lecture8-evaluation

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lecture英语范文

lecture英语范文英文回答：Lecture.A lecture is a formal presentation delivered by an expert or specialist, typically in an academic or professional setting. The primary purpose of a lecture is to impart knowledge, convey information, or share insights on a specific topic. Unlike other forms of oral communication, lectures are usually one-sided, with the speaker assuming the role of an authoritative figure who imparts knowledge to the audience.Characteristics of a Lecture:Structured and well-organized: Lectures follow a logical flow of ideas, with an introduction, body, and conclusion. The speaker provides a clear outline or agenda to guide the audience through the presentation.Focused on a specific topic: Lectures are typically narrowly focused on a particular subject matter, allowing the speaker to delve deeply into the topic and present detailed information.Formal and authoritative: The speaker in a lecture is usually an expert or specialist in the field, showcasing their knowledge and expertise. The presentation is often formal in tone and delivery.One-sided communication: Lectures are primarily a one-sided form of communication, with the speaker delivering information to the audience. There is limited opportunity for audience participation or interaction.Note-taking and active listening: Attendees typically take notes during a lecture to record key points and enhance understanding. Active listening is also crucial for retaining information presented during the lecture.Benefits of Lectures:Imparting knowledge: Lectures effectively convey complex information to an audience, providing detailed explanations and examples.Sharing insights and perspectives: Experts can share their unique insights, perspectives, and the latest research findings through lectures.Building a foundation: Lectures lay the groundwork for further study or exploration of a subject, providing a comprehensive overview and key concepts.Improving comprehension: The structured nature of lectures helps learners organize and understand complex ideas.Inspiration and motivation: Lectures can inspire and motivate attendees, sparking interest and enthusiasm for the subject matter.Drawbacks of Lectures:Passive learning: Lectures can be passive experiences for attendees, limiting active engagement and critical thinking.Limited interaction: The one-sided nature of lectures restricts opportunities for audience participation and clarification.Short attention span: Maintaining attention during a long lecture can be challenging, especially if the content is not engaging or relevant.Cognitive overload: Lectures can overwhelm attendees with excessive information, hindering comprehension and retention.Cultural differences: Cultural factors can influence lecture delivery and audience engagement, affecting the effectiveness of the communication.Conclusion:Lectures are an effective form of knowledge dissemination in academic and professional settings. They enable experts to share their knowledge, provide in-depth information, and inspire audiences. However, it is important to acknowledge the limitations of lectures and incorporate interactive elements to enhance learner engagement and comprehension.中文回答：演讲。

新视野大学英语第三版读写教程第二册Unit8【精品荟萃】

He noted the _s_u_ff_e_r_in_g__ of victims of Alzheimer's disease. This disease __s_t_ri_k_e_s_ mainly older people. It steals their ability to think and care for themselves. Animals are often used in research on such _b__ra_i_n_d_i_s_e_a_s_e___.
— Albert Einstein
I am in favor of animal rights as well as human rights. That is the way of a whole human being.
—Abraham Lincoln
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8 UNIT Human rights vs. animal rights
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Unit 8 Section A
Animals or children ? – A scientist’s choice
FOREIGH LANGUAGE TEACHING AND RESEARCH PRESS AIR FORCE ENGINEERING UNIVERTISY
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8 UNIT
Our task must be to free ourselves from this prison by widening our circle of compassion to embrace all living creatures and the whole of nature in its beauty.
Listen to a short passage concerning animal medical research and fill in the missing information.

专八听力minilecture真题及答案

2015 英语专业八级听力第一部分MINI-LECTURELISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A MINI-LECTUREUnderstanding Academic LecturesListening to academic lectures is an important task fro university students. Then, how can we comprehend a lecture efficiently?I. Understand all (1) _____________A. wordsB. (2) _____________-stress -intonation -(3)II. Adding informationA. lecturers: sharing information with audienceB. listeners: (4) _____________C. sources of information -knowledge of (5)-(6) _____________ of the worldD. listening involving three steps: -hearing-(7) _____________-addingIII. (8) ____________A. reasons: -overcome noise -save timeB. (9) _____________-content -organizationIV. Evaluating while listeningA. helps to decide the (10) ______________ of notesB. helps to remember information答案：1. parts of meanings 2. sound/vocal features 3. rhythm 4. absorbing 5. subject6. experience7. reinterpreting8. prediction9. what to listen 10. Importance20152014ANSWER SHEET 1 (TEM8)PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION SECTION A MINI-LECTURE speed2013SECTION A MINI-LECTURE What Do Active Learners Do?There are difference between active learning and passive learning. Characteristics of active learners: I. reading with purposesA. before reading: setting goalsB. while reading: (1) _______II. (2) ____ and critical in thinking . information processing, .-- connections between the known and the new information -- identification of (3) ____ concepts -- judgment on the value of (4) ___ . III. active in listeningA. ways of note-taking: (5) _____ .B. before note-taking: listening and thinking IV. being able to get assistanceA. reason 1: knowing comprehension problems because of (6) ____B. Reason 2: being able to predict study difficulties V. being able to question information A. question what they read or hear B. evaluate and (7) _____ .How to Reduce StressLife is full of things that cause us stress. Though we may not like to live with it. I. Definition of stress A. (1) reaction (1)physical . force exerted. response to (2) increase in breathing, or muscle tension stress, we have on someone (2) heart rate,between two touching bodies a demand .B. human reaction(3)(3)blood pressureII. (4) positive stress— where it occurs: Christmas, wedding, (5)B. negative stress— where it occurs: test- taking situations, friendcope with stress A. recognition of stress signals— monitor for (6) of stress— find ways to protect oneself B. attention to body demand— effect of (7)(7) exercise and nutrition C.planning and acting appropriately — reason for planning of planning (8) result D.learning (9) accept— . delay caused by traffic E. pacing activities— manageable task— (10)(10)(4)(5) a jobCategory of stress A.' s death III. Ways to(6)signals—(8) to(9)reasonableVI. Last characteristicA. attitude toward responsibility-- active learners: accept-- passive learners: (8) ______B. attitude toward (9) _____-- active learners: evaluate and change behaviour-- passive learners: no change in approachRelationship between skill and will: will is more important in (10) ____ .Lack of will leads to difficulty in college learning.参考答案：1. checking their understanding2. reflective on information3. incomprehensible4. what you read5. organized6. monitoring their understanding7. differentiate8. blame9. performance10. active learningSection A Mini-lecture 或者1、checking understanding 。

中科院软件开发学教程 Lecture8

Software Development MethodologySoftware ArchitectureLecture 8Lecturer：罗铁坚Email：tjluo@Phone：88256308-----------------------------------------------------------------Class Time：Mon / Wed10:00am–11:40amOffice Hour：Friday Morning 10:00 –12:00Office Place：玉泉路教学园区科研楼东5层511Today’ Topics1.Motivation and Problems2.Software Architecture Foundations3.Architecture Frameworks, Styles ,Patterns4.Architecture PracticeReference1. D. Perry and Wolf, “ Foundations for the study of software architecture”,ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes, 17:4 (October 1992)2.R. Allen and D. Garlan, “ Formalizing Architecture Connection.”, Proc.Int’l conf. Software Eng. IEEE CS Press. 19943.Philippe B. Krunchten, “ The 4+1 View Model of Architecture”, IEEESoftware, Nov./Dec 19954.David Garlan, etc ,” Architectural Mismatch: Why Reuse is So Hard”, IEEESoftware, Nov./Dec 19955.Jeff Tryee, etc., “Architecture Decisions: Demystifying Architecture”,Mar./Apr. 20056./~perry/work/swa/The Roman Coliseum is NOT Architecture. The Roman Coliseum is the RESULT of Architecture Architecture is the set of descriptive representations that are required in order to create an object.Descriptive representations for describing products•Bills of Material–What the object is made of.•Functional Specs–How the object works.•Drawings–Where the components exist relative to one another.•Operating Instructions–Who is responsible for operation.•Timing Diagrams–When do things occur.•Design Objectives–Why does it work the way it does.Abstraction for the productAbstraction for the peopleArchitecture in software system •Architecture design is concerned with describing its decomposition into computational elements and their interactions.•Model of Software Architecture–Software Architecture ={ Elements, Form, Rationale }Design Tasks at Architecture Level anizing the system as a composition ofcomponents;2.Developing global control structures;3.Selecting protocols for communication,synchronization, and data access;4.Assigning functionality to design elements;5.Physically distributing the components;6.Scaling the system and estimating performance;7.Defining the expected evolutionary paths;8.Selecting among design alternatives.Motivations •An architectural description makes a complex system intellectually tractable by characterizing it at a high level of abstraction.•Exploit recurring organizational patterns( or styles) for reuseHot research areas1.Architecture description2.Formal underpinnings3.Design guidance4.Domain-specific architecture5.Architecture in context6.Role of tools and environmentsExamples •Two compiler architectures of the multi-phase style:–organized sequentially; and–organized as a set of parallel processesconnected by means of a shared internalrepresentation.Architectural elements•processing elements:–lexer, parser, semantor, optimizer, and codegenerator.•data elements:–characters, tokens, phrases,correlatedphrases,annotated phrases, and object code.Data Element RelationshipsOrganized sequentially •ProcessingView ofSequentialCompilerArchitectureOrganized sequentially •Data View ofSequentialCompilerArchitecture.Organized as a set of parallel processes •Partial ProcessView of ParallelProcess, SharedData StructureCompilerArchitectureSome possible views1.Functional/logic view2.Code/module view3.Development/structural view4.Concurrency/process/runtime/thread view5.Physical/deployment/install viewer action/feedback view7.Data view/data modelArchitecture frameworks•4+1•RM-ODP (Reference Model of Open Distributed Processing)•SOMF(Service-Oriented Modeling Framework)•Enterprise architecture–Zachman Framework–DODAF–TOGAF4+1 ViewRM-ODP ViewSOMF ViewZachman Framework ViewDODAF View Department of Defense Architecture FrameworkTOGAF View The Open Group Architecture FrameworkArchitectural styles and patterns1.Blackboard2.Client–server model (2-tier, n-tier, Peer-to-peer, cloudcomputing all use this model)3.Database-centric architecture4.Distributed computing5.Event-driven architecture6.Front end and back end7.Implicit invocation8.Monolithic application9.Peer-to-peer10.Pipes and filtersArchitectural styles and patterns11.Plug-in (computing)12.Representational State Transfer13.Rule evaluation14.Search-oriented architecture15.Service-oriented architecture16.Shared nothing architecture17.Software componentry18.Space based architecture19.Structured20.Three-tier modelA short history of Web Services Web Sites (1992)Comparing REST vs. SOAP/WS-* RESTful Web Services (2006)Is REST being used?WS-* vs. RESTApplication Integration StylesArchitectural PrinciplesRESTful Web Service ExampleWeb Service ExampleProtocol LayeringDealing with HeterogeneityThe distinction from functional design •Architectural Design–the process of defining a collection of hardware and software components and their interfaces to establish the framework for the development of acomputer system.•Detailed Design–the process of refining and expanding the preliminary design of a system or component to the extent that the design is sufficiently complete to beginimplementation.•Functional Design–the process of defining the working relationships among the components of a system.•Preliminary Design–the process of analyzing design alternatives and defining the architecture, components, interfaces, and timing/sizing estimates for a system orcomponents.About the real-world performance•An software depends on only two things:–The algorithms chosen and–The suitability and efficiency of the various layers ofimplementation.Architecture Practice1.The role of Use Cases in the process2.The principles of separation of concerns anddependency management3.How to analyze and design application concerns4.How to analyze and design platform specific concerns5.How to build and manage models6.The iterative nature of building an architecture7.How to describe the architectureArchitecture：Challenges and foundations 1.What role does architecture play in thesoftware development process?2.What are some common problems withconventional approaches to architecture?3.What are some of the key characteristicsof a good architecture?Design The Use Case•Each use case is realized by a collaboration -a set of classes • A class plays different roles in different use case realizations•the total responsibility of a class is the composition of these rolesUse caseSpecification Use case design Component design & implementationReserve Room Check-in Customer Check-Out Customer CustomerScreenReserve RoomRoomReservationStaffScreenCheck inRoomReservationStaff Screen Check Out RoomCustomerScreenReserve RoomReservationRoomCheck OutCheck inStaffScreenTest the use caseReserve Room Check InCheck OutCustomerCounter StaffPayment GatewayTest CasesUse Case ScenariosOk Ok OkReserveAvailable Room ReserveUnavailable Room Etc.Many Test Cases for every Use Case•Use Case Modeling Done!•Design Done!•Basis for the Test SpecificationPlan Testing & Define Test CasesGenerate Test Cases•From Sequence diagrams and •State-Chart diagramsUse Case Driven Development•Use case driven development defines a set of models that allow you to gradually refine requirements until you reach executable code.Design and implementSpecify Use CaseUse case modelupdatesAnalyze Use Caseanalysis modelupdatesUse caseDesign modelupdatesImplementation modelUse Case Driven DevelopmentUseCase ModelAnalysis ModelPlatform •Use case model-External perspective •Analysis model-Internal perspective-Platform independent •Design model-Internal perspective《trace》IndependentStructureDesign ModelMinimal Design Structure Extension DesignStructure-platform specific-extension design kept separate fromminimal design《trace》The “Level Of Detail” Challenge •Many practitioners are concerned about how detailed requirements should be, how detailed design should be•This question arise largely because of waterfall mindset.•Never detailed enough until you produce the system.Solution •The solution is apply iterative development and iterative define the architecture and implement and test the architecture,•Proceed until you get the desired systemAgenda •The “level of detail” challenge •Architecture first approach •Describing and evaluating architecture •Summary and review。

Lecture 8

A scratch outline
Thesis statement: A church experiment led to my spending the morning in a wheelchair. Sitting in the wheelchair Awkward because it rolled Awkward because footrest was out of place Psychologically awkward Moving the wheelchair I thought someone would push me. It was hard to make the chair move and it hurt my hand. It was difficult to steer. ways the wheelchair affected me I couldn’t see. I felt in the way. I felt funny talking to people as they bent down oveugh Revising.
The introduction should explain why the pastor wanted us to adopt disabilities. The second paragraph is sort of weak. Instead of saying “I’m not sure why I felt scared,” I should try to put into specific words what was scary about the experience. The stuff about Paula doesn’t really add to my main point. The story is about me, not Paula. Maybe I shouldn’t talk so much about the new building program. It’s related to people with disabilities, but it doesn’t really support the idea that my morning in a wheelchair was frustrating. Eliminate the part about Don Henderson. It doesn’t contribute to my feeling frustrated. The essay ends too abruptly. I need to wrap it up with some sort of conclusion.

howtogiveaneffectivepresentation：如何提供有效的演示

How to Give an Effective PresentationJannette Collins, MD, MEd, FCCPUniversity of Wisconsin Hospital and ClinicsIntroductionWhen asked for a definition of CME (continuing medical education), many physicians will describe a short course with instructors presenting didactic lectures to large groups of physicians sitting for long hours in a hotel conference room in rows of narrow tables. The lecture is the staple format of CME course instruction. Lectures have been viewed as a poor method to promote the development of thinking skills for the formation of attitudes [1-3]. The main reason for this is the lack of involvement by the participants who remain passive recipients of information. However, when done effectively, the lecture can allow participants to learn new material, explain difficult concepts, organize thinking, promote problem solving, and challenge attitudes [4-6]."Teach the teachers" workshops and courses, which introduce participants to interactive lecturing, lead to lectures that increase student participation and involvement in the large class lecture [7]. The objectives of this presentation are for the participants to be able to differentiate good and bad features of a presentation, evaluate their own and other’s presentation skills, and improve their own presentation skills.Speaker evaluations from the 2002 STR CourseAnalysis of comments from individual speaker evaluations from the STR 2002 Course revealed common features of ineffective lecturing (Table) [8]. The negative feature that was commented on most often (12.4%), and directed at the largest number of faculty (63%) was poor content. Other negative features included poor delivery, image slides, text slides, command of the English language, and handouts. Positive comments did not provide descriptive information regarding effective lectures.Table. Summary of negative comments from individual speaker evaluations# Comments#SpeakersPoor content107 (12.4%)51 (63%)Poor delivery74 (8.6%)31 (38.3%)Poor image slides72 (8.4%)19 (23.5%)Poor English58 (6.7%)9 (11.1%)Poor text slides37 (4.3%)26 (32%)Poor handout19 (2.2%)14 (17.3%)Other37 (4.3%)N/ATotal404 (46.9%)N/ANote: Percents shown represent percent of all comments (n=862) and speakers(n=81).Presentation skillsGelula [9] reported on aspects of voice clarity and speaking speed, approaches to using audiovisual aids, effectively using the audience as a resource, and ways to be entertaining as keys to effective lecturing. According to Gagne’s conditions of learning [10], it is first necessary to motivate and gain attention of the learner in order for learning to take place. When done properly, this aspect of the lecture offers a distinct advantage over written text or computerized programs. Van Dokkum [11] also offered suggestions for effective lecturing that included audience entertainment. He stated, "The two basic elements of a presentation are that it is both scientific and entertaining at the same time." Gigliotti [12] offered suggestions for developing an effective slide presentation, using novelty and humor. The author’s premise was that it will not matter how important the content of a presentation is if it is not heard due to lack of interest. For example, she suggested that a road sign reading "Gas Next Exit" would attract more interest from the audience than a slide that reads "Abdominal distention."In another study, Copeland et al [13] collected data from physicians participating in lecture-based CME internal medicine courses to determine the most important features of the effective lecture. These features were clarity and visibility of slides, relevance of material to the audience, and the speaker’s ability to identify key issues, engage the audience, and present material clearly and with animation. Features determined least likely to affect the attendee’s ratings of a lecture included presenter’s age, gender, physical appearance, and time of day in which the lecture was delivered.Features of effective presentationsFrom evaluation of speakers at the STR Course and the educational literature, specific features of effective presentations were identified. The list of features can be used as a checklist by persons wanting to improve the quality of their presentations and can be used by persons evaluating speakers.Slides•Make images with optimal contrast resolution (not too light or too dark).•Make images big enough to be seen by everyone in the audience, including those in the back of the room.•Use enough images to illustrate the important points of the presentation, with the appropriate number of text slides relative to image slides.•Keep slides simple, avoiding too many lines per slide (>6), too many characters per line, lines extending too inferiorly on slide, distractinganimation effects, and too many graphs.•Use color schemes that optimize visualization of the text, avoiding schemes that make the text difficult to read (i.e. purple or red on green).•Check slides for grammar and spelling errors prior to presentation.Content•Provide an appropriate, limited amount of data that is needed to support the findings and conclusions without overloading the audience with too manystatistics, charts or graphs, or making assumptions without providingsupportive data.•Provide content that is up-to-date and relevant to current practice.•Present content in an unbiased fashion without showing favoritism to one or more companies/institutional protocols when there are acceptable alternatives that the audience should be familiar with.•Follow the printed program and objectives.•Present content that is practical and appropriate for the audience, not too simple or complex or irrelevant to the listeners.•Incorporate appropriate humor or anecdotes into the presentation to engage the audience.Delivery•Vary voice inflection, speaking in a conversational tone rather than a monotone voice.•Speak at an appropriate pace, not too fast, and incorporate pauses into the presentation.•Slow down or pause when showing cine images so that the audience can see the pertinent findings.•Use the slides to emphasize key points, without reading the slides word-for-word.•Speak with enthusiasm, showing interest in the topic and regard for the audience’s interest.•Speak loudly enough that everyone in the audience, especially those in the back of the room, can hear.•Speak clearly and consider rehearsing in front of an appropriate audience, if speaking in a less familiar language than the presenter’s primary language.•Follow time limits.•Incorporate interaction into the presentation, such as asking the audience questions (rhetorical or otherwise), directing the audience to think of orperform a specific task, using case-based examples, or using an audienceresponse system.•Use appropriate gesturing and facial expressions and avoid being a dull, immovable object.•Speak directly into the microphone, even when turning head or moving away from the podium.•Use a laser pointer/cursor to point out or emphasize important features on a slide, avoiding random, distracting movement.•Rehearse the presentation in order to be completely familiar with the content and organization of the slides.•Be familiar with the audiovisual equipment and how to obtain assistance if needed.•Speak professionally and with confidence, without being apologetic for the content or appearance of slides.References1.Newble D, Cannon R. A handbook for medical teachers. Boston: KluwerAcademic, 19942.Frederick P. Student involvement: Active learning in classes. In MG Weimer(Ed.), New directions for teaching and learning, 32: Teaching large classeswell (pp. 45-56). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 19873.McKeachie W. Teaching tips. Lexington, MA: DC Heath, 19944.Gage N, Berliner D. Educational Psychology. Dallas: Houghton-Mifflin, 19915.Frederick P. The lively lecture: 8 variations. College Teaching 1986; 34:43-506.Saroyan A, Snell L. Variations in lecturing styles. Higher Education 1997;33:85-11047.Nasmith L, Steinert Y. The evaluation of a workshop to promote interactivelecturing. Teaching and Learning in Medicine 2001; 13:43-488.Collins J, Mullan BF, Holbert JM. Evaluation of speakers at a national radiologycontinuing medical education course. Med Educ Online [serial online] 2002;7:17.Available from .9.Gelula MH. Effective lecture presentation skills. Surg Neurol 1997; 47:201-20410.Gagne RM, Briggs LJ, Wager WW. Principles of instructional design. 1988.Florida: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc.11.van Dokkum W. The art of lecturing: how to become a scientific entertainer.International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 1995; 46:95-10012.Gigliotti E. Let me entertainer-teach you: gaining attention through the use ofslide shows. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing. 1995; 26:31-3413.Copeland HL, Stoller JK, Hewson MG, Longworth DL. Making the continuingmedical education lecture effective. The Journal of Continuing Education inthe Health Professions. 1998; 18:227-234Below is given annual work summary, do not need friends can download after editor deleted Welcome to visit againXXXX annual work summaryDear every leader, colleagues:Look back end of XXXX, XXXX years of work, have the joy of success in your work, have a collaboration with colleagues, working hard, also have disappointed when encountered difficulties and setbacks. Imperceptible in tense and orderly to be over a year, a year, under the loving care and guidance of the leadership of the company, under the support and help of colleagues, through their own efforts, various aspects have made certain progress, better to complete the job. For better work, sum up experience and lessons, will now work a brief summary.To continuously strengthen learning, improve their comprehensive quality. With good comprehensive quality is the precondition of completes the labor of duty and conditions. A year always put learning in the important position, trying to improve their comprehensive quality. Continuous learning professional skills, learn from surrounding colleagues with rich work experience, equip themselves with knowledge, the expanded aspect of knowledge, efforts to improve their comprehensive quality.The second Do best, strictly perform their responsibilities. Set up the company, to maximize the customer to the satisfaction of the company's products, do a good job in technical services and product promotion to the company. And collected on the properties of the products of the company, in order to make improvement in time, make the products better meet the using demand of the scene.Three to learn to be good at communication, coordinating assistance. On‐site technical service personnel should not only have strong professional technology, should also have good communication ability, a lot of a product due to improper operation to appear problem, but often not customers reflect the quality of no, so this time we need to find out the crux, and customer communication, standardized operation, to avoid customer's mistrust of the products and even the damage of the company's image. Some experiences in the past work, mentality is very important in the work, work to have passion, keep the smile of sunshine, can close the distance between people, easy to communicate with the customer. Do better in the daily work to communicate with customers and achieve customer satisfaction, excellent technical service every time, on behalf of the customer on our products much a understanding and trust.Fourth, we need to continue to learn professional knowledge, do practical grasp skilled operation. Over the past year, through continuous learning and fumble, studied the gas generation, collection and methods, gradually familiar with and master the company introduced the working principle, operation method of gas machine. With the help of the department leaders and colleagues, familiar with and master the launch of the division principle, debugging method of the control system, and to wuhan Chen Guchong garbage power plant of gas machine control system transformation, learn to debug, accumulated some experience. All in all, over the past year, did some work, have also made some achievements, but the results can only represent the past, there are some problems to work, can't meet the higher requirements. In the future work, I must develop the oneself advantage, lack of correct, foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses, for greater achievements. Looking forward to XXXX years of work, I'll be more efforts, constant progress in their jobs, make greater achievements. Every year I have progress, the growth of believe will get greater returns, I will my biggest contribution to the development of the company, believe inyourself do better next year!I wish you all work study progress in the year to come.。

英语演讲选修课chapter 8 Special

“Children, we have a very important guest with us today. He is the number one policeman in our city, the head of all the other police officers. Besides knowing a lot about crime right here at home, the police commissioner has also spent time working with Interpol – a special group of police officers who deal with crimes around the world. Today he is going to talk about how all of us can help to prevent crime. Let’s give a big round of applause and listen carefully to police commissioner Robert Washington.”
Focus on the accomplishments of the recipient
The audience doesn’t want a detailed biography of the recipient. You just need to highlight his achievements. The speech of presentation will be very brief, rarely more than five minutes long.
1. Speech of introduction

专八真题听力原文及答案解析

专八真题听力原文及答案解析听力是英语考试中的重要组成部分，对于提高听力能力以及提高考试得分有着至关重要的作用。

准备专八考试的考生不可忽视掌握的重要性。

本文将为大家提供一些专八真题听力原文及答案的解析，希望能够给大家带来帮助。

1. 学术演讲：原文：The speaker discusses the development of modern science and how it has changed our lives. He mentionsdifferent areas of scientific research and technological advancements that have had significant impacts on society. He highlights the importance of interdisciplinary collaborationin solving complex problems and encourages young scientiststo pursue their passion for discovery.答案解析：这篇学术演讲讨论的是现代科学的发展以及它对我们生活的影响。

演讲者提到了不同的科学研究领域和技术进步对社会产生的重大影响。

他强调了跨学科的合作在解决复杂问题中的重要性，并鼓励年轻科学家追求他们对探索的热情。

2. 新闻报道：原文：The news report covers the recent increase in carbon emissions and its impact on global climate change. It discusses the various sources of carbon emissions, includingindustrial activities, transportation, and deforestation. The report also mentions the efforts being made by governments and organizations to reduce carbon emissions and promote sustainable practices.答案解析：这则新闻报道涵盖了最近碳排放量的增加以及它对全球气候变化的影响。

电气工程专业英语课件lecture8-2012

Lecture 8
1. Power system stability may be broadly defined as that property of a power system that enables it to remain in a state of operating equilibrium under normal operating conditions and to regain an acceptable state of equilibrium after being subjected to a disturbance. 电力系统稳定性可以广泛定义为电力系统的一个特性，即在正常工作条件下保持运行平衡状态，在受到干扰以后可以重新回到可接受的平衡状态。 2. Since power system rely on synchronous machines for generation of electrical power, a necessary condition for satisfactory system operation is that all synchronous machines remain in synchronism or, colloquially, “in step”. 既然电力系统依靠同步电机发电，系统正常运行的一个必要条件是所有的同步电机保持同步，通俗一点讲就是“步调一致”。 6
Lecture 8
New Words and Expressions equilibrium 平衡，均衡 disturbance 干扰，扰动 manifest 表现 colloquially 用通俗语 collapse 崩溃 surviving 幸免于 actuate 激励，驱使

新托福口语核心词汇(2)--场景词汇部分

、场景词汇在新托福口语考试的第三和第五题中，会出现校园内外场景下的对话，考生需要对一些常见的校内外场景词汇有所了解。

各个场景不是孤立存在的，在真实考试中，往往考查到的场景是综合性的，以2010年6月12日大陆第3题为例，考查到的是“学校（university）提供（offer）一个新的舞蹈课程（new dancing class），不算学分（noncredit），第一节课可以免费试听（free）”。

其中既有关于学校场景的词汇，也有关于考试成绩场景的词汇。

2010年真题场景汇总一、学校场景（一）入学enroll v. 注册；登记enrollment n. 登记，注册，入学opening ceremony 开业典礼, 仪式orientation meeting开学说明会staff n. 全体职员faculty n. 教职员工freshman n. 四年制大学、学院的一年级学生sophomore n. 四年制大学、学院的二年级学生junior n. 四年制大学、学院的三年级学生senior n. 四年制大学、学院的四年级学生tuition n. 学费；费用fee n. 费用apply for scholarshipdecline 拒绝test n. 测试placement test 开学测试excellent adj. 出色的；优秀的；最佳的average adj. 平均的，一般的below average 低于平均水平的，差的（二）结构及称谓university- president n. 大学，校长chancellor n. 名誉校长college n. 学院school n. 学院dean n. 学院院长，系主任principal n. 中学校长professor n. 教授associate professor 副教授assistant n. 助理，助手assistant professor 助理教授coordinator n. 班主任，协调人counselor n. 辅导员advisor n. （大学的）指导老师instructor n. 讲师tutor n. 家庭教师；个人辅导；家教supervisor n. 管理人undergraduate n. 本科bachelor’s degreegraduate n. 研究生（三）建筑物building n. 建筑，建筑物administration building 行政大楼main building主楼wing/annex n. 配楼teaching building教学楼dorm/dormitory n. 宿舍auditorium n. 会堂，礼堂hall n. 大厅、礼堂assembly n.集合，集会computer lab 计算实验室，机房the concert hall 音乐厅the orchestra 管弦乐团（四）毕业及学位graduation n. 毕业commencement ceremony 毕业典礼convocation n. 正式会议，简单的毕业典礼commencement n. 毕业典礼日，学位授予典礼日cap and gown 毕业典礼时的服饰Bachelor’s degree 学士学位Master’s degree 硕士学位Doctoral degree 博士学位二、选课场景（一）选修与专业major n. 主修科目major in 主修；专攻minor n. 副修科目double major 双专业change for major 换专业exemption n. 免修academics n. 文化课（二）类型required/compulsory course 必修课requirement n. 必修课selective/optional course选修课elective course 选修课lecture n. 讲座；讲课，讲学scholar 学者seminar n. 高级研讨性课colloquium n.报告课tutorial n. 个人辅导课程workshop n. 专题课程（三）学科science n. 理科arts n. 文科engineering n. 工科，工程学mathematics n. 数学physics n.物理学chemistry n. 化学biology n. 生物学geography n. 地理学electronics n. 电子学computer science 计算机科学astronomy n. 天文学electronics engineering 电子工程学botany n. 植物学psychology n. 心理学zoology n. 动物学architecture n. 建筑学oceanography n. 海洋学ecology n. 生态学medical science 医学archaeology n. 考古学history n. 历史学linguistics n. 语言学pedagogies n. 教育学，教学法sociology n. 社会学anthropology n. 人类学economics n. 经济学statistics n .统计学accounting n .会计学philosophy n. 哲学（四）级别introductory adj. 引导的，开端的introductory course 预备课程,导论课,入门课elementary/fundamental adj. 初级的intermediate/secondary adj. 中级的advanced adj. 高级的prerequisite n. 先修课程；先决条件，前提三、上课场景（一）上课sign up for 注册（某一科目）register course n. 科目，课程tuition fees 学费attend class 上课miss class 缺课，错过skip class逃课textbook n. 课本，教材required textbook 要求的课本attendance n. 出勤，出席人数，到场次数grading system 打分体系participation n. 参与，分享class participation 课堂参与（二）教学semester n. （尤指美国中学和大学的）一学期，半学年semestral adj. 学期的term n. 学期，专业术语quarter n. 小学期handout n. 散发的印刷品，材料，讲义course guideline 课程纲要syllabus n. 教学大纲signature n. 签字，签名p rofessor’s signature 教授的签字（用于注册课程）course cap课程容量，可以招收的学生数openings n. 可供注册的名额take v.选（课）drop v. 退（课）Drop/Add form 课程变更申请表late registration晚注册deregistration n. 注销take a leave 休学，请假（三）教师称谓professor n. 教授lecturer = instructor n. 讲师teaching assistant = TA 助教research assistant = RA 助研counselor/adviser n. 咨询者，顾问president n. 大学校长teacher/faculty n. 教师student's advisor 学生顾问physicist n. 物理学家mathematician n. 数学家chemist n. 化学家historian n. 历史学家statistician n. 统计学家四、缺课场景skip class 缺课oversleep v. 睡过头have trouble waking up 睡不醒car breaks down 车坏了car coul dn’t start车无法开动doesn’t work不启动does n’t feel well感觉不舒服catch a cold 感冒have a temperature 发烧miss the school bus 错过校车does n’t catch a bus没赶上车something urgent/emergent to do 有更多紧急的事要做五、作业场景assign v. 分配；指派；布置作业assigned adj. 被分配的，被指定的assignment n. 作业homework/ coursework/ schoolwork/ studies n. 作业lab report 实验报告book report 读书报告oral report 口头报告project n. 作业presentation n. 发言academic journal n. 学术期刊social investigation 社会调查survey n. 调查questionnaire n. 调查表，调查问卷observation n.观察interview n./ v. 采访take note 记笔记plagiarism n. 抄袭speech n. 演讲presentation n. 演讲，陈述eye contact 目光接触intonation n. 音调六、论文场景（一）论文名称term paper 学期论文，期末论文research paper 研究论文thesis/essay/dissertation n. 论文（二）论文步骤data n. 资料，材料，数据collect data 收集数据data analysisoutline n. 大纲，提纲，概要；勾画，勾勒bibliography n书目, 参考书目reference n. 参考资料；参考书（三）论文提交submit v. 递交，呈递turn in 上交，交还hand in 交上，递交hand out 分发，给予due date/time 期限，到期日deadline n. 最终期限；截止时间extension n. 延期；延长（四）论文完成情况1．内容宽泛broad adj. （论文等）内容宽泛have trouble deciding on a topic 选题困难narrow down 使……变窄，（论文等）缩小范围focus 集中，聚焦main point 主要问题，要点main topic 母题subtopic 小标题；要点2．参考资料source n. （写论文的）参考资料too much material to covertons of material to readhave all sorts of trouble3．批判思维critical adj. 批判的，批评的critical thinking 批判性思维lack n./v. 不足，缺少lack one’s own ideas缺少某人自己的想法4．修改润色polish v. 润色correct v. 纠正，修正，更正redesign v. 重新设计，修改设计revise v. 修改rewrite v. 重写final draft 完成稿七、考试场景（一）考试类型midterm exam 期中考试final exams （= finals）期末考试cumulative final 总结性考试take-home exam拿回家的开卷考试（一般有限定的时间）open-book exam 开卷考试subjective test 主观性测试objective test 客观性测试（multiple-choice）pop quiz 突击考试，抽查式测验blue book 答题本assessment n估价; evaluationappraisal n.评价, 估价make up (for) 补考make-up test 补考resit/ retake v. 重考（二）难度supposed to be easy, but…本以为（考试）很就黯淡turn out to be very difficult （考试）很难next to impossible to get A…拿到A是不可能的（三）复习go over 检查，重做，复习go through 检查，浏览review n./v. 复习，回顾cram for the exam 突击考试stay up 熬夜（四）考试安排exam schedule 考试安排secretary n. 写字台book a room 预定房间invigilator n. 监考，监视器proctor n. 代理人，学监sign up 签字参加bulletin board 告示牌draft n. 草稿faculty lounge 教员室draw up 起草，拟定final schedule 最终计划，最后时间表do it manually 手动完成complex adj. 复杂的，复合的，合成的n. 复合体，综合体clash with不调和，与……冲突consult v. 商讨，向……请教，查阅（五）考试成绩transcript n. 成绩单score sheetgrade report 成绩单grade n. 学分GPA(grade point average) 平均积分点Required courses; optional coursescredit n. 学分mark n. 分数score n. 分数perfect grade 优异成绩low grade 低分high mark 高分ace v. 考得好passing grade 及格分fail v. 不及格；失败failing grade 不及格分full marks 满分straight A's 全是Abe all A's and B's 全是A和BA minus A减B plus B加B minus B减flunk n. 不及格，失败v.（使）失败，（使）考试不及格pass the exam with flying colors 以优异成绩通过考试graduate with honors 以荣誉毕业diploma n. 毕业证书，学位证书，文凭degree n. 学位certificate n. 证书八、图书馆场景（一）管理library n. 图书馆librarian n. 图书管理员counter n. （图书馆）柜台interlibrary service 馆际服务（二）部门设置information desk 服务台delivery/circulation desk借书处return area 还书处reference room 资料室students locker 学生存储间periodical reading room 期刊阅览室study lounge 自习室（三）借书或者检索的流程catalogue n. 目录book catalogue 图书目录classified catalogue 分类目录bibliography n. 参考书目，文献学title index 书目索引alphabetic index 按字母顺序排列的索引library card 借书证unreturned adj. 未归还的，为返还的fine n. 罚金，罚款overdue fine 过期罚金check out 办理（借、还）手续renew v. 续借overdue v. 过期（四）书籍阅览publication n. 出版物，出版，发行periodical n. 期刊；定期发行物reading n. 阅读magazine n. 杂志reserved books 馆藏书（只能在图书馆内借阅）online journal 在线期刊video tape 录像带back issue 过期杂志current issue 近期杂志archive n. 档案non-fiction n. 非小说类文学作品science-fiction n. 科幻小说reference section 参考书部（五）去图书馆自习backpack n.双肩背包v.背ride a bike 骑车laptop n. 笔记本电脑a load of books 大量书籍pretty far away 相当远crowded adj. 拥挤的comfortable adj. 舒适的，充裕的comfy （口语词）舒服的，轻松的=comfortable （六）计算机房copier n. 复印机shelf n.书架photocopy room复印室lab rules计算机室规程printer n. 打印机fax machine传真机Macintosh苹果计算机hardware n. 硬件software n. 软件network n. 网络access to the net访问网络floppy disk软盘hard disk硬盘CD-ROM光盘驱动器monitor n. 监视器keyboard n. 键盘mouse device鼠标modem n. 调制解调器setup n. 安装uninstall v. 卸载Operation System操作系统program n. 程序word/data processing 文字/数据处理user n. 用户click v. 点击update v. 更新database n. 数据库manual n. 指南menu n. 菜单password n. 口令virus n. 病毒web page网页website n. 网站online adj. 在线的E-mail 电子邮件firewall n. 防火墙log on登录九、科研场景hypothesis n. 假说alternative hypothesis择一假说null hypothesis无效假说, 零假说survey, questionnaire n. 调查mini-survey 小范围的调查experiment n. 实验，试验observation n. 观察，评论collect data for papers 为论文收集资料analyze v. 分析analyze data 分析数据interpret v. 解释interpret data 解释数据interpretation n. 解释，说明analysis n. 分析analytical adj. 分析的subject n. 科目；主题；话题；题材；对象sample n. 样本treatment group 控制组non-treatment 非控制组control group 控件组，对照组十、奖学金场景a letter of reference调查信，保证书，推荐人的信a letter of recommendation 推荐信financial aid经济援助、经济资助honor roll 红榜；优秀学生名单scholarship n. 奖学金fellowship n. 奖学金stipend n. 薪金；奖学金teaching assistantship 助教奖学金research assistantship 研究奖学金grant n. 助学金tuition waive 学费减免loan n. 贷款need-based adj. 以需求为基础merit-based adj. 以优秀为基础十一、学生活动场景（一）驾驶与停车parking area 停车区域designated parking area 指定停车地点reserved parking area 预留的停车位parking permit 停车证parking sticker停车许可标签parking meter 汽车停放计时器，汽车停放收费器parking in the wrong place 停错地方parking ticket 违规停车罚单shuttle bus 班车truck n. 卡车cut off 削减（二）食堂dining hall 食堂canteen n. 餐厅cafeteria n. 自助餐厅或食堂meal plan 餐券large-screen TV 大屏幕电视（三）文艺art performance 艺术活动concert n. 音乐会opera n. 歌剧dancing n. 舞蹈dancer n. 舞者literature n. 文学play n. 话剧screen n. 银幕poetry n. 诗歌poetic adj. 诗意的，诗的handcraft n. 手工艺品sculpture n. 雕塑（四）校内外活动club n. 俱乐部club manager 俱乐部管理人natural club 自然俱乐部hiking n. 徒步旅行student center 学生中心stain v. 弄脏party n. 派对gym n. 健身房，体育馆insurance premium 保险费priority n. 优先权reissue a student ID card 补办学生证student union 学生会extracurricular adj. 课程以外的student center 学生活动中心membership n. 成员资格student health center 学生卫生所student medical insurance 学生医疗保险verify v. 查证，核实十二、工作场景（一）身份与职务full-time adj. 全职的full-time job 全职part-time adj. 兼职的part-time job 兼职waiter n. 侍者，(男)服务员waitress n. 女侍者，女服务员babysitter n. 临时保姆work at the library 图书管理员工作（二）求职与招聘apply for a job 求职，找工作position desired/wanted 期望职位career objective 职业目标occupational career 职业生涯competitive adj. 竞争的benefit future career 对将来的职业生涯有益working experience 工作经历qualification n. 资格，限定qualified adj. 合格的resume n. 简历CV(curriculum vitae) 履历career n. 职业，事业career placement center 职业介绍所career service职业性工作人员，长期服务vocational education 职业教育career fair 招聘会job fair 招聘会job posting 招聘广告（三）工作与管理accomplish v. 完成（任务等）responsibility n. 职责personnel management 人事管理casual leave 例假；事假sick leave 病假office hours 办公时间day shift 日班night shift 夜班day off 休息日wage n. 工资salary n. 工资systematize v. 使系统化conduct v. 经营，处理rival n. 竞争对手undertake v. 承担（四）工作状态tough adj. 艰苦的，棘手的stressed adj. 紧张的，有压力的stressful adj. 紧张的，压力重的pressure n. 压力dread n. 恐惧，可怕adj. 可怕的，可怖的v. 恐惧，害怕dread something 害怕做某事have a dread of 害怕run out of 用完，耗尽cram v. 塞满，填满，仓促备考n. 仓促备考，挤成一堆的人群gamble v. 赌博，投机，孤注一掷n. 赌博，冒险quit 放弃give up 放弃enjoy v. 享受，喜欢fun n. 乐趣adj. 有趣的v. 开玩笑balance n./v. 平衡，均衡energy n. 能量，精力tired adj. 疲劳的，疲倦的，累的next to impossible 几乎不可能的consolation n. 安慰,慰藉get through 结束，做完，通过，到达bite the bullet 咬紧牙关，忍受痛苦（五）实习archaeology n. 考古学dig v. 挖掘endangered adj. 濒于灭绝的excavation n. 发掘，挖掘expedition n. 考察，考察队field trip （学生的）校外考察旅行field research实际教学，现场调查研究habitat n. 栖息地restore v. 重建，恢复site n. 场所specimen n. 标本vegetation n. 植物，草木十三、住宿场景（一）类型off campus housing 校外居住on campus housing 住校accommodation n.住处, 膳宿housing n. 住处dorm/dormitory n. 宿舍residence hall宿舍suite n. 套间deluxe suite 豪华套间studio n. 工作室，独立套间village n. 村落（校内一栋一栋的房子，可以用做宿舍）lounge n.公共大厅（可以用做娱乐）homestay n. 客居外国家庭corridor n. 走廊，过道，（二）租房lease n.租借, 租约rent n. 租金v. 租用security deposit 押金，押租share n./v. 共有，共享patio n. 阳台sliding door推拉门vacancy n. 空房间single room 单人房double room 双人房twin room 双人房two-bedroom apartment house key 房锁匙move in 搬进去move out 搬出去（三）人物custodian n. 管理人landlord n. 房东landlady n. 女房东resident n. 居民inhabitant n. 居民roommate n. 同屋者，室友tenant n. 房客（四）手续流程company n. 陪伴，同伴v. 陪伴intend v. 想要，打算arrival n. 到来，到达departure n. 启程，离开，出发book v. 预定，定offer v. 提出，提供provide with 提供discount n./v. 折扣receive v. 接待，接见registration n. 登记，注册registration form 登记表arrange v. 安排，准备；整理，布置check in 入住登记check out 办理退房手续cancel v. 取消key card 出入证identification n. 身份证明room number 房间号，啊room key 房间钥匙（五）床上用品pillow n.枕头bed linen 床上用品sheet n. 被单mattress n.床垫blanket n.毯子towel n.手巾, 毛巾quilt n.棉被（六）电器类appliance n. 家用电器electric appliance/instrument/equipment 电器heater n. 加热器furnace n. 炉子heating unit 暖气片air conditioner 空调（设备）stove n. 炉子microwave oven 微波炉washer n. 洗衣机washing machine 洗衣机dryer n. 烘干机utensil n. 器皿；用具kitchen utensil 炊具oven n. 烤箱；烤炉range n. 煤气灶dishwasher n. 洗碟机(hot-water) heater n. 热水器coffeepot n. 咖啡壶refrigerator (freezer) n. 冰箱vacuum cleaner 吸尘器tape player 录音机CD player CD机laundry n. 洗衣店laundromat n. 自动洗衣店maintenance n. 维修，保养（七）家具类furniture n. 家具bookshelf n. 书架bookcase n. 书柜couch n. 沙发chest n. 柜子；橱；箱子dresser (bureau) n. 梳妆台cabinet n. （电视机等）机箱；储藏柜；陈列柜cupboard (closet) n. 碗橱storage wall 壁橱rug n. 小地毯carpet n. 地毯curtain n. 窗帘bathtub n. 浴缸fix v. 固定；确定fixture n. （房屋）固定装置furnishings n. 室内陈设（八）日常生活personal possessions/property/belongings 个人财产garbage/rubbish/waste n.垃圾dispose v. 处理gas meter煤气表insect n.昆虫burglar n.夜贼leaking/leakage n. 泄漏lost adj. 遗失的lost key丢钥匙break in 闯入drainage system 排水系统，排水管系。

8 全套美国文学精心整理的各个时期作家作品简介William Cullen Bryant

Main Idea (Structure)
Three parts
Line 1-17 nature’s purifying role in human beings’ life Line 18-73 (Nature’s tone) meaning of death Line 74-82 the right attitude that human beings should take towards death
William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878)
American romantic poet Journalist editor
Biographical Introduction (1)
Family Background
Born on November 3, 1794 in Cummington, 州立法委员 Massachusetts Father: a doctor and later a state legislator Maternal ancestry traces back to passengers on the Mayflower Paternal ancestry traces back to the early colonists
Biographical Introduction (2)
Education and working experience
Spent two years in Williams College Began to study law and was admitted to the bar in 1815 Turned to journalism in 1825 and became an editor for New York Evening Post (1827-1877) Developed an interest in poetry early in life, starting to write poems at 14 During his late years, he translated Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey

专业课-药剂学课程教学大纲英文班

《药剂学》课程教学大纲The syllabus of Pharmaceutics courseSuitable students：2014Grade Undergraduates(Credit ：3; Hours：54 )I.The nature, purpose and task of the course：The pharmaceutics is the main course of pharmacy undergraduate. It is a comprehensive applied technology including basic theory, prescription design, preparation technology and quality control et al.The objective is teaching students to master the preparation advantages and technologies of tablet, injection, capsule, solution, ointment and other formsII.Contents and Essential requirement：Chapter 1Introduction【Aim】In this lecture we will introduce the basic concepts of Pharmaceutics and let students investigate the branches of Pharmaceutics.[Contents and Essential requirement] Basic concepts of Pharmaceutics,Tasks and contents of Pharmaceutics.Branches of Pharmaceutics, Dosage forms and DDS, Pharmaceutical excipients. To investigate the tasks and contents of Pharmaceutics, to understand the novel dosage forms and related practice.Chapter 2The formation theory of Pharmaceutical solution[Aim] In this lecture we will introduce the solubility and dissoluting rate and let students investigate the characteristics of pharmaceutical solvent and its measuring methods.[Contents and Essential requirement] Species and Characteristics of Pharmaceutical solvent.Solubility and Dissoluting rate,Characteristics of Pharmaceutical solvent and its measuring methods. To investigate the solubility and dissoluting rate.,to investigate the characteristics of pharmaceutical solvent and learn how to use those.Chapter 3Preparation of Emulsions and Emulsifying Agents[Aim] To learn the manufacturing methods of emulsions.[Contents and Essential requirement] Preparation of Emulsions.How to chose the Emulsifying Agents. To master thedetermination method for the value of HLB of a emulsify or stabilizer.Chapter 4The stability of dosage form[Aim] To understand the main factors influencing the stability of dosage form.[Contents and Essential requirement] Mechanisms of Degradation,Kinetics and Shelf-Life.Depending on the chemical structures of the drug, degradation mechanism can be different for different drugs. Among the potential degradation mechanisms, hydrolysis and oxidation are two main degradation pathways.Chapter 5Micromeritics[Aim] To learn different methods for determining powder flowability and factors influencing powder flowability. To learn methods for improving powder flowability.[Contents and Essential requirement]Part I.What' s the meaning of powder flowability, packability, bulk density, and compressibility/compactability?Part II.Measurement of angle of repose.Part III.Measurement of flow rate and compressibility. Primary properties include the properties of individual particles such as particle shape, size, size distribution, and particle density.Chapter 6Preparation of Microcapsules[Aim] To learn the process of simple / complex coacervation for microcapsule preparation.[Contents and Essential requirement]Part I.The commonly used materials for preparing microcapsules are divided into three major types.Part II.Theory of microcapsule preparation by single coacervation method.Part III.Theory of microcapsule preparation by complex coacervation method. To master the theory of microcapsule preparation by complex coacervation method.Chapter 7Dosage Form Design[Aim] To learn to prepare a drug substance in several dosage forms and strengths for the efficacious and convenient treatment of diseases .To learn methods for prepare a drug substance in the best dosage form.[Contents and Essential requirement]Part I.Solubility and pH .Part II.Fick’ s Laws of Diffusion and the Noyes-Whitney Equation .Part III.Membrane Permeability.Part W. Partition Coefficient.Part V. pKa/Dissociation Constants. In order to ensure the safety and effectiveness, it is essential to set high standards for the manufacture and quality control of parenteral products.Chapter 8Solid preparation 1----Hard capsules[Aim] To learn the manufacturing processes for hard capsules and the key process parameters. To understand the standards and methods for quality control of hard capsule products.[Contents and Essential requirement]Part I.The commonly used materials for preparing hard capsule are divided into several types.Part II.The manufacturing area where a hard capsule product is made must meet the GMP requirements.Part III.Drug substances, additives, and solvents must meet the purity and safety standards for orally administration. Hard capsule products must meet the standards for foreign particulate matter, must meet the standards for safety (non-toxic, non-hemolytic and non-irritating), must be stable and remain efficacious during shelf-life storage. Chapter 9Solid preparation 2---- Tablets[Aim] To learn the preparation method of tablets by wet granulation. To learn how to use a single punch tableting machine. To know the evaluation methods for tablets. To investigate the influence of compression pressure and types of disintegrants on the hardness and disintegration time of tablets.[Contents and Essential requirement]Part I.Influence of compression pressure on the hardness and disintegration time of tablets.Part II.The manufacturing area where a hard tablets product is made must meet the GMP requirements.Part III.Drug substances, additives, and solvents must meet the purity and safety standards for orally administration. During the preparation process, each step may influence the quality of tablets produced..Chapter 10 Preparation and Evaluation of Injection[Aim] To learn the manufacturing processes for injections and the key process parameters. To understand the standards and methods for quality control of injectable products. To know the methods of stabilization for injectable products. To understand the requirements of volume adjustment during the filling of injections.[Contents and Essential requirement]Part I.The commonly used materials for preparing injiections are divided into several types.Part II.The manufacturing area where a parenteral product is made must meet the GMP requirements.Partlll. Drug substances, additives, and solvents must meet the purity and safety standards for parenteraladministration. Injectable products must meet the standards for foreign particulate matter, must be sterile and pyrogen-free, must meet the standards for safety (non-toxic, non-hemolytic and non-irritating), must be stable and remain efficacious during shelf-life storage, and must meet the requirements for pH, osmolarity (large volume injection), and drug potency.III.Emphases and Difficulties：Emphases：1.Characteristics of Pharmaceutical solvent and its measuring methods .2.What are the main factors influencing the stability of a dosage form?3.Hard capsule products must meet the standards for foreign particulate matter, must meet the standards for safety (non-toxic, non-hemolytic and non-irritating), must be stable and remain efficacious during shelf-life storage.4.What are the details of the quality control for tablets.? Injectable products must meet the standards for foreign particulate matter, must be sterile and pyrogen-free, must meet the standards for safety (non-toxic, non-hemolytic and non-irritating), must be stable and remain efficacious during shelf-life storage, and must meet the requirements for pH, osmolarity (large volume injection), and drug potency.Difficulties：The relationship between the solubility and pH. Mechanism and formulation design of matrix based emulsion.How to Enhance Stability of Drug Produc?t What are the Fick s Laws of Diffusion and the Noyes-Whitney Equation? How to use them?IV.Main contents and schedule：V.Practices (Experiments) (Subject and contents)：Subject 1：Design of tablet formulations for direct compression and investigation of the influencing factors.Contents：Part I.Evaluation of flowability of excipients: measurement of angle of repose, selection of glidants.Part II.Evaulation of compressibility: measurement of elastic recovery.Part III.Investigation on the dilution potential of excipients: use pregelatinized starch as an excipient example.Part IV.Preparation and characterization of Vitamin B2 tablets using the direct compression method: use commercially available conventional tablets as control.Subject 2：Preparation and in vitro release of theophyline sustained- release tabletsContents：In this lecture students need to understand the mechanism of hydrogel matrix tablets for sustained release and the determination method of in vitro release rate.Subject 3: Investigation on the stability of 5% Vitamin C injectable solutionContents：Part I.Preparation of 5% Vitamin C injection: as bulk solution and as control.Part II.Effect of pH: adjust Vc injectable solution to pH4, 5, 6, 7.Part III.The effect of oxygen in the air: 8 samples for 2 mL solution in 2 mL ampoules, 12 samples for 1 mLsolution in 2 mL ampoules, 8 samples for 2 mL solution in 2 mL ampoules purged with CO2.Part IV.The effect of antioxidant: antioxidant as Na2S2O5 is added.Part V. Assay of Vitamin C: taking advantage of the reaction between Vc and iodine, the samples are titrated with iodine solution to measure the drug content.VI. References：1.崔福德.药剂学.面向21世纪课程教材.2002.2. H. C. Ansel, N. G Popovich and L. VAllen, Jr. Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, 8th ed., Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 2005.VII. Others：注：1、表格不够可自行添加。

听英语讲座怎么写英语作文

听英语讲座怎么写英语作文When attending an English lecture, writing an essay about it can be a thoughtful exercise to consolidate your understanding and express your insights. Here's a structured approach to writing an essay about an English lecture:1. Introduction- Begin with a hook to grab the reader's attention. This could be a thought-provoking question, a surprising fact, or an interesting anecdote related to the lecture topic.- Introduce the topic of the lecture and its significance. - State the purpose of your essay, which is to discuss the lecture's content and your reflections on it.2. Lecture Overview- Provide a brief summary of the lecture's main points. This should include the speaker's name, the date of the lecture, and the key themes or arguments presented.3. Key Points Analysis- Dive into the details of the lecture. Discuss the key points made by the speaker, and explain why they are important or interesting.- Use direct quotes from the lecture to support your analysis, but make sure to cite them properly.4. Personal Reflection- Share your personal reactions to the lecture. Did youagree with the speaker? Were there any points that challenged your pre-existing beliefs?- Discuss any new perspectives you gained or how the lecture has influenced your understanding of the subject.5. Critique and Evaluation- Offer a balanced view by evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of the lecture. Consider the speaker's delivery, the clarity of the arguments, and the evidence provided.- Discuss any areas where you think the lecture could have been improved or where further exploration is needed.6. Connections and Applications- Make connections between the lecture content and broader issues or other works in the field.- Discuss how the lecture's insights can be applied toreal-world situations or other areas of study.7. Conclusion- Summarize the main points of your essay, reiterating the importance of the lecture and your key takeaways.- End with a strong closing statement that encapsulates your overall impression of the lecture and its impact on you.8. References- If you've used any direct quotes or specific information from the lecture, be sure to list the source in your references section, following the appropriate citation style.Remember, the goal of your essay is not just to recount thelecture but to demonstrate your critical thinking and analytical skills by engaging with the material presented.。

TEM 8

TEM 8Test oneSection A MINI-LECTUREIn this section, you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you’ll be given two minutes to check your notes, and another 10 minutes to complete the gap-filling task.Now listen to the mini-lecture.Complete the gap-filling task. Some of the gaps below may require a maxium of THREE words. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both gramatically and semantically acceptable. You may refer to your notes.Introductory Lecture to University StudyIn order to adjust well to university life, freshman usually have to understand the organization of the university they study in and some particular requirements of the degree they are pursuing.1.Stucture of the UniversityA.Stucture of the faculty1.Faculty——(1)_________2.(2)_______——divisional head3.Department——department head.B.People students usually meet1.(3)_______(Wednesday and Thursday morning or (4)_________2.Lecturers (once or twice a week)II. Some Requirements of the DegreeA.Teaching arrangements1.(5)_____: about an hour long, one person talks to a group of students.2.Tutorials: about(6)_____long, presentation and discussion in groups made upof 12-15 students.3.Between the two types of arrangements, (7)______are more important forlearning.B.Other factors concerning university study1.(8)_______of essays2.Delivery of written materials3.Plagiarisma)It means taking other people’s work without acknowleding it.b)Students committing plagiarism run the risk of (9)______the subjector even being denied entry to the university.c). Last suggestion: (10)_________with the school authority.Section B ConversationIn this section you will hear everything ONCE Only. Listen carefully and then answer the quesitions that follow.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following news.. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the two questions.Now listen to the conversation.1.What does Frank have to do next?(A)Get the results of the survey back(B)Draw the results of the the survey(C)Make some conclusions(D)Collect more information2.What is Theresa’s market research project on?(A)Violence on television(B)Transportation in the city(C)The history of transportation(D)Bureaucracy in the city3.What did the results of Frank’s survey show?(A)Everyone thinks there is too much violence on TV.(B)Most people think there is too much violence on TV.(C)There is no real agreement on the amount of violence.(D)There is a problem with survey.4.How many questionaire did Frank gave out?(A)120 (B)70 (C) 50 (D) 405. Which of the following is NOT true according to the conversatio n?(A)Children might see the heroes of violent films as role models.(B)Theresa says Frank’s survey represent public opinion.(C)Theresa is going to interview her respondents in the shopping mall.(D) The best type of questions are short and specific or multiple choice or simple questions.Section C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section you will hear everything ONCE Only. Listen carefully and then answer the quesitions that follow.Questions 6 to7 are based on the following news. At the end of the new item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the two questions.Now listen to the news.6.The European Central Bank lately lowered its key interest rate to(A)0.5 percent(B)1.4 percent(C)1.5 percent(D)0.4 percent7.Both central banks hope cutting interest rates to(E)jolt European economies out of recession(F)ease the credit tension(G)promote the development of major industries(H)attract more foreign investmentQuestion 8 are based on the following news. At the end of the new item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question.Now listen to the news.8.___________called on both sides to refrain from fighting.(I)Martti Ahtisaari(J)Aceh(K)Helsinki(L)Government officialQuestions 9 to 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the two questions.Now listen to the news.9._____does not belong to China’s four major operators of basic telecom service.(A)China Telecom(B) China Railcom(C)China Mobile(D)China Unicom10. By the end of May, how many phone users have been registered in China?(A)692 million(B)25.25 million(C)330 million(D)358 millionWord study:Coodinator 协调者Hierarchical 分等级的Tutorial 辅导课Plagiarism 剽窃Attribute ….to….把。

Lecture 8(2)

April 28, 2011 Lecture 8Education（2）Higher learning stage in U.S.A.Various forms of educationPrimary/elementary SchoolsGrammar and high schoolsPublic (state owned)/private College or UniversityV ocational higher education- community collegeLife time study in U.S.A.In U.S. everyone must study for lifetime without age limit to keep in touch with the changing life around him/her. Americans are proud of the fact that the window of knowledge is never closed for the nation’s citizens.Studying abroadStudying abroad brings many advantages as well as many new experiences. Many aspects of university life are vastly different to those in a student’s country of origin. Conditions, academic expectations and requirements, social life and study schedule all can be a far cry from what students have already experienced at home.Being aware of and understanding some of the main differences can mean that the cultural shock is lessened and that it is easier to adjust to new ways of study. American universityAmerican universities have no entrance exam. A bachelor’s degree requires about 36 courses.Every course that student take is given certain credits.When he/she gets the required credits, he/she receives Bachelor’s degree. Degree systemBachelorIt usually takes four years to complete the courses required for a Bachelor of Arts or Bachelor of Science(B.A.) degree.MasterA Master of Arts or Master of science (M.A) needs one or two additional years of study.DoctorDoctor of philosophy(PH.D.) may take any number of years to complete. College grades（evaluation）system College grades, from highest tolowest, run A, B, C, D, F. (equal to 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 )A-: 4.8—4.4,B+: 4.5—4.1,B: 4,B- : 3.8—3.4,C+: 3.5—3.1,C : 3Generally speaking, you must have your average score above C that you have the chance to keep your right to study at college. To have the qualification to apply scholarship, you must have your average above B+.An F is a failing grade; if a student receives an F, he does not get credit. College students must maintain at least a low c average in order to remain in school. Financial sources for students:1.Loan from government2.(student)Scholarship3.Support themselvesAttitudes towards educationAmericans as a whole shows much respect for education, although teachers are not among the highest paid in the country.All traffic, for example, has to stop and make way for school bus.Study approachFor some students, the biggest difference is the way of study, and with less emphasis on teacher’s input, a greater expectation for students to be more independent in their thinking, especially in the application of critical analysis.Western education, from the early stages trough to post-graduate study,encourages the student to analyze, constructively criticize and to provide alternatives. That requires a special set of skills and, when combined with problem solving skills, it becomes obvious that students who study overseas must learn new skills and apply them to survive in the competitive world of academic study.Often the overseas student is strong at memorization but, by and large, rote（死记硬背）learning is regarded as a relatively basic skill in western education systems. There is a greater emphasis on the need for critical thinking and students who intend to study abroad should ensure that their critical thinking and analytical skill are well developed.Study scheduleIn many senses, for both undergraduate and post graduate studentsthere are significant differences in the arrangements for study at a western-style university.The main differences :1. There is a great variety of subjects to choose from. This means that careful research should be done as to what subjects should be chosen each term / semester.2. It is possible to change courses but that is usually only possible within a few weeks once the term has started.3. There are fewer lectures to attend per week (e.g. three separate hours for one course).4. Attendance is expected but not checked(a roll is not usually taken for lectures) – it is the responsibility of the student, who as an adult, must ensure that the appropriatework is completed and knowledge learned.5. Students are expected to question the lecturer and even to debate issues.6. There is less organization of students. In many countries, students come and go as they please. There is less obligation for them to be at a particular place at a particular time.7. Students are expected to complete assignments and essays through their own study and discover, hence they need to spend ―free‖(non-lecture) time in the library.Seminar workSeminar presentations are the main type of learning approach used for post-graduate students at westernuniversity. Usually seminars last for two/three hours and at each one, a student or students present a well-researched paper and discuss aspects and issues. Sound presentation skills are necessary.In recent time, group research and group presentations have become a feature of post-graduate study.Approaches regarding the paper:1. Sometimes the paper is required to be handed out to the seminar participants two weeks in advance. This allows time for the students to research the topic and especially study the reference that the presenter has used for the paper.2. At other times the paper is handed out at the beginning of the seminar. Reference is made to it as the seminar proceeds.3. The paper is handed in for assessment. Assessment, however, is only one part of the evaluation. The other part is the actual presentation.4. It is important to note that the paper is usually not read to the participants- that is too easy.Extensions of time for assignments Sometimes it is necessary to ask for an extension of time to hand in the assignments. In general, tutors and professors are understanding, but the reason should be substantial.If there are questions about the course or any of the assignments, it is wise to make an appointment to talk with the tutor or the person in charge of the course. Do not let problems ride – fix them early.The issue of plagiarismPlagiarism or unauthorized copying of other people’s work is frowned upon in western academic institutions. Some overseas students encounter some problems, mostly because of misunderstanding. Often it is merely a cultural difference in that some students in their original countries are expected to use the ideas of certain authors and acknowledgement is understood but not stated in writing.In essence, it is expected that students will use their own ideas. If the ideas come from a particular author, it is vital that the author is acknowledged. This should be done even if the words of the original author have been changed. Several forms of acknowledgement :·a direct quotation·an indirect quotation·referring to the autho r·making an end note (or a footnote)It is advisable to read any of the advisory notes about plagiarism published by most universities. Help is usually available, especially for overseas students.Activities on campusOrientation week-- At the beginning of the academic year, an orientation week is held at which the various clubs and societies provide activities and opportunities for students to gain information. It is definitely worth the experience and it is a useful way of participating in the activities of the week. Students’Union-- In most tertiaryinstitutions, the Students’Union is a source of help and information. Students are expected to take advantage of the various services the union offers, since all students pay a fee for the union when they enroll. The students’union can provide information ranging from study to personal matters. They can direct you to appropriate contacts and assist with basic issues.Students clubs-- There are many clubs, associations, sporting and entertainment activities on campus. These are a great way to socialize and to make friends and it is useful to join at least one. It does help to keep the balance when studying hard.Some advices:If in doubt, ask-- Many aspects of study abroad are different and some of the requirements can be confusing. The best rule to apply is ask when you don’t know.Secretaries or receptionists of a department are always an excellent resource since they usually have a good understanding of what goes on in a department. Another useful source is the Students’Union, where students often go for information concerning all types of issues.Tutors can sometimes assist if the matter relates to an aspect of study or a course, but it is often difficult to find tutors and professors.It is also common practice to ask a student for assistance. In most cases, students are the one who know the details of ―what‖, ―where‖,and ―who‖and they are happy to share the information. It is often a useful way of making friends.Independence-- The style of study is different in so many respects in western countries. Students are expected to be far more independent in their learning and study.The reliance on textbooks is minimal andwide, independent reading and research is necessary.Reading lists are usually provided and students are required to locate and read the material. Hence, sound library skills are an essential.Most university libraries provide explanatory tours at the beginning of the academic year and these can be a source ofvaluable information for the new comer.Independent thinking requires critical analysis and for some students it is difficult to understand that critical thinking requires a different set of skills. To exercise critical analysis is not necessarily to be negative. Rather, by applying critical thinking is to sharpen, modify and make a concept or an idea even better. Western education encourages constructive criticism and therefore students are expected not only to what is said, but to think about possibilities and to argue and debate issues.。

实用英语演讲教程unit 8课后答案

实用英语演讲教程unit 8课后答案1、What speech organizational order did Leonardo DiCaprio use when he delivered the speech at 2014 UN Climate Summit?选项：A: Topical orderB: Chronological orderC: Causal orderD: Problem-solution order答案: 【 Problem-solution order】What example does not belong to the three types of examples in speechmaking?选项：A: Brief exampleB: Extended exampleC: Hypothetical exampleD: Concrete example答案: 【 Concrete example】3、You should not round off complicated statistics.选项：A: 正确B: 错误答案: 【错误】4、You don’t need to tell your audience where you got your specific statistics.选项：A: 正确B: 错误答案: 【错误】5、Expert testimony is testimony given by a person who is considered an expert by virtue of education, training, certification, skills, and experience in a particular matter.选项：A: 正确B: 错误答案: 【正确】6、A person who provides peer testimony might not have expertise in a particular area, but he or she likely has personalexperience with the issue at hand.选项：A: 正确B: 错误答案: 【正确】7、The specific purpose is to persuade the audience that China is at the forefront of cultural exchanges, technological innovation and global economic cooperation.选项：A: 正确B: 错误答案: 【正确】8、The speaker talks about four main points in his speech.选项：A: 正确B: 错误答案: 【错误】。

Lecture7-8

Good wish for the journal of accept the present article
Highlights
Highlights are a short collection of bullet points that convey the core findings and provide readers with a quick textual overview of the article. These three to five bullet points describe the essence of the research (e.g. results or conclusions) and highlight what is distinctive about it.
Highlights will be displayed in online search result lists, the contents list and in the online article, but will not (yet) appear in the article PDF file or print.
Chapter 4. Submitting a manuscript online
1. Locate homepage of the journal to which the MS is to be submitted
2. Start to submit MS to the journal
3. Submission
Research highlights ► The effect of water deficit on Merlot grapes was investigated across four seasons. ► Water deficit applied during fruit ripening inhibited fruit growth. ► Water deficit increased anthocyanin content and concentration in the berry. ► Water deficit increased skin tannin content only one out of four seasons. ► Water deficit increased skin tannin concentration in three