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美国文学期末考试-名词解释部分

Transcendentalism: transcendentalism was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early to middle 19th century. Transcendentalists spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism o f American society. It placed emphasis on spirit, or the Over soul, as the most important thing in the world. It stressed the importa nce of individual and offered a fresh perception nature ad symbolic of the spirit of God. Prominent transcendentalists included Ra lph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thorough.Black Humor: the use of morbid and the absurd for darkly comic purposes in modern fiction and drama. The term refers as muc h to the tone of anger and bitterness as it does to the grotesque and morbid situations, which often deal with suffering, anxiety, an d death. Black humor is a substantial element in the Anti-novel and the Theatre of Absurd. Joseph Heller's Catch-22 is an almost archetypal example.Irony: a contrast or an incongruity between what is stated and what is really meant, or between what is expected to happen and what actually happens in drama and literature. There are types of irony: verbal irony, dramatic irony and irony of situation. Irony of situation typically takes the form of a discrepancy between appearance and reality, or between what a character expects and w hat actually happens. Both verbal and irony of situation share the suggestion of a concealed truth conflicting with surface appeara nces.IndividualismIt is a moral political and social philosophy which emphasizes individual liberty the primary importance of the individual and the unities of self-reliance.Stream of consciousness(意识流)(or interior monologue);In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to fol low,tracing as they do a character’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings.famous writers to employ this technique in the english language include James Joyce and William Faulkner.Symbolism means using symbols in literary works the symbol means something represents or stands for abstract deep meaning American realism ：（美国现实主义）Realism was a reaction against Romanticism and paved the way to Modernism; 2).During this period a new generation of writers, dissatisfied with the Romantic ideas in the older generation, came up with a new inspiration. This new attitude was characterized by a great interest in the realities of life. It aimed at the interpretation of the realities of any aspect of life, free from subjective prejudice, idealism, or romantic color. Instead of thinking about the mysteries of life and death and heroic individualism, people’s attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existence, to what was brutal or sordid, and to the open portayal of class struggle;3) so writers began to describe the integrity of human characters reacting under various circumstances and picture the pioneers of the far west, the new immigrants and the struggles of the working class; 4) Mark Twain Howells and Henry James are three leading figures of the American Realism.American Naturalism: American naturalism was a new and harsher realism. The naturalists attempt to achieve extreme objectiv ity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classes who were determined by environment and heredity. It emphasized that the world was amoral, the men and women had no free will, that lives were controlled by heredity and environ ment, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. The pessimism and deterministic ideas naturalism per vaded the works of such American writers as Stephen Crane and Theodore Dreiser.American Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the puritans. The Puritans were originally members of a divisio n of the protestant church who wanted to purify their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrines of predestinatio n, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. American literature in the 17th century mostly consisted of Puritan literature. Puritanism had an enduring influence on American literature. It had become, to some extent, so much a state of mind, so much a part of national cultural atmosphere, rather than a set of tenets.A J azz age(爵士时代):The Jazz Age describes the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the years between world war I and world war II. Particularly in north America. With the rise of the great depression, the values of this age saw much decline. Perhaps the most representativ e literary work of the age is American writer Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well as the growth of individualism. Fitzgerald is largely credited with coining the term” Jazz Age”. Local Colorism(乡土文学)：Generally speaking, the writings of local colorists are concerned with the life of a small, weell-defined region or province. The characteristic setting is the isolated small town. 2) Local colorists were consciouslynostalgic historians of a vanishing way of life, recorders of a present that faded before their eyes. Yet for all their sentimentality, they dedicated themselves to minutely accurate descriptions of the life of their regions, they worked from personal experience to record the facts of a local environment and suggested that the native life was shaped by the curious conditions of the local. 3) major local colorists is Mark Twain.Imagism:is a poetic movement of England and the United States, flourished from 1909-1917. Its credo, expressed in Some Imag ist Poets, included the use of the language of common speech, project matter, the evocation of images in hard, clear poetry, and c oncentration.The Lost Generation is a group of expatriate American writers residing primarily in Paris during the 1920s and 1930s. The grou p was given its name by the American writer Gertrude Stein, who used “a lost generation” to refer to expatriate Americans bitt er about their World War I experiences and disillusioned with American society. Hemingway later used the phrase as an epigraph for his novel The Sun Also Rises. It consisted of many influential American writers, including Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzge rald, William Carlos Williams and Archibald MacLeish.Beat Generation: group of American writers of the 1950s whose writing expressed profound dissatisfaction with contemporary American society and endorsed an alternative set of values. The term sometimes is used to refer to those who embraced the ideas of these writers. The Beat Generation's best-known figures were writers Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac.Feminisim(女权主义): Feminisim incorporates both a doctrine of equal rights for women and an ideology of social transformation aiming to create a world for women beyond simple social equality.2>in general, feminism is ideology of women’s liberation based on the belief that women suffer injustice because of their sex. Under this broad umbrella various feminisms offer differing analyses of the causes, or agents, of female oppression.3> definitions of feminism by feminists tend to be shaped by their training, ideology or race. So, for example, Marxist and socialist feminists stress the interaction within feminism of class with gender and focus on social distinctions between men and women. Black feminists argue much more for an integrated analysis which can unlock the multiple systems of oppression.Free Verse: free verse is poetry that has an irregular rhythm and line length and that attempts to avoid any predetermined verse s tructure, instead, it uses the cadences of natural speech. While it alternates stressed and unstressed syllables as stricter verse form do, free verse dose so in a looser way. Walt Whitman’s poetry is an example of free verse.Hemingway Code Hero(海明威式英雄): Hemingway Code Hero ,also called code hero, is one who, wounded but strong more sentitive, enjoys the pleasures of life( sex, alcohol, sport) in face of ruin and death, and maintains, through some notion of a code, an ideal of himself.2> barnes in the sun also Rises, henry in a Farewell to arms and santiago in the old man and the sea are typical of Hemingway Code HeroImpressionism(印象主义):Impressionism is a style of painting that gives the impression made by the subject on the artist without much attention to details. Writers accepted the same conviction that the personal attitudes and moods of the writer were legitimate elements in depicting character or setting or action.2>briefly, it is a style of literature characterized by the creation of general impressions and moods rather that realistic mood.Modernism(现代主义)：Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement , which begin in the late 19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century.2> modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical case.3> the term pertains to all the creative arts. Especially poetry, fiction, drama, painting,music and architecture.4> in england from early in the 20th century and during the 1920s and 1930s, in America from shortly before the first world war and on during the inter-war period, modernist tendencies were at their most active and fruitful.5>as far as literature is concerned, Modernism reveals a breaking away from established rules, traditions and conventions.fresh way s of looking at man’s position and function in the universe and many experiments in form and style.it is particularly concerned with language and how to use it and with writing itself.The Gilded Age镀金时代:the Gilded Age refers to the era of rapid economic and population growth in the United States during the post-Civil War and post -Reconstruction eras of the late 19th century. The term "Gilded Age" was coined by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner in t heir 1873 book, The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today.The Gilded Age is most famous for the creation of a modern industrial econom y. The end of the Gilded Age coincided with the Panic of 1893, a deep depression. （The depression lasted until 1897 and marke d a major political realignment in the election of 1896. After that came the Progressive Era.）Tragedy: in general, a literary work in which the protagonist meets an unhappy or disastrous end. Unlike comedy, tragedy depict s the actions of a central character who is usually dignified or heroic. Through a series of events, this tragic hero is brought to a final downfall. The causes of the tragic hero’s downfall vary. In traditional dramas, the cause can be fate, a flaw in character or an error in judgment. In modern dramas, wher e the tragic hero is often an ordinary individual, the causes range from moral or psychological weakness to the evils of society. Regionalism(地区主义)：In literature, regionalism or local color fiction refers to fiction or poetry that focuses on specific features –including characters, dialects, customs, history, and topography –of a particular region. Since the region may be a recreation or reflection of the author's own, there is often nostalgia and sentimentality in the writing.Although the terms regionalism and local color are sometimes used interchangeably, regionalism generally has broader connotations. Whereas local color is often applied to a specific literary mode that flourished in the late 19th century, regionalism implies a recognition from the colonial period to the present of differences among specific areas of the country. Additionally, regionalism refers to an intellectual movement encompassing regional consciousness beginning in the 1930s. Even though there is evidence of regional awareness in early southern writing—William Byrd's History of the Dividing Line, for example, points out southern characteristics—not until well into the 19th century did regional considerations begin to overshadow national ones. In the South the regional concern became more and more evident in essays and fiction exploring and often defending the southern way of life. John Pendleton Kennedy's fictional sketches in Swallow Barn, for example, examined southern plantation life at length. Confessional poetry emphasizes the intimate, and sometimes unflattering, information about details of the poet's personal life, such as in poems about illness, sexuality, and despondence. The confessionalist label was applied to a number of poets of the 1950s and 1960s. John Berryman, Allen Ginsberg, Robert Lowell, Sylvia Plath, Theodore Roethke, Anne Sexton, and William De Witt Snodgrass have all been called 'Confessional Poets'. As fresh and different as the work of these poets appeared at the time, it is also true that several poets prominent in the canon of Western literature, perhaps most notably Sextus Propertius and Petrarch, could easily share the label of "confessional" with the confessional poets of the fifties and sixties.Ecocriticism：Ecocriticism is the study of literature and environment from an interdisciplinary point of view where all sciences come together to analyze the environment and brainstorm possible solutions for the correction of the contemporary environmental situation. Ecocriticism was officially heralded by the publication of two seminal works, both published in the mid-1990s: The Ecocriticism Reader, edited by Cheryll Glotfelty and Harold Fromm, and The Environmental Imagination, by Lawrence Buell.In the United States, Ecocriticism is often associated with the Association for the Study of Literature and Environment (ASLE), which hosts biennial meetings for scholars who deal with environmental matters in literature. ASLE has an official journal—Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment (ISLE)—in which much of the most current American scholarship in the rapidly evolving field of ecocriticism can be found.Ecocriticism is an intentionally broad approach that is known by a number of other designations, including "green (cultural) studies", "ecopoetics", and "environmental literary criticism".Dramatic Conflict：At least not the special kind of conflict that drives plays, the gas that fuels the dramatic engine. Arguments in real life are usually circular -- nobody gets anywhere, except a little steam's been blown off. And they're boring for everyone except the folks doing the yelling.Dramatic Conflict draws from a much deeper vein, rooted in the Subtext of your central characters. It's driven by fundamentally opposing desires.Conflict is a necessary element of fictional literature. It is defined as the problem in any piece of literature and is often classified according to the nature of the protagonist or antagonist。

Romantic Poetry

The Lamb & the Tyger
- innocence, purity and faith in the Lamb vs. destruction, fear and strength in the Tyger. - Iambic & Trochaic - Mystery of life
Auguries of Innots -Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey / Lyrical Ballads. • William Blake / Songs of Innocence, Songs of Experience. • Robert Burns - Scottish ballads / Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect • George Gordon Byron – Byronic hero / Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, Don Juan • Percy Bysshe Shelley - Prometheus Unbound / Ode to the West Wind • John Keats - sensuous, colorful and rich in imagery /Ode on a Grecian Urn, Ode to a Nightingale, Ode to Autumn
The clouds that gather round the setting sun Do take a sober coloring from an eye That hath kept watch o'er man's mortality; Another race hath been, and other palms are won. Thanks to the human heart by which we live, Thanks to its tenderness, its joys, and fears, To me the meanest flower that blows can give Thoughts that do often lie too deep for tears.

Romantic poets

William Wordsworth (1来自70-1850)

William Wordsworth, is the representative poet of the early romanticism. He is one of the greatest English poets, a leader of the Romantic Movement in England. A great poet of nature
Revolutionary Poets 革命派诗人

George G. Byron (1788-1824) Percy B. Shelley (1792-1822) John Keats (17951821)

Lake Poets湖畔派诗人

William Wordsworth and his sister, Robert Southey as well as Samuel Taylor Coleridge knew one another in the last few years of the 18th century and lived nearby the English Lake District in northwestern part of England. The three traversed the same path in politics and in poetry, beginning as radicals(激进派） and closing as conservatives(保守派）.
Neo-classicism Vs. Romanticism
reason
vs. passion; imagination commercial vs. natural industrial vs. pastoral society vs. individual order and stability vs. freedom Decorative（装饰性的） expression vs. simple and spontaneous expression

自考本科英美文学

American Literature
美国文学
The Romantic Period
❖ End of the 18th century--- the outbreak of the Civil War.
❖ Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book华盛顿。欧文的?见闻札记?
His essays
❖ American Scholar美国学者 ❖ Self –Reliance自力更生 ❖ The Over-soul 超灵 ❖ The Nature 自然
Nathaniel Hawthorne〔霍桑〕
❖ Puritan family ❖ Ancestors ❖ Black vision of life and human beings. ❖ This is evil in every human heart.
阁楼的房子
❖ The Blithedale Romance福谷传奇 ❖ The Marble Faun大理石雕像 ❖ Young Goodman Brown年轻小伙子布朗
Black vision 黑色观点
❖ There is evil in every human heart. ❖ Sin and evil ❖ Originates in Puritanism (Puritan ancestors ) ❖ The lives into
❖ Hester ❖ Dimmesdale ❖ Chillingworth ❖ Pearl ❖ The scarlet letter “A〞 ❖ Symbolism 象征〔p.434〕 ❖ A: adultery, able, angel…
Young Goodman Brown

高二英语文学思潮单选题40题

高二英语文学思潮单选题40题1.Romantic literature often emphasizes on _____.A.reason and logicB.emotion and imaginationC.social criticismD.political satire答案：B。

浪漫主义文学常常强调情感和想象力。

选项A 理性和逻辑是启蒙运动的特点。

选项C 社会批评在现实主义文学中较为常见。

选项D 政治讽刺不是浪漫主义文学的主要特点。

2.Which of the following is a representative writer of Romanticism?A.Victor HugoB.Charles DickensC.Jane AustenD.Henry Fielding答案：A。

维克多·雨果是浪漫主义的代表作家。

查尔斯·狄更斯是现实主义作家。

简·奥斯汀是现实主义向浪漫主义过渡时期的作家。

亨利·菲尔丁是现实主义作家。

3.Romantic literature is characterized by _____.A.dry language and simple plotsB.lively descriptions and complex charactersC.formal language and strict structureD.bland settings and predictable endings答案：B。

浪漫主义文学的特点是生动的描写和复杂的人物。

选项 A 枯燥的语言和简单的情节不是浪漫主义文学的特点。

选项 C 正式的语言和严格的结构也不符合浪漫主义文学。

选项D 平淡的背景和可预测的结局也不是浪漫主义文学的特点。

4.The theme of love is often explored in _____.A.Romantic literatureB.Realist literatureC.Modernist literatureD.Postmodernist literature答案：A。

文学术语 Romanticism

RomanticismRomanticism, attitude or intellectual orientation that characterized many works of literature, painting, music, architecture, criticism, and historiography in Western civilization over a period from the late 18th to the mid-19th century. Romanticism can be seen as a rejection of the precepts of order, calm, harmony, balance, idealization, and rationality that typified Classicism in general and late 18th-century Neoclassicism in particular. It was also to some extent a reaction against the Enlightenment and against 18th-century rationalism and physical materialism in general. Romanticism emphasized the individual, the subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the personal, the spontaneous, the emotional, the visionary (幻想的), and the transcendental.Among the characteristic attitudes of Romanticism were the following: a deepened appreciation of the beauties of nature; a general exaltation of emotion over reason and of the senses over intellect; a turning in upon the self and a heightened examination of human personality and itsmoods and mental potentialities; a preoccupation with the genius, the hero, and the exceptional figure in general, and a focus on his passions and inner struggles; a new view of the artist as a supremely individual creator, whose creative spirit is more important than strict adherence to formal rules and traditional procedures; an emphasis upon imagination as a gateway to transcendent experience and spiritual truth; an obsessive interest in folk culture, national and ethnic cultural origins, and the medieval era; and a predilection for the exotic, the remote, the mysterious, the weird, the occult (超自然的、玄奥的), the monstrous, the diseased, and even the satanic.LiteratureRomanticism was preceded by several related developments from the mid-18th century on that can be termed Pre-Romanticism. Among such trends was a new appreciation of the medieval romance, from which the Romantic Movement derives its name. The romance was a tale or ballad of chivalric adventure whose emphasis on individual heroism and on theexotic and the mysterious was in clear contrast to the elegant formality and artificiality of prevailing Classical forms of literature, such as the French Neoclassical tragedy or the English heroic couplet in poetry. This new interest in relatively unsophisticated but overtly emotional literary expressions of the past was to be a dominant note in Romanticism.Romanticism in English literature began in the 1790s with the publication of the Lyrical Ballads of William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Wordsworth’s “Preface” to the second edition (1800) of Lyrical Ballads, in which he described poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings,” became the manifesto of the English Romantic movement in poetry. William Blake was the third principal poet of t he movement’s early phase in England.The first phase of the Romantic Movement in Germany was marked by innovations in both content and literary style and by a preoccupation with the mystical, the subconscious, and the supernatural. A wealth of talents, including Friedrich Hölderlin, theearly Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Jean Paul, Novalis, Ludwig Tieck, A.W. and Friedrich Schlegel, Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder, and Friedrich Schelling, belong to this first phase. In Revolutionary France, the vicomte de Chateaubriand and Mme de Staël were the chief initiators of Romanticism, by virtue of their influential historical and theoretical writings.The second phase of Romanticism, comprising the period from about 1805 to the 1830s, was marked by a quickening of cultural nationalism and a new attention to national origins, as attested by the collection and imitation of native folklore, folk ballads and poetry, folk dance and music, and even previously ignored medieval and Renaissance works. The revived historical appreciation was translated into imaginative writing by Sir Walter Scott, who is often considered to have invented the historical novel. At about this same time English Romantic poetry had reached its zenith （顶点）in the works of John Keats, Lord Byron, and Percy Bysshe Shelley.A notable by-product of the Romantic interest in the emotional were works dealing with the supernatural, the weird, and the horrible, as in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein and works by C.R. Maturin, the Marquis de Sade, and E.T.A. Hoffmann. The second phase of Romanticism in Germany was dominated by Achim von Arnim, Clemens Brentano, J.J. von Görres, and Joseph von Eichendorff.By the 1820s Romanticism had broadened to embrace the literatures of almost all of Europe. In this later, second, phase, the movement was less universal in approach and concentrated more on exploring eac h nation’s historical and cultural inheritance and on examining the passions and struggles of exceptional individuals. A brief survey of Romantic or Romantic-influenced writers would have to include Thomas De Quincey, William Hazlitt, and the Brontë sisters in England; Victor Hugo, Alfred de Vigny, Alphonse de Lamartine, Alfred de Musset, Stendhal, Prosper Mérimée, Alexandre Dumas (Dumas Père), and Théophile Gautier in France; Alessandro Manzoni and Giacomo Leopardi in Italy;Aleksandr Pushkin and Mikhail Lermontov in Russia; José de Espronceda and Ángel de Saavedra in Spain; Adam Mickiewicz in Poland; and almost all of the important writers in pre-Civil War America.Visual artsIn the 1760s and ’70s a number of British artists at home and in Rome, including James Barry, Henry Fuseli, John Hamilton Mortimer, and John Flaxman, began to paint subjects that were at odds with the strict decorum and classical historical and mythological subject matter of conventional figurative art. These artists favoured themes that were bizarre, pathetic, or extravagantly heroic, and they defined their images with tensely linear drawing and bold contrasts of light and shade. William Blake, the other principal early Romantic painter in England, evolved his own powerful and unique visionary images.In the next generation the great genre of English Romantic landscape painting emerged in the works of J.M.W. Turner and John Constable. These artists emphasized transient and dramatic effects of light,atmosphere, and colour to portray a dynamic natural world capable of evoking awe and grandeur.In France the chief early Romantic painters were Baron Antoine Gros, who painted dramatic tableaus of contemporary incidents of the Napoleonic Wars, and Théodore Géricault, whose depictions of individual heroism and suffering in The Raft of the Medusa and in his portraits of the insane truly inaugurated the movement around 1820. The greatest French Romantic painter was Eugène Delacroix, who is notable for his free and expressive brushwork, his rich and sensuous use of colour, his dynamic compositions, and his exotic and adventurous subject matter, ranging from North African Arab life to revolutionary politics at home. Paul Delaroche, Théodore Chassériau, and, occasionally, J.-A.-D. Ingres represent the last, more academic phase of Romantic painting in France. In Germany Romantic painting took on symbolic and allegorical overtones, as in the works of P.O. Runge. Caspar David Friedrich, the greatest German Romantic artist, painted eerily silent and stark landscapes that caninduce in the beholder a sense of mystery and religious awe.Romanticism expressed itself in architecture primarily through imitations of older architectural styles and through eccentric buildings known as “follies.” Medieval Gothic architecture appealed to the Romantic imagination in England and Germany, and this renewed interest led to the Gothic Revival. MusicMusical Romanticism was marked by emphasis on originality and individuality, personal emotional expression, and freedom and experimentation of form. Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Schubert bridged the Classical and Romantic periods, for while their formal musical techniques were basically Classical, their music’s intensely personal feeling and their use of programmatic elements provided an important model for 19th-century Romantic composers.The possibilities for dramatic expressiveness in music were augmented both by the expansion and perfection of the instrumental repertoire and by the creation of new musical forms, such as the lied,nocturne, intermezzo, capriccio, prelude, and mazurka. The Romantic spirit often found inspiration in poetic texts, legends, and folk tales, and the linking of words and music either programmatically or through such forms as the concert overture and incidental music is another distinguishing feature of Romantic music. The principal composers of the first phase of Romanticism were Hector Berlioz, Frédéric Chopin, Felix Mendelssohn, and Franz Liszt. These composers pushed orchestral instruments to their limits of expressiveness, expanded the harmonic vocabulary to exploit the full range of the chromatic scale, and explored the linking of instrumentation and the human voice. The middle phase of musical Romanticism is represented by such figures as Antonín Dvořák, Edvard Grieg, and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. Romantic efforts to express a particular nation’s distinctiveness through music was manifested in the works of the Czechs Antonín Dvořák and Bedřich Smetana and by various Russian, French, and Scandinavian composers.Romantic opera in Germany began with the works of Carl Maria von Weber, while Romantic opera in Italy was developed by the composers Gaetano Donizetti, Vincenzo Bellini, and Gioachino Rossini. The Italian Romantic opera was brought to the height of its development by Giuseppe Verdi. The Romantic opera in Germany culminated in the works of Richard Wagner, who combined and integrated such diverse strands of Romanticism as fervent nationalism; the cult of the hero; exotic sets and costumes; expressive music; and the display of virtuosity in orchestral and vocal settings. The final phase of musical Romanticism is represented by such late 19th-century and early 20th-century composers as Gustav Mahler, Richard Strauss, Sir Edward Elgar, and Jean Sibelius.引自"Romanticism." Encyclopedia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 06 Dec. 2010 </EBchecked/topic/508675/ Romanticism>.。

英美文学名词解释浪漫主义湖畔派诗人十四行诗拜伦式英雄无韵诗（共5篇）

英美文学名词解释浪漫主义湖畔派诗人十四行诗拜伦式英雄无韵诗（共5篇）第一篇：英美文学名词解释浪漫主义湖畔派诗人十四行诗拜伦式英雄无韵诗1.Romanticism浪漫主义1)a movement in literature, philosophy, music and art from late 18th century to early th19 century in Europe.2)emphasized individual values(个人价值）and aspirations（志向，抱负）above those of society.3)started from the ideas of Rousseau（卢梭）in France and from the Storm and Stress movement(“狂飙突进”文学运动)in Germany.4)the characteristics of Romanticism（浪漫主义文学特色）:Passion / emotion ,Individualism 5)Representative writers(代表作家）: France:Hugo, Lamartine, George Sand Germany: Geothe, Schiller Russia:Pushkin, Lemontove America(30 years later): Irving, Cooper, Emerson, Thoreau ke Poets湖畔派诗人Wordsworth，Coleridge and Southey were known as Lake Poets because they lived and knew one another in the last few years of the 18th century in the district of the great lakes in Northwestern England.The former two published The Lyrical Ballads(抒情诗谣)together in 1798, while all three of them had radical inclinations(主要的喜爱，倾向）in their youth but later turned conservative（保守的）and received pensions（退休金）and poet laureateships（桂冠诗人）from the aristocracy(贵族，统治阶级）.3.Sonnet十四行诗1)A sonnet is a 14 line poem that follows a very specific rhyme scheme(特殊的韵律组合）.2)Sonnets are traditionally love poems.3)There are two different types of sonnets:-Italian or Petrarchan Sonnet(意大利诗人彼特拉克推广的彼特拉克十四行诗）:Named after Francesco Petrarch, an Italian poet from the 14th century –English or Shakespearean Sonnet: Created by Henry Howard in the 16th century 4.Ballad meter民谣诗歌音节Ballad meter is a type of poetry that uses alternating(交替的，轮流的）lines of iambic（抑扬格的）tetrameter（四音部诗)and iambic trimeter(三音格，三音步）, with a rhyme scheme of A-B-C-B.5.Byronic hero拜伦式英雄1）The Byronic hero is an idealized（理想化的）but flawed(有缺陷的）character exemplified in the life and writings of Lord Byron, characterized by his ex-lover Lady Caroline Lamb as being “mad, bad, and dangerous to know”.[1] The Byronic hero first appears in Byron's semi-autobiographical epic narrative poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage(1812-18).2）Characteristics The Byronic hero typically exhibits the following characteristics: high level of intelligence and perception，cunning and able to adapt，sophisticated and educated self-critical and introspective，mysterious, magnetic and charismatic，struggling with integrity，power of seduction and sexual attraction，social and sexual dominance，emotional conflicts, bipolar tendencies, or moodiness，a distaste for social institutions and norms，being an exile, an outcast, or an outlaw，“dark” attributes not normally associated with a hero[citation needed]，disrespect of rank and privilege，a troubled past，cynicism，arrogance，self-destructive behavior 6.Blank verse 无韵诗is poetry written in unrhymed（无韵律的）iambic pentameter(五音部诗行）.It has been described as “probably the most common and influential form that English poetry has taken since the sixteenth century”and Paul Fussell has claimed that “about three-quarters of all English poetry is in blank verse.”The pr eeminent(卓越的）dramatic（戏剧的）andnarrative（记叙的）verse form in English and also the standard form for dramatic verse in Italian and German.Its richness and versatility（多面性）depend on the skill of the poet in varying the stresses and the position of the caesura(pause停顿)in each line, in catching the shifting tonal（音调的）qualities and emotional overtones（弦外之音）of the language, and in arranging lines into thought groups and paragraphsThe first documented use of blank verse in the English language was by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey in his translation of the Æneid(c.1554).He was possibly inspired by the Latin original, as classical Latin verse(as well as Greek verse)did not use rhyme;or he may have been inspired by the Italian verse form of Versi Sciolti , which also contained no rhyme.The play, Arden of Faversham(circa大约1590 by an unknown author)is a notable （显著的）example of end-stopped blank verse.Christopher Marlowe was the first English author to make full use of the potential of blank verse, and also established it as the dominant verse form for English drama in the age of Elizabeth I and James I.The major achievements in English blank verse were made by William Shakespeare, who wrote much of the content of his plays in unrhymed iambic pentameter, and Milton, whose Paradise Lost is written in blank tonic blank verse was widely imitated in the 18th century by such poets as James Thomson(in The Seasons)and William Cowper(in The Task).Romantic English poets such as William Wordsworth, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and John Keats used blank verse as a major form.Shortly afterwards, Alfred Lord Tennyson became particularly devoted to blank verse, using it for example in his long narrative poem “The Princess”, as well as for one of his most famous poems: “Ulysses”.Among American poets, Hart Crane and Wallace Stevens are notable forusing blank verse in extended compositions at a time when many other poets were turning to free verse.。

pre-romanticism

Robert Burns (1来自59-1796)Robert Burns is an excellent native poet of Scotland. He is remembered mainly for his poems written in the Scottish dialect. He also created many lyrics praising nature, love, and friendship. Many of them have entered deeply into people’s hearts. These works are “A Red, Red Rose,” “My heart’s in the Highland,” etc. Speaking of Burns, we can not forget his “Auld Lang Syne” (Old Long Ago) which have been sung as a parting song in many places of the world in different languages.
PrePre-Romanticism
Another conspicuous trend in the English literature of the latter half of the 18th century was the so-called pre-romanticism. It originated among the conservative groups of men of letters as a reaction against Enlightenment and found its most manifest expression in the “Gothic novel” . But the more important pre-romanticist writers are the two famous poets, William Blake (1757-1821) and Robert Burns (1759-1796).

romantic poets(I)

Romantic Poets (I)/浪漫主义诗人William Blake/威廉·布莱克作者简介If the doors of perception were cleansed everything would appear to man as it is, infinite.如果眾妙之門豁然，萬物還得本性：即是無窮無限。

如果感知的大门，剔透无所玷染，则万物皆会示人其本然，即：涵纳无限。

---- William Blake威廉·布莱克（William Blake，1757-1827），是18世纪末19世纪初英国著名的画家，英国文学史上最复杂、最有个性的诗人之一。

他12岁就开始创作诗歌，主要作品有《诗的素描》（Poetical Sketches , 1783）、《天真之歌》（Songs of Innocence, 1789）、《塞尔书》（The Book of Thel, 1789）、《天堂与地狱的结合》（The Marriage of Heaven and Hell, 1790）、《经验之歌》（Songs of Experience, 1794）、《阿尔比昂的女儿们之幻想》(Visions of the Daughters of Albion, 1793)、《罗斯之歌》、（The Song of Los, 1795）等。

布莱克的早期诗歌以颂扬爱情、向往欢乐与和谐为主题。

他打破了18世纪新古典主义的教条，用歌谣和无韵体诗来书写理想和生活，诗歌语言质朴，形象鲜明，富有音乐感，充满瑰丽的想象和奔放的激情。

后期诗作明显具有神秘主义倾向和宗教色彩，用象征的手法来表达深邃的思想。

布莱克生活清贫，靠绘画和雕刻为生，他那富有个人灵念与想象力的恢弘诗篇生前并没有得到承认。

英国文学界直到19世纪末才开始意识到他们原来忽略的的不仅仅是一位颇有造诣的版画家，而且还是一位诗哲。

20世纪布莱克受到了T. S. 艾略特等现代主义诗人的格外推崇。

美国文学浪漫时期文学特征：

文学特征：1、environment：①shaped by their New World environment美洲大陆新环境②array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditions of Europe.欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮2、美国文学特点:pluralistic多元化，manifestations表现形式: Varied多样, Individualistic个人主义,Conflicting矛盾3、romanticism的特点：frequently shared certain general characteristics; moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption.浪漫主义之间大部分是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。

★4、transcendentalism超验主义：①as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical norsystematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. 不讲逻辑，不讲系统，只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。

②they spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism ofAmerican society.呼吁文化复兴，反对美国社会的拜金主义。

莎士比亚十四行诗第107首——抒情诗的叙事学分析

莎士比亚十四行诗第107首——抒情诗的叙事学分析彼得·霍恩[1];谭君强[2]【期刊名称】《英语研究》【年(卷),期】2016(000)002【摘要】本文将图式理论（构架、素材）运用于对诗歌的叙事学分析。

莎士比亚的第107首十四行诗是对彼特拉克爱情观的一个特殊修正：无私的爱的倾诉，以及对男性朋友（而非惯常的美丽纯洁的女子）的崇敬。

诗歌初始情境的特征表现为因朋友的行为而使完美的友谊出现危机。

在这一状况下，抒情人表达了他对自己昔日完美的爱（作为未来发展的素材）重生的渴望，并将这一私人欲望的实现与在公共领域克服国家危机的类似希望相联系（第一个四行诗节）。

继而，在诗歌的叙事进程中，公共危机的最终解决（第二诗节），以类似解决私人问题的保证而出现（第三诗节第一部分）。

但是，抒情人出乎意料地将其欲望从爱的构架转向他自己作为诗人表现的优越才能，宣称自己将不朽（第三诗节第二部分），并对朋友许诺，作为他诗歌的艺术主题，在自己死后，他也将同样不朽（尾联）。

这样，在诗歌的叙事发展中就有两个转折点或事件——第一，在被叙述的故事层次上（一个发生之事中的事件）：政治危机的成功解决，以及通过类比，在私人领域中他的爱的类似前景；第二，从爱的架构（以及素材）转向艺术成就（一个呈现事件），从恳请朋友爱的重生到他作为诗人的自我肯定。

这一从爱到艺术的构架突破，明显地是由抒情人对受到威胁的朋友的爱的消退转而试图断言他自身所驱动的，从而恢复了他们之间关系的平衡。

【总页数】10页(P1-10)【作者】彼得·霍恩[1];谭君强[2]【作者单位】[1]汉堡大学英文系德国汉堡20146;[2]云南大学文学院云南昆明650091【正文语种】中文【中图分类】I207.4【相关文献】1.托马斯·哈代《声音》——抒情诗的叙事学分析 [J], 彼得·霍恩;谭君强2.托马斯·怀亚特《她们离我而去》——抒情诗叙事学分析 [J], 詹斯·基弗;谭君强3.约翰·多恩:《封圣》——抒情诗叙事学分析 [J], 詹斯·基弗; 谭君强4.意英十四行诗的传承与创新——以彼特拉克十四行诗与莎士比亚十四行诗为例的对比分析 [J], 孙悦5.叶赛宁《我满怀忧伤地凝视着你》——抒情诗的叙事学分析 [J], 王铃因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。