真IM/DD intensity modulation with direct detection 强度调制直接探测ISDN integrated services digital network 综合业务数字网ISI intersymbol interference 码间干扰LAN local-area network 局域网LED light emitting diode 发光二极管L-I light current 光电关系LPE liquid phase epitaxy 液相外延MAN metropolitan-area network 城域网MBE molecular beam epitaxy 分子束外延MOCVD metal-organic chemical vapor deposition金属有机物化学汽相沉积MCVD Modified chemical vapor deposition改进的化学汽相沉积MONET Multiwavelength optical network 多波长光网络MPEG motion-picture entertainment group 视频动画专家小组MPN mode-partition noise 模式分配噪声MQW multiquantum well 多量子阱MSK minimum-shift keying 最小频偏键控MSR mode-suppression ratio 模式分配噪声MZ mach-Zehnder 马赫泽德NA numerical aperture 数值孔径NF noise figure 噪声指数NEP noise-equivalent power 等效噪声功率NRZ non-return to zero 非归零NSE nonlinear Schrodinger equation 非线性薛定额方程OC optical carrier 光载波OEIC opto-electronic integrated circuit 光电集成电路OOK on-off keying 开关键控OPC optical phase conjugation 光相位共轭OTDM optical time-division multiplexing 光时分复用OVD outside-vapor deposition 轴外汽相沉积OXC optical cross-connect 光交叉连接PCM pulse-code modulation 脉冲编码调制PDF probability density function 概率密度函数PDM polarization-division multiplexing 偏振复用PON passive optical network 无源接入网PSK phase-shift keying 相移键控RIN relative intensity noise 相对强度噪声RMS root-mean-square 均方根RZ return-to-zero 归零RA raman amplifier 喇曼放大器SAGCM separate absorption, grading, charge, and multiplication 吸收渐变电荷倍增区分离APD 的一种SAGM separate absorption and multiplication吸收渐变倍增区分离APD 的一种SAM separate absorption and multiplication吸收倍增区分离APD 的一种SBS stimulated Brillouin scattering 受激布里渊散射SCM subcarrier multiplexing 副载波复用SDH synchronous digital hierarchy 同步数字体系SLA/SOA semiconductor laser/optical amplifier 半导体光放大器SLM single longitudinal mode 单纵模SNR signal-to-noise ratio 信噪比SONET synchronized optical network 同步光网络SPM self-phase modulation 自相位调制SRS stimulated Raman scattering 受激喇曼散射STM synchronous transport module 同步转移模块STS synchronous transport signal 同步转移信号TCP/IP transmission control protocol/internet protocol传输控制协议议/互联网协议TDM time-division multiplexing 时分复用TE transverse electric 横电模TM transverse magnetic 横磁TW traveling wave 行波VAD vapor-axial epitaxy 轴向汽相沉积VCSEL vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser垂直腔表面发射激光器VPE vapor-phase epitaxy 汽相沉积VSB vestigial sideband 残留边带WAN wide-area network 广域网WDMA wavelength-division multiple access 波分复用接入系统WGA waveguide-grating router 波导光栅路由器XPM cross-phase modulation 交叉相位调制YIG yttrium iron garnet 钇铁石榴石晶体DWDM dense wavelength division multiplexing/multiplexer密集波分复用用/器FBG fiber-bragg grating 光纤布拉格光栅AWG arrayed-waveguide grating 阵列波导光栅LD laser diode 激光二极管AOTF acousto optic tunable filter 声光调制器AR coatings antireflection coatings 抗反膜SIOF step index optical fiber 阶跃折射率分布GIOF graded index optical fiber 渐变折射率分布光纤通信技术课程常用词汇Cross-talk 串音Passive component 无源器件Active component 有源器件Soliton 孤子Jitter 抖动Heterodyne 外差Homodyne 零差Transmitter 发射机Receiver 接收机Transceiver module 收发模块Birefringence 双折射Chirp 啁啾Binary二进制Chromatic dispersion 色度色散Cladding 包层Jacket 涂层Core cladding interface 纤芯包层界面Gain-guided semiconductor laser 增益波导半导体激光器Index-guide semiconductor laser 折射率波导半导体激光器Damping constant 阻尼常数Threshold 阈值Power penalty 功率代价Dispersion 色散Attenuation 衰减Nonlinear optical effect 非线性效应Polarization 偏振Double heterojunction 双异质结Electron-hole recombination 电子空穴复合Linewidth 线宽Preamplifer 前置放大器Inline amplifier 在线放大器Power amplifier 功率放大器Extinction ratio 消光比Eye diagram 眼图Fermi level 费米能级Multimode fiber 多模光纤Higher-order dispersion 高阶色散Dispersion slope 色散斜率Block diagram 原理图Quantum limited 量子极限Intermode dispersion 模间色散Intramode dispersion 模内色散Filter 滤波器Directional coupler 定向耦合器Isolator 隔离器Circulator 环形器Detector 探测器Laser 激光器Polarization controller 偏振控制器Attenuator 衰减器Modulator 调制器Optical switch 光开关Lowpass filter 低通滤波器Highpass filter 高通滤波器Bandpass filter 带通滤波器Longitudinal mode 纵模Transverse mode 横模Lateral mode 侧模Sensitivity 灵敏度Linewidth enhancement factor 线宽增强因子Packet switch 分组交换Quantum efficiency 量子效率White noise 白噪声Responsibility 响应度Waveguide dispersion 波导色散Stripe geometry semiconductor laser 条形激光器Ridge waveguide 脊波导Zero-dispersion wavelength 零色散波长Free spectral range 自由光谱范围Surface emitting LED 表面发射LEDEdge emitting LED 边发射LEDEthernet 以太网Shot noise 散粒噪声Thermal noise 热噪声Quantum limit 量子极限Sensitivity degradation 灵敏度劣化Intensity noise 强度噪声Timing jitter 时间抖动Front end 前端Packaging 封装Maxwell’s equations 麦克斯韦方程组. Material dispersion 材料色散Rayleigh scattering 瑞利散射Nonradiative recombination 非辐射复合Driving circuit 驱动电路.。
光纤通信中常用英文缩写
光纤通信中常用英文缩写(光纤通信中常用英文缩写(2006-08-15 08:43:28)转载分类：课程相关知识光纤通信中常用英文缩写Acronymsac alternating current 交变电流交流AM amplitude modulation 幅度调制AON all-optical network 全光网络APD avalanche photodiode 雪崩二极管ASE amplified spontaneous emission 放大自发辐射ASK amplitude shift keying 幅移键控ATM asynchronous transfer mode 异步转移模式BER bit error rate 误码率BH buried heterostructure 掩埋异质结BPF band pass filter 带通滤波器C3 cleaved-coupled cavity 解理耦合腔CATV common antenna cable television 有线电视CDM code division multiplexing 码分复用CNR carrier to noise ratio 载噪比CSO Composite second order 复合二阶CPFSK continuous-phase frequency-shift keying 连续相位频移键控CVD chemical vapour deposition 化学汽相沉积CW continuous wave 连续波DBR distributed Bragg reflector 分布布拉格反射DFB distributed feedback 分布反馈dc direct current 直流DCF dispersion compensating fiber 色散补偿光纤DSF dispersion shift fiber 色散位移光纤DIP dual in line package 双列直插DPSK differential phase-shift keying 差分相移键控EDFA erbium doped fiber amplifier 掺铒光纤激光器FDDI fiber distributed data interface 光纤数据分配接口FDM frequency division multiplexing 频分复用FET field effect transistor 场效应管FM frequency modulation 频率调制FP Fabry Perot 法布里里-珀落FSK frequency-shift keying 频移键控FWHM full width at half maximum 半高全宽FWM four-wave mixing 四波混频GVD group-velocity dispersion 群速度色散HBT heterojunction-bipolar transistor 异质结双极晶体管HDTV high definition television 高清晰度电视HFC hybrid fiber-coaxial 混合光纤纤/电缆IC integrated circuit 集成电路IMD intermodulation distortion 交互调制失真IM/DD intensity modulation with direct detection 强度调制直接探测ISDN integrated services digital network 综合业务数字网ISI intersymbol interference 码间干扰LAN local-area network 局域网LED light emitting diode 发光二极管L-I light current 光电关系LPE liquid phase epitaxy 液相外延MAN metropolitan-area network 城域网MBE molecular beam epitaxy 分子束外延MOCVD metal-organic chemical vapor deposition金属有机物化学汽相沉积MCVD Modified chemical vapor deposition改进的化学汽相沉积MONET Multiwavelength optical network 多波长光网络MPEG motion-picture entertainment group 视频动画专家小组MPN mode-partition noise 模式分配噪声MQW multiquantum well 多量子阱MSK minimum-shift keying 最小频偏键控MSR mode-suppression ratio 模式分配噪声MZ mach-Zehnder 马赫泽德NA numerical aperture 数值孔径NF noise figure 噪声指数NEP noise-equivalent power 等效噪声功率NRZ non-return to zero 非归零NSE nonlinear Schrodinger equation 非线性薛定额方程OC optical carrier 光载波OEIC opto-electronic integrated circuit 光电集成电路OOK on-off keying 开关键控OPC optical phase conjugation 光相位共轭OTDM optical time-division multiplexing 光时分复用OVD outside-vapor deposition 轴外汽相沉积OXC optical cross-connect 光交叉连接PCM pulse-code modulation 脉冲编码调制PDF probability density function 概率密度函数PDM polarization-division multiplexing 偏振复用PON passive optical network 无源接入网PSK phase-shift keying 相移键控RIN relative intensity noise 相对强度噪声RMS root-mean-square 均方根RZ return-to-zero 归零RA raman amplifier 喇曼放大器SAGCM separate absorption, grading, charge, and multiplication吸收渐变电荷倍增区分离APD 的一种SAGM separate absorption and multiplication吸收渐变倍增区分离APD 的一种SAM separate absorption and multiplication吸收倍增区分离APD 的一种SBS stimulated Brillouin scattering 受激布里渊散射SCM subcarrier multiplexing 副载波复用SDH synchronous digital hierarchy 同步数字体系SLA/SOA semiconductor laser/optical amplifier 半导体光放大器SLM single longitudinal mode 单纵模SNR signal-to-noise ratio 信噪比SONET synchronized optical network 同步光网络SPM self-phase modulation 自相位调制SRS stimulated Raman scattering 受激喇曼散射STM synchronous transport module 同步转移模块STS synchronous transport signal 同步转移信号TCP/IP transmission control protocol/internet protocol 传输控制协议议/互联网协议TDM time-division multiplexing 时分复用TE transverse electric 横电模TM transverse magnetic 横磁TW traveling wave 行波VAD vapor-axial epitaxy 轴向汽相沉积VCSEL vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser垂直腔表面发射激光器VPE vapor-phase epitaxy 汽相沉积VSB vestigial sideband 残留边带WAN wide-area network 广域网WDMA wavelength-division multiple access 波分复用接入系统WGA waveguide-grating router 波导光栅路由器XPM cross-phase modulation 交叉相位调制YIG yttrium iron garnet 钇铁石榴石晶体DWDM dense wavelength division multiplexing/multiplexer 密集波分复用用/器FBG fiber-bragg grating 光纤布拉格光栅AWG arrayed-waveguide grating 阵列波导光栅LD laser diode 激光二极管AOTF acousto optic tunable filter 声光调制器AR coatings antireflection coatings 抗反膜SIOF step index optical fiber 阶跃折射率分布GIOF graded index optical fiber 渐变折射率分布光纤通信技术课程常用词汇Cross-talk 串音Passive component 无源器件Active component 有源器件Soliton 孤子Jitter 抖动Heterodyne 外差Homodyne 零差Transmitter 发射机Receiver 接收机Transceiver module 收发模块Birefringence 双折射Chirp 啁啾Binary二进制Chromatic dispersion 色度色散Cladding 包层Jacket 涂层Core cladding interface 纤芯包层界面Gain-guided semiconductor laser 增益波导半导体激光器Index-guide semiconductor laser 折射率波导半导体激光器Damping constant 阻尼常数Threshold 阈值Power penalty 功率代价Dispersion 色散Attenuation 衰减Nonlinear optical effect 非线性效应Polarization 偏振Double heterojunction 双异质结Electron-hole recombination 电子空穴复合Linewidth 线宽Preamplifer 前置放大器Inline amplifier 在线放大器Power amplifier 功率放大器Extinction ratio 消光比Eye diagram 眼图Fermi level 费米能级Multimode fiber 多模光纤Higher-order dispersion 高阶色散Dispersion slope 色散斜率Block diagram 原理图Quantum limited 量子极限Intermode dispersion 模间色散Intramode dispersion 模内色散Filter 滤波器Directional coupler 定向耦合器Isolator 隔离器Circulator 环形器Detector 探测器Laser 激光器Polarization controller 偏振控制器Attenuator 衰减器Modulator 调制器Optical switch 光开关Lowpass filter 低通滤波器Highpass filter 高通滤波器Bandpass filter 带通滤波器Longitudinal mode 纵模Transverse mode 横模Lateral mode 侧模Sensitivity 灵敏度Linewidth enhancement factor 线宽增强因子Packet switch 分组交换Quantum efficiency 量子效率White noise 白噪声Responsibility 响应度Waveguide dispersion 波导色散Stripe geometry semiconductor laser 条形激光器Ridge waveguide 脊波导Zero-dispersion wavelength 零色散波长Free spectral range 自由光谱范围Surface emitting LED 表面发射LEDEdge emitting LED 边发射LEDEthernet 以太网Shot noise 散粒噪声Thermal noise 热噪声Quantum limit 量子极限Sensitivity degradation 灵敏度劣化Intensity noise 强度噪声Timing jitter 时间抖动Front end 前端Packaging 封装Maxwell’s equations 麦克斯韦方程组Material dispersion 材料色散Rayleigh scattering 瑞利散射Nonradiative recombination 非辐射复合Driving circuit 驱动电路11。
掺铒光纤放大器、激光器讲义
实验 I 掺铒光纤放大器原理及光谱特性测量实验
实验内容
1. 980nm 泵浦激光器的光谱测量； 2. DFB 信号激光器的光谱和输出功率测量； 3. 掺铒光纤放大器（EDFA）组装； 4. EDFA 的自发辐射光谱（噪声谱，ASE）测量； 5. DFB 激光器信号光的放大，EDFA 的增益测量和计算； （信噪比，泵浦光的利用率，增益饱和效应等）
实验仪器
1.980nm 泵浦激光器（LD） 2.掺铒光纤（EDF） 3.波分复用器件（WDM）
4.耦合器 （Coupler） 5. 单色仪 （Monochromator） 6.光功率计 （Optical Power Meter） 7.计算机数据采集系统（DAQ）
实验原理
一、半导体激光器（LD）原理概述
2n m
m=1,2…
需要指出的是，这种反射不是由某个反射面提供，而是由周期性波纹结构提供了相
反行进的两种光波模式的相互耦合，耦合的程度由周期性调制的射器型 LD 的结构示意图
图 2 中的下图是 Bragg 反射器型的半导体激光器的示意图，它与 DFB 型激光器的 区别是它的周期性折射率调制结构不是做在有源层上表面， 而是在有源层波导两外测的 无源波导上，这样的结构不仅具有激光振荡波长稳定，线宽窄，还可以避免使用复杂的 二次外延生长工艺，并且由于 Bragg 光栅做在无源波导上，不会引起有源层原子晶格的 破坏，降低量子效率。 当介质实现了粒子数反转(即介质具备了增益)， 光波在来回反射中得到不断的加强 和增长，当增益满足阈值条件以后(即增益大于所有损耗)，就会产生激光。这种光栅式 的结构实际上起到了一个选频谐振腔的作用，它所发射的激光的波长，完全由光栅的周 期 决定。所以，可以通过改变光栅的周期来调整发射波长，并获得极窄的线宽（单纵 模振荡） 。这一点，F-P 型 LD 是不可能做到的，F-P 型 LD 的发射波长只能位于自发辐 射的中心频率附近。 由此可见 DFB LD 和 F-P 型 LD 相比， 其发射频率的选择范围很宽， 可以在自发发射频率范围内自由地选择发射波长。 目前 DFB LD 已成为中长距离光纤通信应用的主要激光器，特别是在 1.3 m 和 1.55 m 光纤通信系统中。在光纤有线电视(CATV)传输系统中，DFB LD 已成为不可替 代的光源。 实验中使用的 980nm 泵浦光源是一种 F-P 腔结构的半导体激光器，其最大激光输出 功率为 120mW。作为信号光源的是一种 1550nm 波段的 DFB 半导体激光器，最大激光 输出功率为 2mW。
硅光电二极管激光损伤阈值随激光脉宽的变化
第16卷 第6期强激光与粒子束Vol.16,No.6 2004年6月HIGH POWER LASER AND PAR TICL E B EAMS J un.,2004 文章编号:100124322(2004)0620685204硅光电二极管激光损伤阈值随激光脉宽的变化Ξ罗 福, 江继军, 孙承纬(中国工程物理研究院流体物理研究所,四川绵阳621900) 摘 要: 对飞秒激光辐照下硅光电二极管损伤阈值进行了实验测量,对从1s到60fs不同脉宽激光辐照下硅光电二极管损伤阈值进行了讨论。
实验数据表明,在1s到10ns脉宽范围内损伤所需能量密度近似而非严格地与脉宽的平方根成正比。
信号分析表明硅光电二极管的损伤主要由热效应造成,而60fs激光辐照下的损伤阈值为0.1J/cm2,明显偏离普通温度分布预言的趋势。
关键词: 飞秒激光; 硅光电二极管; 损伤阈值; 脉宽效应 中图分类号:TN249 文献标识码:A 光环境特别是激光给光电器件的应用带来了极其严重的影响,因此受到人们的高度重视。
硅PIN光电二极管因其响应时间快,工艺成熟,是可见光近红外区域的首选探测器。
Lars Sjoqvist对探测器的激光损伤问题进行了较为全面的探讨[1]。
早期面临的主要是长脉冲或连续激光,F.Bartoli等人给出了1.064μm激光照射下硅PIN光电二极管的损伤阈值[2],陈德章等研究了60μs钕激光对光电探测器的损伤阈值[3],2000年钟海荣等综述了激光对光电探测器的破坏机理研究情况[4],Steve E.Watkins等对10ns激光辐照下光电探测器的损伤机理进行了较为深入的研究[5]。
啁啾技术的应用使人们可以在压缩脉宽的同时获得很高的能量,现在已可获得脉宽达数fs的高能激光输出。
飞秒激光辐照下,器件材料内部发生各种瞬态非平衡过程,器件的损伤既有可能是晶格被电子加热引起的,也有可能是电子爆轰产生的冲击波造成的,为分析飞秒激光辐照下光电探测器的失效机制,我们对探测器的响应信号进行了监测分析。
采用TO38ICut封装的蓝光激光二极管BlueLaserDiodein-Octopart
3) 在最大额定值下运行可能会影响使用寿命 Operation at maximum ratings may influence the life time
Safety Advice
Depending on the mode of operation, these devices emit highly concentrated visible light which can be hazardous to the human eye. Products which incorporate these devices have to follow the safety precautions found in IEC 608251 “Safety of laser products”.
Popt = f (IF)
工作电压
Operating Voltage
VF = f (IF)
PL 450
阈值电流
Threshold Current
Ith = f (TCase)
发射波长
Emission Wavelength
= f (TCase)
2010-04-27
4
光束发散度
Beam Divergence
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物理专业常用英语词汇
物理：absolute acceleration 绝对加速度absolute error 绝对误差absolute motion 绝对运动absolute temperature 绝对温度absolute velocity 绝对速度absolute zero 绝对零度absorption 吸收absorptivity 吸收率accelerated motion 加速运动acceleration of gravity 重力加速度acceleration 加速度accidental error 偶然误差acoustics 声学acting force 作用力adjustment 调节aether 以太air pump 抽气机air table 气垫桌air track 气垫导轨alternating current circuit 交流电路alternating current generator交流发电机alternating current 交流电altimeter 测高仪ammeter 安培计amperemeter 电流计ampere 安培Ampere's experiment 安培实验Ampere's force 安培力Ampere's law 安培定律amperemeter 安培计amplitude 振幅angle of rotation 自转角，转动角angular acceleration 角加速度angular displacement 角位移angular velocity 角速度anion 负离子anisotropy 各向异性annihilation 湮没anode 阳极antenna 天线applied physics 应用物理学Archimedes principle 阿基米德原理area 面积argumentation 论证argument 辐角astigmatoscope 散光镜atomic nucleus 原子核atomic physics 原子物理学atomic spectrum 原子光谱atomic structure 原子结构atom 原子Atwood ' s machine 阿特伍德机average power 平均功率average velocity 平均速度Avogadro constant 阿伏加德罗常数Avogadro law 阿伏加德罗定律balance 天平ballistic galvanometer 冲击电流计band spectrum 带状谱barometer 气压计basic quantity 基本量basic units 基本单位battery charger 电池充电器battery,accumulator 蓄电池battery 电池组beam 光束betatron 电子感应加速器Bohr atom model 玻尔原子模型boiling point 沸点boiling 沸腾bounce 反弹bound charge 束缚电荷bound electron 束缚电子branch circuit 支路breakdown 击穿brightness 亮度buoyancy force 浮力calorifics 热学camera 照相机capacitance 电容capacitor 电容器capillarity 毛细现象cathode ray 阴极射线cathode-ray tube 阴极射线管cathode 阴极cation 正离子cell 电池Celsius scale 摄氏温标centre of gravity 重心centre of mass 质心centrifugal force 离心力centripetal acceleration 向心加速度centripetal force 向心力chain reaction 链式反应chaos 混沌characteristic spectrum 特征光谱charged body 带电体charged particle 带电粒子charge 充电circular hole diffraction 圆孔衍射circular motion 圆周运动classical mechanics 经典力学classical physics 经典物理学cloud chamber 云室coefficient of maximum staticfriction 最大静摩摩系数coefficient of restitution 恢复系数coefficient of sliding friction滑动摩擦系数coefficient 系数coherent light 相干光源coil 线圈collision 碰撞component force 分力component velocity 分速度composition of forces 力的合成composition of velocities 速度的合成compression 压缩concave lens 凹透镜concave mirror 凹面镜concurrent force 共点力condensation 凝结condenser 电容器conducting medium 导电介质conductor 导体conservative force field 保守力场conservative force 保守力constant force 恒力constant 常量continuous spectrum 连续谱convergent lens 会聚透镜convex lens 凸透镜convex mirror 凸面镜coordinate system 坐标系coplanar force 共面力Corolis force 科里奥利力corpuscular property 粒子性corpuscular theory 微粒说Coulomb force 库仑力coulomb 库仑Coulomb's law 库仑定律counter 计数器creation 产生creepage 漏电crest 波峰critical angle 临界角critical resistance 临界电阻critical temperature 临界温度crystal 晶体current density 电流密度current element 电流元current source 电流源current strength 电流强度curvilinear motion 曲线运动cyclotron 回旋加速器damped vibration 阻尼振动damping 阻尼Daniell cell 丹聂耳电池data processing 数据处理data 数据decay 衰变definition of ampere 安培的定义defocusing 散集density 密度derived quantity 导出量derived unit 导出单位dielectric 电介质diffraction pattern 衍射图样diffraction 衍射diffuse reflection 漫反射digital timer 数字计时器dimensional exponent 量纲指数dimension 量纲diode 二级管diopter 屈光度direct current, DC 直流direct impact 正碰direct measurement 直接测量discharge 放电disorder 无序dispersion 色散displacement 位移divergent lens 发散透镜Doppler effect 多普勒效应double slit diffraction 双缝衍射driving force 驱动力dry cell 干电池echo 回声eddy current 涡流effective value 有效值elastic body 弹性体elastic force 弹［性］力elasticity 弹性electric charge 电荷electric circuit 电路electric corona 电晕electric energy 电能electric field 电场electric field intensity 电场强度electric field line 电场线electric flux 电通量electric leakage 漏电electric neutrality 电中性electric potential 电位，电势electric potential difference电位差，电势差electric potential energy 电位能electric power 电功率electric quantity 电量electrification 起电electrification by friction 摩擦起电electrified body 带电体electrode 电极electrolysis 电解electrolyte 电解质electromagnetic damping 电磁阻尼electromagnetic induction 电磁感应electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射electromagnetic wave 电磁波electromagnetic wave spectrum电磁波谱electromagnetism inductionphenomenon 电磁感应现象electromagnet 电磁体electrometer 静电计electromotive force 电动势electron 电子electron beam 电子束electron cloud 电子云electron microscope 电子显微镜electron volt 电子伏特electroscope 验电器electrostatic equilibrium 静电平衡electrostatic induction 静电感应electrostatic screening 静电屏蔽elementary charge 基本电荷，元电荷energy 能量energy level 能级equilibrium 平衡equilibrium condition 平衡条件equilibrium of forces 力的平衡equilibrium position 平衡位置equilibrium state 平衡态equivalent source theorem 等效电源定理erect image 正像error 误差ether 以太evaporation 蒸发excitation 激发excitation state 激发态experiment 实验experimental physics 实验物理学external force 外力eyepiece 目镜far sight 远视Faraday cylinder 法拉第圆筒Faraday law of electromagnetic induction 法拉第电磁感应定律Faraday's law of electromagnetic induct 法拉第电磁感应定律farad 法拉(电容的单位)film interference 薄膜干涉final velocity 末速度first cosmic velocity 第一宇宙速度fission 裂变fixed-axis rotation 定轴转动flotation balance 浮力秤fluid 流体focal length 焦距focusing 调焦，聚焦focus 焦点force 力forced vibration 受迫振动fractal 分形free charge 自由电荷free electron 自由电子free period 自由周期freezing point 凝固点frequency 频率friction force 摩擦力fusion 聚变galvanometer 电流计gas 气体general physics 普通物理学generator 发电机good conductor 良导体gravitation 引力gravity 重力gravitational potential energy重力势能gravity field 重力场ground earth 接地ground state 基态ground wire 地线hadron 强子half life period 半衰期heat 热heat transfer 传热henry 亨利hertz 赫兹(频率的单位)Hooke law 胡克定律humidity 湿度hydrogen 氢原子hypothesis 假设ice point 冰点ideal gas 理想气体image 像image distance 像距image height 像高imaging 成像imperfect inelastic collision非完全弹性碰撞impulse 冲量incident angle 入射角incident ray 入射线indirect measurement 间接测量induced electric current 感应电流induced electric field 感应电场induction current 感应电流induction electromotive force感应电动势induction motor 感应电动机inertia 惯性inertial force 惯性力inertial system 惯性系infrared ray 红外线infrasonic wave 次声波initial phase 初位相initial velocity 初速度input 输入instantaneous power 瞬时功率instantaneous velocity 瞬时速度instrument 仪器insulated conductor 绝缘导体insulating medium 绝缘介质insulator 绝缘体intensity of sound 声强interference 干涉interference fringe 干涉条纹interference pattern 干涉图样interferometer 干涉仪internal energy 内能internal force 内力internal resistance 内阻intonation 声调inverted image 倒像invisible light 不可见光ion beam 离子束ionization 电离irreversible process 不可逆过程isobaric process 等压过程isobar 等压线isochoric process 等体积过程isothermal 等温线isothermal process 等温过程isotope 同位素isotropy 各向同性joule 焦耳（功的单位）Joule heat 焦耳热Joule law 焦耳定律Joule' law 焦耳定律Kepler law 开普勒定律kinematics 运动学kinetic energy 动能Laplace's equation 拉普拉斯方程laser 激光，激光器law 定律law of conservation of angularmomentum 角动量守恒定律law of conservation of energy 能量守恒定律law of conservation of mass 质量守恒定律law of conservation ofmechanical energy 机械能守恒定律law of conservation of momentum动量守恒定律law of electric chargeconservation 电荷守恒定律Le Systèm e International d ` Unitè s 国际单位制(SI)lead 导线length 长度lens 透镜lens formula 透镜公式Lenz's law 楞次定律lepton 轻子Light ray 光线light source 光源light wave 光波lightning rod 避雷针light 光line spectrum 线状谱lines of current 电流线lines of force of electric field电力线liquefaction 液化liquefaction point 液化点liquid 液体longitudinal wave 纵波loop 回路Lorentz force 洛仑兹力luminous intensity 发光强度magnetic field 磁场magnetic field intensity 磁场强度magnetic field line 磁场线magnetic induction flux 磁感应通量magnetic induction 磁感应强度magnetic induction line 磁感应线magnetic material 磁性材料magnetic needle 磁针magnetic pole 磁极magnetics 磁学magnetism 磁学magnetization 磁化magnet 磁体magnification 放大率magnifier 放大镜，放大器manometer 流体压强计mass 质量mass defect 质量亏损mass-energy equation 质能方程matter 物质matter wave 物质波Maxwell's equations 麦克斯韦方程组mean speed 平均速率mean velocity 平均速度measurement 测量mechanical energy 机械能mechanical motion 机械运动mechanical vibration 机械振动mechanics 力学medium 介质melting fusion 熔化melting point 熔点metre rule 米尺microdetector 灵敏电流计micrometer caliper 螺旋测微器microscope 显微镜microscopic particle 微观粒子mirror reflection 镜面反射mirror 镜mixed unit system 混合单位制modern physics 现代物理学molar volume 摩尔体积molecular spectrum 分子光谱molecular structure 分子结构moment of force 力矩momentum of electromagneticfield 电磁场的动量momentum 动量motor 电动机multimeter 多用［电］表musical quality 音色N pole 北极natural frequency 固有频率natural light 自然光negative charge 负电荷negative crystal 负晶体negative ion 负离子negative plate 负极板network 网络neutralization 中和neutron 中子newton 牛顿（力的单位）Newton first law 牛顿第一定律Newton second law 牛顿第二定律Newton third law 牛顿第三定律nonequilibrium state 非平衡态north pole 北极nucleus force 核力nucleus of condensation 凝结核object 物object distance 物距object height 物高objective 物镜observation 观察Oersted's experiment 奥斯特实验ohm 欧姆Ohm law 欧姆定律ohmmeter 欧姆计Ohm's law 欧姆定律open circuit 开路optical bench 光具座optical centre of lens 透镜光心optical fiber 光导纤维optical glass 光学玻璃optical instrument 光学仪器optical lever 光杠杆optical path difference 光程差optical path 光程(路)optically denser medium 光密介质optically thinner medium 光疏介质optics 光学orbit 轨道order 有序oscillograph 示波器output 输出overweight 超重parallel connection of condensers 电容器的并联parallelogram rule 平行四边形定律parallel-resonance circuit 并联谐振电路parameter 参量particle 质点，粒子Pascal law 帕斯卡定律path 路程peak 峰值pendulum 摆penumbra 半影perfect conductor 理想导体perfect elastic collision 完全弹性碰撞perfect inelastic collision 完全非弹性碰撞periodicity 周期性period 周期periscope 潜望镜permanent magnet 永磁体permittivity of vacuum 真空介电常数permittivity 电容率phase 位相phenomenon 现象photocurrent 光电流photoelectric cell 光电管photoelectric effect 光电效应photoelectron 光电子photography 照相术photon 光子physical balance 物理天平physical quantity 物理量physics 物理学piezometer 压强计pitch 音调Planck constant 普朗克常量plasma 等离子体point charge 点电荷polarization 偏振polarized light 偏振光polycrystal 多晶体poor conductor 不良导体positive charge 正电荷positive crystal 正晶体positive ion 正离子positive plate 正极板positron 正电子potential energy 势能potentiometer 电位差计power 功率pressure 压强，压力primary coil 原线圈principle of constancy of lightvelocity 光速不变原理prism 棱镜projectile 抛体projectile motion 抛体运动projector 投影仪proton 质子pulley 滑轮pulley block 滑轮组quantity of heat 热量quantization 量子化quantum 量子quantum mechanics 量子力学quantum number 量子数radar 雷达radioactive source 放射源radius of gyration 回旋半径random motion 无规则运动range 量程rated voltage 额定电压reacting force 反作用力real image 实像real object 实物reasoning 推理recoil 反冲rectilinear motion 直线运动reference frame 参考系，坐标系reference system 参考系reflected angle 反射角reflected ray 反射线reflection coefficient 反射系数reflection law 反射定律reflectivity 反射率refracted angle 折射角refracted ray 折射线refraction law 折射定律refraction coefficient 折射系数refractive index 折射率relative acceleration 相对加速度relative error 相对误差relative motion 相对运动relative velocity 相对速度relativity 相对论resistance 电阻resistance box 电阻箱resistivity 电阻率resistor 电阻［器］resolution of force 力的分解resolution of velocity 速度的分解resonance 共振，共鸣resonant frequency 共振频率resultant force 合力resultant velocity 合速度reversibility of optical path 光路可逆性reversible process 可逆过程rheostat 变阻器right-hand screw rule 右手螺旋定则rocker 火箭rotating magnetic field 旋转磁场rotation 自转，转动Rutherford scattering 卢瑟福散射Rutherford ［α-particlescattering］ experiment 卢瑟福［α散射］实验S pole 南极saturation 饱和scalar 标量scalar field 标量场scanner 扫描器second cosmic velocity 第二宇宙速度selective absorption 选择吸收self-induced electromotiveforce 自感电动势self-inductance 自感self-induction phenomenon 自感系数semiconductor 半导体semi-transparent film 半透膜sensitive galvanometer 灵敏电流计sensitivity 灵敏度sensitometer 感光计sensor 传感器series connection of condensers电容器的串联series-resonance circuit 串联谐振电路short circuit 短路short sight 近视shunt resistor 分流电阻significant figure 有效数字simple harmonic motion (SHM) 简谐运动simple harmonic wave 简谐波simple pendulum 单摆single crystal（monocrystal）单晶体single slit diffraction 单缝衍射sinusoidal alternating current简谐交流电sinusoidal current 正弦式电流sliding friction 滑动摩擦slit 狭缝solar cell 太阳能电池solenoid 螺线管solidification 凝固solidifying point 凝固点solid 固体solution 溶液solvation 溶解sonar 声纳sound source 声源sound velocity 声速sound wave 声波sound 声［音］source 电源south pole 南极space 空间spark discharge 火花放电special relativity 狭义相对论specific heat capacity 比热容spectacles 眼镜spectral analysis 光谱分析spectral line ［光］谱线spectrograph 摄谱仪spectrography 摄谱学spectroscopy 光谱学spectrum 光谱speed 速率spherical mirror 球面镜spontaneous radiation 自发辐射spring balance 弹簧秤stability 稳定性stabilized current supply 稳流电源stabilized voltage supply 稳压电源standard atmospheric pressure标准大气压standard cell 标准电池standing wave 驻波static friction 静摩擦stationary state 定态steady current 恒定电流steady current source 恒流源steady voltage source 恒压源steam point 汽点stiffness 劲度［系数］stimulated radiation 受激辐射stop watch 停表sublimation 升华superconductivity 超导［电］性superconductor 超导体superposition principle ofelectric field 电场强度叠加原理superposition theorem 叠加定律supersaturation 过度饱和supersonic speed 超声速supersonic wave 超声波supply transformer 电源变压器surface resistance 表面电阻switch 开关system of concurrent forces 共点力系system of particles 质点系system of units 单位制systematic error 系统误差telescope 望远镜temperature 温度tension 张力the law of gravity 万有引力定律theorem 原理theorem of kinetic energy 动能定理theorem of momentum 动量定理theoretical physics 理论物理学theory 理论thermal capacity 热容［量］thermal equilibrium 热平衡thermal motion 热运动thermal transmission 传热thermodynamic scale ［oftemperature］热力学温标thermodynamic temperature 热力学温度thermometer 温度计thermometric scale 温标thermonuclear reaction 热核反应thick lens 厚透镜thin lens 薄透镜third cosmic velocity 第三宇宙速度three-phase alternating current三相［交变］电流time 时间timer 定时器，计时器torsion balance 扭秤total reflection 全反射trajectory 轨道transformer 变压器transistor 晶体管transition 跃迁translation 平移transmission line 传输线transmissivity 透射率transverse wave 横波triboelectrification 摩擦起电triode 三极管trough 波谷tuning fork 音叉turbulent flow 湍流ultrasound wave 超声波ultraviolet ray 紫外线umbra 本影undulatory property 波动性uniform dielectric 均匀电介质uniform motion 匀速运动unit 单位unit system 单位制universal constant 普适常量universal gravitation 万有引力universal meter 多用［电］表vacuum tube 真空管vacuum 真空value of amplitude 幅值vaporization 汽化variable 变量vector 矢量velocity of light 光速velocity 速度verification 验证vernier 游标vernier caliper 游标卡尺vibration 振动viewing angle 视角viewing field 视场virtual image 虚像virtual object 虚物virtual value 有效值visibility 可见度visible light 可见光voltage 电压voltage division circuit 分压电路voltaic cell 伏打电池voltmeter 伏特计voltmeter-ammeter method 伏安法volt 伏特volume 体积vortex electric field 涡旋电场watt 瓦特wave equation 波动方程wave theory 波动说wavelength 波长wave-particle dualism 波粒二象性wave 波weight 重量weightlessness 失重white light 白光work 功work function 逸出功X-ray X射线Young experiment 杨氏实验zero line 零线α -decay α衰变α -particle α粒子α -ray α射线β -decay β衰变β -ray β射线γ -decay γ衰变γ -ray γ射线。
造血干细胞移植术后并发出血性膀胱炎的护理研究进展
造血干细胞移植术后并发出血性膀胱炎的护理研究进展摘要：造血干细胞移植（Hematopoietic stem celltransplantations,HSCT）是白血病、淋巴瘤、多发性骨髓瘤、骨髓增生异常综合征、免疫缺陷病、先天性疾病等多种疾病治疗的重要手段[1]。
出血性膀胱炎(hemorrhagic cystitis，HC)是某些药物或化学制剂在尿中对膀胱黏膜的急性或慢性损伤，导致膀胱广泛炎症性出血，是异基因造血干细胞移植(HSCT)后常见的并发症之一[2]。
在患者行造血干细胞移植治疗期间，通过有效护理措施能够降低出血性膀胱炎的发生率。
目前此类患者的护理比较简单，而通过一些优化护理措施，能够尽可能降低出血性膀胱炎发生率，给患者带来更理想的就诊体验。
本文综合国内外已有研究成果，对造血干细胞移植并发出血性膀胱炎的优化护理方法进行综述，以指导开展临床工作。
关键词：造血干细胞移植；出血性膀胱炎；护理进展引言：现阶段临床在实施造血干细胞移植术治疗时，患者极易发生出血性膀胱炎等并发症，出血性膀胱炎患者在临床主要表现出一定程度的血尿、尿痛、尿频以及尿急等膀胱刺激症状[3]。
出血性膀胱炎依据发生的时间，可以分为早发以及迟发型，其中早早发型主要是在预处理期间，以及预处理后72h之内，其与患者在预处理期间所使用的药物毒性以及剂量有直接关系；而迟发型则主要是在预处理72h之后，主要是多种因素所导致，主要因素为病毒感染[4]。
基于此，本次分析造血干细胞移植治疗患者并发出血性膀胱炎的护理研究进展。
1、造血干细胞移植治疗患者并发出血性膀胱炎的诱发因素1.1 预处理因素1.1.1 化疗药物在实施造血干细胞移植术前，患者均需利用相关化疗药物展开预处理。
徐丽在其研究中提出[5]，使用环磷酰胺后，该药物在患者膀胱内滞留几小时后，会使膀胱黏膜上皮细胞出现坏死或变形等情况。
分析原因，临床在使用环磷酰胺进行免疫抑制以及抗肿瘤活性时，环磷酰胺会经肝脏代谢，转化为丙烯醛，随后经肾脏排出体外，而当丙烯醛与尿液在患者膀胱处存储时，会对患者的膀胱移行上皮造成损害。
【半导体激光器国家标准（二）】
半导体激光器国家标准（二）3.1.32 远场光强分布Far field intensity distribution在距离远远大于激光光源瑞利长度的接收面上得到的光强分布。
3.1.33 近场光强分布Near field intensity distribution激光器在输出腔面（AR面）上的光强分布。
3.1.34 近场非线性Near field non-linearity热应力引起半导体激光器阵列或巴条中各个发光单元在垂直p-n结的方向上发生的位移，导致激光器阵列或巴条近场各个发光单元不在一条直线上，又称为"smile"效应。
3.1.35 偏振Polarization半导体激光器是利用光波导效应将光场限制在有源区内，使光波沿着有源区层传播，并通过腔面输出，半导体激光器的偏振特性与电场和磁场两个空间变量有关，对于横向电场（TE）偏振光，只存在（Ey，Hx，Hz）三个分量，对于横向磁场（TM）偏振光，只存在（Ex，Ez，Hy）三个分量。
半导体激光器偏振特性优劣通常用偏振度来表征，偏振度为两种偏振态的光功率差与光功率和的比值，通常以百分比表示。
3.1.36 热阻Thermal resistance热量在热流路径上遇到的阻力，反映介质或介质间的传热能力的大小，激光器产生1W 热量所引起的温升大小，单位为℃/W或K/W。
3.1.37 波长-温度漂移Wavelength-temperature shift半导体激光器稳定工作时，结温每升高1℃所引起的波长变化，单位是nm/K。
3.1.38 斜率效率Slope efficiency激光器额定光功率的10％和90％对应的光功率差值△P与相应工作电流的差值△I的比值称为斜率效率。
3.1.39 光功率-电流曲线扭折Optical power-current curve kink光功率-电流曲线上出现的非线性变化的拐点。
扭折表征了光功率与工作电流的线性关系的优劣。
相对强度噪声(rin)测量程序
Relative intensity noise (RIN) measuring procedure相对强度噪声（RIN)测量程序This procedure describes a component test which may not be appropriate for a system level test depending on the implementation.这是一个组件测试流程，根据应用环境来看，它可能不适合于系统级的测试。
A.5.1 Test objective 测试目标When lasers which are subject to reflection induced noise effects are operated in a cable plant with a low optical return loss the lasers will produce an amount of noise which is a function of the magnitude and polarization state of the reflected light.当受到反射引起的噪声影响的激光器在具有低光回损的电缆设备中工作时,激光器将产生一定量的噪声，这个噪声是反射光的大小和偏振态的函数。
The magnitude of the reflected light tends to be relatively constant. However，the polarization state varies significantly as a function of many cable parameters，particularly cable placement. 反射光的大小趋于相对恒定。
然而，偏振态受许多电缆参数的影响而呈现出一定的函数关系，特别是随电缆的放置而显著变化.In a cable plant which is physically fixed in place the variation is slow. If the fibre is subject to motion, such as occurs in a jumper cable, the change may be sudden and extreme. The effect is unpredictable changes in the noise from the laser with the result that the communication link may exhibit sudden and unexplainable bursts of errors.在固定的电缆设备中，变化是缓慢的。
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Romanian Reports in Physics, Vol. 59, No. 1, P. 87–92, 2007LASER DIODE INTENSITY NOISE INDUCEDBY MODE HOPPINGT. ACSENTENational Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics,P.O. Box MG-36,76900 Bucharest, email: tomy@alpha2.infim.ro(Received February 17, 2006)Abstract. Despite their advantages, laser diodes exhibit some limitations: multi-mode operation, mode hops and broad linewidth. Mode hopping is directly correlated to the noise in the total optical intensity and it can be easily revealed using a PIN photodiode. There are combinations of laser case temperature and injection current that lead to mode hopping and others for which the laser is stable. Recording such noise characteristics of laser diode has implications for controlling and circumventing mode hopping effects.Key words: single mode laser diode, mode hopping, intensity noise.1. INTRODUCTIONSince its invention in 1961, diode lasers have been the most used type of semiconductor lasers. It has found widespread applications in numerous fields ranging from basic research to industrial and domestic photonic systems due to its well known features: mass production, low size, facility in control and operation. However first laser diodes [1], consisting of a simple p-n semiconductor junction, were far away from practical use because they needed high injected currents and cryogenic operating temperatures. Occurrence of metal organic chemical vapor deposition and molecular beam epitaxy led to the development in the early 1990s of more complex semiconductor devices, including single mode laser diodes. Moreover, progresses in engineering of new diode laser materials, covering emission wavelengths from the infrared to the violet, leads to replacement of many bulk lasers with compact, low cost and efficient laser diodes.Despite of enumerated advantages, the solitary laser diodes have some limitations regarding geometrical and spectral characteristics of the emitted radiation: high divergence and astigmatism, relatively large emitted linewidth and wavelength instabilities due to mode hops. While the geometry of the beam can be easily corrected by means of aspheric lenses or more complicated optical systems,88T. Acsente 2the spectral characteristics make laser diodes not to fulfill the precision required in some applications, such as high resolution spectroscopy. The parameters directly affecting the mode hops are the laser case temperature and injection current.This paper will present spectral characteristics of laser diodes and how to control laser diode parameters in order to circumvent the mode hops induced noise.2. LASER DIODES SPECTRAL EMISSION2.1. SINGLE-MODE LASER DIODE SPECTRUMMost commercial available laser diodes present in the emitted light spectrum a single transversal mode and more longitudinal modes enveloped by laser’s active region gain curve. The strong dependence of the gain profile on the injected laser diode current will determine the number and amplitude of the longitudinal modes. Fig. 1 shows a typical single-mode diode laser spectral profile for two different values of operating current [2]. For small operation currents, near threshold, the shape of the gain curve will favor many equally spaced oscillation modes to coexist simultaneous in the emitted light spectrum (fig.1.a). By increasing the injected current to higher values, the gain curve will develop at an exponential rate and it will select only one lasing cavity mode (fig.1.b).Fig.1 – Spectra of a 830 (nm) single mode laser diode for different operating currents.The oscillation modes are spaced typically at 0.35 (nm) [2].In this case, the single mode emission of the laser diode is dominated by a strong lorentzian line, roughly 100 times stronger than any other spectral component, with a linewidth around 100MHz.3 Laser diode mode hopping noise 891.2. SINGLE MODE LASER DIODE MODE HOPSA very important characteristic of laser diodes is tunability. Tuning can be achieved by changing the laser diode temperature or other external environment parameters [3] such as ambient pressure or the strength of an applied magnetic field. Temperature tuning is the most adequate to use because it is easy to implement electronically under conditions of high stability. By changing the laser diode temperature a coarse wavelength tuning is obtained. Fine tuning is accomplished by modifying the injected laser diode current, resulting in laser diode chip temperature changing by means of Joule heating. Fig. 2 presents the temperature tuning curve for a 780 nm, 5mW single mode laser diode, model HL7806G.S i n g l e m o d e w a v e l e n g t h [n m ]Case temperature [O C]Fig.2 – Temperature dependence of single mode laser diode wavelength at constant emitted power. Continuous tuning range has a slope ~0.06 nmK -1 while the discrete jumps of the wavelength arearound 0.3 nm.In semiconductor laser diodes, both refractive index and bandgap temperature dependence imply cavity modes pattern and gain curve dependence on the same parameter. Increasing the temperature, the gain curve will shift to higher wavelengths at a higher rate than the cavity modes. Because of it, when a mode will not exhibit sufficient gain, the lasing wavelength will jump to another mode, where the gain is sufficient for lasing. The mode hopping explains the stair step aspect of the tuning characteristic presented in fig. 2. In AlGaAs laser diodes, the gain curve shifts to longer wavelengths faster than the cavity modes as the laser temperature is increased and so the mode hops take place to a higher wavelength. However, the experimental recorded tuning curves exhibit anomalous mode hops,T. Acsente 4 90 in direction of shorter wavelengths. It is also possible to observe mode hops over several cavity modes. These kind of mode hops are related with the defects in the structure of the laser diode chip [4].Thus, although some conclusions over tuning characteristics of laser diodes can be drawn, it is obvious that each laser diode has a unique tuning curve. One important conclusion is that the mode hops generate angstrom sized holes in the diode laser tuning curve. Even if one can move around these holes by judicious changing the temperature and injected current, there will still remain wavelength values unreachable for a given laser diode.It is also important to note that the tuning characteristic will change in time, due to laser diode ageing.3. MODES HOPPING INTENSITY NOISEUnder some circumstances, modes hopping appear in an erratic manner, with the laser radiation switching rapidly between wavelengths. During modes hopping the laser diode output optical intensity fluctuates slightly, resulting in a relative intensity noise.In our experiments we recorded this kind of noise by monitoring the light emitted from a free running HL7806G laser diode using a simple electronic device, a PIN photodetector. It is important to note that, during the measurements, the temperature and the current of the laser diode were very tight controlled.Fig. 3 presents two time series of the photodetector a. c. voltage recorded for different laser diode injection currents, but for the same case temperature (30O C). 0.00.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0-40-30-20-10010203040B A P h o t o d e t e c t o r o u t p u t [m V ]Time [ms]Fig.3 – Photodetector output voltage during modes hopping. Trace B show laser intensity switching between two intensities as the laser switch between the modes. The parameters used in measurements: I LD = 56.8mA, P out = 2.2mW, t = 30O C for trace A and I LD = 59mA, P out = 2.6mW, t =30O C for trace B.The oscilloscope was a.c. coupled.5 Laser diode mode hopping noise 91The lower trace (A) presents an a.c. voltage slightly elevated over the background noise level. This curve corresponds to a stable single mode operation of the laser diode. In contrast, curve B represent the most vigorous mode hopping activity recorded for the tested laser diode during the measurements.The two curves of fig.3 are plotted on the same time scale. In trace B the total intensity alternates between two distinct levels, spending substantial amounts of time in each level before switching to the other one. In contrast, trace A doesn’t reveal any switching of laser diode intensity.An overall mode hopping influence on the laser diode emitted light intensity can be obtained by scanning the entire range of injected current in the laser diode while maintaining a constant case temperature. Such a noise characteristic is presented in fig.4 and it was obtained by monitoring the output of the laser diode while sweeping the laser diode current with a 10 second linear ramp.444648505254565860626451015202530P h o t o d e t e c t o r A C o u t p u t [m V ]Laser diode current [mA]Fig.4 – Laser diode modes hopping intensity noise at constant temperature (30O C).The laser diode injected current value corresponding to the peak of the alternative photodetector signal recorded in fig.4 has the same value as the current used for recording the curve B in fig.3. This proves that the peak of the alternative signal stands for the maximum mode hopping activity of the laser diode. In fig. 4 is recorded also a region of fluctuations just after the laser diode’s threshold current (46.9mA). This is tied to the fact that just over the threshold the laser diode exhibit mode hopping activity due to the presence of many modes with comparable lasing probability in the spectrum of the emitted light (fig.1.a).Similar noise curves, recorded for different temperatures and superimposed on the same graph, can provide valuable informations for operating laser diodes in stable, mode hops free regions, by proper choosing the injected current and the temperature of the laser case.T. Acsente 6 924. CONCLUSIONSSemiconductor lasers find a wide range of applications due to their variety of wavelengths, compact size, low price and ease of control. Even if the laser diode is single mode, the rapid switching of wavelength, known as mode hopping, causes undesirable intensity noise that can limit the performance of these lasers in some applications. The level of intensity noise is directly correlated to the occurrence of mode hopping. A simple, nonspectroscopic method for detecting mode hopping induced noise is presented. Mode hopping occurs for specific values of laser case temperature and injection current and can be circumvented by careful control of these parameters. These findings should prove useful whenever mode hopping is a potential problem.REFERENCES1. M.G.A.Bernard,D.Duraffoug, Laser condition in semiconductors, Phys. Status Solidi,1, 699,1969.2. B.Azmoun,S.Metz, Recipe for locking an extended cavity diode laser from the ground up,/ ~bazmoun/ RbSpectroscopy3.J.C.Camparo, The diode laser in atomic physics, Contemp. Phys., 26, 5, 443, 1985.4. J. Lawernz,K.Niemax, A semiconductor diode laser spectrometer for laser spectrochemistry,Spectrochimica. Acta, 44B, 2, 155–164, 1989.。