译林牛津版英语八年级下册 Unit 8 拓展阅读：Wildlife Protection
译林牛津版英语八年级下册 Unit 8 拓展阅读：About World Environment Day
World Environment Day (WED)is an annual event that is aimedat being the biggest and mostwidely celebrated global day forpositive environmental action. WED activities take place all year round but climax on 5 June every year, involving everyone from everywhere.WED celebration began in 1972 and has grown to become the one of the main vehicles through which the UN stimulates worldwide awareness of the environment and encourages political attention and action.Through WED, the UN Environment Programme is able to personalize environmental issues and enable everyone to realize not only their responsibility, but also their power to become agents for change in support of sustainable and equitable development.WED is also a day for people from all walks of life to come together to ensure a cleaner, greener and brighter outlook for themselves and future generations.Everyone counts in this initiative and WED relies on you to make this happen! We call for action – organize a neighborhood clean-up, stop using plastic bags and get your community to do the same, plant a tree or better yet organize a collective tree planting effort, walk to work, start a recycling drive . . . the possibilities are endless. Check out the WED pack for interesting suggestions on what you could do。
译林牛津版英语八年级下册 Unit 8 拓展阅读：7 Environmental Problems That Are Worse Than We Thought
With as much attention as the environment has been getting lately, you’d think that we’d be further along in our fight to preserve the world’s species, resources and the beautiful diversity of nature. Unfortunately, things aren’t nearly that rosy. In fact, many of the environmental problems that have received the most public attention are even worse than we thought – from destruction in the rain forest to melting glaciers in the Arctic. We’ve got a lot of work to do.7. Mammal ExtinctionOne in four mammal s is threatened with extinction. That’s 25%, a huge number that will totally change the ecology of every corner of the earth. We could see thousands of species die out in our lifetime, and the rate of habitat loss and hunting in crucial areas like Southeast Asia, Central Africa and Central and South America is growing so rapidly, these animals barely have a chance.If you think the extinction of an animal like the beautiful Iberian Lynx is no big deal, and wouldn’t have that much of an effect on the planet, think again. Not only would we be losing – mostly due to our own disregard for our surroundings – so much of the awe-inspiring diversity of nature, mass extinctions like this would cause a serious imbalance in the world’s food chain. When a predator disa ppears, the prey will multiply. When prey dies out, the predator will see its ranks decrease as well. Many people fail to realize just how interconnected all species on this planet really are.6. The Ocean Dead ZonesIn oceans around the world, there are eerie areas that are devoid of nearly all life. These ‘dead zones’ are characterized by a lack of oxygen, and they’re caused by excess nitrogen from farm fertilizers, emissions from vehicles and factories, and sewage. The number of dead zones has been growing fast –since the 1960’s, the number of dead zones has doubled every 10 years. They range in size from under a square mile to 45,000 square miles, and the most infamous one of all is in the Gulf of Mexico, a product of toxic sludge that flows down the Mississippi from farms in the Midwest. These ‘hypoxic’ zones now cover an area roughly the size of Oregon.Spanish researches recently found that many species die off at oxygen levels well above the current definition of ‘uninhabitable’, suggesting that th e extent of dead zones in coastal areas that support fishing is much worse than previously thought. Robert Diaz, a Virginia Institute of Marine Science biologist, said “Everything is pointing towards a more desperate situation in all aquatic systems, freshwater and marine. That’s pretty clear. People should be worried, all over the world.”As if that weren’t bad enough, global warming will likely aggravate the problem. A rise in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will change rainfall patterns, which could create an increase in runoff from rivers into the seas in many areas.5. Collapsing Fish StockMillions of people across the world depend upon fish as a major staple in their diet. As such, commercial fishermen have been pulling such a huge quantity of fish from the oceans that we’re heading toward a global collapse of all species currently fished – possibly as soon as the year 2048. Like large-scale mammal extinction, the collapse of fish species would have a major impact on the world’s ecosystems.It’s no t too late – yet – if overfishing and other threats to fish populations are reduced as soon as possible. Marine systems are still biologically diverse, but catastrophic loss of fish species is close at hand. 29 percent of species have been fished so heavily or have been so affected by pollution that they’re down to 10 percent of their previous population levels. If we continue the way we are fishing today, there will be a 100 percent collapse by mid-century, so we’ve got to turn this around fast.4. Destruction of the Rain Forest‘Saving the rain forest’ has been at the forefront of the environmental movement for decades, yet here we are facing huge losses in the Amazon all the same. You might have thought that, with all the attention the rain forest has go tten, it wouldn’t need so much saving anymore –but unfortunately, global warming and deforestation mean that half of the Amazon rain forest will likely be destroyed or severely damaged by 2030.The World Wildlife Fund concluded this summer that agriculture, drought, fire, logging and livestock ranching will cause major damage to 55 percent of the Amazon rain forest in the next 22 years. Another 4 percent will see damage due to reduced rainfall, courtesy of global warming. These factors will destroy up to 80 percent of the rain forest’s wildlife. Losing 60 percent of the rain forest would accelerate global warming and affect rainfall in places as far away as India. Massive destruction to the rain forest would have a domino effect on the rest of the world.The WWF says that the ‘point of no return’, from which recovery will be impossible, is only 15 to 25 years away.3. Polar Sea Ice LossPolar sea ice is melting at an unprecedented rate, and it’s not showing any signs of slowing down. It’s perhaps the most dramatic, startling visual evidence of global warming, and it’s got scientists rushing to figure out just how big of an effect the melting is going to have on the rest of the world.British researchers said last week that the thickness of sea ice in the Arctic decreased dramatically last winter for the first time since records began in the early 1990s. The research showed a significant loss in thickness on the northern ice cap after the record loss of ice during the summer of 2007.Scientific American wa rns that “human fingerprints have been detected” on both theArctic and Antarctic regions. Antarctica had previously appeared to be the only continent on the planet where humanity’s impact on climate change hadn’t been observed. The collapse of the Larsen B and Wilkins ice shelves in the Antarctic Peninsula shows just how fast the region is warming.2. CO2 Levels in the AtmosphereThe aforementioned polar sea ice loss is yet another sinister sign of carbon dioxide levels building up in the atmosphere –the main force behind global warming. Greenhouse gas emissions caused by our modern way of life – vehicles, power plants, factories, giant livestock farms – will bring devastating climate change within decades if they stay at today’s levels.Average temperatures could increase by as much as 12 degrees Fahrenheit by the end of the century if emissions continue to rise, a figure that would easily make the world virtually uninhabitable for humans. A global temperature rise of just 7.2 degrees Fahrenheit would cause a catastrophic domino effect, bringing weather extremes that would result in food and water shortages and destructive floods.The most recent report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change represents “the final nail in the coffin” of climate change denial, representing the most authoritative picture to date that global warming is caused by human activity. According to the panel, we must make a swift and significant switch to clean, efficient and renewable energy technologies in order to prevent the worst-case scenario.1. Population ExplosionWhether we like to admit it or not, our very own rapidly multiplying presence on this planet is the biggest environmental problem there is, and it’s getting bigger by the minute. We voraciously consume resources, pollute the air and water, tear down natural habitats, introduce species into areas where they don’t belong and destroy ecosystems to the point of causing millions of species to become endangered and, all too often, go extinct.It took nearly all of human history – from the first days of man on earth until the early 1800’s –to reach a global population of 1 billion. In just 200 years, we’ve managed to reach 6.5 billion. That means the population has grown more since 1950 than in the previous four million years. We’re adding roughly 74 million people to the planet every year, a scary figure that will probably continue to increase. All of those mouths will need to be fed. All of those bodies will need clean water and a place to sleep. All of the new communities created to house those people will continue to encroach upon the natural world.All seven environmental problems detailed above are very serious, and we’ve got to start treating them that way. We may not have easy solutions, but the fact is, we simply can’t continue living our lives as if everything is peachy. These problemsaren’t going to magically solve themselves. We should have begun acting generations ago, but we can’t go back in time, and that means we have to step up our efforts. If we want to keep this planet a healthy place for humans to live – for our grandchildren to enjoy –it’s time to buckle down and do everything in our power to reverse the damage we’ve done.。
牛津译林版英语八年级下册Unit8 Reading精品课件
二、通过图片、标题和上下文猜测课文大意。
三、了解瑞士的环保措施。
Revision
What can we do to live a green life?
recycle waste
turn off the lights when you leave a room
ride bicycles or choose public transport
3. How does the law help protect the environment?
to___________ people who punish cut down trees.
They have laws to___________ people who fine drop litter in public. to__________ limit air and water pollution.
take shorter showers to save water
Enjoy the video
What do you know about this country?
Switzerland
a European country
Switzerland is famous for…
Sw the meaning of each paragraph?
5 a Martina asks everyone to do something for the
4
environment. b People are starting to use new energy. c People in Switzerland recycle many things to reduce pollution. d The government has laws to protect the environment. e Switzerland is a beautiful country.
牛津译林版八年级下册-Unit8-A-Green-World-Welcome-
provide ho Hobo going to do？
Watch and answer
1. Why does Hobo want to plant more tress? Because trees are good for us.
Reuse
handkerchiefs shopping bags
water
paper
Listen and answer
1. How did Kitty use to go to school? Her father used to drive her to school.
2. How does she go to school now?Why
A Green Life
---Protecting the nature\environment\the Earth
We can reduce air pollution by riding bicycles.
We can ride bicycles to reduce air pollution.
Read and act
Fill in the blanks
Spring is coming. One day, Eddie sees Hobo holding a spade in his hand. He asks Hobo what he is going to do.Hobo says he is going to palnt t_r_e_e_s. Eddie asks if more trees will be _p_la_n_t_e_d_ this year. Hobo says yes because trees are _go_o_d__ for everybody. Eddie wants to go with Hobo. He says he likes d_i_g_g_in_g_ in the garden. Oh, is he _s_e_r_io_u_s_? Of course not. What he really wants is to plant _b_r_e_a_d_fr_u_it__ trees so that he can eat lots of breadfruit.
牛津译林英语 八年级下册Unit8Reading 1(共20张PPT)
to factories
for recycling.
While-reading ----Close-reading(研读) Read Para.３ and answer.
What will happen to the people if they cut down the trees?
They will be punished.
They try to keep their country beautiful and clean.
While-reading ----Close-reading(研读) Read Para.2 and fill in the blanks.
There is an organization for recycling clot.hes
Green Switzerland
What do you know about Switzerland?
Switzerland is a beautiful country with high mountains and clean blue lakes.
It has rich resources.
It c_e_r_t_h_e__c_o_u__n＿tr＿y .
Some are __s_o_l_d___ in charity shops,
some are ＿g＿iv＿en＿to the poor, others
are ＿＿＿＿se＿nt
laws to protect the environment? M: Yes. For example, … I: Do you have new ways to protect the environment? M: … I: That’s great. Thank you for your time today.
译林牛津版英语八年级下册 Unit 8 拓展阅读：World Earth Day
Earth Day is a day that is intended to inspire awareness and appreciation for the Earth's natural environment. The name and concept of Earth Day was allegedly pioneered by John McConnell in 1969 at a UNESCO Conference in San Francisco. The first Proclamation of Earth Day was by San Francisco, the City of Saint Francis, patron saint of ecology. Earth Day was first observed in San Francisco and other cities on March 21, 1970, the first day of Spring. This day of nature's equipoise was later sanctioned in a Proclamation signed by Secretary General U Thant at the United Nations where it is observed each year. About the same time a separate Earth Day was founded by United States Senator Gaylord Nelson as an environmental teach-in first held on April 22, 1970. While this April 22 Earth Day was focused on the United States, an organization launched by Denis Hayes, who was the original national coordinator in 1970, took it international in 1990 and organized events in 141 nations.[ Earth Day is now coordinated globally by the Earth Day Network, and is celebrated in more than 175 countries every year. Numerous communities celebrate Earth Week, an entire week of activities focused on environmental issues. In 2009, the United Nations designated April 22 International Mother Earth Day.。
牛津译林版八年级下册Unit 8《Green Switzerland》(Reading 1)课件
Unit 8
Green Switzerland Reading 1
A green world
Kitty: An organization old clothes from charity shops around the country. Then some are sold the poor in ,some arefactories given to , and others are sent to for recycling.
2.recycle 3.allow 4.fine 5.run out 6.produce
f
______ ______
______
a c b
______
Consolidation:
separate 1. Mother asked the boy to ________ (分开) the bad eggs from the good ones. 2. If you do something against the law, will be punished (惩罚). you _______________ recycling 3. There is an organization for____________ (recycle) wisely 4. It is important to use nature _________(wise). allowed 5.Drivers shouldn’t be_________(allow ) to drive after drinking. differences 6.There are many_________ (different) between the two words.
牛津译林版英语八年级下册《Unit 8 A green world Reading 1 Green
牛津译林版英语八年级下册《Unit 8 A green world Reading 1 Green Switzerland》说课稿10一. 教材分析《Unit 8 A green world Reading 1 Green Switzerland》是人教版牛津译林英语八年级下册的一篇文章，主要介绍了瑞士这个国家的绿色环保情况。
文章通过描述瑞士的自然风光、环保政策和人们的生活习惯，让读者感受到瑞士的绿色发展。
本文语言生动，插图丰富，有利于激发学生的学习兴趣。
二. 学情分析八年级的学生已经具备了一定的英语基础，能够理解和运用一些基本的英语语法和词汇。
但他们在阅读长篇英语文章时，可能会遇到生词、长句和复杂语法结构的理解困难。
因此，在教学过程中，教师需要关注学生的个体差异，善于激发学生的学习兴趣，引导他们积极思考，提高他们的阅读能力。
三. 说教学目标1.知识目标：让学生掌握文章中的关键词汇和短语，理解文章的主旨和作者的观点。
2.能力目标：培养学生运用所学知识进行阅读理解的能力，提高他们的环保意识。
3.情感目标：引导学生热爱大自然，关注环保，培养他们积极向上的生活态度。
四. 说教学重难点1.重点：让学生理解文章的主要内容，掌握文章中的关键词汇和短语。
2.难点：引导学生运用所学知识进行阅读理解，提高他们的环保意识。
五. 说教学方法与手段1.交际式教学法：通过小组讨论、问答等形式，激发学生的学习兴趣，提高他们的参与度。
2.任务型教学法：通过完成具体任务，培养学生运用英语进行阅读理解的能力。
3.多媒体教学手段：利用课件、图片、视频等资源，丰富教学内容，提高学生的学习兴趣。
六. 说教学过程1.Pre-reading：教师展示瑞士的图片，引导学生谈论自己对瑞士的了解，激发学生的学习兴趣。
2.While-reading：学生自主阅读文章，教师提问引导学生关注文章细节，理解文章内容。
3.Post-reading：学生分小组讨论文章主题，分享自己的观点，提高他们的环保意识。
Unit+8+Period+2 牛津译林版英语八年级下册
7. Remember that everyone can do something to make a difference! 记住每个人都可以做点（对保护环境）有益的事！ 短语make a / no / some / much difference to …意思是“对…… 有/没有/有些/有很大作用、关系、影响”。
try to do sth. 努力做某事，设法做某事 e.g. I tried to escape, but I failed.
我努力着想逃走,但是没有成功。 句中的way可以和this、that等词连用 e.g. Why does he act this way?
他为什么这样做？
2. In Switzerland, things like glass, plastic and paper are separated into different groups and then recycled. 在瑞士，像玻璃、塑料 和纸张等物品被分成不同组，然后被回收。 be separated into 被分成
6. These new types of energy cost very little and will never run out. 这些新型能源不仅成本低廉，而且用之不尽。 run out 用完，耗尽（供应品） e.g. Our food soon ran out. 我们的食物不久就吃光了。
译林版 初中英语 译林版八年级下册
Unit 8 Period 2 Reading
新课导入
Video about Switzerland
Free Talk
What do you think of Switzerland? Why is it called “Green Switzerland”?
牛津译林初中八年级下册英语 Unit 8 A green world Reading I课件
You will be fined by the police.
Kitty made some notes of Martina’s blog on a piece of paper, but her mother tore it up by mistake. Help her match the two halves of the sentences. Write the correct letters in the blanks.
n. 塑料 vt. 分开，分割 vt.&vi 回收利用，循环利用 vt. 允许
砍到 vt. 处罚，惩罚 vt. 罚款 vt. 限制
depend
vi. 依靠，依赖，指望
depend on /upon 依靠，取决于
rich
adj. 富有的，丰富的
rce
n. 资源
wisely
adv. 明智的，充满智慧
1 Switzerland is a beautiful country ___d__ 2 In Switzerland, glass plastic and paper _a_
a are separated into different groups and recycled. b energy from the sun, wind and water. c to protect the environment. d with high mountains and clean blue lakes. e because we depend on its rich resources to live. f to collect old clothes from around the country.
Unit8 Pets-Reading 2课件-牛津译林版英语八年级下册
让我 the game at once.
My goldfish is a wonderful pet. She doesn’t need a bed. She isn’t any trouble. She doesn’t bark, She doesn’t miaow,
17. 捣乱, 制造麻烦
make trouble
1. The girl wants to be a doctor and _s_a_v_e__ (keep some one safe from danger) people’s lives when she grows up.
2. My job is to _c_o_ll_e_c_t (bring things together from different people or places) things for Project Hope.
他昨天到处寻找一只失踪的钱包。
He hunted for a lost wallet everywhere yesterday.
4. hide v. --hiding -- hid
躲藏，隐藏
孩子们正躲在沙发后面。
The children are hiding behind the sofa.
他刚刚把他的手机藏在床底下。
动词 名词
名词
Don’t trouble trouble until trouble
troubles you.
动词
不要自找麻烦。
2. We don't have to feed her much. feed /i:/ -- fed /e/
牛津版八年级英语Wild Animals ppt
Dangers:
Hunters catch them for their fur.
Farmers cut down forests and pandas have nowhere to live.
People take baby pandas away if they find them alone.
When she was six months old, she started to eat bamboo shoots and leaves .
When she was 20 months old, she had to look after herself.
The growth of Xi Wang
12 months f
d She began to eat bamboo shoots and leaves.
e She weighed 100 grams.
f She weighed 35 kilograms.
20 months a
hunter
fur
farmer
reserve
forest
Discussion: Why is Xi Wang crying?
1 day e 10 days c 4 months b 6 months d
a She started to look after herself.
b She was about 10 kilograms and started
to go outside her home. c She looked like a white mouse.
Pandas
a baby panda
a giant panda
译林牛津版英语八年级下册 Unit 8 拓展阅读：Pollution
scale and resulted in minor accumulations of discarded material probably easily dispersed without too much impact. Human wastes would have polluted rivers or water sources to some degree. However, these effects could be expected predominantly to be dwarfed by the natural world.Ancient culturesThe first advanced civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, Persia, Greece and Rome increased the use of water for their manufacture of goods, increasingly forged metal and created fires of wood and peat for more elaborate purposes (for example, bathing, heating). The forging of metals appears to be a key turning point in the creation of significant air pollution levels. Core samples of glaciers in Greenland indicate increases in air pollution associated with Greek, Roman and Chinese metal production[2]. Still, at this time the scale of higher activity probably did not disrupt ecosystems.Middle AgesThe European Dark Ages during the early Middle Ages probably saw a reprieve in widespread pollution, in that industrial activity fell, and population levels did not grow rapidly. Toward the end of the Middle Ages populations grew and concentrated more within cities, creating pockets of readily evident contamination. In certain places air pollution levels were recognizable as health issues, and water pollution in population centers was a serious medium for disease transmission from untreated human waste.Since travel and widespread information were less common, there did not exist a more general context than that of local consequences in which to consider pollution. Air pollution was largely from wood burning which must be properly ventilated. Septic contamination or poisoning of a clean drinking water source was very easily fatal, and contamination was not well understood. Bad septic contamination and pollution contributed greatly to the Bubonic plague.Official acknowledgementBut gradually increasing populations and the proliferation of basic industrial processes saw the emergence of a civilization that began to have a much greater collective impact on its surroundings. It was to be expected that the beginnings of environmental awareness would occur in the more developed cultures, particularly in the densest urban centers.Regulation and monitoringMain article: Regulation and monitoring of pollutionTo protect the environment from the adverse effects of pollution, many nations worldwide have enacted legislation to regulate various types of pollution as well as to mitigate the adverse effects of pollution.Pollution controlPollution control is a term used in environmental management. It means the control of emissions and effluents into air, water or soil. WithoutPerspectivesThe earliest precursor of pollution generated by life forms would have been a natural function of their existence. The attendant consequences on viability and population levels fell within the sphere of natural selection. These would have included the demise of a population locally or ultimately, species extinction. Processes that were untenable would have resulted in a new balance brought about by changes and adaptations. At the extremes, for any form of life, consideration of pollution is superseded by that of survival.For humankind, the factor of technology is a distinguishing and critical consideration, both as an enabler and an additional source of byproducts. Short of survival, human concerns include the range from quality of life to health hazards. Since science holds experimental demonstration to bedefinitive, modern treatment of toxicity or environmental harm involves defining a level at which an effect is observable. Common examples of fields where practical measurement is crucial include automobile emissions control, industrial exposure (eg Occupational Safety and Health), and medicine (eg Administration (OSHA) PELs), toxicology (eg LD50medication and radiation doses)."The solution to pollution is dilution", is a dictum which summarizes a traditional approach to pollution management whereby sufficiently diluted pollution is not harmful.[19][20] It is well-suited to some other modern, locally-scoped applications such as laboratory safety procedure and hazardous material release emergency management. But it assumes that the dilutant is in virtually unlimited supply for the application or that resulting dilutions are acceptable in all cases.Such simple treatment for environmental pollution on a wider scale might have had greater merit in earlier centuries when physical survival was often the highest imperative, human population and densities were lower, technologies were simpler and their byproducts more benign. But these are often no longer the case. Furthermore, advances have enabled measurement of concentrations not possible before. The use of statistical methods in evaluating outcomes has given currency to the principle of probable harm in cases where assessment is warranted but resorting to deterministic models is impractical or unfeasible. In addition, consideration of the environment beyond direct impact on human beings has gained prominence. Yet in the absence of a superseding principle, this older approach predominates practices throughout the world. It is the basis by which to gauge concentrations of effluent for legal release, exceeding which penalties are assessed or restrictions applied. The regressive cases are those where a controlled level of release is too high or, if enforceable, is neglected. Migration from pollution dilution to elimination in many cases is confronted by challenging economical and technological barriers.Greenhouse gases and global warmingMain article: Global warmingemissions by country.Historical and projected CO2Source: Energy Information Administration.[21][22]Carbon dioxide, while vital for photosynthesis, is sometimes referred to as pollution, because raised levels of the gas in the atmosphere are affecting the Earth's climate. Disruption of the environment can also highlight the connection between areas of pollution that would normallybe classified separately, such as those of water and air. Recent studies have investigated the potential for long-term rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide to cause slight but critical increases in the acidity of ocean waters, and the possible effects of this on marine ecosystems.。
2020-2021学年牛津译林版英语八年级下册Unit8Reading-1
They are separate d into different groups and then recycled.
Exploration：Discuss about Recycling
Finish part B3 on P111
P1.__e__ P2.__c__ P3.__d__ P4.__b__ P5.__a__
a Martina asks everyone to do something for the environment.
b People are starting to use new energy.
c People in Switzerland recycle many things to reduce pollution.
d The government has laws to protect the environment.
e Switzerland is a beautiful country.
a cause a result b make someone pay money
because he/she has done something wrong c be used up d put things into different groups e let someone do something f treat something used so that it can be used again
the environment?
Yes, it does. It hathe environment.
牛津译林版英语八年级下册Unit 8 Reading 1
Homework
Unit 8 A green world Reading I
Our motherland ----China
Places of natural beauty
China is a country with beautiful mountains and clean blue seas.
Places of interest
A.June 6 B.May 5 C.June 5
Post reading
Read and Match
1.separate
d
2.recycle
f
3.allow
e
4. fine
b
5.run out
c
6.produce
a
a. cause a result b. make someone pay money
Post reading
Read and Match
a are separated into different groups and recycled. b energy from the sun, wind and water. c to protect the environment. d with high mountains and clean blue lakes. e because we depend on its rich resources to live. f to collect old clothes from around the country.
牛津译林版英语八年级下册Unit 8 Reading I课件
A. give B.am given
C.will give D.will be given
( D) 3.2016 南京中考
It is reported that Jiangsu Grand Theatre ___________in September
this year.
A. completes B.is completed C.will complete D.will be completed
A.builds B.will build C. is buliding D.will be built
（ B ）2.2016 扬州中考
-Have you finished your report on green life?
-Not yet.I will make it if I __________another two hours.
allow sb. to sth. 允许某人做某事
某人被允许做某事 sb. be allowed to do
sb. be not allowed to do 某人不被允许做某事
If we drop litter in a public place,we_w__i_ll_b_e__f_in__e_d__(fined)by the police.There are also laws ___t_o__li_m_i_t______(limit）air and water pollution.
中考链接 二. 翻译句子
1.2017. 扬州中考 如果你砍伐这些树木，将会收到惩罚。 If you cut down trees,you will be punished. You will be punished if you cut down trees.
牛津英语译林版 8下 Unit 8 A green world 短文理解提优训练
牛津英语译林版8下Unit 8 A green world 短文理解提优训练一、完形填空AA zero waste life is a lifestyle that hardly creates any rubbish. So, a zero waste theme store is about ___1___ people with a number of everyday, practical and pleasant zero-waste products to help them start on a one -stop, zero-waste life journey.“Zero waste” or “danshari” was first ___2___ by a French woman Bea Johnson. “Live a life and try not to create any rubbish; use different methods to protect the Earth,” she said.Yu Yuan, 27, is ___3___ attracted by this idea.She and her boyfriend have lived in Beijing for many years. And earlier she used to be a customer without thinking a lot ___4___ she saw a video about “zero waste”.The ___5___ is about a family of four, and the rubbish they produce every year is placed in a jar.After watching the video, Yu wanted to ___6___ this zero-waste lifestyle with her boyfriend.Yu says that a zero-waste life ___7___ the 6R rules- Refuse, Reduce, Reuse, Repair, Recycle and Rot (腐烂) .From August to October when Yu followed the principle of zero-waste 6R, she and her boyfriend Joe Harvey both ___8___ only two cans of rubbish.Now, the couple have opened a small ___9___ called The Bulk House in Nanluoguxiang, Beijing, to support the zero-waste life.At the store they use environmentally-friendly products. For example, they use wood products to replace ___10___ ones and. prepare cloth bags printed with zero- waste logos for customers. Most of the products sold in the store can be reused, and a small number of ___11___ which are not recyclable can degrade (分解) . The store ___12___ has second-hand books and audio-visual CDs/DVDs.For used toiletries (things like soap and toothpaste that are used for cleaning yourself) there is a company which accepts them, and the couple regularly mails their waste to it.Yu says that those who were once not ___13___ the zero-waste lifestyle have gradually changed because of curiosity. The zero-waste lifestyle, she adds, is for everyone,“It’s ___14___ us at our fingertips. ” Yu expects some of her friends to ___15___ her on the r oad to zero waste. As the saying goes, "Many hands make light work. "1. A. offering B. providing C. giving D. affording2. A. reused B. found C. discovered D. suggested3. A. hardly B. luckily C. clearly D. deeply4. A. unless B. until C. after D. when5. A. video B. film C. article D. newspaper6. A. experience B. change C. move D. spend7. A. accepts B. receives C. follows D. believes8. A. saved B. produced C. kept D. wasted9. A. shop B. factory C. hotel D. company10. A. paper B. cloth C. silk D. plastic11. A. it B. them C. their D. its12. A. too B. either C. also D. only13. A. proud of B. worried about C. amazed at D. interested in14. A. behind B. around C. ahead D. above15. A. organize B. record C. join D. encourageBMarch 22nd is World Water Day. It started in 1993. It not only makes us think about the importance of water, but also calls on (号召) us to ___1___ and protect water. Today, we re facing terrible water problems. Among them, wastewater problem is especially ___2___ . And the subject of World Water Day in 2017 was “wastewater”.What is wastewater? It was used water. Usually, wastewater comes from homes, ___3___ , hospitals and so on. It is produced by different kinds of activities, including washing the machines, taking showers and using the kitchen. The rain also ___4___ wastewater when it is running down the street during a storm. No matter where it comes from, this kind of water issure to have ___5___ harmful in it.___6___ must we treat (处理) wastewater? Wastewater has a big influence on our life. It causes both illness for us, and pollution for the environment. We must care for our environment and our own ___7___ .How can we treat wastewater? Different kinds of wastewater need different ways of treatment. Wastewater ___8___ homes can be reused. Then there will be ___9___ wastewater. Also, factory wastewater has to be cleaned ___10___ it goes back to nature.1. A. drink B. save C. carry D. watch2. A. easy B. popular C. small D. serious3. A. factories B. lakes C. rivers D. seas4. A. gets back here B. hands in C. changes into D. picks up5. A. nothing B. something C. nobody D. somebody6. A. What B. Who C. Why D. How7. A. work B. interest C. health D. business8. A. on B. for C. with D. from9. A. less B. more C. better D. worse10. A. and B. whether C. after D. beforeCEach one of us shares this planet with seven billion others. And we all need ___1___ . People and products need to move from city to city and country to country. However, we all know ___2___ most cars, motorcycles, boats and planes cause air pollution. They are also ___3___ . This is a serious problem in many cities. ___4___ inventors are coming up with creative ideas to try to reduce the pollution and noise.In many cities around the world, motorcycles are very ___5___ . Now Vietnam has around 33 million motorcycles and China has almost 120 million. Motorcycles are a faster and cheaper way to get around a city than ___6___ . Yet air pollution is a growing problem. In large cities, people complain (抱怨) it is ___7___ to breathe. To solve these problems, a USA company designed an environmentally friendly motorcycle. It uses electricity as fuel (燃料). As a result, there is ___8___ pollution. It’s also quiet and fast. This makes ___9___ a good choice for getting around a city.The Italian city of Venice is a city with only a few ___10___ . There are no cars in the city center. ___11___ cars, water taxis and buses carry people along the city’s canals (运河). However, they cause pollution, ___12___ to the water. English engineers Dick and Jem designed a solar powered (太阳能) water taxi. The water taxi ___13___ run for a day after being recharged (充电).Planes also cause air and noise pollution. Designing an environmentally friendly airplane is a real ___14___ . Some airplane companies have ___15___ to solve the problems. Swiss engineers have gone one step further. They developed a solar airplane. This plane holds the world record for the longest solar powered flight 1, 541 kilometers from Arizona to Texas in America.1. A. air B. food C. transportation D. communication2. A. how B. why C. when D. that3. A. noisy B. dirty C. fast D. expensive4. A. Since B. So C. Because D. Although5. A. popular B. valuable C. dangerous D. safe6. A. bikes B. subways C. buses D. cars7. A. necessary B. difficult C. simple D. careful8. A. much B. some C. no D. more9. A. them B. you C. us D. it10. A. rivers B. roads C. tourists D. people11. A. Instead of B. Thanks to C. Because of D. As for12. A. probably B. only C. especially D. hardly13. A. must B. can C. should D. need14. A. question B. job C. decision D. challenge15. A. disagreed B. refused C. started D. remembered二、首字母填空Ⅵ. 首字母填空What does it mean to be green? Green is more than just a kind of c___1___ , It also means taking special steps to protect the e___2___ —the water, the land and the air we breathe, What is green? Plants are green, and w___3___ them the Earth wouldn’t be such a lovely home for human beings. Here’s a four-step guide to be green:R___4___ it! When you use less of something, you do a good thing for the Earth. For example, a shorter shower means you use less water and less fuel because your house uses fuel to run the water heater (加热器) that warms up the water.Reuse it! Sometimes we’re a little too willing to throw away the w___5___ and buy new things. Many times, you no l___6___ need anything , while someone else might just need it. For example, if your baby grows out of toys, why not give them to a___7___ family who has a little kid?Recycle it! Recycling has n___8___ been easier. Many people will pick something up right in front of your house and they will need it. Tell your mum or dad to become “Head of Recycling” for your house.Enjoy it! It’s true that p___9___ is a problem, but the Earth is still a large and beautiful place for you to live and study. You can start by v___10___ the beautiful places in your hometown. Go for a hike, visit local nature centres and gardens, climb up mountains and so on.Ⅶ. 首字母填空(每小题1分, 满分10分)Boyan Slat has one huge goal. It’s a goal that could be good for people and a___1___ all over the world. Amazingly, it looks like he’s going to r___2___ his goal.When he was 16, Dutch engineering student Slat was on vacation in Greece, and he started to think about all the r___3___ or litter that is pushed onto beaches by water. The oceans around the world are all full of plastic millions of tons of plastic. Unfortunately, plastic doesn’t just disappear in a s___4___ time. It takes centuries to break down (分解) .The p___5___ situation of the oceans is bad and worrying and Slat wanted to do something to c___6___ this situation. So he made it a personal goal to clean up the rubbish in the world’s oceans.Slat started with an idea for an unusual machine to “catch” the plastic floaters (漂浮物) in the water using the natural energy of the ocean. He left school in 2013 to begin work on his project The Ocean Cleanup. Soon, the project received a lot of attention.A year later, he was leading a team of 100 scientists and engineers working on the invention. Slat needed m___7___ for this, so he started asking people to d___8___ money to his project online and raised over $ 2 million!Soon after, Sl at was named a “Champion of the Earth” by the United Nations for his m___9___ and valuable work. It’s the most important title the UN gives to people helping protect the e___10___ . The Ocean Cleanup also won several awards (奖项) for having one of the best inventions of 2015. But the dream goes on for Slat. He hopes that the oceans will be free of plastic in about twenty or thirty years.Ⅷ. 首字母填空The earth we are living on has rich resources. Many people d___1___ on them for a living. Some people c___2___ down trees to build houses. Some people make a living by f___3___ in rivers and lakes.With the development of agriculture and industry, the resources are becoming fewer and fewer. It’s quite possible that natural resources will r___4___ out in the near fu ture. What’s more, the problem of air pollution is becoming more and more s___5___ . It has made a great d___6___ to our daily life and health.Luckily, more and more countries are paying attention to p___7___ the earth. It’s also important for every one of us to take steps. We need to d___8___ green lifestyle. We can ride bikes or walk to school instead of asking our parents to drive us to school, because cars p___9___ much air pollution. At the weekend, we can turn off the TV and the computer and go out to enjoy the beauty of nature or do some sports. Follow these small s___10___ , and we can save lots of energy and become healthier at the same time.三、阅读理解A“When I was 16 years old, I was scuba diving in Greece, but I was surprised to see more plastic bags than fish. ”This was when Boyan Slat first realized ocean pollution in 2010. The Dutch teenager decided to give up higher education in 2013 and instead set up The Ocean Cleanup. He hoped to clean up ocean rubbish. Now together with his team, the 26-year -old has designed and set up the world’s first ocean cleanup system (系统) . Slat’s plan was to set up anenvironmentally-friendly, large-scale system to clean up plastic debris (残骸) from the ocean.The fact he faced was very serious. Every year, over 8 million tons of plastic end up in our oceans, and it can take up to 500 years to break down. In 2018, the World Economic Forum predicted (预测) that the weight of ocean plastic would match that of all the fish in our oceans by 2050.Sea animals can easily become trapped in plastics and can even die if they eat it. As the plastic breaks down, smaller pieces enter the food chain (食物链) —even the food that we eat.After hundreds of models and many failures, on Oct. 2, 2019, Slat told people about the success of their device called System 001/B. It successfully trapped a large amount of plastic debris in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, a mass of (大量的) waste three times the size of France.Slat’s dream is to clean up 50 percent of the waste in the area within the next five years and 90 percent of all ocean plastic by 2040. Right now he and his team are working to improve the system.1. In 2013, Boyan Slat set up The Ocean Cleanup in order to ______ .A. make his life more colorfulB. help people eat healthier foodC. clean up ocean rubbishD. have more living areas for animals2. Paragraph 4 mainly explains ______ .A. where plastic in the ocean comes fromB. how serious the plastic problem isC. how plastic in the ocean changes lifeD. what we should do to protect the ocean3. What do we know about System 001/B?A. It can trap plenty of plastic debris.B. It is expected to come out by 2040.C. It can only clean rubbish in France.D. It has already been a perfect system.4. What is the best title for this passage?A. Protecting the Earth BetterB. Reducing More Plastic BagsC. Making Seas Have Less RubbishD. Setting Up The Ocean CleanupBOn Friday, March 15, 2019, hundreds , of thousands of kids from over 80 countries went to the streets instead of going to school. However, the worldwide strike (罢工) was not a fight against much homework or long school hours. It was a request to ask government officials to take action against climate (气候) change.The worldwide movement began with a teenager —16-year-old Greta Thunberg. The, Swedish teenager began to know about climate change when she was just eight years old. She says, “I remember when I was younger, our teachers showed us movies of plastic in the ocean, hungry polar (北极的) bears on ice and so on. I cried through all the movies. Those pictures were kept in my head. ”Over the next few years, the teenager asked her parents to live a green life. Her mother, a world-famous opera singer, stopped flying, while her father stopped eating junk food. In 2018, following lots of forest fires in Sweden, the young girl decided to pay more attention to climate change. She organized a similar strike to increase people s knowledge on climate change.While Greta had originally planned to take the activity with a group of kids, the activity failed. However, that did not stop the girl from trying to achieve her goal. From August 20, 2018 to September 9, 2018 —the days of Sweden’s general elections (选举) —Greta spent the days sitting on the ground outside the parliament (国会) building in the capital.“I painted the sign on a piece of wood and wrote down some facts I thought everyone should know. And then I took my bike to the parliament and just sat there,” she recalls.“The first day, I sat alone for eight hours. However, on the second day, people started joining me. After that, there were more people there all the time. ”1. Hundreds of thousands of kids made the strike ______ .A. to fight against much homeworkB. to fight against long school hoursC. to deal with their strict teachersD. to deal with climate change2. Why did Greta Thunberg come up with the idea to make the strike?A. Because she felt sad for the hungry bears.B. Because she wasn’t interested in the movies.C. Because she disagreed with her father.D. Because she wouldn’t like to go to school.3. How did the teenager’s mother live a green life?A. She gave up singing.B. She gave up taking a plane.C. She stopped eating junk food.D. She stopped taking a train.4. How long did Sweden’s general elections last?A. About five days.B. About ten days.C. About fifteen days.D. About twenty days.5. How was the first day when the girl sat on the ground outside the parliament building?A. No one joined her.B. Her parents joined her.C. Many people sat with her at the parliament building.D. The government agreed with the girl.CSeveral large wildfires are burning in California, where extreme (极端的) heat and dry, windy conditions are making the fires larger.Two of the three largest fires in the state’s history are burning in the Northern San Francisco Bay area. Reports say more than 14,000 firefighters are making efforts (努力) to fight those fires. The fire danger is also high in Southern California. The USA Forest Service closed all eight national forests in the area on Monday and campgrounds around the state.September and October are traditionally wildfire season in California. A record shows that 809,000 hectares (公顷) have burned this year. That was the highest record in the state’s history. That fire destroyed most of the community of Paradise and killed 85 people.To prevent new wildfires, California’s biggest electricity provider now cuts power to areas with h igh-risk conditions. In recent days, power was cut to more than 172,000 homes in an effort to prevent new fires.Nine hundred wildfires have been reported in California since August 15. Many of them are believed to have been caused by lightning strikes (雷击) in the middle of August. There have been eight fire deaths and more than 3,300 buildings destroyed.“The wildfire situation throughout California is dangerous”and must be taken seriously,” said an official Randy Moore. “Existing (现存的) fires are displaying extreme fire behavior. New fire starts, and weather conditions are becoming worse and worse, and we simply do not have enough resources to fully fight every fire. ”1. In which season are there usually the most wildfires in California?A. Spring.B. Summer.C. Autumn.D. Winter.2. Many of the fires were caused by ______ .A. the strong windsB. fewer firefighterC. the lighting strikesD. the dry weather3. What does the underlined word “destroyed” mean?A. 修建B. 摧毁C. 形成D. 减少4. What can we learn about the wildfires in California?A. The fire in Southern California is not so dangerous.B. California’s wildfires are getting worse because of no power.C. The official didn’t want to make efforts to put out the wildfire.D. The wildfires this year have destroyed more land than ever before.5. What is the main idea of the text?A. The wildfires in California become worse because of extreme weather.B. There are always wildfires in California.C. The wildfires in USA are more dangerous than those in other countries.D. The wildfires can be easily put out.DMy wife and I were on our honeymoon in our homeland, visiting my parents in-law. My wife Helen was making a film and my job was to make up the music, but I didn’t bring my guitar with me. I locked myself in the barn toilet, and carved a guitar neck from a scrap (废弃的) piece of wood. In the barn, I found a drum, which used to be part of an old tape recorder. It’s like a guitar, but it has four strings. So is it a balalaika or a guitar? They have something in common (共性) ; we call it a balalaika but it’s played differently.Our daughter Kitty had just started school, so she needed a place to do her homework. There isn’t much room except a table in the kitchen. When my wife cooks, she needs to use the table. One day I walked past a rubbish bin and saw a folding (可折叠的) table lying there. I thought I could make something out of it. It was just the right size a bigger one wouldn’t have fitted into the room. I fixed a slab of board for the desk and made the back of the seat softer, then I oiled the screws so it is easier to fold.Our dad’s friend made the Little House for his daughter. It was made of wood and bricks which were thrown away. And when she grew up, he offered it to us. So how l ong has it been standing here? I’m forty years old now, so it must be at least fifty.The man’s name was Bob. He’s not alive any more but I still remember the nice time in the Little House. When my children were growing up, they used to say “We’re going to play in the Little House!” or “Where are you? I’m in the Little House!”It’s a go-kart for my son Tom to ride down the hill. He wanted to make one so I helped him. I had bought him one, but he wasn’t satisfied with that. I just made it from pieces lying a round. The wheels were from two different scrapped carts. My father-in-law had them in his barn. He doesn’t throw anything away. I only used cart parts, some wood, a cushioned seat, and a rope. It cost nothing. My son likes it so much. I feel so happy.1. Which of the following was given by a friend?2. What do the four stories have in common?A. The children in the stories were good at DIY.B. Fathers made the four objects for their children.C. Some scrap materials were made good use of.D. The four objects were made just for pleasure.3. From the passage, we can infer (推断) thatA. Kitty’s father did not have money to buy a new tableB. at least four children once played in the Little HouseC. Helen and her husband were good at making instrumentsD. Tom enjoyed making things like his father and grandfatherEParker Stewart, 15, studies at the Sayre School in Kentucky, the USA. After doing some independent (独立的) environmental studies, Stewart wanted to make a difference in his community.He started making efforts last year to bring solar energy to his school’s science labs. Thirty solar panels (太阳能电板) are going to be installed (安装) in late November.It started when Stewart began researching (研究) solar energy. He found a solar power app. When he put in a particular (特别的) address, it would tell him how much sunlight that area receives each day. He found that his school building receives an ideal amount of sunlight.At his science teacher’s suggestion, Stewart performed an energy audit (评估) on one of the school’s science labs to see how much energy it uses. He then started doing more research including contacting a local company called Synergy Home to install solar panels,Stewart then went to Sayre’s headmaster to ask for funding (资助) after explaining the benefits (好处) of solar power. Sayre used the money to buy one panel—but since then, the project has grown to a total of 30 panels. They re expected to generate (产生) enough energy to run all of the four science labs on campus.Debbie Wheeler, Stewart’s science teacher, said the success of the project was due to (归因于) Stewart’s efforts (努力). He did all of the research carefully to find out whether solar energy would be a suitable solution for the school’s labs, as wel l as calculated (计算) the cost, benefit and rate of return for the project.“Others just talk about saving our planet, but Parker had the persistence (毅力) to make it happen, ” she added.1. What does Stewart want to do?A. Move to a different community.B. Take environmental courses.C. Install solar panels in his school’s science labs.D. Develop another solar power app.2. Stewart did the following things EXCEPT ______ .A. inventing (发明) a solar power appB. auditing how much energy the science lab usesC. contacting with Synergy HomeD. asking Sayre’s headmaster for funding3. According to Wheeler, Stewart succeeded because ______ .A. he got a lot of help from his teachersB. he studied carefully on the details of the projectC. h is school’s labs receive enough sunlight every dayD. the local company Synergy Home helped him install solar panels4. The underlined word “it” in the last paragraph means ______ .A. the hard work of StewartB. the protection of the environmentC. the research of the solar energyD. the way to solve the problem of labs5. Which is the CORRECT order of the following events?①Stewart found a solar power app.②Sayre’s headmaster funded the project.③Stewart did some environmental studies on his own.④Synergy Home was invited to install solar panels.⑤Sayre has bought 30 panels in total.A. ②①③⑤④B. ③①④②⑤C. ②③④①⑤D. ③②①④⑤四、任务型阅读APollution is the process of making land, water, air or other parts of the environment dirty and may do harm to people. Things as simple as light, sound and temperature (温度) can be thought as pollutants when introduced artificially (人为地) into the environment.Land pollutionLand can become polluted by household garbage and by industrial (工业的) waste. In 2014, Americans produced about 258 million tons of solid waste, according to the USA Environmental Protection Agency. A little over 50% of the waste —136 million tons —was gathered in landfills. Only about 34 % was recycled.Noise pollutionEven though humans can’t see or smell noise pollution, it still affects the environment. Noise pollution happens when the sound reaches harmful levels. Research has shown that noise is a direct cause to health problems, including stress related illnesses, high blood pressure and hearing loss. For example, a study found that noise pollution may contribute to (导致) hundreds of thousands of deaths per year by increasing the rates of coronary heart disease.Light pollutionMost people can’t imagine living if th ere were no electric lights. For the natural world, though, lights have changed the way that days and nights work. Some consequences (后果) of light pollution are:Some birds sing at unnatural hours in the presence of artificial light.Light pollution also makes it difficult for astronomers (天文学家) to properly see the stars.BRecycling is one of the best things we can do for our earth. Recycling is different from country to country. Let’s take some countries for example.SwedenSweden is a world leader in recycling. The country’s rubbish is used to produce heat and electricity(热能和电能) for millions of homes, Sweden is so successful in recycling that it even buys rubbish from other countries since it doesn’t have enough!ItalyWhen it comes to recycling, Rome has become quite serious. Every house has a recycling bin within 500 metres from their front door. If you don’t separate your recycling from your waste, you can be fined up to 619 euros !SwitzerlandIn Switzerland, recycling is free. But throwing away rubbish costs money. Each rubbish bag has to have a sticker (标签) on it, and each sticker costs at least one euro. So the less you throw out, the less you pay. No sticker? Then the rubbish will be left outside your house all the time.Senegal (塞内加尔)Recycling is part of daily life for people in Senegal. Everything is recycled, from plastic bags to school exercise books, food cans, plastic bottles and even fruit peel. The peel is said to be collected for using in cheap perfume (香水) . Old newspapers are used to wrap bread or fruit you buy in the street. Some artisans (工匠) also use metal waste to produce anythingCSchool tests can be stressful. But they might also help you change the world. That’s what happened to three girls in New York.Kristen, Jenna, and Marisa are good friends. They learned about a growing problem from a reading test they took at school. That problem is e-waste, short for electronic waste. Examples of e-waste include TVs, computers and cellphones.The test said that parts of e-waste have chemicals (化学物质) that can be very dangerous to the environment and human beings. The girls felt so worried that they decided to start a recycling drive. They wanted to tell people to recycle e waste instead of just throwing it into the trash. They called themselves the E- Waste Girls.The most common items they collected were phones, followed by computers, MP3 players and radios. The girls took the items to a special recycling centre. “At the recycling centre, they break them down, ” Jenna said. “The workers separate the plastic, metal, glass, and other parts to reuse. Then they take out the dangerous chemicals and dispose of (处理) them properly, so they won’t escape (逃离) into the air or the ground or the water. ”One big way people can help reduce e-waste is to buy wisely. For example:◆Consider (考虑) electronics made with fewer harmful chemicals.◆Choose products that will last several years.。
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译林牛津版英语八年级下册Unit 8 拓展阅读：Wildlife ProtectionA great many international conventions, European directives and national laws attempt to protect species of animals and plants, but the degree of protection varies considerably. For instance, laboratory animals are protected from being kept in unsuitable conditions, but not from cruel experiments. On the other hand, it can be illegal to keep certain animals (otters or badgers for example), even if they are dead. Some of the most important of the many Acts of Parliament which refer to animals are:Protection of Animals Act 1911Protects captive animals from various forms of abuse, and protects wild animals temporarily held in captivity. The RSPCA often uses the Act to prosecute people guilty of cruelty.Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES, 1975)This convention makes unregulated trade in certain species unlawful, whether the animals are alive or dead. Tigers, whales, rhinos and pandas are among the animals protected.Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981Provides the strongest protection of any British legislation. Species listed in Schedule 5 of the Act are protected from disturbance, injury, intentional destruction or sale. Other provisions outlaw certain methods of taking or killing listed species. This Act amended and strengthened earlier legislation, and is brought up to date regularly to ensure the most endangered animals are on the schedule.Legislation banning the taking, killing or sale of a threatened species cannot halt a decline if this is caused by the disappearance of the its natural habitat. The Act did improve protection for the most important wildlife habitats (designated as Sites of Special Scientific Interest or National Nature Reserves) but there are too few of these to protect population of rare mammals.EC Directive on Conservation of Natural Habitats and Wild Flora and Fauna (1992)This European Directive instructs member states to return and maintain certainthreatened or endangered species to "favourable conservation status". The Directive lists 200 animals and 400 plant species.The UK's protected mammalsOur own law offers protection for some native UK mammals. These are pine martens, red squirrels, dormice, all bats, badgers, deer, wild cats, otters, hedgehogs, brown hares and rabbits, shrews, polecats, walrus, porpoise, whales and seals and some species of dolphins.Badgers (Meles meles) Badger baiting with dogs has been illegal since the last century, digging for badgers was made illegal by the Badger Act 1973 and badger setts were protected in 1991. It is now illegal to kill, injure or take a badger, to possess a dead badger or anything derived from it, or to interfere with a sett without a licence from a statutory authority.Bats (Rhinolophidae all species, Vespertilionidae all species)Bats are in decline across the UK as their habitats and food supply are destroyed. There are 15 bat species in Britain, many on the brink of extinction. The Wildlife and Countryside Act makes it an offence to intentionally damage, destroy or obstruct access to any place used by bats for shelter or protection. It is necessary to obtain a licence before handling a bat, dead or alive.Otters (Lutra lutra)Otter populations declined dramatically during the 1 950s and 1 960s throughout Europe as a result of pollution in rivers, pesticides on agricultural land and the drainage of wetland areas. Otters have disappeared from most of the rivers in central and southern England.Otters are strictly protected by the Wildlife and Countryside Act and cannot be killed, kept or sold (even stuffed specimens) without a licence.Red squirrels (Sciurus vulyaris)The red squirrel has declined in numbers ever since the grey squirrel was introduced from the USA (around the turn of the last century) and is now extinct in most southern counties. The Wildlife and Countryside Act makes it an offence to trap, kill or keep a red squirrel, except under licence.The Role of the Wildlife TrustsYour local wildlife trust is involved in work that protects mammals in your area.Some wildlife trusts run projects to help otters return to our riverbanks, and they may also arrange bat or badger watching events. At a national level The Wildlife Trusts arrange campaign for better legal protection for threatened animals, plants and their natural habitats.。