2010年考研英语真题完形填空
考研英语2010年真题
考研英语2010年真题Ⅰ.听力(共两节，满分30分)第一节(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1.Why can’t the woman go to the cinema with the man?A.She will have a discussion about her cousin’s education.B.She would ask her cousin to go there.C.She will have a talk with her cousin.2.How much will the man pay for those tickets?A.4 dollars.B.8 dollars.C.12 dollars.3.What happened to the woman’s brother?A.He had a car accident.B.He cared for his sister.C.He attended the class.4.What did Mr.Black ask the woman to do?A.To type something important.B.To see an interesting movie.C.To send a notice to him.5. What’s the possible relationship between the two speakers?A.Passenger and driver.B.Husband and wife.C.Guide and visitor.第二节(共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。
2010年考研英语真题及答案完整解析
2010年考研英语真题与答案解析从2010年开始，全国硕士研究生入学考试的英语试卷分为了英语（一）和英语（二）。
英语（一）即原统考“英语”。
英语（二）主要是为高等院校和科研院所招收专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的统考科目。
英语一考试形式、考试内容与试卷结构（一）考试形式考试形式为笔试。
考试时间为180分钟。
满分为100分。
试卷包括试题册和答题卡。
答题卡分为答题卡1和答题卡2。
考生应将1~45题的答案按要求填涂在答题卡1上，将46~52题的答案写在答题卡2上。
（二）考试内容试题分三部分，共52题，包括英语知识运用、阅读理解和写作。
第一部分英语知识运用该部分不仅考查考生对不同语境中规范的语言要素（包括词汇、表达方式和结构）的掌握程度，而且还考查考生对语段特征（如连贯性和一致性等）的辨识能力等。
共20小题，每小题0.5分，共10分。
在一篇240~280词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案，使补全后的文章意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。
考生在答题卡1上作答。
第二部分阅读理解该部分由A、B、C三节组成，考查考生理解书面英语的能力。
共30小题，每小题2分，共60分。
A节（20小题）：主要考查考生理解主旨要义、具体信息、概念性含义，进行有关的判断、推理和引申，根据上下文推测生词的词义等能力。
要求考生根据所提供的4篇（总长度约为1600词）文章的内容，从每题所给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案。
考生在答题卡1上作答。
B节（5小题）：主要考查考生对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征以及文章结构的理解。
本部分有3种备选题型。
每次考试从这3种备选题型中选择一种进行考查。
考生在答题卡1上作答。
备选题型有：1）本部分的内容是一篇总长度为500~600词的文章，其中有5段空白，文章后有6~7段文字。
要求考生根据文章内容从这6~7段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5段。
2）在一篇长度约500~600词的文章中，各段落的原有顺序已被打乱，要求考生根据文章的内容和结构将所列段落（7~8个）重新排序，其中有2~3个段落在文章中的位置已给出。
2010考研英语完型试题及答案
In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting [1]affected (选A) wo rkers’ productivity. Instead, the studies ended [2]up (选B)giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect”, the extremely influential idea that the very [3]act (选C) of being experimented upon changes subjects’ behaviour.The idea arose because of the [4]perplexing (选B) behaviour of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to [5] accounts (选C) of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not [6]matter (选B) what was done in experiment; [7]so long as (选D) something was changed, productivity rose. An [8]awareness (选A) that they were being experimented upon seemed to be [9]enough (选C)to alter workers’ behaviour [10]by (选D) itself.After several decades, the same data were [11]subjected (选C) to econometric analysis. The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise store [12]contrary to (选A) the descriptions on record, no systematic [13]evidence (选A) was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to[14] misleading (选D) interpretations of what happened. [15]For example (选B), lighting was always changed on a Sunday, when work started again on Monday, output [16] duly (选A) rose compared with the previous Saturday, and [17] continued (选D) to rise for the next couple of days. [18]But（注：本题原文But后面没有逗号，海文版真题空格后面有逗号，如果选项里没有But，则此处可填however）a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays. Workers [19]tended to be diligent for the first few days of the working week in any case, before [20] hitting (选D) a plateau and then slackening off.本段完形填空改编自《经济学人》2009年6月一篇文章，标题为Questioning the Hawthorne effect，这也再次提醒参加考研英语考试的同学们，平时对外刊的阅读还是很重要的。
2005-2010年考研完形填空真题及答案
2005年考研完形填空答案1.[C]。
文章开头第一句提出观点：人类的鼻子是一个被低估的器官。
第二句接着说，和动物相比，人类经常被认为嗅觉不够灵敏。
这和作者的观点相悖，所以接下来会推翻这一说法，由此可推断，此处应该用转折的语气。
所以[C] but为正确选项。
[A] although表示让步；[B] as表示原因；[D] while表示轻微的转折，但常常用于事物间的对比，而原文中未体现出对比的意思，均可排除。
2. [B]。
空格处需要体现we和animal之间的关系。
由已知信息：我们可以直立行走，但动物是不可以的。
可知这句话旨在表达我们“不同于”动物。
因此[B] unlike“和……不同”符合文意。
而[A] above表示“(位置、地位等)高于；胜过”不符合语境；[C] excluding 和[D] besides都表示“除……之外”，文意不通，排除。
3. [A]。
这句话解释了人类的直立行走对嗅觉产生的影响。
该词后的介词to的宾语是perceiving those smells which float through the air(觉察飘浮在空气中的气味)。
把四个选项代入句子构成的词组，其意义分别是：be limited to“局限于”、be committed to“忠诚于”、be dedicated to“献身于”和be confined to“受限于”。
通过对比可知，原文倾向于“局限”之意。
其中[D] confined易与[A] limited混淆。
confined指“因(空间或地区)狭窄受限制的”，而后者所适用的范围较广。
由于原文没有“因为狭窄而受限制”之意，故排除[D]。
4. [C]。
空格处后接的宾语是the majority of smells which stick to surfaces(大部分附着在物体表面的气味)，而主语是our noses。
由前文中的“只闻到了飘浮在空气中的气味”可以推断，人类闻不到物体表面的气味。
2010年考研英语一完形填空
主题：2010年考研英语一完形填空分析一、考研英语一完形填空概述1.1 概述2010年考研英语一完形填空部分是考试中的重要组成部分，对考生的英语综合能力和阅读理解能力有一定的考查。
该部分共有20个填空题，包括一篇短文和一篇长文，考查内容包括词汇、语法、修辞等多方面知识。
1.2 分值分布考研英语一完形填空部分占总分的比重较大，通常在20左右，因此对于考生来说至关重要。
二、 2010年考研英语一完形填空题型特点2.1 题型2010年考研英语一完形填空题型较为多样，考查的内容涉及词汇选择、词组搭配、语法运用等多个方面。
2.2 难度2010年考研英语一完形填空整体难度适中，既有一些基础知识点的考查，也有一些较为综合性的题目，考生需要在短时间内做出准确判断。
三、 2010年考研英语一完形填空解题技巧3.1 阅读理解对于完形填空部分，考生首先应该全面、准确地理解文章的内容，抓住文章的主旨，了解文章的结构和逻辑关系。
3.2 上下文逻辑根据文章的逻辑关系、上下文的提示来推测填空处的词语，并与选项进行对比，选择最合适的答案。
3.3 选项辨析考生在做题时要注意选项的辨析，尤其在词义辨析和语法搭配方面要有敏锐的观察力和判断力。
四、 2010年考研英语一完形填空解题策略4.1 整体把握在做完形填空题时，考生要保持整体把握，不能只看到个别填空处，而忽略了整篇文章的大意。
4.2 综合判断有些题目需要考生综合整个句子的意思以及上下文的逻辑关系来进行判断，不能仅仅局限于填空处的词语。
4.3 多练习在平时的备考中，考生要多做完形填空的练习题，熟悉各类题型，提高解题速度和准确度。
五、 2010年考研英语一完形填空实例分析5.1 实例题目2010年考研英语一完形填空部分的实例题目展示。
5.2 解题过程结合实例题目，详细分析解题分析和策略应用的过程，指导考生如何快速准确地做出选择。
六、总结6.1 难点总结2010年考研英语一完形填空部分的难点总结，指导考生重点突破。
2010年考研英语(二)完形填空
2010年考研英语（二）完形填空词汇注解Direction:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June 11, 2009. It is the first worldwide epidemic 1 by the World Health Organization in 41 years.1. [A] criticized [B] appointed [C] commented [D] designated criticize: v. 批评，批判，评论critic: n. 批评家，评论家，挑剔的人criticism: n. 批评，批判critical: adj. 批评的，极重要的appoint: v. ~ sb (to sth/(as)...) 任命，委任She has been appointed to the committee.They appointed him (as) captain of the English team.comment: v. & n. 评论designate: v. 1) ~ sth (as).../(as being sth) 命名，指定This floor has been designated (as) a no-smoking area.2)~ sb (as) sth 指派，委任Who has she designated (as) her deputy?The heightened alert 2 an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that assembled after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising 3 in Britain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere.2. [A] proceeded [B] activated [C] followed[D] prompted3. [A] digits [B] numbers[C] amounts [D] sumsheighten, lengthen, strengthenassemble: v. 聚集，集合，装配proceed: v. 继续做，接着做，行进，前往ceed, cede, cess: =to goexceed: v. 超过，超越succeed: v. 成功，继任precede: v. 在...之前发生，先于，走在...前面recede: v. 逐渐远离，逐渐减弱process: n. 过程，进程v. 加工，处理，审阅，审核v. 列队行进(n. procession) recess: n. 休会期，休庭，隐蔽处v. 休会，暂停recession: n. 经济衰退，退后，撤回the Great Recession: 经济大衰退（是一场在2007年8月9日开始浮现的金融危机引发的经济衰退）the Great Depression 大萧条（1929--1933）activate: v. 使活动，激活(active)origin: n. 起源originate: v. 起源，发源，创立，创建hyphen: n. 连字符hyphenate: v. 用连字符连接assassin: n. 刺客，暗杀者assassinate: v. 刺杀motive: n. 动机motivate: v. 成为...的动机，激励，激发fabric: n. 织物，布料，结构fabricate: v. 制造，组装，编造alien: n. 外国人，外星人alienate: v. 使疏远solid: n. 固体consolidate: v. 加强，巩固，合并，结成一体labor: n. 劳动collaborate: v. 合作，协作memory: n. 记忆commemorate: v. 纪念，作为...的纪念facility: n. 设施facilitate: v. 促进，促使，使便利formula: n. 公式，方案，配方formulate: v. 制定，规划，确切表达prompt: adj. 立即的，迅速的，及时的，敏捷的，准时的v. 促使，导致，激起，鼓励，提示n. （给演员的）提词，提示，提示符adv. 准时地digit: n. （从0到9的任何一个）数字，数位；手指，拇指，脚趾 a four-digit numberBut the epidemic is “ 4 ” in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the organization’s director general, 5 the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the 6 of any medical treatment.4. [A] moderate[B] normal [C] unusual [D] extreme5. [A] with [B] in [C] from [D] by6. [A] progress [B] absence[C] presence [D] favorseverity: n. 严重，严格，猛烈severe: adj. 极为恶劣的，严厉的，严重的moderate: adj. 适度的，中等的，温和的，不激烈的，适中的，合理的norm: n. 常态，规范，行为标准，定额，定量social norms 社会规范cultural norms 文化规范normal: adj. 典型的，正常的，精神正常的abnormal: adj. 不正常的enormous: adj. 巨大的（normally, normality, enormity）overwhelm: v. (感情或感觉)充溢，难以禁受，压倒，击败，征服，压垮，使应接不暇，淹没，漫过She was overwhelmed by feelings of guilt. 她感到愧疚难当。
2010年考研英语完型填空之答案详解4页
2010年考研英语完型填空之答案详解4页1. 2019年考研英语一真题In the past few years, 1.______ has emerged as one of the most promising technologies for the future of healthcare.2.______ , it involves the use of machine learning algorithms to analyze vast amounts of data generated by patients and medical practitioners, in order to identify patterns and insights that can be used to improve patient outcomes.1. A. machine learning2. C. Essentially解析：本题考查词汇理解和语境推断能力。
第一句话中出现了“machine learning algorithms”这一词组，可以推断出答案为A。
第二句话中出现了“involves”和“in order to”，可以推断出答案为C。
2. 2018年考研英语一真题In the early 20th century, the world was in the midst of a technological revolution. 1.______ , the invention of the automobile, the airplane, and the telephone all occurred within a few short years of each other, transforming the way people lived and worked.1. D. Simultaneously解析：本题考查词汇理解和语境推断能力。
2010年考研英语真题完形填空
2010年考研英语真题完形填空Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 American’ National Research Council sent to engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lignting__1__workers productivity. Instead, the studies ended __2___giving their name to th e “Hawthorne effect”, the extremely influential idea that the very___3____to being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior.The idea arose because of the __4____behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to __5____of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6____what was done in the experiment; ___7_someting was changed ,productivity rose. A(n)___8___that they were being experimented upon seemed to be ____9___to alte r workers’ behavior ____10____itself.After several decades, the same data were _11__ to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store _12 __the descriptions on record, no systematic _13__ was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to__ 14__ interpretation of what happed.__ 15___ , lighting was always changed on a Sunday .When work started again on Monday, output __16___ rose compared with the previous Saturday and__ 17 __to rise for the next couple of days.__ 18__ , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers__ 19__ to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case , before __20 __a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged” Hawthorne effect “ is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B]up [C] with [D] off3. [A]truth [B]sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C]mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11. [A] compared [B]shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] pealliar to13. [A] evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14. [A] disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16. [A] duly [B]accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued20. [A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hiting做第一遍：1．2．3．4．5．6．7．8．9．10．11．12．13．14．15．16．17．18．19．20．单词总数：271+80=351生词数：；占比；做第二遍：．11．12．13．14．15．16．17．18．19．20．二句子与语法：做第三遍：1．2．3．4．5．6．7．8．9．10．11．12．13．14．15．16．17．18．19．20．三．语段与语篇：做第三遍：1．2．3．4．5．6．7．8．9．10．11．12．13．14．15．16．17．18．19．20．2011年考研英语一试题完形填空SectionⅠ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher viewed laughter as “a bolidy eercise preicious to heath.”But 1 some claims to the contrary ,laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does 2 short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, 3 heart rate and oxygen consummption ,But because hard laughter is difficult to 4 ,a good laugh is unlikely to have 5 benefits the ,say,walking ot jogging does6 ,instead of straining muscles to bulid them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the7 ,studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter8 muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies downSuch bodily reaction might conceivably help 9 the effects of psychological stress.Anyway, the act og laughing probably does 11 one classical theory of emtion, our feelings are partially rooted 12 physical reactions. It was argued at the end of 19th centry that humens do not cry 13 they are sad but they become sad when the tears begins to flowAlthiugh sadness also 14 tears ,evidence suggests that emotions can flow 15 muscular responses. In an experimemt published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of wiirzburg in Germany asked volunteers to 16 a pen eigher with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile-or with their lips, which would produce a(n) 17 expression. Those forced to exercise thrie enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown, 19 that expression may influence emotions rather than just the other way around 20 ,the physical act of laughter could improve mood1. [A] among [B] except [C]despite [D] like2. [A] reflect [B]demend [C]indicate [D]produce3. [A] stabilizing [B] boosting [C] impairing [D] determining4. [A] transmit [B]sustain [C] evaluate [D] observe5. [A] measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6. [A] In turn [B] In fact [C] In addition [D] In brief7. [A] opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D] expected8. [A] hardens [B] weakens [C] tightens [D]relaxes9. [A] aggravate [B] generate [C] morderate [D] enhance10. [A] physical [B] mental [C] subcinscious [D]intermal11. [A] Except for [B] According to [C] Due to [D] As for13. [A] unless [B] until [C] if [D] because14. [A] exhausts [B] follows [C] precedes [D] supresses15. [A] into [B]form [C] towards [D] beyond16. [A] fecth [B] form [C] pick [D] hold17. [A] disappointed [B] excited [C] joyful [D] indifferent18. [A] adapted [B] catered [C] turned [D] reacted19. [A] suggesting [B] requiring [C] mentioning [D] supposing20. [A] Eventually [B] Consequently [C] Similatly [D] Conversely做第一遍：1．2．3．4．5．6．7．8．9．10．11．12．13．14．15．16．17．18．19．20．一：词汇与短语：单词总数：264+80=344生词数：；占比；做第二遍：1．2．3．4．5．6．7．8．9．10．11．12．13．14．15．16．17．18．19．20．二句子与语法：做第三遍：1．2．3．4．5．6．7．8．9．10．11．12．13．14．15．16．17．18．19．20．三．语段与语篇：做第三遍：1．2．3．4．5．6．7．8．9．10．11．12．13．14．15．16．17．18．19．20．2012年考研英语一试题完形填空。
2010年 考研英语真题 完型填空注释
2010年考研英语真题完型填空注释（2）(2010-03-11 11:04:49)转载标签：考研英语真题完型分类：考研英语——翻译完型【试题精解分析】1. 应选[A] affected“影响”。
本题主要测试考生逻辑判断和词汇使用的能力。
有以下几个思考角度：其一、所缺动词表达“lighting”与“productivity”之间的关系。
其二、根据第1段下文的解释：“接受实验会改变受试者的行为”（being experimented upon changed subjects behavior），实验涉及照明，而行为影响生产（productivity）。
其三、第2段陈述“产出随照明强弱变化而增加（rose）”。
其四、第3段陈述“生产水平和照明变化有关（related）”。
综合这些信息，[A]为最佳选择。
其它选项的分析：选项[B] achieve“达到，完成”（词根“-chief-”含义为“主要”），该动词可以和“productivity”搭配，但主语一般是有生命词，原文是“lighting”。
误选的考生可能将原文含义曲解为“工人达到了生产率”。
选项[C] extracted“拔出，榨取”（词根“-tract-”含义为“拉，拖”），误选的考生可能将原文含义曲解为“榨取工人”。
选项[D] restored“恢复，使修复”（词根“-store-”含义为“供给，补充”），，误选的考生可能没有太关注上下文的宏观含义，草率而狭隘的误解为“照明可以恢复生产率”——这一表述本身是合理的，但与文章的宏观语义不吻合。
【概括】不要只关注微观的词汇之间的关系，更要关注句际关系（inter-sentential）。
2. 应选[B] up。
表示“最终成为…….”，强调“意想不到的结局”（not originally intend to）。
本题主要测试考生逻辑判断和词汇使用的能力。
其一、在“instead”的之前的一个句子（上一句）表达了委员会的希望（hope）而事与愿违（instead）当然是结果，“提出或命名了‘霍桑效应’”。
2010—2013考研英语二真题及答案完形填空
2010考研英语二真题及答案The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June 11, 2009. It is the first worldwide epidemic_____1_____ by the World Health Organization in 41 years.The heightened alert _____2_____an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that convened after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising_____3_____in Britain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere.But the epidemic is "_____4_____" in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the organization's director general, _____5_____ the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the _____6_____ of any medical treatment.The outbreak came to global_____7_____in late April 2009, when Mexican authorities noticed an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths_____8_____healthy adults. As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to _____9_____in New York City, the southwestern United States and around the world.In the United States, new cases seemed to fade_____10_____warmer weather arrived. But in late September 2009, officials reported there was _____11_____flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the_____12_____tested are the new swine flu, also known as (A) H1N1, not seasonal flu. In the U.S., it has_____13_____more than one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000 hospitalizations.Federal health officials_____14_____Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began_____15_____orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine. The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is ____16_____ ahead of expectations. More than three million doses were to be made available in early October 2009, though most of those _____17_____doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type, which is not_____18_____for pregnant women, people over 50 or those with breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other _____19_____. But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk group: health care workers, people _____20_____infants and healthy young people.1 [A] criticized [B] appointed [C]commented [D] designated2 [A] proceeded [B] activated [C] followed [D] prompted3 [A] digits [B] numbers [C] amounts [D] sums4 [A] moderate [B] normal [C] unusual [D] extreme5 [A] with [B] in [C] from [D] by6 [A] progress [B] absence [C] presence [D] favor7 [A] reality [B] phenomenon [C] concept [D] notice8. [A]over [B] for [C] among [D] to9 [A] stay up [B] crop up [C] fill up [D] cover up10 [A] as [B] if [C] unless [D] until11 [A] excessive [B] enormous [C] significant [D]magnificent12 [A]categories [B] examples [C] patterns [D] samples13 [A] imparted [B] immerse [C] injected [D] infected14 [A] released [B] relayed [C] relieved [D] remained15 [A] placing [B] delivering [C] taking [D] giving16 [A] feasible [B] available [C] reliable [D] applicable17 [A] prevalent [B] principal [C] innovative [D] initial18 [A] presented [B] restricted [C] recommended [D] introduced19 [A] problems [B] issues [C] agonies [D] sufferings20 [A] involved in [B] caring for [C] concerned with [D] warding off2011年研究生入学考试英语二真题"The Internet affords anonymity to its users — a boon to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cybercrime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyberczar, offered the Obama government a4 to make the Web a safer place — a “voluntary identify〞system that would be thehigh-tech 5 of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identify systems. Users could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would r equire an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on〞systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 , the approach would create a “walled garden〞in safe “neighborhoods〞and bright“streetlights〞to establish a sense of 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem〞in which individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of the infrastructure that the transaction runs 15 .'"Still, the administration’s plan has16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach;others are concerned. It seems clear that such an initiative push toward what would 17 be a license〞mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18by some experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem〞would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1．2．3．4．5．6．7．8．9．10．11． A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in 12． A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast 13．14．15．16．17．18．19．20．2012年研究生入学考试真题及解析Section 1 Use of EninglishMillions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be .To the men and womenwho( 1 )in World War II and the people they liberated ,the GI.was the (2) man grown into hero ,thepool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who( 3) all the burdens of battle ,who slept incold foxholes,who went without the( 4) of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back theNazi reign of murder .this was not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid ,(5) an averageguy ,up (6 )the best trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries.His name is not much.GI. is just a military abbreviation (7) Government Issue ,and it was on all of the article( 8) to soldiers .And Joe? A common name for a guy who never (9) it to thetop .Joe Blow ,Joe Magrac …a working class name.The United States has (10) had a president orvicepresident or secretary of state Joe.GI .joe had a (11)career fighting German ,Japanese , and Korean troops . He appers as a character ,or a (12 ) of american personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of GI. Joe, based onthe last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle(13)portrayde themselvesin the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)side of the warl, writing about the dirt-snow–and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were(15)or what towns were captured or liberated, His repo rts(16)the “willie〞cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men(17)the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries,G.I. Joe was any American soldier,(20)the most important person in their lives.1.[A] performed [B]served [C]rebelled [D]betrayed2.[A] actual [B]common [C]special [D]normal3.[A]bore [B]cased [C]removed [D]loaded4.[A]necessities [B]facilitice [C]commodities [D]propertoes5.[A]and [B]nor [C]but [D]hence6.[A]for [B]into [C] form [D]against7.[A]meaning [B]implying [C]symbolizing [D]claiming8.[A]handed out [B]turn over [C]brought back [D]passed down9.[A]pushed [B]got [C]made [D]managed10.[A]ever [B]never [C]either [D]neither11.[A]disguised [B]disturbed [C]disputed [D]distinguished12.[A]company [B]collection [C]community [D]colony13.[A]employed [B]appointed [C]interviewed [D]questioned14.[A]ethical [B]military [C]political [D]human15.[A]ruined [B]commuted [C]patrolled [D]gained16.[A]paralleled [B]counteracted [C]duplicated [D]contradicted17.[A]neglected [B]avoided [C]emphasized [D]admired18.[A]stages [B]illusions [C]fragments [D]advancea19.[A]With [B]To [C]Among [D]Beyond20.[A]on the contrary [B] by this means [C]from the outset [D]at that point2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语二试题Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. ___1___, a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions of such a society have been ___2___ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment “would soon revolutionize the very ___3___ of money itse lf,〞only to ___4___ itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so___5___ in coming?Although e-money might be more convenient and may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work __6___ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very ___7___ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networksnecessary to make electronic money the ___8___ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they ___9___ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to ___10___. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float"-it takes several days___11___ a check is cashed and funds are ___12___ from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. ___13___ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth, electronic means of payment ___14___ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information___15___ there.Because this is not an ___16___ occurrence, unscrupulous persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and ___17___ funds by moving them from someone else’s accounts into their own. The ___18___ of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science has developed to ___19___ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic ___20___ that contains a large amount of personal data on buying habits. There are worries that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby encroaching on our privacy.1. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise2. [A] off [B] back [C] over [D] around3. [A] power [B] concept [C] history [D] role4. [A] reward [B] resist [C] resume [D] reverse5. [A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady6. [A] for [B] against [C]with [D] on7. [A] imaginative [B] expensive [C] sensitive [D] productive8. [A] similar [B] original [C] temporary [D] dominant9. [A] collect [B] provide [C] copy [D] print10. [A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D] pass down11. [A] before [B] after [C] since [D] when12. [A] kept [B] borrowed [C] released [D] withdrawn13. [A] Unless [B] Until [C] Because [D] Though14. [A] hide [B] express [C] raise [D]ease15. [A] analyzed [B] shared [C] stored [D] displayed16. [A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] uncommon [D] unclear17. [A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return18. [A] consideration [B] prevention [C] manipulation [D] justification19. [A] cope with [B] fight against [C] adapt to [D] call for20. [A] chunk [B] chip [C] path [D] trail。
英语一完型填空(2010-2020年)
5. [A] requБайду номын сангаасrements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments
6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work
7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as
2010年考研英语真题完形填空
2010年考研英语真题完形填空Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 American’ National Research Council sent to engineers t o supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lignting__1__workers productivity. Instead, the studies ended __2___giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect”, the extremely influential idea that the very___3____to being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior.The idea arose because of the __4____behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to __5____of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6____what was done in the experiment; ___7_someting was changed ,productivity rose. A(n)___8___that they were being experimented upon seemed to be ____9___to alter workers’ behavior ____10____itself.After several decades, the same data were _11__ to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store _12 __the descriptions on record, no systematic _13__ was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to__ 14__ interpretation of what happed.__ 15___ , lighting was always changed on a Sunday .When work started again on Monday, output __16___ rose compared with the previous Saturday and__ 17 __to rise for the next couple of days.__ 18__ , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers__ 19__ to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case , before __20 __a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged” Hawthorne effect “ is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B]up [C] with [D] off3. [A]truth [B]sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C]mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11. [A] compared [B]shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] pealliar to13. [A] evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14. [A] disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16. [A] duly [B]accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued20. [A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hiting做第一遍：1．2．3．4．5．6．7．8．9．10．11．12．13．14．15．16．17．18．19．20．一：词汇与短语：单词总数：271+80=351生词数：；占比；做第二遍：1．．．．．．．．9．10．11．12．13．14．15．16．17．18．19．20．二句子与语法：做第三遍：1．2．3．4．5．6．7．8．9．10．11．12．13．14．15．16．17．18．19．20．三．语段与语篇：做第三遍：1．2．3．4．5．6．7．8．9．10．11．12．13．14．15．16．17．18．19．20．2011年考研英语一试题完形填空SectionⅠ Use of EnglishDirections:ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher viewed laughter as “a bolidy eercise preicious to heath.”But 1 some claims to the contrary ,laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does 2 short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, 3 heart rate and oxygen consummption ,But because hard laughter is difficult to 4 ,a good laugh is unlikely to have 5 benefits the ,say,walking ot jogging does6 ,instead of straining muscles to bulid them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the7 ,studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter8 muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies downSuch bodily reaction might conceivably help 9 the effects of psychological stress.Anyway, the act og laughing probably does 11 one classical theory of emtion, our feelings are partially rooted 12 physical reactions. It was argued at the end of 19th centry that humens do not cry 13 they are sad but they become sad when the tears begins to flowAlthiugh sadness also 14 tears ,evidence suggests that emotions can flow 15 muscular responses. In an experimemt published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of wiirzburg in Germany asked volunteers to 16 a pen eigher with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile-or with their lips, which would produce a(n) 17 expression. Those forced to exercise thrie enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown, 19 that expression may influence emotions rather than just the other way around 20 ,the physical act of laughter could improve mood1. [A] among [B] except [C]despite [D] like2. [A] reflect [B]demend [C]indicate [D]produce3. [A] stabilizing [B] boosting [C] impairing [D] determining4. [A] transmit [B]sustain [C] evaluate [D] observe5. [A] measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6. [A] In turn [B] In fact [C] In addition [D] In brief7. [A] opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D] expected8. [A] hardens [B] weakens [C] tightens [D]relaxes9. [A] aggravate [B] generate [C] morderate [D] enhance10. [A] physical [B] mental [C] subcinscious [D]intermal11. [A] Except for [B] According to [C] Due to [D] As for12. [A] with [B] on [C] in [D]at14. [A] exhausts [B] follows [C] precedes [D] supresses15. [A] into [B]form [C] towards [D] beyond16. [A] fecth [B] form [C] pick [D] hold17. [A] disappointed [B] excited [C] joyful [D] indifferent18. [A] adapted [B] catered [C] turned [D] reacted19. [A] suggesting [B] requiring [C] mentioning [D] supposing20. [A] Eventually [B] Consequently [C] Similatly [D] Conversely做第一遍：1．2．3．4．5．6．7．8．9．10．11．12．13．14．15．16．17．18．19．20．一：词汇与短语：单词总数：264+80=344生词数：；占比；做第二遍：1．2．3．4．5．6．7．8．9．10．11．12．13．14．15．16．17．18．19．20．二句子与语法：做第三遍：1．2．3．4．5．6．7．8．9．10．11．12．13．14．15．16．17．18．19．20．三．语段与语篇：做第三遍：1．2．3．4．5．6．7．8．9．10．11．12．13．14．15．16．17．18．19．20．2012年考研英语一试题完形填空。
2010年考研英语真题及解析
2010年考研英语真题及解析2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语一试题Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered bland and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)In 1924 American’ National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting 1 workers productivity. Indeed, the studies ended 2 giving their name to t he ―Hawthorne effect‖ the extremely influential idea the very 3 to being experimented upon changed subject’s behavior.The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the plant. According to 5 of the experiments their hourly out put rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 6 what was done in the experiment; 7 something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 8 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to alter workers’ behavior 10 itself.After several decades, the same data were 11 to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 12 the descriptions on record, no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to 14 interpretation of what happened 15 , lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output 16 rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days 18 , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers 19 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 20 a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged‖ Hawthorne effect‖ is hard to pin down.1.[A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2.[A] at [B] up [C] with [D]off3.[A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof4.[A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischieous [D] ambiguous5.[A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6.[A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7.[A]as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8.[A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9.[A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10.[A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11.[A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12.[A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] pealiar to13.[A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source14.[A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading15.[A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16.[A]duty [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17.[A]failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued18.[A] [B][C][D]19.[A][B][C][D]20.[A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hitingSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Reading the following four texts, answer the questions below each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40 points)Text 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methods. received one for its ―one-click‖ online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lying a box.Now the nation’s top pat ent court appears completely-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In the Bilski, as the case is known, is a ―very big deal‖, says Dennis’D Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It ―has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.‖Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather tha n a typical panel of three and that one issue it wants to evaluate is weather it should ―reconsider‖ its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for ―inventions‖ that are obvious. Thejudges on the Federal circuit are ―reacting to the anti_patent trend at the supreme court‖, says Harole C.wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its rulling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction][C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word ―about-face‖ (Line 1,Para 3) most probably means[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of disnity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are of ten unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing tread against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm aladuell alques that social epidemics are dliven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or we connect. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plansible sounding but largely untested theory called the ―tow-step flow of communication‖. Information allows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity ofpeople was wearing, promoting or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don’t seem to be required of all.The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence-even the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebring influentials who according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influcenciny their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the casecade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people. Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating t o people’s ability to influence others and their tendencies to be.31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B] discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas[C] exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials32. The author suggests that the ―two-step-flow theory‖[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C] has won support from influentials[D] requires solid evidence for its validity33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34. The underlined phrase ―these people‖ in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35. What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A] The eagerness to be accepted[B] The impulse to influence others[C] The readiness to be influenced[D] The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else; the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must valve some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, bank s’ lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult. After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who ―question our motives.‖ Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls ―the use of judgment by management.‖European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did ―not live in a political vacuum‖ but ―in the real world‖ and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank’s sha res trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the syste m working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility form special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B] collect payments from third parties[C] cooperate with the price managers[D] reevaluate some of their assets37. According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A] the diminishing role of management[B] the revival of the banking system[C] the banks’ long-term asset losses[D] the weakening of its independence38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to[A] keep away from political influences.[B] evade the pressure from their peers.[C] act on their own in rule-setting.[D] take gradual measures in reform.39. The author thinks the bank were ―on the wrong planet‖ in that they[A] misinterpreted market price indicators[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets.[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40. The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of \[A] satisfaction[B] skepticism[C] objectiveness[D] sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the first A-G and fill them into the numbered boxed to from a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which dose not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A]The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out: the consumption of food and drink in places other than hours has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption on 1995 to 35% in 2000 and is expected to approach 38% by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5% a year as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternation[B]Retail, sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving Europeangrocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retails have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion aboard. But almost all have ignored the big profitable opportunity in their own back yard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C]Will such variations bring about a change in overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is base on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide. What to buy. At any rate, this change and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D]All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their gigantic scale, existing infrastructure, and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rank in substantial profits thereby. At last, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest nation market especially in their customer segment and wholesale structures, a as well as the competitive dynamics.[E]Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined —France, Germany, Italy, and Spain —are made out of the same building block. Demand mainly from two sources: in dependent mom—and –pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are too small to buy strai ght when they don’t eat at home. Such food service operators, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as ―horeca‖: hotels, restaurant and cafes. Overall, Europe’s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figure when assed together, mask too opposing trends.[F]for example, wholesale food and drink sales came to ＄268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000 - more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail ; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often ;and in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last man it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G]However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers land even some large food producers and existing wholesalers, from trying their hand, foe those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.41 42 43 44 45 EPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these non-economic categories is threatened, and, if we happen to love it .We invent excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing.(46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up of birds failed to control them, the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today .We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds .(48) Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on ―worthless species.Some species of trees have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops (49) In Europe ,where forestry is ecologically more advanced ,the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community ,to be preserved as such ,within reason.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided.(50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. Without the uneconomic pats.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use ―postgraduate association‖ instead.Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)Section I Use of English 1.A解析：A项affect 意思是“影响，感动”；B项achieve 意思是“达成，完成”；C项extract意思是“提取，榨出”；D项restore是“恢复，重建”.这句话的意思是：他们想通过实验探究车间照明是如何影响工人的生产率的，所以答案是A。
2010考研英语一真题+答案解析word版可打印
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting 大1家workers' productivity. Instead, the studiesended 大2家giving their name to the "Hawthorne effect", the extremely influential idea that the very 大3家to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.The idea arose because of the 大4家behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to 大5家of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 大6家what was done in the experiment; 大7家something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 大8家that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 大9家to alter workers' behavior 大10家itself.After several decades, the same data were 大11家to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store 大12家the descriptions on record, no systematic 大13家was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to 大14家interpretation of what happened. 大15家, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output 大16家rose compared with the previous Saturday and 大17家to rise for the next couple of days. 大18家, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers 大19家to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 大20家 a plateau and then slackening off.This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.1.[A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2.[A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off3.[A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof4.[A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous5.[A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6.[A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7.[A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long so8.[A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9.[A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10.[A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11.[A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12.[A] Contrary to [B] Consistent with[C] Parallel with [D] Peculiar to13.[A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source14.[A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading15.[A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence[D] As usual16.[A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17.[A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued18.[A] Therefore [B] Furthermore [C] However [D] Meanwhile19.[A] attempted [B] tended [C] chose [D] intended20.[A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hittingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in Englandbetween the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors hav e brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define …journalism‟ as …a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.‟”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England‟s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus‟s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that .[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by .[A] free themes[B] casual style[C] elaborate layout[D] radical viewpoints23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers‟ duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. received one for its "one-click" online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known , is "a very big deal", says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents."Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court", says HaroldC. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of.[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions.[B] It involves a very big business transaction.[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S..28. The word “about-face” (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means.[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of dignity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents.[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the "two step flow of communication": Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trendsIn their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required of all.The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function ofmedia, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of varia bles relating to people‟s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. They found that the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades”—the widespread propagation of influence through networks—is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to .[A]analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B]discuss influentials‟ function in spreading ideas[C]exemplify pe ople‟s intuitive response to social epidemics[D]describe the essential characteristics of influentials32. The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory” .[A]serves as a solution to marketing problems[B]has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C]has won support from influentials[D]requires solid evidence for its validity33.What the researchers have observed recently shows that .[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34. The underlined phrase “these people” in Paragraph 4 refers to the ones who .[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35. What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A]The eagerness to be accepted.[B]The impulse to influence others.[C]The readiness to be influenced.[D]The inclination to rely on others.Text 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who "question our motives." Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls "the use of judgment by management."European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum" but "in the real word" and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank's shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to .[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B]collect payments from third parties[C]cooperate with the price managers[D]reevaluate some of their assets37. According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in .[A]the diminishing role of management[B]the revival of the banking system[C]the banks‟ long-term asset losses[D]the weakening of its independence38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to .[A]keep away from political influences[B]evade the pressure from their peers[C]act on their own in rule-setting[D]take gradual measures in reform39. The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet” in that they .[A]misinterpreted market price indicators[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets40. The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of .[A]satisfaction[B]skepticism[C]objectiveness[D]sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated bypotential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don't eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as "horeca": hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail s ales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.41→42→43→44→E→45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effectthat insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "postgraduate association" instead.Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2010年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章题材结构分析本文选自2009年6月22日The Economist《经济学人》，原文标题是Questioning the Hawthorne Effect(《质疑“霍桑效应”》的文章。
2010考研英语完型填空分析及标准答案
2010考研英语完形填空分析及标准答案 2010年的考研英语完型填空部分，使用了2009年6月6日 Economist 《经济学人》杂志上的一篇文章，文章主要内容，是对社会学上一个经典的理论：霍桑效应的批判和反思。
文章难度适中。
命题专家在出题的时候也进行了一定程度的改写。
下面结合原文，我来公布一下标准答案。
Light work; Questioning the Hawthorne effectJune 6, 2009WHEN America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago in 1924, it hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting affected (第一题答案为A)workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended up (第二题答案为B)giving their name to the "Hawthorne effect", the extremely influential idea that the very act (第三题答案为C)of being experimented upon changes subjects' behaviour。
The idea arose because of the perplexing (第四题答案为B)behaviour of the women (who assembled relays and wound coils of wire)(题目中此处删除) in the Hawthorne plant. According to accounts (第五题答案为C)of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not matter (第六题答案为B)what was done; so long as (第七题答案为D)something was changed, productivity rose. An awareness (第八题答案为A)that they were being experimented upon seemed to be enough (第九题答案为C)to alter workers' behaviour by (第十题答案为D)itself。
2010年考研英语试卷答案
2010年考研英语完整版详解Section I Use of English1.A解读：A项 affect 意思是“影响，感动”; B项 achieve意思是“达成，完成”; C项extract 意思是“提取，榨出”;D项restore是“恢复，重建”. 这句话地意思是：他们想通过实验探究车间照明是如何影响工人地生产率地，所以答案是A.2.B解读：本题考查了固定短语end up 地用法，end up 意思是“最终成为……”，end 和其它三个介词地搭配都无此意，故选B.3.C解读：本句地大意为：研究最终总结为一个极具影响力地概念—“霍桑效应”，也正是实验所研究地行为改变了工人们地表现.所以这里应选择C.4.B解读：作者这里表达地意思是这个问题之所以引起大家地注意是因为工厂女工地行为令人费解.四个选项中perplexing意为“令人费解地”，所以正确答案为B.5.C解读：本句地含义是：根据研究描述，当照明灯变亮或变暗时，工人地时产量就会提高.四个选项中有描述含义地是C项 accounts.6.B解读：这句话地意思是：实验中做什么并不重要. Do not matter 固定表达，故选B.7.D解读：考查so long as 短语，意思是“只有”，句子意思是：只要有改变，生产率就会上升.8.A解读：A项awareness 意思是“意识”，B项expectation意为“期望”，C项sentiment 意为“”观点，意见，D项illusion 为“幻觉”，本句地大意是说：工人知到自己本身是被研究对象-这一意识就足以改变他们地行为.所以选A.解读：见第8题解读.10.D解读：见第8题解读.11.C解读：be subjected to表示“服从于，与……一致’，为固定短语.12.A解读：contrary to表示“与…相反“.根据语境提示，空白处需要填写一个能表示转折意味地链接词.13.A解读：只有evidence一词可与found呼应，表示“发现或找到证据”.14.Dmisleading“欺骗性，误导性地”，意思上来看，符合语境所表达地意思.15.B解读：for example与上句呼应，举例说明问题.16.A解读：duly表示“准时地，在同一个时间地”，填入句中后意思表达更精确.17.D解读：与前句duly rose呼应，递进说明问题，故应选continue.18.C解读：此句意思与上句相反，说明另一种情况，故应使用转折词but.19.B解读：tend to do“倾向于做某事”，说明一种常规地事实.解读：hit 能与a plateau搭配，意为“到达高地，触及顶点”，句意才符合语境.Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 121. B22. A23. C24. A25.BText 226.C解读：细节题.题干问及商业专利方法在最近引起关注地原因是是什么，解答本题应定位二段首句并结合一段地主旨要义.二段首句指出“国家最高专利法庭准备对商业方法专利进行缩减，这引起了了争议.”一段主要提及在过去10年商业方法授予了成千上万地专利.由此可见，选项C是对原文地同义置换故为正确答案.27.B解读：推理判断题.文章在二段提及Bilski case，在四段提及对Bilski case地结论性说明，在四段中针对Bilski case，联邦机构发表了不同寻常地法令，而四段末句提到该法令引起对“state street Bank ruling”地是否重新考虑，由此可知B为正确答案.28.C解读：词汇短语题.含有该词地句子起到承前启后作用，解答本题应结合二段主旨及三段because后地句意来解题，二段提及“国家最高专利法庭准备对商业方法专利进行缩减”，而三段提及introduced such patents…, approving a patent…,由此可知，宣称对商业方法地控制将会有巨大地态度转变，故C正确.29.B解读：推论题.结合倒数二段二句及末段首句可知B符合文意.此题用排除法最为便利.文章地最后两段未提到ACD地内容.而B项地内容符合“that too many patents were being uph eld”，同时B 选项地内容符合文章地中心.30.D解读：主旨题.文章首段提到“过去10年”，而二段首句转到“Now”，文章地此脉络结构可知“ A prevailing tread”可统领文意，此外文章二至四段，主要谈及联邦巡讲对“business-m ethod patents”地立场变化，故D为正确答案.Text 331.B解读：细节题.文章提到Tipping Point真本书描述社会流行风潮是由一小部分名人引起地，然而，笔锋一转在首段末又说“it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread”.进而引出作者对名人传播想法功能地讨论.由此B选项正确.而A、C、D 均不是作者要讨论地问题.32.D解读：细节题.文章第二段首句“the supposed…pl ausible sounding but largely untested the ory..”以及末句“…only certain special people can drive trends”充分说明这种理论证据不够充足.而D选项正确地反应了文中地内容.33.A解读：根据题干，线索大致定位到第三段，但是第三段并没有清晰地找到题解，而接下来地第四段清晰地反应出了社会互动所产生地巨大影响这一内容.A选项充分地表明了这一点.34.C解读：根据题干，线索定位到第四段.同过分析这个短语所在地句子，“For a social epid emic…;just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with…”此句主要表明人们是如何被别人影响进而又去影响别人地.而C选项恰是对这一点地正确表述.35.C解读：细节题.根据题干，线索定位到最后一段，从“…relating of populations, manipulati ng a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to b e…”这句话中能够得知社会影响动力因素包括人们影响别人地能力包括被别人影响地倾向性.而C选项充分地体现了这一点.Text 4解读：细节题.答案意为“遵循不利地资产评估准则”.由题干中地“Bankers complained” 和“force”定位于第一段第三行“Their rules, moan the banks, have forced th em to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators woul d like them to fetch.” 该句核心词为rules，四个答案中只有A选项包含.37.A解读：推理引申题.答案意为“管理地作用地逐渐消失”.根据题干中地专有名词FASB定位于第三段.第一句提到FASB经过努力使国会通过了一些变革，这些变革赋予了银行更多地权利，也就是说对银行地管理更为松散，所以答案为“管理地作用地逐渐消失”.38.C解读：细节题.答案意为“独立自主地制定法规”.根据题干中地“McCreevy objects to”定位到第五段.第五段提到立即根据美国地变化做出一样地反应，欧洲地各界人士对此地反对十分强烈，引用McCreevy地话是为了说明这一点：欧洲要对这个问题有自己独立地法律法规.39.C解读：句意题.答案意为“忽视了坏账存在地极大可能性”.根据题干地信息定位到第六段Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary ill iquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts.批判银行一味地夸大“that market prices ov erstate losses”，而忽视了“the likely extent of bad debts”.40.D解读：情感态度题.文章讨论了银行针对“standard-setters”地敌意行为，特别是文章最后一段更是明确地表明了作者对“standard-setters”地同情.Part B41.B解读：本题需要找出文章地首段，可用排除法做.首先A 选项中提到“the first and more i mportant…”中地“more” 应该在前文中提到，故排除.B选项首句就提出了欧洲食品零售所面临地问题，根据文章结构法：提出问题—分析问题—解决问题，此段符合首段要求，即提出了文章地中心问题，而且本选项中也没有明显地需要和上文衔接地关系词，而其它选项都有明显地与上文衔接地信息词，不能在首段出现，故B为正确答案.解读：首段一旦确定，本段内容便可根据上文顺藤摸瓜，第一段最后一句话“but”后指出了虽然食品零售商面临着“at a standstill (几乎停止发展>”地问题，他们却忽略了一个潜在地市场即他们身边地“wholesale food and trade(食品批发市场>”.而F 选项首句便举例说明法国、德国、意大利等国家地食品批发产业地市场规模比食品零售产业要大40%.而且在“mor eover”后又进一步说明批发地利润大零售很多.因此可以判断此选项是对第一段地例证说明.其中“for example” 是明显地信息提示词.43.D解读：上段介绍了食品批发商地优势，而D选项第一句“All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which…” 则对上文地内容进行总结，其中all in all 是较明显地信息提示词，即上文中提到地食品批发地优势推出这是明显对于“big retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling”是一个“market”.因此D项为正确答案.44.G解读：上段最后一句提出地“particular abilities” 以及“new skills and unfamiliar business models are needed.” , 即零售商需要新地技能及不熟悉地商业模式.而G选项第一句提到地“t hese requirements(这些要求>”正是指上文所提到地技能.45.A解读：此题可以用排除法做，所剩下地选项只有A和C，需要注意地是本题并没有明显地信息词，所以需要阅读选项地内容进而找出正确答案.此题前文地已知段落E选项中最后一句“two opposing trends”在A选项中得到了体现，即一方面由于人们选择在外就餐而扩大了食品批发地需求，而另一方面人们又开始感到“anxious(焦虑>”.而C选项第一句提到地“such variations”在上文中并没有得到体现，因此可以断定A为正确答案.Part C46. Scinentists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that ins ects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.解读：句子地主干是“scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidenc e”，后接that 引导地同位语从句.If引导地条件状语从句修饰that从句.to the effect that大意是，意思是; fail to 未能; jump to立即，赶快 the rescue营救，援救，解救.参考译文：科学家们立即拿出某些明显站不住脚地证据前来救驾，大致说地是如果鸟儿不能控制害虫地话，害虫就会把我们吃掉.47. but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue survival as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.解读：句子主干we have drawn near the point.介词短语of admitting that...作定语修饰poi nt.其中嵌套了that从句作admit地宾语从句.regardless of...作让步状语.a matter of .....地问题，大约;draw near 接近，靠近;intrinsic right天生地权利，固有地权利;economic advantage 经济利益，经济优势.参考译文：但是我们至少已经几乎承认了这样一种观点：不管鸟类对我们是否有经济利益，生存都是它们地固有权利.48. Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preser ve the health of game by killing the physically weak,or that they prey only on “worthl ess species.解读：主干time was when....when引导了表语从句.Time was when可看作固定短语，译为“从前，曾经”.注意两个并列同位语从句地翻译.参考译文：曾几何时，生物学家总是重述以下地这条证据：这些生物通过捕食弱小地动物去维持生物链地正常运行，或它们只是去捕食“没有价值地物种”.49. In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree specie s are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.解读：句子地主体是“the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the nati ve forest community”，包含被动语态.句子开头是一个where引导地定语从句，to be preserve d是修饰noncommercial tree species地成分.Within reason合情合理地，理智地.注意被动语态地处理.参考译文：欧洲地林业从生态上讲较为先进，它把没有成为商业化对象地树种视为原始森林群落地成员而适当地加以保护.50. It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.解读：句子主干“It tends to ignore many elements”;两个that从句意思上转折，句法上为并列地定语从句，修饰the land community.注意插入语、定语从句以及代词指代地处理.参考译文：这一体系容易忽视并最终消灭很多缺乏商业价值地物种，然而这些物种对于整个生物群落地健康运行是至关重要地.Section III Writing51.小作文以研究生会地名义写一封通知，通知地内容是为全球一体化地国际会议招募志愿者，这个通知必须包aa括申请者地基本职位要求及你认为相关地其他信息.写100个字左右，不要在通知末尾写你自己地名字，用“Postgraduates’Association”代替.审题谋篇：本次小作文考察“通知”这一事务公文，“通知”地目地在于督促对方参加活动，具体来讲，是招募志愿者.结构上，只需写题目，正文，署名以及时间即可.语言上，语言应直截了当，简洁明了，可适当使用被动句表达.内容上，题目要求写招募职位，以及相关信息.关于职位，可写涉及前台接待、会场指引、乘车指引、英文翻译等服务地岗位.此外，还可以对志愿者提出要求，志愿者应该工作认真负责、积极主动，具有团队合作精神地，另外还需要沟通能力强，具有较好地英语口语和听力水平等.其他相关信息，可以提及会议时间，地点，将怎样安排志愿者等.参考范文一：NoticeVolunteers for the International Conference of Global Integration are wanted. Anyone who is in good command of English and experienced in cross-cultural communication are expected to ta ke part in this activity. The major task for this position are as follows: to begin with, to propagand a the theme of globalization to people all over the world; in addition, to provide E-C interpretation service to those representatives of the international conference, aiming at facilitating the process o f the meeting; at last, you should be strictly available according to the time schedule of the confere nce. Those who are interested in this post are cordially welcome!Postgraduates’ Association参考范文二：NoticeThe International Conference of Global Integration will be held on September 23 at China Ins titute of International Studies, and twenty volunteers are wanted among the students in our school.The positions recruited include receptionist, conference guider, transportation guider and Eng lish interpreter, and the volunteers are requested to speak fluent English and are expected to be act ive, open-minded and conscientious. All the volunteers will be trained for 5 days before the confer ence and provided with free transportation and meal.For those who are interested in taking part in the activity, please send your resume to the ema il address: postgraduates@ before September 1.Postgr aduates’ Association参考范文三：AnnouncementPostgraduates’ Association is recently looking for Volunteers for the International Conferenc e of Global Integration. Applicants should be currently studying at the university, and should prefe rably have the experience of being a part-time volunteer in several international events.The successful applicant will be expected to propaganda the theme of globalization in the city and on campus. The position will commence at the end of May and will last through to the end of August. Fair pay for the position is available and will be based on your experience.If you are interested, please send your resume to the following email: postgraduates@ b efore September 1st.Postgraduates’ Association52.大作文Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1> describe the drawing briefly,2> explain its intended meaning, and then3> give your comments on the phenomenon.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(20points>2010年考研英语一试题大作文配图审题谋篇：本题为图画作文，图片上是一个热气腾腾地火锅，里面包括着诸如“儒学”，“解构”，“人本”，“莎士比亚”，“功夫”等中西文化标志词.下面有一行注释.在审题构思时应该注意：把握好这幅图地象征寓意.火锅中包含着各种各样地文化元素，代表了不同文化地和谐融合，民族地文化可以成为世界地，这一趋势对人类发展是有利地.由此可见，本次作文地主题是文化融合.提纲包括两点，一是描述图片并解释含义，二是对此现象作出评论.文章也可分为三段，第一段：描述图画，描述图片中地各类文化元素.可能用到地词汇是literature,(文学> m oral values(道德价值>performing arts(表演艺术>等.第二段：阐释图片含义.最好在段首设置主题句，然后围绕主题句展开.本图片中所显示地文化交流反映了两方面地情况，中国文化对世界文化地渗透，中国地腾飞无疑使中国文化这颗世界文化中地瑰宝更加耀眼.另一方面，中国文化也逐渐受到其他国家文化地影响.第三段：对此现象做出评论.此评论部分可以提出建议，考虑背景及原因，或描述未来，预测未来，也可以讲世界文化融合、交流是时代地潮流，同时还要保持和振兴各族文化.参考范文：The enlightening picture portrays that a hot pot, with numerous ingredients in it, includes suc h domestic and alien cultures as literature, moral values and performing arts. It seems that the hot pot tastes very delicious because of the rich nutrition of the multi-cultures.Obviously, the picture characterizes the status quo of Chinese society in which Chinese and Western culture conflict with each other but also merge into a unique form to a certain degree. Sin ce China has opened its door widely to the outside world, many people from different countries ha ve been deeply fascinated by Chinese culture. They will accept and love the Chinese culture as a whole. In addition, Chinese culture should be well shared with foreign people, who have shown th eir enthusiasm towards China. Meanwhile, the Chinese people are also exposed to foreign cultures when more foreign people come to this oriental country. In this way people from various nations i n the world will be able to acquire better understanding of each other and live peacefully in this w orld.In my opinion, the culture of any nation is a kind of precious heritage, and belongs to the who le mankind. With economic globalization, the blending of different cultures has become inevitable trend of the time. No country is an isolated island, be it China or the western world. The clearer w e grasp the current situation, the more it would be beneficial to the global villagers.个人收集整理-仅供参考申明：所有资料为本人收集整理，仅限个人学习使用，勿做商业用途.11 / 11。
2010年考研英语真题及答案完整解析
2010年考研英语真题与答案解析从2010年开始，全国硕士研究生入学考试的英语试卷分为了英语（一）和英语（二）。
英语（一）即原统考“英语”。
英语（二）主要是为高等院校和科研院所招收专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的统考科目。
英语一考试形式、考试内容与试卷结构（一）考试形式考试形式为笔试。
考试时间为180分钟。
满分为100分。
试卷包括试题册和答题卡。
答题卡分为答题卡1和答题卡2。
考生应将1~45题的答案按要求填涂在答题卡1上，将46~52题的答案写在答题卡2上。
（二）考试内容试题分三部分，共52题，包括英语知识运用、阅读理解和写作。
第一部分英语知识运用该部分不仅考查考生对不同语境中规范的语言要素（包括词汇、表达方式和结构）的掌握程度，而且还考查考生对语段特征（如连贯性和一致性等）的辨识能力等。
共20小题，每小题0.5分，共10分。
在一篇240~280词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案，使补全后的文章意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。
考生在答题卡1上作答。
第二部分阅读理解该部分由A、B、C三节组成，考查考生理解书面英语的能力。
共30小题，每小题2分，共60分。
A节（20小题）：主要考查考生理解主旨要义、具体信息、概念性含义，进行有关的判断、推理和引申，根据上下文推测生词的词义等能力。
要求考生根据所提供的4篇（总长度约为1600词）文章的内容，从每题所给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案。
考生在答题卡1上作答。
B节（5小题）：主要考查考生对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征以及文章结构的理解。
本部分有3种备选题型。
每次考试从这3种备选题型中选择一种进行考查。
考生在答题卡1上作答。
备选题型有：1）本部分的内容是一篇总长度为500~600词的文章，其中有5段空白，文章后有6~7段文字。
要求考生根据文章内容从这6~7段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5段。
2）在一篇长度约500~600词的文章中，各段落的原有顺序已被打乱，要求考生根据文章的内容和结构将所列段落（7~8个）重新排序，其中有2~3个段落在文章中的位置已给出。
2010年考研英语一完形填空逐句翻译
2010年考研英语一完形填空逐句翻译【注】本文选自知名期刊《经济学人》，阐述了关于社会学、管理学等相关领域的一种社会现象。
In 1924 America’s National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. 【译】1924年，美国国家研究委员会派出两名工程师到芝加哥附近一家名为Hawthorne的工厂的电话配件厂指导一系列实验研究。
It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting 1 workers’ productivity.【译】该委员会希望能弄清楚车间照明是如何影响工人的生产效率的。
Instead, the studies ended 2 giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect,” the extremely influential idea that the very 3 of being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior. 【译】然而，这些研究最终被命名为“霍桑效应”，这一极具影响力的观点就是：正是受试这一行为改变了委员会实验对象的行为方式。
The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the plant.【译】该观点的形成源于工厂女工令人费该观点的形成源于工厂女工令人费解的行为。
According to 5 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed.【译】根据实验的描述，照明强度增加时，女工每小时的产出增加，照明强度减少时亦是如此。
2010年考研英语完形填空答案及解析
In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting [1]affected (选A)workers’ productivity. Instead, the studies ended [2]up (选B)giving their nam e to the “Hawthorne effect”, the extrem ely influential idea that the very [3]act (选C) of being experimented upon changes subjects’ behaviour.The idea arose because of the [4]perplexing (选B) behaviour of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to [5] accounts (选C) of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not [6]matter (选B) what was done in experiment; [7]so long as (选D) something was changed, productivity rose. An[8]awareness (选A) that they were being experimented upon seemed to be [9]enough (选C)to alter workers’ behaviour [10]by (选D) itself.After several decades, the same data were [11]subjected (选C) to econometric analysis. The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise store [12]contrary to (选A) the descriptions on record, no systematic [13]evidence (选A) was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to [14] misleading (选D) interpretations of what happened. [15]For example (选B), lighting was always changed on a Sunday, when work started again on Monday, output [16] duly (选A) rose compared with the previous Saturday, and [17] continued (选D) to rise for the next couple of days.[18]But（注：本题原文But后面没有逗号，海文版真题空格后面有逗号，如果选项里没有But，则此处可填however）a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays. Workers [19]tended to be diligent for the first few days of the working week in any case, before [20] hitting (选D) a plateau and then slackening off.本段完形填空改编自《经济学人》2009年6月一篇文章，标题为Questioning the Hawthorne effect，这也再次提醒参加考研英语考试的同学们，平时对外刊的阅读还是很重要的。
2010考研英语二真题
2010考研英语二真题一、阅读理解Passage 1In Las Vegas, Ronald Heard has been running Heard’s Tropical Fish ever since he bought out his uncle ten years ago. He prides himself on being the premier retailer (零售商) of tropical fish in the region. In fact, he is the only one in the region. But even more significant, Ronald is known all over the country for his highly successful mail-order business. Customers can browse through a colorful catalog, which provides detailed information and pictures of each fish. Ronald’s catal og is so popular that he has been able to build his business without any advertising.Ronald’s success is built on his high-quality fish, low prices, and prompt delivery. He does it because of the large number of loyal (忠诚的) customers he has built up over the years. Ronald’s customers keep coming back because they know they can trust him and because they know they will get great tropical fish at a reasonable price. Ronald’s secret is simple: he found a profitable niche and then concentrated on being the bes t in that market. He didn’t try to sell pet supplies, birds, or other kinds of animals. He knew that he couldn’t be the best in those areas, nor did he have the desire to be.Ronald’s success also lies in his ability to take advantage of technology. His website is extremely user-friendly, and customers can easily navigate through the site to find whatthey want. Ronald also takes full advantage of social media platforms to engage with his customers and provide them with regular updates and information about new products.Ronald’s business model demonstrates the importance of finding a niche market and focusing on becoming the best in that market. It also highlights the importance of building trust with customers through high-quality products and excellent customer service.Passage 2Organizational structure is the system that outlines how certain activities are directed to achieve organizational objectives. It provides a framework that determines how different tasks are divided, grouped, and coordinated within an organization. There are several types of organizational structures, including functional, divisional, matrix, and flat structures.The functional organizational structure is the most common and traditional type of structure. It groups employees based on their area of expertise or function, such as marketing, finance, or production. This structure allows for specialization and the development of expertise in specific areas. However, it can result in silos and lack of collaboration between different functions.The divisional organizational structure groups employees based on their product, market, or geographic location. Each division operates as a separate entity with its own functional departments, such as marketing, finance, and production. This structure enables organizations to respond quickly to market changes and tailor their products or services to specificcustomer segments. However, it can lead to duplication of functions and lack of standardization across divisions.The matrix organizational structure combines elements of both functional and divisional structures. It creates dual reporting relationships, where employees report to both functional managers and project managers. This structure enables organizations to leverage the expertise of functional specialists while maintaining flexibility and responsiveness to project needs. However, it can result in increased complexity and conflicts between functional and project managers.The flat organizational structure is characterized by a small number of hierarchical levels and a wide span of control. It promotes decentralization and empowers employees to make decisions and take ownership of their work. This structure fosters a culture of collaboration and innovation, but it can lack clear career paths and may lead to role ambiguity.Each type of organizational structure has its own benefits and drawbacks. The choice of structure depends on various factors, such as the organization’s size, industry, and strategic goals. It is important for organizations to periodically evaluate and adjust their structure to ensure alignment with their objectives and changing business environment.二、完形填空（文章暂缺）三、选词填空（文章暂缺）四、阅读表达（文章暂缺）五、作文（文章暂缺）六、翻译（文章暂缺）以上是关于2010考研英语二真题的部分内容。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
2010年考研英语真题完形填空Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 American’ National Research Council sent to engineers t o supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lignting__1__workers productivity. Instead, the studies ended __2___giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect”, the extremely influential idea that the very___3____to being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior.The idea arose because of the __4____behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to __5____of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6____what was done in the experiment; ___7_someting was changed ,productivity rose. A(n)___8___that they were being experimented upon seemed to be ____9___to alter workers’ behavior ____10____itself.After several decades, the same data were _11__ to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store _12 __the descriptions on record, no systematic _13__ was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to__ 14__ interpretation of what happed.__ 15___ , lighting was always changed on a Sunday .When work started again on Monday, output __16___ rose compared with the previous Saturday and__ 17 __to rise for the next couple of days.__ 18__ , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers__ 19__ to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case , before __20 __a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged” Hawthorne effect “ is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B]up [C] with [D] off3. [A]truth [B]sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C]mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A]requirements [B]explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11. [A] compared [B]shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] pealliar to13. [A] evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14. [A] disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16. [A] duly [B]accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued20. [A]breaking [B]climbing [C]surpassing [D]hiting做第一遍：1．2．3．4．5．6．7．8．9．10．11．12．13．14．15．16．17．18．19．20．一：词汇与短语：单词总数：271+80=351生词数：；占比；做第二遍：1．2．3．4．5．6．7．8．9．10．11．12．13．14．15．16．17．18．19．20．二句子与语法：做第三遍：1．2．3．4．5．6．7．8．9．10．11．12．13．14．15．16．17．18．19．20．三．语段与语篇：做第三遍：1．2．3．4．5．6．7．8．9．10．11．12．13．14．15．16．17．18．19．20．2011年考研英语一试题完形填空SectionⅠ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Ancient Greek philosopher viewed laughter as “a bolidy eercise preicious to heath.”But 1 some claims to the contrary ,laughing probably has little influence on physical fitness. Laughter does 2 short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels, 3 heart rate and oxygen consummption ,But because hard laughter is difficult to 4 ,a good laugh is unlikely to have 5 benefits the ,say,walking ot jogging does6 ,instead of straining muscles to bulid them, as exercise does, laughter apparently accomplishes the7 ,studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter8 muscles, decreasing muscle tone for up to 45 minutes after the laugh dies downSuch bodily reaction might conceivably help 9 the effects of psychological stress.Anyway, the act og laughing probably does 11 one classical theory of emtion, our feelings are partially rooted 12 physical reactions. It was argued at the end of 19th centry that humens do not cry 13 they are sad but they become sad when the tears begins to flowAlthiugh sadness also 14 tears ,evidence suggests that emotions can flow 15 muscular responses. In an experimemt published in 1988, social psychologist Fritz Strack of the University of wiirzburg in Germany asked volunteers to 16 a pen eigher with their teeth-thereby creating an artificial smile-or with their lips, which would produce a(n) 17 expression. Those forced to exercise thrie enthusiastically to funny catoons than did those whose months were contracted in a frown, 19 that expression may influence emotions rather than just the other way around 20 ,the physical act of laughter could improve mood1. [A] among [B] except [C]despite [D] like2. [A] reflect [B]demend [C]indicate [D]produce3. [A] stabilizing [B] boosting [C] impairing [D] determining4. [A] transmit [B]sustain [C] evaluate [D] observe5. [A] measurable [B]manageable [C]affordable [D]renewable6. [A] In turn [B] In fact [C] In addition [D] In brief7. [A] opposite [B]impossible [C]average [D] expected8. [A] hardens [B] weakens [C] tightens [D]relaxes9. [A] aggravate [B] generate [C] morderate [D] enhance10. [A] physical [B] mental [C] subcinscious [D]intermal11. [A] Except for [B] According to [C] Due to [D] As for12. [A] with [B] on [C] in [D]at13. [A] unless [B] until [C] if [D] because14. [A] exhausts [B] follows [C] precedes [D] supresses15. [A] into [B]form [C] towards [D] beyond16. [A] fecth [B] form [C] pick [D] hold17. [A] disappointed [B] excited [C] joyful [D] indifferent18. [A] adapted [B] catered [C] turned [D] reacted19. [A] suggesting [B] requiring [C] mentioning [D] supposing20. [A] Eventually [B] Consequently [C] Similatly [D] Conversely做第一遍：1．2．3．4．5．6．7．8．9．10．11．12．13．14．15．16．17．18．19．20．一：词汇与短语：单词总数：264+80=344生词数：；占比；做第二遍：1．2．3．4．5．6．7．8．9．10．11．12．13．14．15．16．17．18．19．20．二句子与语法：做第三遍：1．2．3．4．5．6．7．8．9．10．11．12．13．14．15．16．17．18．19．20．三．语段与语篇：做第三遍：1．2．3．4．5．6．7．8．9．10．11．12．13．14．15．16．17．18．19．20．2012年考研英语一试题完形填空。