Comparative Advantage theory

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比较优势陷阱英文Comparative Advantage Theory and Comparative Advantage Trap

The Comparative advantage &Comparative Advantage Trap about China and Countermeasures in Foreign Trade15 国贸全英傅文琦2015333517006AbstractThe theory of comparative advantage is the basis of international trade theory and participates in the international division of labor for all countries, and plays an active role in the development of international trade. Developing countries tend to be advantaged in the international division of labor and labor-intensive and resource-intensive Industry-oriented sectors, which is not conducive to the sustainable development of foreign trade in the long run, and may even fall into the trap of comparative advantage. Currently, China has not yet fallen into the trap of comparative advantage, and is changing from the extensive foreign trade growth mode to intensive growth mode .Under this circumstance，the driving force to achieve the trade power and gain the leading status in the international market is comprehensive innovation.Key words：Comparative advantage，comparative advantage trap，China’s economy, competitive advantageparative Advantage Theory and Comparative Advantage TrapIn the 18th and 19th centuries, from the classical economist Adam Smith's theory of absolute cost, David ricardo's theory of comparative cost, then Heck herschel - OLin's theory of factor endowments, finally through L eontief’s comprehensive extension, comparative advantage theory system is formed, which has long beenregarded as the mainstream of international trade theory, becoming the guidance of foreign trade around the world. However, with the great impact of knowledge economy, the speeding-up process of economic globalization, the world trade environment has changed significantly, the defects of the comparative advantage theory have been exposed, thus the consequence is caused by the comparative advantage trap, which also shaked the countries especially developing countries who have worship the theory.1.1Comparative AdvantageComparative advantage can be summarized as: between two countries, any product's production efficiency gap is not equal.Concentrate on outputting product with comparative advantage, importing products which has comparative disadvantage(that is, the "two take the heavy phase right, two bad balance take its light"), both countries can save resources, made by the benefits of specialization. The core part of this theory is: when countries participate in the world economy market, follow the principle of comparative advantage, promoting the establishment of the structure of comparative advantage in world trade.Developed countries use their capital and technological advantages, mainly produce and export products are capital and technology oriented. Developing countries with labor and resource advantage, product and export products on the basis of the labor and resources advantage, this way, each country can benefit from the world trade, and enhance national economic quantity. Moreover, starting from the mutual association of comparative advantage theory to inference, it is relatively mature. But we can’t deny that in the actual worldtrade, comparative advantage theory is not completely fit to explain the situation, such as phenomenons like"Leontief paradox" . Although a great number of developing countries follow it as a fatal policy, the implementation of comparative advantage and trade policies, in contrast to that, prompting the trade to a more serious and poverty situation , fall into the so-called comparative advantage trap.1.2 Comparative Advantage Trap"Comparative advantage trap", it is said when a country's foreign trade is absolutely following the theory of comparative advantage, relying on the advantages of the labor, resources, mainly on production of primary products in foreign trade.When trading with powerful countries, although it is possible to get profit,but it is harmful in the long run ,the industrial structure will be unstable and unbalanced and will be long trapped in a passive position. That’s why we call it “trap”.Here are two kinds of comparative advantage traps: the primary products comparative advantage trap and the manufactured goods comparative advantage trap. Primary products comparative advantage trap.It refers to the less developed countries has been implementing the strategy of comparative advantage, in order to find the location of the world division of labor, blindly follow the opportunity cost of which is light, simply rely on the advantage in the division of labor, resources to establish foreign trade , so only get very low primary value-added benefits. And, performing comparative advantage strategy for a long time will also continue to strengthen this effect. What’s worse, our world just need a rather constant amount of primary products, and the primary products production technology is gradually beingperfected, reducing the production cost thus commodity prices fall, deteriorate the world markets situation for developing countries . Inevitable poverty is not decreasing but increasing ,this situation is not surprising.Manufactured products comparative advantage trap. Due to the severe primary products market situation, some developing countries began to look for new ways, with exports of manufactured goods to replace primary products, using advanced science and technology to promote industrial transformation. In order to improve the position in the world economy, prompting into high value-added camp ,developing countries have done a lot. Yet because of the limitations of their own technology, they can only rely on imitation, draw lessons from the world's advanced science and technology, or buy the mature technology of developed countries directly. To be honest, this is just a modified improvement of the comparative advantage strategy, second, in the process rely on foreign technology import too much, which will cause their own innovation ability be limited in the long run or even no achievement ,although entered in the high value-added camps ,but still under constraint thus can’t develop rapidly as it desired.2The Comparative Advantage Strategy Analysis of ChinaChina ,nowadays the leading trade power in this world, having manipulated the comparative advantage strategy for decades,already having important influence on international trade, and have gained remarkable achievements.2.1The Improvement of Traditional Industrial StructureAfter nearly 40 years of development, reform and opening up, the country's trade product structure have had stepped out the shadow of the low efficiency, and transformed to be dominated by manufactured goods.Since the 1980 s, China's primary commodities in the foreign trade share have reduced year by year, and the share of manufactured goods have increased then,moreover manufactured goods of deep processing has replaced the main export primary commodities.It is good to see that the unique advantages are emerging in our country, the structure of foreign trade products has been greatly optimized.2.2Big Economy Effect to the Rest of the WorldChina having participated in the world trade nearly 40 years,the volume of foreign trade is continuously growing to a enormous scale.The expansion in trade of China, have inestimable impact on the world economy, China's primary manufactured goods has become a necessity to Europe and the United States and other developed countries, besides,the price fluctuation of labor force , mineral resource is also have a shaking power in the world price domain. It is without doubt that China is a big economy entity and fatal part of the world business chain.2.3The New "World Factory"Because of the unique labor resource advantage, numerous countries around the world flood in China ,countless foreign capital enterprise gather in, bringing capital, technology, projects and many other resource we need. Breeding a manufactrue boom and the significant development of China's foreign trade, making our country a veritable "world factory".Analyze comprehensively, the comparative advantage strategy makes our country modify the industrial structure, promote the formation of scale economy, establish the big power status in the world economy.3The Influence of the Comparative Advantage Trap on ChinaAlong with the deepen relationship of world economy and the fluctuation of domestic market, the comparative advantage strategy shows some insufficiency.3.1The Traditional Comparative Advantage Effect DeclinedThough the structure of foreign trade has some progress, as the comparative advantage of China's foreign trade, primary products ‘s market share and gaining decreased instead, revealing that the traditional comparative advantage effect is getting smaller. Among which, the representative of primary products, light textile, its comparative advantage is dropping. Continue to develop primary products is not easy, the core reason is that the efficiency of China's labor productivity did not get a distinct improvement , higher salary increase the unit product cost. In addition, the world market prices of these commodities also appeared to reduce, the price change range of this kind of goods is also not big, most countries adopt the low profit but high turnover sales approach hoping to increase the sale amount, making prices dropsharply. Moreover, the aging of population also hinder the growth of these industries. Although the domestic region exist some differences, there is still a big development space for primary commodities industry. But if thing continue this way , sliding into the comparative advantage trap is inevitable.3.2Big Economy Effect Limits the Effectiveness of Comparative AdvantageChina's foreign trade scale expanding progressively,yet simultaneously ,the difficulty to expand further also continues to increase. Due to the huge size of foreign trade volume, the later expansion will surely be accompanied by those disturbing trade friction, the most typical case is the growing anti-dumping investigation on China's export products. In addition, China's import flow is also increasing largely, huge imports is easy to cause the rising of world market price, thus the import costs of China rises.With primary commodity prices reduced at the same time, China's foreign trade foreground is not so optimistic.3.3The Deviation Between Foreign Capital Introduction and the Upgrade ofIndustrial StructureDue to the comparative advantage strategy,the provinces and cities in China give more attention to the growth of primary products industry. Although the utilization of foreign capital is a dominant part, primary products industry has absorbed most of the foreign capital, inducing foreigner enterprise to start grabbing our export quotas, cracking down the local industry export.Besides, the foreign enterprises also piled into the domestic market.This against the intention of using external resources to improve the local industrial structure.On the other hand, our country’s tertiary industry development level is not high, even lower than some developing countries, the third industry is in urgent need of evolution, however, in the introduction offoreign capital is not good enough.We also need to mention that the foreign capital provided to the second industry also mainly received by the primary processing industry.The prime factor is the comparative advantage strategy , we always pay too much attention to labor advantage, which have cause the use of foreign capital go largely to expand the primary processing industry, yet kind of neglect the foreign advanced technology, and improvement of the industrial structure the foreign capital may bring about.In this way, although the foreign capital enterprises are playing an increasingly important role in the trade in our country, but the truth is ,the work originally done by domestic enterprises transformed to the foreign enterprises,the industrial structure is not reformed fundamentally.4Strategic Choice and CountermeasuresIn order to adapt to the new situation of the world trade environment, seeking a foothold in the tide of world trade, optimizing trade development strategy is imperative in our country. Break the former bondage, reposition the traditional advantages, continue to play a comparative advantage, meanwhile explore more new competitive advantages, to perform competitive advantage strategy.4.1Develop Competitive Advantage , Maintain Comparative AdvantageCompetitive advantage can be summarized as: the output contains some unique and enduring properties the other people can't create. So carrying out competitive advantage strategy,we need to continue to play our unique comparative advantage, and because the products will be updated from its comparative advantage to competitive advantage, in particular the upgraded comparative advantage will be our unique competitive advantage. Primary commodities in our country in the worldmarket has already been in a leading position, if we want to improve the market share coutinuely, we must review the market situation, seek new market demand, take it as our new guidance, commit to the application of advanced technology in products, do perfect the traditional processing procedure, improve commodity delicate degrees as well as the use of advanced technology, improve the use value of commodity production, accordingly, improve the added value of products, cater to consumer’s demand. Simultaneously, labor resources advantage also can take the express of the development of science and technology and pludge into capital-intensive products even technology-intensive production, continue to maintain a comparative advantage.4.2Utilize the Multinational Companies and Other External ResourcesReasonablyMultinational companies have important function in the developing procedure of economic globalization, therefore, how to exert comparative advantages in China by using multinational companies "competitive advantage" is critical, and apparently our biggest advantage is labor, which is not only required by multinational companies to reduce the production cost, but also essential for China in the world's advanced science and technology industry. Multinational companies are the main force of the world economy, through cooperation with multinational corporations, we can get closer to the world market. Which could fully take advantage of our country's labor source, and can assimilate the spillover technology, management experience, improve the quality of the overall labor, reduce the cost of learning, thus accumulate human resource and hi-tech which is necessary for the improvement of the industrial structure and export commodity structure ,upgrading labor comparative advantage to competitive advantage at the same time.4.3Promote Science and Technology Innovation, Enhance CompetitiveAdvantageThough China has not fallen into the comparative advantage trap, it is of great need to complete the implementation of the competitive advantage strategy.Encourage technology innovation. Turning comparative advantage into competitive advantage and maintaining it, the key is the technological innovation. Developing countries can easily get into the comparative advantage pie,but because of ignoring the technology variable and improper in the path choice of technology innovation. At present, China's primary manufactured goods exports declining percentage of an important reason lies in the product technology content is low. The technique of Chinese manufactured goods are imported from abroad or just of imitation, the proportion is small. This also reveals we have to undertake technological innovation. Technical innovation means we should give full play to the role of the supply and demand, price, competition mechanism. At the same time, countries should pay more attention to the guide and incentive of technology innovation.Establish new leading industries. Industrial structure is the basis of product competitive advantage, our products are lack of competitiveness for which the important factor is the imbalance of industrial structure, and upgrade is slow. Industry structure in our country at present is mainly labor-intensive industries, capital and technology intensive products ratio is very low.The government should play a guiding role in the formation of competitive advantage.The government in promoting the status of competitive advantage strategy is very important. First of all, from the policy level to promote institutional innovation, We should establish the market as soon as possible, establish a fair reasonable standard, unified import tax system, dynamic tariffs on import quantity and structure adjustment. The second is to play a role of the government as guide. Both technologyinnovation and industrial structure adjustment are involved in the introduction of foreign advanced industries and advanced technology.5ConclusionIn the development of international trading, China had gone through a lot of detours, wrong way in the past, however, in the process of continuous development, we constantly adjust the direction, constantly optimize the development course, from the comparative advantage strategy to today's comparative advantage and competitive advantage complementary strategy, make our country rise up in the world economy and took a big step forward in the trend. Believe that under the guidance of China's new foreign trade development strategy the road ahead will be wider.China will have a glorious future.Reference1.DuoMa.1983.Jingji zengzhang lilun[Economic growth theory].Shangwu yinshuguan[Commercial Press].2.Wuyifeng.(2007).Makesi de jignji zengzhang lilun moxing[Marx 's Theoretical Model of Economic Growth].Jingji Yanjiu[Economic Research](9):11-17.3.Sangguoxiu. (2002).Liyong waizi yu jingji zengzhang yige jiyu xingjingji zengzhang lilun d moxing jidui zhongguo shuju de yanzheng.[Utilizing Foreign Capital and Economic Growth - A Model Based on New Economic Growth Theory and Verification of Chinese Data].Guanli Shijie[Management World](9), 53-63.4.Del Berger.(1987) .Hongguan jingji xue[Macroeconomics]. .5.Zhangxiaojing.(2009).Zhuliu hongguan jingjixue de weiji yu weilai[Crisis and Future of Mainstream Macroeconomics].Jingjixue Dongtai[Economic dynamics](12), 34-41.6.Liuhongdong, (2001).Zhangweidong.Mundell - Fleming moxing zhihou de xinkaifang jingji hongguan jingjixue moxing[The New Open Economic Macroeconomics Model after the Mundell - Fleming Model]. Guoji JingrongYanjiu[International Finance Research](1), 39-44.7.Ganduoerfu. (2006).Guoji jinrong yu kaifang jingji de hongguanjingjixue[International Finance and Macroeconomics of Open Economy].S hanghai caiji n g daxue chubanshe[Press of Shanghai University of Finance and Economics].8.Wangguoan&Fanzichang. (2006).Zhongou maoyi hubuxing yanjiu jiyu bijiao9. Liyiping. (2006).Bijiao youshi yu bijiao xianjing[Comparative advantage and comparative advantage trap].Xihua Shifan Daxue Xuebao[Journal of China West Normal University](6), 3.10.Zheng-Fa, L. I. (2005). Comparative advantage vs competitive advantage--a concurrent comment on theory of comparative profit trap.Journal of Hubei University.11.Ding, X., & Han, Q. (2015). Comparative advantage & comparative advantage trap: an empirical analysis based on foreign trade of heilongjiang province. Journal of International Trade.12.Jiang, H. F., & Zhou, W. (2007). The comparative advantage trap in china's textile industry:challenges and countermeasures. Contemporary Economy & Management. 13.Huo-Jun, X. U. (2013). How to avoid “comparative advantage trap”for the chinese trade. Journal of Ningbo Radio & Tv University.14.Wang, Y. L., & Amp, S. F. (2014). Analysis of china crossing the middle income trap-based on dynamic of comparative advantage. Journal of Shanxi Finance & Taxation College.。

比较优势理论的英文名词解释

比较优势理论的英文名词解释Comparative Advantage Theory: Decoding the NameIntroductionIn the world of economics, theories and principles often carry complex and verbose names. These names, while verbose, encapsulate the essence of the theory, enabling scholars and practitioners to engage in meaningful conversations. One such theory that has stood the test of time is the Comparative Advantage Theory. In this article, we will delve into the name of this theory, breaking it down to understand its meaning, implications, and applications.Breaking Down the NameFrom a linguistic perspective, the name "Comparative Advantage Theory" can be divided into two main components: "comparative" and "advantage." Let's explore each component independently.1. ComparativeThe term "comparative" refers to the act of comparing or establishing a relationship through comparison. In the context of economics, the comparative aspect of this theory implies that we are comparing the advantages or benefits of different options before making a decision. It is crucial to note that this theory does not focus on absolute advantage, but rather on identifying relative strengths between entities.2. AdvantageThe term "advantage" signifies a favorable or beneficial circumstance. In the realm of economics, an advantage can be understood as a greater level of efficiency or productivity in producing goods or providing services. When discussing the Comparative Advantage Theory, the term refers to the advantage a country, organization, or individual possesses in producing a particular good or service in comparison to others.Understanding the TheoryNow that we have dissected the name, let's explore the theory itself. The Comparative Advantage Theory, developed by economist David Ricardo in the early 19th century, is based on the concept of specialization and trade. The theory suggests that countries should specialize in producing goods or services in which they have a comparative advantage and trade with other countries to maximize overall efficiency and output.The underlying principle of this theory is that even if one country has an absolute advantage in producing all goods or services, it can still benefit by specializing in the production of goods or services in which it has a comparative advantage. This leads to increased efficiency, as resources are allocated to areas where their productivity is highest. As a result, countries can achieve higher levels of output, consumption, and economic growth through trade.Practical ApplicationsThe Comparative Advantage Theory has far-reaching implications in various aspects, including international trade, globalization, and resource allocation. Here, we highlight a few practical applications of the theory:1. International Trade and SpecializationBy understanding their comparative advantages, countries can specialize in producing goods or services that they are most efficient in. This allows countries to trade these specialized products with others, benefiting both parties involved. For example, a country with fertile farmland may specialize in agricultural production, while another country with advanced technology may specialize in manufacturing electronics. Through trade, both countries can access a wider variety of goods and services at a lower cost than if they were to produce everything domestically.2. Efficiency Gains and Economic GrowthThe Comparative Advantage Theory suggests that when countries specialize in producing goods or services they excel in, overall efficiency increases, leading to higher levels of output. This increased output can contribute to economic growth, as nations can produce and consume more with the same amount of resources. By allocating resources according to comparative advantage, economies can achieve higher levels of productivity and competitiveness.3. Resource AllocationThe theory also highlights the importance of resource allocation based on comparative advantage. By identifying areas where an individual or organization excels, resources can be directed toward those areas, yielding greater returns. This principle holds true beyond international trade and can be applied to personal decision-making or business strategies. By focusing on activities aligned with their strengths, individuals and organizations maximize their output and overall success.ConclusionThe Comparative Advantage Theory, as illustrated by its name, emphasizes the importance of comparing advantages and specializing in areas where entities have a relative strength. This theory has had a profound and lasting impact on international trade, resource allocation, and economic growth. By understanding this theory and its applicability, individuals, organizations, and countries can make informed decisions to maximize their efficiency and overall well-being.。

绝对优势与比较优势理论介绍

大卫 ·李嘉图的比较优势理论
李嘉图 “ 比较利益 ” 说的核心思想是：尽管一国在两种产品的生产上都处于绝对劣势，但它可以选择两种产品中劣势相对较小的那种产品专业化生产并出口，同样能获致贸易得益。也就是中国古训所云： “ 两利相权取其重，两弊相权取其轻 ” 。这样贸易的可能性和范围得以大大拓展。
(2) 比较成本理论把国际分工看作是不受社会生产方式制约的自然的永恒范畴，因而未能揭示出国际分工形成和发展的真实原因。
(3) 比较成本理论没有对国际分工利益和经济发展利益、贸易的静态利益和贸易的动态利益进行专门的系统考察。
4 ．市场结构：生产和交换都在自由竞争下进行。从假设上可以看出，古典模型为了简化理论，做出了非常理想化的抽象，因而这是一个 “ 理想 ” 模式。
二、贸易基础分析
斯密的古典模型遵循了生产技术上的差异 → 劳动生产率的差异 → 生产成本的高低 → 价差的理论脉络。如一国拥有更高的劳动生产率或更低的生产成本。就称该国拥有这一产品上的绝对优势 (Absolute Advantage ， A ． A ． ) ，又称 “ 绝对利益 ” 。而绝对优势的衡量可从劳动生产率、生产成本和价格三方面着手。
进口240单位小麦
贸易
没有出口200单位布
福利水平
CIC1 美国贸易前
CIC2
贸易后 0单位布，480单位小麦 200单位布，240单位小麦进口200单位布
生产组合消费组合
100单位布，120单位小麦 100单位布，120单位小麦
贸易
没有出口240单位小麦
福利水平
CIC1
CIC2
六、绝对优势理论的评价
表6
小麦布小麦布

绝对优势与比较优势理论ppt课件

在某一种类商品的生产上，一个国家在劳动生产率上占有绝对优势，或其生产所耗费的劳动成本绝对低于另一国家，若两国家都从事自己占有超过它国绝对优势商品的生产，继而进行换，那么双方都可以通过交换得到绝对的利益，从而整个世界也可以获得分工的好处。
3
分工前
分工后
小麦
布
小麦
布
法国的劳动投入
100
5
主要内容：
比较优势理论认为，国际贸易的基础并不限于劳动生产率的绝对差异。即便一个国家在两种产品的生产方面都具有绝对优势，另一个国家在两种产品的生产方面都具有绝对劣势，只要两国之间存在着劳动生产率的相对差异，就会出现生产成本和产品价格的相对差异，从而使两国在不同的产品上具有比较优势，使互利的国际分工和国际贸易成为可能。
单位布。两国分工的结果是，用相同的劳动投入，比分工前多生产
了2单位布。这2单位布通过交换，在两国间进行分配，对两国都有
利。
4
Comparative Advantage Theory
——David Ricardo
亚当·斯密的绝对优势理论没有解释这样一个问题，即如果其中一国在两种商品的生产上都处于绝对劣势，另一个国家在两种商品的 · 生产上都处于绝对优势，双方是否还会进行国际分工、产生国际贸易并能分享国际贸易利益。李嘉图的比较优势理论回答了这一问题。
100

100+100=200
英国的劳动投入
150
50
50+150=200
总产量
2单位
2单位
2单位
4单位
法国在小麦的生产方面比英国有绝对优势，英国在布的生产方
面比法国有绝对优势。如果两国按照绝对优势分工，法国将原来生

比较优势理论名词解释

比较优势理论名词解释比较优势理论（ComparativeAdvantageTheory）是经济学中最重要的理论之一，它可以帮助我们理解国际贸易的本质。

比较优势理论也可以解释为什么一个国家贸易会倾向于与另一个国家贸易。

它是由19世纪英国经济学家亚当斯密提出的，他提出，只要一个国家在生产某种产品时比另一个国家有更高的生产率或者更低的生产成本，那么它就具有比较优势。

因此，比较优势理论表明，只要一个国家比另一个国家在某种产品的生产上具有特定的优势，它就会从贸易中获益，而其他国家也可以从这种优势中获益。

比较优势理论还可以用来推断一国贸易政策的合理性。

比如，如果一个国家具有比较优势，就能够向其他国家出口更多的产品，而不必担心过剩的产品。

如果没有比较优势，就很难取得贸易胜利，甚至会导致贸易赤字而出现损失。

因此，比较优势理论可以帮助一个国家制定当前的贸易政策，同时也对其他国家的贸易政策有着重要的指导作用。

此外，比较优势理论也会影响另一方面，即国家的整体经济。

比如，如果一个国家拥有比较优势，那么它就可以利用它来制定有效的贸易政策，从而创造出更多的就业机会，进而改善国家的经济结构，并有助于国家的经济发展。

同时，如果一个国家拥有比较优势，它还可以从其他国家引进高质量的货物，从而提高生活水平。

比较优势理论也可以帮助我们了解全球经济的发展。

比如，如果一个国家的比较优势是建立在高质量的服务和制造业上，它就可以利用它来获得更高的经济增长。

另一方面，如果一个国家没有足够的比较优势，可能会导致它无法追赶其他国家，因此可以减缓其经济发展。

总之，比较优势理论是一种重要的经济理论，它可以帮助我们了解国际贸易的本质，而且也能够指导政策制定者在制定贸易政策时更好地识别比较优势。

此外，它还可以影响一个国家的整体经济，帮助它及时抓住机遇，获得有效的经济增长。

国际经济学

第二章1.绝对优势（absolute advantage）是指，一国如果在某种产品上具有比别国高的劳动生产率，该国在这一产品上就具有绝对优势2.绝对优势理论（absolute advantage theory）的主要内容可以概括为：在两国生产两种商品的情况下，其中一国在一种商品的生产中具有较高效率，另一国在另一种商品的生产中具有较高效率，则两国在不同商品的生产上分别拥有绝对优势，此时如果两国根据各自的绝对优势进行专业化分工，并相互进行交换，双方均能从中获益。

3.比较优势(Comparative Advantage）是指，一国在所有商品上的劳动生产率都要低于另一国，即所有商品的生产均处于绝对劣势，但是相对劣势较小的商品较之那些相对劣势较大的商品而言，即具有比较优势。

4.比较优势原理（law of comparative advantage）：即使一国在两种商品的生产上较之另一国都处于劣势即无绝对优势），两个国家也有可能进行互利贸易。

一个国家可以专门生产、出口它的绝对劣势相对小一些的商品（这是其有比较优势的商品），同时进口其绝对劣势相对大的商品（这是其有比较劣势的商品）。

计算题：假设本国生产1单位食品需要6单位劳动，生产1单位服装需要8单位劳动；外国生产1单位食品需要2单位劳动，生产1单位服装需要4单位劳动。

（1）哪国在食品生产上具有比较优势？哪国在服装生产上具有比较优势？为什么？（2）列举一个双方愿意进行互惠贸易的交换比率，并计算本国与外国的贸易获利分别是多少？解：（1）外国在生产食品上具有比较优势，本国在服装生产上具有比较优势。

外国生产食品的成本为本国的1/3倍，服装的成本为本国的1/2倍，相比较，生产食品的成本更低，优势更大；而本国生产服装的成本为外国的2倍，生产食品的成本为外国的3倍，相比较，服装的成本更低，优势更大（2）外国所能接受的食品国际价格底线：12f≤6c本国所能接受的食品国际价格底线：4f≤3c即6c≤12f≤9c，若交换比例为12f：8c，则外国获利2单位服装，本国获利1单位服装。

比较优势理论的内容

比较优势理论的内容比较优势理论（Comparative Advantage Theory）。

比较优势理论是经济学中的一个重要理论，由英国经济学家大卫·李嘉图在1817年提出。

这一理论指出，即使一个国家在所有产品的生产上都不如另一个国家效率高，但仍然可以通过专门化和贸易来实现互惠互利的局面。

比较优势理论的核心观点是，各国应该专注于生产自己的相对优势产品，并通过国际贸易来获取其他产品，从而实现资源的最优配置和经济的发展。

首先，比较优势理论强调了国际贸易的互惠性。

根据李嘉图的理论，即使一个国家在所有产品的生产上都不如另一个国家效率高，但仍然可以通过专门化和贸易来实现互惠互利的局面。

这是因为每个国家都有自己的比较优势，即生产某种产品的成本相对较低，这种比较优势可以通过贸易来实现互补，使得各国都能从贸易中获益。

其次，比较优势理论强调了资源的最优配置。

在比较优势理论的指导下，各国应该专注于生产自己的相对优势产品，这样可以实现资源的最优配置。

通过专门化生产，各国可以将有限的资源用于最有效的领域，从而提高生产效率，降低成本，实现经济的发展。

再次，比较优势理论为国际贸易提供了理论基础。

在国际贸易中，各国可以依据自身的比较优势，通过专门化和贸易来获取其他产品，从而实现资源的互补和互利。

这为国际贸易的发展提供了理论支持，也为各国之间的贸易合作提供了指导。

最后，比较优势理论对于全球经济的发展具有重要意义。

在全球化的背景下，各国之间的经济联系日益紧密，国际贸易的重要性日益凸显。

比较优势理论为各国合作、资源配置和经济发展提供了重要的理论支持，有助于推动全球经济的稳定和繁荣。

综上所述，比较优势理论是经济学中的一个重要理论，强调了国际贸易的互惠性、资源的最优配置，为国际贸易提供了理论基础，对于全球经济的发展具有重要意义。

在实践中，各国可以根据比较优势理论的指导，通过专门化和贸易来实现互利共赢，推动经济的发展和合作的深入。

简述比较优势理论的观点

简述比较优势理论的观点比较优势理论（ComparativeAdvantageTheory）是经济学中的一种基本概念，它可以帮助我们理解贸易、投资和其他国家间的财富分布问题。

比较优势理论指出，对于一个国家来说，发挥比较优势的方式可以让它获得最大的利益。

我们不仅可以从中获得经济上的利益，还能够从比较优势理论中得出一系列有用的经济观点。

比较优势理论的主要思想来源于经济学家亚当斯密（Adam Smith）的“贸易换工”（The Theory of Exchange of Labor）理论，它认为，在一个全球化的经济环境中，每个国家都应该专注于自己的优势产品，而不是努力追求完美的全能性。

根据“贸易换工”理论，每个国家必须通过贸易来利用其他国家的资源，从而推动自身经济增长。

英国经济学家罗伯特罗斯（Robert Torrens）在1815年以《经济分析和论证》（A Treatise on Economics Analysis and Proof）一书中继续提出了“贸易换工”理论。

罗斯提出，通过贸易，一个国家可以把原本有限的资源用到最合适的地方，从而更有效地分配其资源，从而使得国家的总财富最大化。

此外，英国经济学家莱布尼茨（David Ricardo）也提出了“比较优势理论”（The Theory of Comparative Advantage），他提出，即使一个国家在生产某种特定商品时没有绝对优势，但只要它在相对比较方面具有一定的优势，它就有可能通过贸易来改善它的经济状况。

他还指出，一个国家的利润率会随着劳动力的流动而发生变化，它也可以通过劳动力的转移而增加它的经济效益。

比较优势理论被广泛运用于当今的国际贸易中。

它提出的观点可以帮助我们更好地理解国家间的贸易行为和投资趋势。

它也可以帮助我们构建一种有效的国际贸易体系，使得每个国家都能实现经济发展，从而使得各国财富更加公平分配。

总之，比较优势理论是一个重要的经济观念，它可以帮助我们理解国家间贸易关系以及国内外投资行为，从而为更好地管理经济活动提供实质性的指导。

比较优势论

比较优势论(Theory of Comparative Advantage)什么是比较优势论比较优势论是上世纪70年代中期由日本一桥大学的小岛清教授（Kiyoshi Kojima）发展提出的。

小岛清在比较优势理论的基础上，总结出所谓的“日本式对外直接投资理论”，即所谓的“边际产业扩张论”。

小岛清认为，各国经济情况均有特点，所以根据美国对外直接投资状况研究出来的理论无法解释日本的对外直接投资。

他认为，日本对外投资之所以成功，主要是由于对投资企业能够利用国际分工原则，国内集中发展那些具有把国内失去优势的部门转移到国外，建立新的出口基地；在比较优势的产业，使国内产业结构更趋合理，促进对外贸易的发展。

由此，他总结出“日本式对外直接投资理论”，即对外直接投资应该从投资国已经或即将陷于比较劣势的产业，即边际产业依次进行。

概括他的比较优势理论，边际产业扩张理论的内容小岛清的“边际产业扩张论”是在运用国际贸易理论中的赫克歇尔-俄林的资源禀赋差异导致比较成本差异的原理来分析日本对外直接投资的基础上所提出来的。

其主要内容包括：1、在对外直接投资的特点上，“边际产业扩张论”认为，对外直接投资不单是货币资本的流动，而是资本、技术、经营管理知识的综合体由投资国的特定产业部门的特定企业向东道国的同一产业部门的特定企业(子公司、合办企业)的转移，是投资国先进生产函数向东道国的转移和普及。

2、在投资主体上，该理论认为对外直接投资应该从本国的边际产业(或边际性企业、边际性生产部门。

这里的“边际”包括边际以下)开始依次进行。

所谓“边际产业”(也称为“比较劣势产业”)是指在本国内已经或即将丧失比较优势，而在东道国具有显在或潜在比较优势的产业或领域。

由于同大企业相比，中小企业更易趋于比较劣势，成为“边际性企业”，因此中小企业更要进行的对外直接投资。

3、在投资方式上，该理论主张应从与对方国家(即东道国)技术差距最小的产业或领域依次进行投资，不以技术优势为武器，不搞拥有全部股份的“飞地”式的子公司，而采取与东道国合办形式，或者采用象产品分享方式那样的非股权安排方式。

比较优势理论

⑴①比较优势理论：比较优势（Comparative advantage）如果一个国家在本国生产一种产品的机会成本（用其他产品来衡量）低于在其他国家生产该产品的机会成本的话，则这个国家在生产该种产品上就拥有比较优势。

②此时，应当采用本币贬值的汇率政策，发展中国家国内一般对进口的商品的需求弹性较高，而国家的劳动力比较优势较为显著，货币贬值能够导致出口增加和进口替代品生产的增加，
在货币乘数的作用下，国民收入可能得到数倍增长，从而起到推动物价上涨的作用，显示出其扩张性的特点。

贬值后生产随需求扩张，可用于生产的劳动力、土地等闲置生产要素的投入会加大，进而带动整个生产制造行业的增加。

而且通过外源性的经济可以吸引外资，扩大再生产规模，在合理的控制通货膨胀和国家债务的情况下，可以较好的实现经济的增长工业的发展。

⑵①本币贬值能够对总需求起到扩张作用，一般会带来就业提高。

同时就业的提高不仅反映在和对外经济交往直接有关的行业，也反映在为企业经营提供服务的行业。

②本币贬值对民族工业的影响与一国的民族工业发展战略有关。

进口替代型战略——不利——进口成本增加
出口导向型战略——有利——出口产品价格降低，出口商品竞争力提高。

③本币贬值无论从理论上还是从实际中，都可以看作是一种赋税行为，对出口补贴，对进口赋税，当一国希望发挥本国的劳动力比较优势，采取出口导向型战略的时候，本币贬值就可以降低出口价格，提高本国出口产品的竞争力，有利于民族工业的发展，但也会造成本国工业偏消费品生产结构。

开放条件下发展中国家的汇率：13.14。

Comparative Advantage theory

Comparative Advantage theoryThe assumptions of the model:1、an economy can produce two goods2、two countries3、one input :labor(L)4、perfect competition in all marketsIts ability to explain tradeTrade based on comparative advantage based on differences in opportunity cost Opportunity costs ñ based on technologydifferencesHowever, most trade in the world is ìNorth-Northî trade ñ tradebetween northern hemisphere countriesThere is not much of a technology difference between theseCountriesShortcomingsComparative Advantage theories suggest that completespecialization takes place this fails to explain whycountries do not completely specializeThese theories also fail to examine why productivity differencesbetween countries exists ñ it just assumes that these differencesdo existFinally, only one factor of production is assumed ñ labor. Weknow that both labor and capital are used in production.H-O m od elThe assumptions of the model:1、An economy can produce two goods, cloth and food.2、The production of these goods requires two inputs that are in limited supply; labor (L) and land (T).3、Production of food is land-intensive and production of cloth is labor-intensive in both countries.4、Perfect competition prevails in all markets.Its ability to explain tradeAn economy will tend to be relatively effective at producing goods that are intensive in the factors with which the country is relatively well-endowed.ShortcomingsPredictions of the model may not match data Factor price equalizationLeontief ParadoxAssumptions are unrealisticNo explanation for intra-industry trade。

比较优势_百度百科

⽐较优势_百度百科⽐较优势编辑⽐较优势（Comparative advantage）如果⼀个国家在本国⽣产⼀种产品的机会成本（⽤其他产品来衡量）低于在其他国家⽣产该产品的机会成本的话，则这个国家在⽣产该种产品上就拥有⽐较优势。

⽬录1简介2假设条件3发展背景▪⾯临⼀些挑战▪要找到⾕物⾃由贸易的理论依据▪⽐较优势原理▪实践检验的结果▪不容置疑▪该理论认为世界是永恒的4适⽤范围5缺陷6⽐较优势原理1简介编辑说到⽐较优势，不能不提和它相对应的⼀个概念，绝对优势（Absolute advantage）。

后者很好理解。

你⽐我会理财，你在理财⽅⾯对我有绝对优势。

中国的彩电制造技术⽐越南强，中国在彩电制造上对越南有绝对优势。

绝对优势和劣势是不是决定了⼈与⼈之间的分⼯关系或者国与国之间的贸易关系呢？乍⼀看这似乎是顺理成章的。

你⽐我会理财，在我们这两个⼈团队中当然是你来理财。

中国⽐越南会⽣产彩电，当然是中国向越南出⼝彩电。

但仔细⼀想，这个推理不能成⽴。

你理财⽐我强1分，但你推销产品⽐我强2分，那在我俩这个团队中谁来理财，谁来营销？答案是：为了团队的总体利益，你只能忍痛割爱，将帐本留给我。

你是⽐我会理财，但你在推销产品上能⼒更强。

将帐本给我能够为你腾出时间去搞营销。

在我们这个团队中，你的⽐较优势是营销，⽽我的⽐较优势是理财。

我们的分⼯合作关系是建⽴在⽐较优势之上，⽽不是绝对优势之上。

为什么会这样？因为你的时间精⼒是有限的。

尽管你什么都⽐我⾏，但你不能什么都⾃⼰做。

当然你可以选择什么都⾃⼰做，但那样你得到的收益会少于和我合作你所得的份额。

同样道理，尽管中国在彩电⽣产上对越南有绝对优势，但在电脑⽣产上的绝对优势更⼤。

因⽽中越贸易中会是中国向越南出⼝电脑，越南向中国出⼝彩电①。

两国的贸易关系是建⽴在⽐较优势⽽不是绝对优势的基础上。

⽐较优势这个概念告诉我们，对⼀个各⽅⾯都强⼤的国家或个⼈，聪明的做法不是仰仗强势，四⾯出击，处处逞能或事必躬亲，⽽是将有限的时间、精⼒和资源⽤在⾃⼰最擅长的地⽅。

比较优势理论与自由贸易

第三章比较优势理论与自由贸易一、比较优势理论及其发展（外生比较优势理论）（一）外生比较优势理论外生比较优势理论（exogenous comparative advantage theory）亚当·斯密和李嘉图贸易模型以及H-O模型实质上都是把国家间先天赋予的生产条件差别作为贸易基础的，因此从大卫·李嘉图到20世纪中期以前的比较优势理论被称为外生比较优势理论。

外生比较优势理论是以李嘉图的外生比较优势说和郝克歇尔、俄林的要素禀赋比较优势说为代表的。

1.外生比较优势理论概述外生比较优势则是指由于天生条件的差别产生的一种特别的贸易好处，它是以外生给定的技术和禀赋差异为基础的比较优势，即外生比较优势是由事前的差别引起的。

大卫·李嘉图在其代表作《政治经济学及赋税原理》中提出了比较优势贸易理论。

该比较优势理论认为，国际贸易的基础是生产技术的相对差别（而非绝对差别），以及由此产生的相对成本的差别。

每个国家都应根据“两利相权取其重，两弊相权取其轻”的原则，集中生产并出口其具有“比较优势”的产品，进口其具有“比较劣势”的产品。

比较优势贸易理论在更普遍的基础上解释了贸易产生的基础和贸易利得，大大发展了绝对优势贸易理论。

李嘉图的这种比较优势说的理论前提是比较严格的，是属于外生比较优势的前提。

2.要素禀赋比较优势说瑞典经济学家赫克歇尔（ELI.Heckscher）和其学生俄林（Bertil Ohlin）所提出的资源禀赋理论（Factor Endowments Theory），又叫H-O理论、H-O模型，它建立在对现实经济简单化、抽象化的严格模型设定基础上。

H-O模型假定只有两种生产要素劳动力和资本。

假定只有两种商品X、Y，且X商品是劳动密集型商品，Y商品是资本密集型商品。

要素密集是通过对两种商品生产中投入的资本－劳动比率进行比较而确定的，资本－劳动比率（K/L）高的为资本密集型商品，资本－劳动比率低的为劳动密集型商品。

比较优势理论

比较优势的概念
生产一单位的某种商品的机会成本是指生产者所放弃的使用相同的生产要素在其他生产用途中所能得到的最高收入。例如，当一个厂商决定利用自己所拥有的经济资源生产一辆汽车时，这就意味着该厂商不可能再利用相同的经济资源来生产200辆自行车。于是，可以说，生产一辆汽车的机会成本是所放弃生产的200自行车。如果用货币数量来代替对实物商品数量的表述，且假定200辆自行车的价值是10万元，则可以说，一辆汽车的机会成本是价值为 10万元的其他商品。
上述关系表明，A国生产一单位的X产品所使用的劳动比B国生产一单位的X产品的时间少。
绝对优势的概念
绝对成本优势的例子。
假设英国、法国生产每吨小麦和生铁分别投入的劳动为 200天、100天、与100天和200天。
英国法国
小麦 200天/吨 100天/吨
生铁 100天/吨 200天/吨
这说明英国在生铁生产上具有绝对优势，而法国在小麦生产上具有绝对优势。
第三章
劳动生产率和比较优势李嘉图模型
比较优势理论（ Comparative Advantage ）
比较优势理论是指，在两国都能生产同样两种产品的条件下，其中一国在两种产品的生产上劳动生产率均高于另一国。该国可以专门生产优势较大的产品，通过国际分工和贸易，双方仍然可以从国际贸易中获得利益。
只要6个单位小麦能交换到4个单位以上的布，美国就会同意交换；而6个单位的小麦能交换到少于12个单位的布，英国就会同意交换。因此，互利贸易的交换率范围为：
4C< 6W < 12C
例如，交换率为6W/8C，则美国可获得4C；而英国如果自行生产6W，需6个单位劳动，即12C，节约了4C。
问题1：

绝对优势理论、比较优势理论及要素禀赋论

绝对优势理论、比较优势理论及要素禀赋论今天又遇到了这个熟悉的陌生问题。

又懵了下。

虽然国贸不是本专业，但是也挂经济学的边缘。

温故。

一、绝对优势理论（Theory of Absolute Advantage），又称绝对成本说（Theory of Absolute Cost）、地域分工说（Theory of Territorial Division of Labor）。

该理论将一国内部不同职业之间、不同工种之间的分工原则推演到各国之间的分工，从而形成其国际分工理论。

绝对优势理论是英国经济学家，资产阶级经济学古典学派的主要奠基人之一，国际分工和国际贸易理论的创始者亚当·斯密（Adam Smith，1723-1790）提出的。

代表作：《国民财富的性质和原因的研究》，简称《国富论》，书中分析了国际分工的绝对成本状况，提出了依照绝对成本进行分工的学说，奠定了自由贸易政策主张的理论基础。

该理论分析了分工的利益，认为分工可以提高劳动生产率。

原因是：分工能提高劳动的熟练程度；分工使每个人专门从事某项作业，节省与生产没有直接关系的时间；分工有利于发明创造和改进生产工具。

绝对优势理论认为，自由贸易会引起国际分工，国际分工的基础是有利的自然禀赋，或后天的有利生产条件。

它们都可以使一国在生产上和对外贸易方面处于比其他国家绝对有利的地位。

如果各国都按照各自的有利的生产条件进行分工和交换，将会使各国的资源、劳动力和资本得到最有效的利用，将会大大提高劳动生产率和增加物质财富。

斯密的理论观点表明，各国获得的对外贸易利益取决于各国生产商品的绝对成本优势；一个国家出口的应是本国生产效率高的商品，进口的应是别国生产效率高的商品；交易的结果是使贸易双方都获益。

因此，斯密主张解除国家对贸易的管制，包括关税征收和发放补贴。

但是，斯密的观点也包含非科学的成分，有一定的局限性。

二比较优势理论（Theory of Comparative Advantage)可以表述为：在两国间，劳动生产率的差距并不是在任何商品上都是相等。

戴维宁定律

戴维宁定律
戴维宁定律是由经济学家戴维宁（David Ricardo）提出的经济学原理之一，也被称为比较优势理论（Theory of Comparative Advantage）。

该定律主要阐述了国际贸易的好处和原则。

根据戴维宁定律，不同国家在制造商品或提供服务时，应该专注于他们具有相对比较优势的领域，而不是试图在所有领域都实现自给自足。

比较优势是指一个国家相对于其他国家在某种商品或服务生产上具有较低机会成本的能力。

换句话说，一个国家应该专注于他们能够以较低机会成本生产的商品或服务，而将其他商品或服务从其他国家进口。

戴维宁定律的核心概念是相对成本优势。

即使一个国家在所有领域都拥有绝对成本优势，比较优势理论也认为通过国际贸易可以实现双方的收益最大化。

通过专注于自己具有相对成本优势的产品和服务，一个国家可以提高其经济效率并实现更高的产出。

戴维宁定律的应用意义在于鼓励国际贸易和专业化生产，从而促进经济发展和全球资源的更有效分配。

这也反映了国际贸易的互补性和合作性质，各国通过相互依赖和合作可以实现共同利益。

第三节比较优势理论

☆现实需要：英国于1815年颁布的《谷物法》严重阻碍着对外贸易的发展。资产阶级迫切需要从理论上论证废除《谷物法》的必要性以及实行自由贸易的优越性。
二、比较优势理论的基本内容
（1）大卫·李嘉图模型的假设条件
（2）比较优势理论的基本观点
什么是比较优势 Comparative Advantage
是指一国在所有商品上的劳动生产率都要低于另一国，即所有商品的生产均处于绝对劣势，但是相对劣势较小的商品较之那些相对劣势较大的商品而言，即具有比较优势。
产出量－ 300 300
请思考:在交换条件为120W∶100C或120W:200C 情况下，双方是否愿意参加国际分工和国际贸易？
请思考:在交换条件为120W∶100C或120W:200C 情况下，贸易利益是如何分配的？
一国获得全部贸易利益，而另一国一无所获
请思考:交换比例应如何确定呢？
一、国际交换比例范围的确定
美国印度合计
劳动投入量
10 40 50
小麦产出量
120 120 240
劳动投入量
10 20 30
布产出量
100 100 200
劳动生产率
10
5 －
表2 国际分工后的两国产出
美国印度合计
小麦劳动投入量
20 － 20
产出量 240 － 240
布
劳动投入量－ 60 60
两国两种产品的国内交换比率（反映了两国的比较成本优势）决定了两国两种产品国际交换比率的上下限，实际的国际交换比率必定介于由两国国内交换比率所确定的界限之内。
5/6C＜1W＜5/3C
均衡交换比例究竟应该是多少呢？
2.均衡交换比例的确定和贸易利益的分配均衡交换比例取决于双方对各自商品

Comparative Advantage theory

比较优势陷阱 英文Comparative Advantage Theory and Comparative Advantage Trap

比较优势理论的英文名词解释

绝对优势与比较优势理论介绍

绝对优势与比较优势理论ppt课件

比较优势理论名词解释

国际经济学

比较优势理论的内容

简述比较优势理论的观点

比较优势论

比较优势理论

Comparative Advantage theory

比较优势_百度百科

比较优势理论与自由贸易

比较优势理论

绝对优势理论、比较优势理论及要素禀赋论

戴维宁定律

第三节比较优势理论

比较优势陷阱英文Comparative Advantage Theory and Comparative Advantage Trap