微观经济学英文版第一章

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平狄克微观经济学课件英文01精品文档19页

平狄克微观经济学课件英文01精品文档19页

Chapter 1: Preliminaries
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall • Microeconomics • Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 7e.
4 of 18
1.1 THE THEMES OF MICROECONOMICS
Theories and Models
In economics, explanation and prediction are based on theories. Theories are developed to explain observed phenomena in terms of a set of basic rules and assumptions.
Workers Workers also face constraints and make trade-offs. First, people must decide whether and when to enter the workforce. Second, workers face trade-offs in their choice of employment. Finally, workers must sometimes decide how many hours per week they wish to work, thereby trading off labor for leisure.
In a market economy, prices are determined by the interactions of consumers, workers, and firms. These interactions occur in markets—collections of buyers and sellers that together determine the price of a good.

微观经济学课件英文版 En-micro01

微观经济学课件英文版 En-micro01
Economics

Relationship Between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
Different e.g.object of study ,method of analysis Contact Microeconomics is the foundation of macroeconomics Complementary Both of them can research the same economy phenomenon from different visual angle .
01:14
5
An object of study
In short, Economics studies optimal allocation and full use of resources. In detail :
Microeconomics What ,how,for whom Macroeconomics Resources are used fully or idly? How does inflation affect purchasing power? Can economy grow?
01:14
8
Theory System of Economics

Two branches:Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
Microeconomics Another name Theory base Basic assumptions Founder Subject Key theory Major aim Individual Economics Macroeconomics Overall Economics

微观经济学英文版第一章

微观经济学英文版第一章
Slide 27
理论和模型 Theories and Models
微观经济分析 Microeconomic Analysis
理论的演变 Evolving the Theory 检验和修正是经济科学发展的中心. Testing and refining theories is central to the development of the science of economics. 观察→检验→修正或完善,甚至是抛弃
Slide 5
关于教材的特点
特点二:内容组织合理、富有挑战性,令 人收益菲浅。
特点三:强调有用性,密切联系实际,穿插 80多个具体的案例分析,融合于全书之 中,帮助理解经济学基本理论和方法。
本书的两位作者都是著名经济学家,很多案 例都取材于计量经济学研究论文的内容,有 理有据。
Slide 6
本原理—加深理解在入门课程学过 的微观经济学
Slide 10
第一章 Chapter 1
绪论Preliminaries
概论微观经济学
稀缺、权衡取舍、经济模型与决策、竞争 性市场(I和II)与非竞争性市场(III和IV)的区 别
Slide 11
讨论的题目 Topics to be Discussed
Slide 30
实证分析 Positive Analysis
例如: For example: 进口配额对进口汽车有什么样的影响? What will be the impact of an import quota on foreign cars? 提高汽油税有什么样的影响? What will be the impact of an increase in the gasoline excise tax?

微观经济学英文版PPT课件

微观经济学英文版PPT课件
Or, the opportunity cost that use a certain resource is the highest price of abandoning other uses of this resource
10
2.2 the definition of microeconomics
The starting point of economics searching The definition of Microeconomics People how to make decision Why need to bargain Why need to build market economics
Economics is a study, learning selection of scarce resources with different uses; The goal is effective allocation of scarce resources to produce goods and services, and in the present or future, let them reasonable allocated to social members or group for consumption.
8
Production possibilities curve
PPC is a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.

(微观经济学英文课件)Chap 1 Introduction

(微观经济学英文课件)Chap 1 Introduction
Principles of Economics
by
N. Gregory Mankiw
Assessment
Component
Weighting (%)
Individual participation Class Attendance Final Examination – Closed Book
Scarcity . . .
. . . means that society has limited resources and therefore cannot produce all the goods and services people wish to have.
Economics
Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources.
among the least-skilled.
?
Two Roles of Economists
When they are trying to explain the world, they are scientists. When they are trying to change the world, they are policymakers.
15% 15% 70%
TOTAL
100%
Introduction
Thinking Like an Economist
Chapter 2
Economy. . .
. . . The word economy comes from a Greek word for “one who manages a household.”

《微观经济学(甲)》第一章_绪论

《微观经济学(甲)》第一章_绪论
14
3.经济模型(Economic Model)
① Economic Model 经济模型是指用来描述与所研究的经济现象有关的 经济变量之间相互关系的理论结构
② Forms of Economic Model: (Ⅰ)文字(words) (Ⅱ)方程式(Equation) (Ⅲ)图表与图形(Figure and Graph)
1.微观经济学(Microeconomics) ① Microeconomics研究市场经济中单个经济主体的行 为及相应的经济变量 ② Microeconomics研究的基本问题 (i)What:what products should be produced? (ii)How:How to produce?OR which means should be used to produce? (iii)For whom:How to distribute? (三个基本问题间的相互关系:举例)
13
§3 经济变量与经济模型 (Economic Variables and Economic Model)
1. 存量与流量(Stock and Flow) ① 存量:定义、变量举例 ② 流量:定义、变量举例 ③ Stock and Flow的基本关系
2. 内生变量与外生变量 ① 内生(Endogenous)变量与外生(Exogenous)变量 ② 方程组:变量举例说明 X+Y=10; X-Y=4 X+Y+Z=20; X-Y-Z=5
7
2.宏观经济学(Macroeconomics)
① Macroeconomics研究国民经济总体运行及相应的经 济变量
② Macroeconomics的基本问题: (Ⅰ)Full-Employment(充分就业及闲置资源的 利用) (Ⅱ)Economic Growth(经济增长) (Ⅲ)Economic Stability(经济稳定) (Ⅳ)Role of Government(政府宏观调控)

北大微观经济学课件(英文版)ch1 Intrduction

北大微观经济学课件(英文版)ch1 Intrduction
--- John Maynard Keynes
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
Is Economics Useful?
Becoming a thinker Changes the way you view life and understand problems An all round major
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
助教
廖志鹏, zpliao@ 张沈伟,jeswest@ 赵洪春 ,zhaohongchun@ Office Hours: Tuesdays 4:00-5:00pm
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
教材
Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach (Sixth
中级微观经济学
2020/8/1
Fall,2004
介绍
中级微观经济学
结构
教员与助教 要求 教学大纲 例子: market for apartments
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
WHO AM I?
赵耀辉 北京大学中国经济研究中心
Office: 504 CCER Phone: 6275-4803 Email: yhzhao@ Office Hours: Wednesdays 4:00-5:00pm
2020/8/1
中级微观经济学
Economic Modeling
What causes what in economic systems? – Which variables are determined outside
the model (exogenous) – Which variables are to be determined by

微观经济学第1章经济学导论

微观经济学第1章经济学导论
由西方经济学的对象决定的。 研究资源最优效率的使用,实际就是函数的极值点。 根据高等数学的知识,很容易理解,数学方法求得极值就是 对函数求导数,当它的一阶导数为0时,即找到极值点。
2实证分析和规范分析
•规范经济学与实证经济学
Normative vs. positive economics
规范经济学以价值判断为基础, 回答“应该是什么” (what ought to be)的问
• 2.完全理性 • 3.完全信息
微观经济学的基本内容
• 1.均衡价格理论 • 2.消费者行为理论 • 3.生产理论 • 4.分配理论 • 5.一般均衡理论与福利经济学 • 6.市场失灵与微观经济政策
二、宏观经济学Macroeconomics
宏观经济学:
研究对象是整个经济。(政府的行为)
以整个国民 经济为研究对 象,通过研究 经济中各有关 总量的决定及 其变化,来说 明资源如何才 能得到充分利 用.
微观经济学的基本框架
供求理论
消费者理论(效用论)
厂商理论
生产理论 成本理论
产品市场理论(交换) 一



完全竞争市场
不完全竞争市场


要素市场理论(分配)


需求方面
供给方面



市场失灵和微观经济政策
三, 经济学的主要分析方法
任何一门学科都有一定的研究和分析方法。
1. 边际分析法:运用微分方法研究经济运行中的增量变化,用 以分析各经济变量之间的相互关系及变化过程。
边际即“额外的”、“追加”的意思,指处在边缘上的“已 经追加上的最后一个单位”,或“可能追加的下一个单位”, 属于导数和微分的概念。

微观经济学第一章(范里安)

微观经济学第一章(范里安)
区别(1)是非以一定的价值判断为依据, 是实证经济学与规范经济学的重要区别之一 。
(2)实证经济学与规范经济学要解决的问 题不同。
(3)实证经济学的内容具有客观性,所得 出的结论可以根据事实来进行检验。规范经 济学本身则没有客观性,它所得出的结论要 受到不同价值观的影响。
联系:规范经济学要以实证经济学为基础, 而实证经济学也离不开规范经济学的指导。
A.修一个机场,每年收益9000万元;
B.修建大型娱乐中心,每年收益9500万 元;
C.建大型商国外,每年利息为9100万元。
3.阿扁邀请老李参加他的就职典礼,老李接 受了邀请。下面哪一项是老李参加阿扁就职典 礼的机会成本:
(1)老李给阿扁买了价值100元的花篮;
它要回答“ 是什么” 的问题。
实证经济学通常采用模型法。验证理论是否 正确的标准,只能是经验事实。
2.规范经济学
规范经济学以一定的价值判断为基础,提出 某些标准作为分析处理经济问题的标准,树 立经济理论的前提,作为制定经济政策的依 据,并研究如何才能符合这些标准。
它要回答“ 应该是什么”的问题。
3.两者的关系
(2)老李在一周前理发花了10元;
(3)老李在前往阿扁公司的途中吃午餐用了 20元;
(4)为了参加典礼老李放弃了听一次哲学讲 座。
A.(1); B.(1)和(2); C.(1)和(4); D.都是。
7.生产可能性边界(生产可能性曲线)
在既定的经济资源和生产技术条件下所能达到 的最大产量组合的轨迹。
• (1)土地,又称自然资源 • (2)劳动 • (3)资本,也称资本货物(或资本品) • (4)企业家才能
四种经济资源又被称为“ 生产四要素”。
产出就是产品和劳务。

微观经济学(平狄克、鲁宾费尔德)最新版(第六版) 英文原版PPTCh01_Pindyck

微观经济学(平狄克、鲁宾费尔德)最新版(第六版)  英文原版PPTCh01_Pindyck

11
Theories and Models
Validating a Theory
The validity of a theory is determined by the quality of its prediction, given the assumptions Theories must be tested and refined Theories are invariably imperfect – but gives much insight into observed phenomena
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 1
15
What is a Market?
Market Definition
Determination of the buyers, sellers, and range of products that should be included in a particular market
What choices do individuals make in terms of jobs or workplaces? How many hours do individuals choose to work?
Trade-off of labor and leisure
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 1
8
Themes of Microeconomics
Prices
How are prices determined?

《微观经济学microeconomics》英文版

《微观经济学microeconomics》英文版
Proof
Expenditure Minimization Problem
The problem:
Minx0 px
s.t. u(x) u
The first order condition:
u( x* ) / xl u( x* ) / xk
pl pk
u( x) u
The solution: Hicksian demand function h(p,u)
ECON501 Lecture Note 3
Consumer Theory 2 ( Textbook Chapter 3 )
Structure
Utility Maximization Problem Utility maximization Walrasian demand function Indirect utility function
of demand Preference (Chapter 3) The basic properties of preference Existence of utility function
The Budget set
Commodities The physical constraints and the consumption set
Convexity of Walrasian budget set: proof
Consumer’s Choice
The consumer’s problem: to choose a consumption bundle x from the Walrasian budget set.
Walrasian Demand Function x( p, w)
Intuition: Figure 2.F.1

曼昆微观经济学英文版01ten_principles

曼昆微观经济学英文版01ten_principles
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
Principle #1: People Face Tradeoffs.
To get one thing, we usually have to give up another thing.
• Guns v. butter • Food v. clothing • Leisure time v. work • Efficiency v. equity
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
• How people interact with each other.
• Trade can make everyone better off. • Markets are usually a good way to organize
produced? • What resources should be used in production? • At what price should the goods be sold?
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS

平狄克 微观经济学 英文课件—chapter_1

平狄克 微观经济学 英文课件—chapter_1

Chapter 1: Preliminaries
Slide 11
The Themes of Microeconomics

Microeconomics and Prices
The How
role of prices in a market economy prices are determined
Slide 3
Preliminaries

Microeconomics deals with:

Behavior of individual units
When

Producing
How we choose what to produce
Chapter 1: Preliminaries
Slide 4
Chapter 1: Preliminaries
Slide 29
What is a Market?

Examples
Markets

for Prescription Drugs
Well-defined markets - therapeutic drugs

Ambiguous markets - painkillers
“You
can’t always get what you want”
*Economics degree from London School of Economics
Chapter 1: Preliminaries
Slide 8
The Themes of Microeconomics

Why Not?
Chapter 1: Preliminaries

曼昆微观经济学英文版01ten_principles

曼昆微观经济学英文版01ten_principles

Principle #1: People Face Tradeoffs.
To get one thing, we usually have to give up another thing.
• • • • Guns v. butter Food v. clothing Leisure time v. work Efficiency v. equity
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS
Economics is the study of how society manages its scarce resources.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western/Thomson Learning
• Adam Smith made the observation that households and firms interacting in markets act as if guided by an “invisible hand.”
• Because households and firms look at prices when deciding what to buy and sell, they unknowingly take into account the social costs of their actions. • As a result, prices guide decision makers to reach outcomes that tend to maximize the welfare of society as a whole.

微观经济学:现代观点原版PPT(英文)第一章

微观经济学:现代观点原版PPT(英文)第一章

Market Equilibrium
p
pe 100 QD,QS
Market Equilibrium
p
Higher incomes cause higher willingness-to-pay
pe 100 QD,QS
Market Equilibrium
p
Higher incomes cause higher willingness-to-pay, higher market price, and the same quantity traded.
pe 100 QD,QS
Competitive Market Equilibrium
p
People willing to pay pe for close apartments get close apartments. People not willing to pay pe for close apartments get distant apartments.
Market Supply Curve for Apartments
p
100
QS
Competitive Market Equilibrium
rental price quantity demanded of close apartments exceeds quantity available price will rise. “high” rental price quantity demanded less than quantity available price will fall.
Economic Modeling Assumptions
Two

微观经济学英文课件

微观经济学英文课件

Edited by Yong, E.L.
Continuously,
Microeconomics is also used for evaluating broad question in regards to government policy (although this is more to macroeconomics).
Edited by Yong, E.L.
Continuously,
If the firm produces 6 units of apple and 12 units of apple pie wants to increase the production of apple pie by one unit to the 13th unit. It has to forgo 2 units of apple so that resources can be shifted to produce the additional apple pie; Opportunity Cost is thus 2.
Edited by Yong, E.L.
Continuously,
If the firm produces 10 units of apple and 6 units of apple pie wants to increase the production of apple pie by one unit to the 7th unit. It has to forgo 1 unit of apple so that resources can be shifted to produce the additional apple pie; Opportunity Cost is thus 1.

迈克尔版本微观经济第一章ppt (英文版)

迈克尔版本微观经济第一章ppt (英文版)
© 2010 Pearson Education Canada
Two Big Economic Questions
Figure 1.1 shows the trends in what the Canadian economy has produced over the past 60 years. It shows the decline of agriculture, mining, construction, and manufacturing, and the expansion of services.
Chapter 1
What is Economics?
© 2010 Pearson Education Canada
In this lecture, we will learn:
• What is Economics all about? • What are the two major branches of economics?
Choices that individuals, businesses and the entire society make in order to allocate their limited resources, determine their economic future and their economic well-being.
© 2010 Pearson Education Canada
The Economic Way of Thinking
Choosing at the Margin
People make choices at the margin, which means that they evaluate the consequences of making incremental changes in the use of their resources. The benefit from pursuing an incremental increase in an activity is its marginal benefit. The opportunity cost of pursuing an incremental increase in an activity is its marginal cost.
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Slide 17
绪论 Preliminaries
微观经济学和宏观经济学的联系 The Linkage Between Micro and Macroeconomics
微观经济学是宏观经济分析的基础 Microeconomics is the foundation of macroeconomic analysis
Slide 5
关于教材的特点
特点二:内容组织合理、富有挑战性,令 人收益菲浅。
特点三:强调有用性,密切联系实际,穿插 80多个具体的案例分析,融合于全书之 中,帮助理解经济学基本理论和方法。
本书的两位作者都是著名经济学家,很多案 例都取材于计量经济学研究论文的内容,有 理有据。
Slide 6
微观经济学 Microeconomics
稀缺资源的配置和权衡取舍(选择) Allocation of Scarce Resources and Trade-offs 在计划经济中 In a planned economy 在市场经济中 In a market economy
关于教材的使用(讲授章节 )
第一篇 导论:市场和价格(1-2)
第1章 绪论 第2章 供给与需求的基本原理
第二篇 生产者,消费者以及竞争性市场(3-9)
第3章 消费者行为 第4章 个别需求与市场需求(1-4) 第6章 生产 第7章 生产成本(1-4) 第8章 利润最大化与竞争性供给 第9章 竞争性市场分析(1-4)
• 我们选择生产什么—生产决策 How we choose what to produce
Slide 15
绪论 Preliminaries
微观经济学研究(市场和行业): Microeconomics deals with:
市场: 消费者和生产者的相互作用 Markets: The interaction of consumers and producers 个别经济单位(消费者和生产者)的相互作 用形成更大的经济单位(市场和行业)
第18章 外部性与公共物品(1、2 、 5)
Slide 8
关于教材的使用(思考与练习)
各章末尾配备复习思考题和练习题
富有挑战性的思考题和练习题! 部分答案
预习、听课、复习、练习、讨论 几点要求
以讲授为纲,以教材为本,以小组为团队
Slide 9
第一篇 PART Ⅰ
导论: INTRODUCTION: 市场和价格 MARKETS AND PRICE 共两章:1 、绪论;2 、供给和需求的基
• 我们如何选择购买什么—消费决策 How we choose what to buy
Slide 14
绪论 Preliminaries
微观经济学研究: (个别经济单位如何作 出决策) Microeconomics deals with:
个别单位的行为 Behroducing
本原理—加深理解在入门课程学过 的微观经济学
Slide 10
第一章 Chapter 1
绪论Preliminaries
概论微观经济学
稀缺、权衡取舍、经济模型与决策、竞争 性市场(I和II)与非竞争性市场(III和IV)的区 别
Slide 11
讨论的题目 Topics to be Discussed
微观经济学
是最有趣的学科之一 是令人激动的、生机勃发的学科 对于理解现代经济如何运作是不可或缺的 对于理解世界是如何运转是最相关的
Slide 12
讨论的题目 Topics to be Discussed
1)微观经济学的主题 The Themes of Microeconomics
2)什么是市场? What Is a Market? 3)实际价格与名义价格 Real Versus
宏观经济学也涉及市场分析(行为分析) 宏观经济学(部分内容)是微观经济学的延伸
Slide 18
微观经济学的研究对象 The Themes of Microeconomics
你无法总是得到你想要的 You can’t always get what you want
为什么不能? Why Not?
Slide 7
关于教材的使用
第三篇 市场结构和竞争策略(10-15)
第10章 市场势力:垄断和买方垄断(1-4) 第11章 有市场势力的定价(1-3) 第12章 垄断竞争与寡头垄断(1-2 、 5-6) 第14章 要素投入品市场 第15章 投资、时间与资本市场(1-4)
第四篇 信息,市场失灵以及政府的作用(16-18)
Nominal Prices 4)为什么要学习微观经济学? Why Study
Microeconomics?
Slide 13
绪论 Preliminaries
微观经济学研究(个别经济单位如何作出 决策): Microeconomics deals with:
个别单位的行为 Behavior of individual units 当消费时 When Consuming
Slide 16
绪论 Preliminaries
宏观经济学研究: Macroeconomics deals with:
整体问题的分析: Analysis of aggregate issues: 经济增长 Economic growth 通货膨胀 Inflation 失业 Unemployment
Slide 19
微观经济学的研究对象 The Themes of Microeconomics
为什么不能? Why Not?
有限的资源 Limited Resources 欲望的无限性和资源的有限性
• 人苦不知足 • 资源的稀缺
Slide 20
微观经济学的研究对象 The Themes of Microeconomics
微观经济学 MICROECONOMICS
Robert S. Pindyck(平狄克)
Slide 2
Slide 3
如何学习西方经济学?
Slide 4
关于教材的特点
被美国许多著名院校广泛采用的中级微 观经济学教材,有三个特点:
特点一:内容全面,材料新颖.既包括了微 观经济学的主要内容,如消费者行为与 需求理论、生产者行为与供给理论等, 又吸收了微观经济学过去十几年的最新 研究成果,时代感强。
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