高分子英语考试复习

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高分子专业英语词汇

丙醛
propionaldehyde
propylaldehyde
九、酮
Ketone
丙酮
Acetone
丁酮
Butanone
一十、羧酸
Carboxylic acids
甲酸
Formic acid
乙酸
Acetic acid
丙酸
propionic acid
一十一酸乙酯
一、烷烃
特征：-ane
甲烷
Methane
庚烷
Heptane
乙烷
Ethane
辛烷
Octane
丙烷
Propane
壬烷
Nonane
丁烷
Butane
癸烷
Decane
戊烷
Pentane
十一烷
Undecane
己烷
hexane
十二烷
dodecane
二、基团
特征：-yl
甲基
Methyl
庚基
Heptyl
乙基
Ethyl
正
Normal，n-
normal hexane
异
Iso-
isopropyl alcohol
Example：
Butadiene
Polyethylene
poly(methyl methacrylate)
polyacrylamide
polytetrafluoroethylene
poly（ethylene glycol）
己醇
Hexyl alcohol
hexanol
五、酰
甲酰基
Formyl
乙酰基
Acetyl
六、酰胺 amide

高分子专业英语答案

高分子专业英语答案【篇一：高分子材料工程专业英语课文翻译(曹同玉,冯连芳)主编】txt>unit 1 what are polymer?第一单元什么是高聚物？what are polymers? for one thing, they are complex and giant molecules and are different from low molecular weight compounds like, say, common salt. to contrast the difference, the molecular weight of common salt is only 58.5, while that of a polymer can be as high as several hundred thousand, even more than thousand thousands. these big molecules or‘macro-molecules’ are made up of much smaller molecules, can be of one or more chemical compounds. to illustrate, imagine that a set of rings has the same size and is made of the same material. when these things are interlinked, the chain formed can be considered as representing a polymer from molecules of the same compound. alternatively, individual rings could be of different sizes and materials, and interlinked to represent a polymer from molecules of different compounds.什么是高聚物？首先，他们是合成物和大分子，而且不同于低分子化合物，譬如说普通的盐。

01、02高分子专业英语试卷

01、02高分子专业英语期末考试试卷Translate the following terms1 结晶性结晶度crystallinity2 聚合度 degree of polymerization3 竟聚率（reactivity ratio）4 连锁反应（chain reaction）5无规线团模型（random coil model）6 同系物(homologous compound)7数均分子量number average molecular weight8 支链聚合物branched polymer9 抗氧剂antioxidant10 热成型thermoforming11 dibutyl(o-)phthalate （邻苯二甲酸二丁酯）12 nucleophilic substitution (亲核取代)13 molecular weight distribution 分子量分布14 nuclear magnetic resonance 核磁共振15 root-mean-square end-to-end distance 根均方末端距16 coordinative polymerization (配位（离子）聚合)17 from a superficial point of view 从表面上看18 ultracentrifugation 超速离心分离19 conformation 构象20 three-neck flask 三颈瓶一、1 Not all polymers are built up from bonding together a single kind of repeating unit. Atthe other extreme, protein molecules are polyamides in which n amino acid repeat units are bonded together. Although we might still call n the degree of polymerization in this case, it is less useful, since an amino acid unit might be any one of some 20-odd molecules that are found in proteins. In this case the molecular weight itself, rather than the degree of polymerization, is generally used to describe the molecule.并非所有聚合物都由单一一种重复单元键合而成。

高分子专业英语试卷

上海大学2018 ～2019学年秋季学期试卷课程名：高分子专业英语课程号：2XS103001 学分：应试人声明：我保证遵守《上海大学学生手册》中的《上海大学考场规则》，如有考试违纪、作弊行为，愿意接受《上海大学学生考试违纪、作弊行为界定及处分规定》的纪律处分。

应试人吴兆辉应试人学号18722389应试人所在院系材料科学与工程学院题一: Write a speech about “pure science or applied science, which direction should the Shanghai University chooses”. Please follow the 7 steps in a speech. The words of the speech are at least 300 words. (50 points)Good morning, ladies and gentlemen, I am Wu Zhaohui, the speaker of this report. I am from the School of Materials Science and Engineering. My theme is pure science or applied science, which direction should the Shanghai University chooses. Of course, I think pure science and applied science are very suitable for the development of Shanghai University, but if you choose one, I More inclined to choose application science, I will tell from the following aspects.1. As far as the current development of China is concerned, there is still a certain gap with the world's first echelon. Therefore, there is inevitably a gap in the field of basic scientific research. For the country's prosperity, the most fundamental thing is that Some people, especially most capable people, should apply their talents to solve the industrial problems of the country. In the "Made in China 2025" issued by the State Council in 2015, and our "two hundred years" plan in the 19th report of 2017, China's development focus is still the industrial modernization and manufacturing of the country for some time. The construction of a strong country. Obviously, the task of supporting this beautiful blueprint will inevitably fall on colleges and universities and corporate units. From an industrial point of view, there is no doubt that our applied science is more convincing.2. Of course, this is not to say that pure science is not important. In 1921, British physicist N. Norman Campbell writes that pure science and applied science are the roots and branches of the tree of empirical knowledge; theory and reality are inseparable entities. If they do not cause great damage to both sides, they cannot It is separate. However, the development of our university cannot be out of touch with the times, nor can it run counter to the development strategy of the country.3. In terms of the development of China and the development strategy, in the context of the need for comprehensive industrialization and the construction of a strong country, the tasks of the university naturally have a primary and secondary distinction, so I think that application science should be chosen.题二: Read the article: Nano-structured metal-containing polymer precursors for high temperature non-oxide ceramics and ceramic fibers—syntheses, pyrolyses and properties, JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN CERAMIC SOCIETY卷: 22期: 14-15页: 2577-2585出版年: 2002作者: Tsirlin, AM; Shcherbakova, GI; Florina, EK, et al.Write an abstract of it. (50 points)One of the different directions for further development in the field of polymer-derived ceramics is the application of metal-containing precursors, which include polymers containing nanostructured metals.Nano-structured metal-containing polymer precursors have great potential in polymer-derived ceramics. In this paper the synthesis and characterization of nano-metallopolycarbosilanes (nMPCS) and their transformation into ceramic materials are reported. The formation of metal nano-particles via fast thermolysis of metal- containing compounds in polymer solution or melt previously developed by the authors was applied to preceramic polymers.Tetrabenzyltitanium,tetrabenzylzirconium,bis(cyclopentadienil)dichloride-ti tanium and zirconium as well as tetrachlorides of these metals and tetrakis(diethylamino)zirconium were used for the introduction of metal nano-particles. The products were characterized by thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), differential-thermal analysis (DTA), gel-penetration (GP)-chromatography, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and other special analyses. The results of this study reveal new data for the nMPC manufacturing process. These nMPC contain nanoparticles or metal clusters of 2-4nm diameter. The detailed study of the thermal decomposition of MCC is very important. Cp2ZrCl2 and Zr [N(C2H5)2]4 for the ceramic matrix of CMC, the most suitable additive in nMPCS. The coreless fibers are obtained from nZrPCS and contain up to 3 mass% metal.And future research directions will concentrate on the optimization of oligocarbosilane as raw material and the development of Polycarbosilane (PCS) - metal containing compounds (MCC) system with low reactivity.。

高分子材料工程专业英语.pdf

Group 5
在实验中，聚合速率应该根据这个系统的密度、折光率、粘度、或光吸收等许多性质决定的。测量密度是这些方法中最精确和最灵敏的（之一）。相比单体，聚合物的密度要增加20%~25%。在实际测定中，聚合系统的体积将以带出反应中到膨胀计中的方式进行测量。这个带有特殊构造的毛细管容器对于细小的体积变化可以有一个高度精确的测量。对于膨胀计法，是非常容易做到检测一个非常小的聚合的。
聚乙烯 23. anionic
阴离子的 28. termination 终止
4.molecule
5.polymerization
分子
聚合反应
9. compound 10.molecular weight
化合物
分子量
14.characteristic 15. sodium chloride
特征
氯化钠
19. polystyrene 20.polyvinylchloride
Basic Writing II
10. Other Important Remarks About Polymer Science, Summary, Q & A
1.polymer
聚合物 6. gas 气体 11. synthesis 合成 16. product
产物 21. radical
自由基 26. initiation 引发
（2）对于离子聚合来说，不存在通过再结合反应而进行的强迫链终止，因为生长链之间不能发生反应。链终止反应仅仅通过杂质而发生，或者说通过加入某些像水、醇、酸、胺或氧这样的化合物进行加成而发生，且一般来说（链终止反应）可通过这样的化合物来进行，这种化合物可以和活性聚合物离子进行反应，形成中性聚合物或没有聚合活性的离子型聚合物。如果引发剂仅仅部分地离解，引发反应即为一个平衡反应，在出现平衡反应的场合，在一个方向上进行链引发反应，而在另一个方向上则发生链终止反应。

高分子材料与工程专业外语

NahNyHd4rHoPgOen4:phosphate ammonium
sodium
水合盐：结晶水读做water或hydrate
如AlCl36H2O: aluminum chloride 6-water

或
aluminum
chloride
hexahydrate
A12lK-(wSaOte4)r 212H2O aluminium potassium sulphate
二。2
其它的前缀还有 ortho-正 meta- 偏 thio-硫代举例：
H2SO4 sulfuric acid
H2SO3 sulfurous acid
HNO3 nitric acid
HNO2 nitrous acid
HPO3 metaphosphoric acid S2O32- thiosulfate ion
cover
1. 氧化物的命名
直呼其名，即读其元素名称。如CO: carbon monoxide ; Al2O3: aluminium oxide
N2O4 ：Dinitrogen tetroxide (tetra-,mono-后缀中的a, o在后一o之前省去
CO2; SO; SO2 ;MgO ；Na2O ； P2O3
非最低价的二元化合物还要加前缀，如O22-: peroxide O2- : superoxide acetonitrile
举例： NaF， AlCl3， Mg2N3，
Ag2S， CaC2， Fe(OH)2，H2O2
NaF: sodium fluoride AlCl3: aluminium chloride
cover
S-block Element

2007高分子专业英语试题

一、将下列英语片段翻译成汉语Abstrac tHyperbranched poly(2-((bromobutyryl)oxy)ethyl acrylate) (HPBBEA) was grafted onto the exterior surface of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) by surface-initiated self-condensing atom transfer radical vinyl polymerization (SCATRVP). The MSNs with ATRP initiator anchored on the exterior surface (MSN-Br) were prepared by the reaction of 5,6-dihydroxyhexyl-functionalized MSNs (MSN-OH) with a-bromoisobutyryl bromide. Afterwards, MSN-Br was utilized as initiator in the SCATRVP of inimer BBEA, resulting in core–shell nanoparticles with MSN core and HPBBEA shell (MSN-g-HPBBEA). The molecular weight of HPBBEA increased with the increasing ratio of BBEA to MSN-Br. In view of the high density of bromoester groups on the surface of HPBBEA shell, MSN-HPBBEA was used to initiate the successive polymerization of (2-dimethylamino-ethylmethacrylate) (DMAEMA), forming core–shell nanoparticles MSN-g-HPBBEA-g-PDMAEMA. The resultant products were characterized by FT-IR, NMR, HRTEM and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), etc. The pH-responsive property of MSN-g-HPBBEA-g-PDMAEMA was characterized by measuring the hydrodynamics radius at different pH values, and this core–shell nanostructure may have potential applications in biomedicine and biotechnology.IntroductionMesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have attracted considerable interest in recent years due to their unique characters, such as stable mesoporous structure, high surface area, large pore volume, tunable pore size and non-toxicity; they are ideal materials for hosting molecules [1–7]. However, some major restrictions have not been resolved yet; MSNs have faint solubility in most organic and aqueous solvents, and their compatibility with chemical and biological systems need to be improved. Once these limitations can be solved, MSNs could be utilized in broad ﬁelds, such as synthetic scaffolds to mimic enzymes, molecular vessels and materials for controlled drug delivery [8].In order to enhance the solubility and compatibility of MSNs, covalently attaching polymers onto the exterior surface of MSN has attracted considerable attention since this method could endow the surface of MSNs with novel properties. The procedure to anchor polymer chains to the surface was accomplished by either ‘‘graftin g to’’ or ‘‘grafting from’’ techniques. The ‘‘grafting to’’ method means the coupling of preformed end-functionalized polymer chains the reactive surface groups on the MSNs [9], and the limitation is low grafting density of polymer chains. The ‘‘grafting from’’ method included attaching the initiating groups on the surface of MSNs and successively in situ surface-initiated polymerization. The advantage of this technique is easy preparation of MSNs with high density of polymer chains on their surface. By ‘‘grafting from’’ method, the polymers successfully grafted on the MSNs included poly(lactic acid) [10], polystyrene [11], poly(methyl methacrylate) [12] and smart polymers such as poly(acrylic acid) [13] and poly(N-iso-propylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) [14,15]. These polymers improved the solubility of MSNs and endued the surface of MSNs with some functionalities. The polymerization techniques reported included atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) [12,15], ring-opening polymerization (ROP) [10] and reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization [11,13,14].As mentioned above, the linear polymers have been used in the modiﬁcation of MSNs, however, modiﬁcation of MSNs with hyperbranched polymers was rarely reported. Compared to the linearpolymers, hyperbranched polymers are special kinds of polymers with highly branched structure, they have good solubility, low melt viscosity, and extremely high density of functional groups, so they can be utilized advantageously as surface modiﬁer and interfacial materials [16–19]. The hyperbranched polymers have similar properties to dendrimers while the synthesis is easier than that of dendrimers, so hyperbranched polymers played increasing important roles in industry and laboratory [16]. Anchoring the hyperbranched polymers on the ZnO [20] and silica nanoparticles [21] has been studied for improving solubility of the inorganic materials, and the hybrid nanoparticles obtained exhibited some novel properties. In our previous report [22], the hyperbranched polymer was grafted onto carbon nanotubes for improving the solubility and processability of carbon nanotubes.Although the grafting of hyperbranched polymer on silica nanoparticles have been studied [21], only few papers [23,24] investigated anchoring the hyperbranched polymers onto MSNs via ring-opening polymerization. Grafting hyperbranched polymers onto MSNs via surface ATRP has not been reported based on our knowledge. Special attention we must pay is grafting the hyperbranched polymers onto the exterior surface to ensure the pores not being ﬁlled with polymers. Herein, we report a convenient method to decorate the exterior surface of MSNs with hyperbranched polymers by surface-initiated SCA TRVP of AB* inimer as shown in Scheme 1, where A and B* represent vinyl and initiating group, respectively. MSNs anchored with 2-bromoiso-butyryl groups (MSN-Br) were utilized as polyfunctional initiator, and 2-((bromobutyryl)oxy) ethyl acrylate (BBEA) was used as inimer.Moreover, Mu¨ ller et al. reported that the multifunctionality of surface through SCA TRVP could be achieved independent on the core shape of nanoparticles and the thickness of the polymer shell [21]. The hyperbranched polymers have high density of initiating groups that can initiate polymerization of different kinds of monomers [25], if the initiating sites initiate the polymerization of functional monomer, the functionalized MSNs might have some functionalities, such as environmentally sensitive property. Thus in the present paper, the MSN-g-HPBBEA was utilized as ATRP macroinitiator, to prepare the novel organic/inorganic hybrid material MSN-g-HPBBEA-g-PDMAEMA which has potential applications as stimuli responsive molecular vessels for hosting and controlled release of drugs, enzymes and DNAs.Experimental sectionMaterialsTetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, Aldrich, 98%), n-cetyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB, Aldrich, 98%), a-bromoisobutyryl bromide (BiBB, Aldrich), (2-dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA, Aldrich, 98%), 5,6-Epoxyhexyltriethoxysilane (EHTES, Gelest), 1,1,4,7,7-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA, Acros, 99%) were used as received. CuBr (Shanghai Chemical Reagent Co. analytical grade, 98%) was treated by glacial acetic acid, washed with methanol, and then dri ed in a vacuum oven. Toluene was reﬂuxed with sodium under nitrogen and distilled. THF was distilled from a purple sodium ketyl solution. Triethyl amine (TEA) was dried by sodium hydroxide and distilled before use. 2-(((bromobutyryl)oxy) ethyl acrylate) (BBEA) was synthesized according to reference [22].Characterization1H NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker-300 MHz NMR instrument using CDClas solvent3and tetramethylsilane as internal reference. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra were recorded on a Bruker VECTOR-22 infrared spectrometer; the samples were mixed with KBr andthen compressed into pellets. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out on a Perkin–Elmer TGA-7 instrument with a heating rate of 10 o C/min under nitrogen. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was carried out on ESCALAB MK II instrument. High resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) images were recorded from JEOL JEM-2010 instrument. Molecular weights and molecular weight distributions were determined on a Waters 150C gel permeation chromatography (GPC) equipped with Ultrastyragel columns (103, 104 and 105 Å) and 410 refractive index detector at 30 o C, using monodispersed polystyrene as calibration standards. THF was used as eluent at a ﬂow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Powder X-ray diffraction experiments were performed on a PHILIPS X’Pert PRO diffractometer using a CuKa radiation source. Low angle diffraction with a 2θrange of 1–10 o C was used to investigate the long-range order of the materials. The surface area and median pore diameter were measured using N2 adsorption/desorption measurements in a Micromeritics ASAP 2020 Accelerated Surface Area and Porosimetry. The data were evaluated using the BET and BJH methods to calculate the surface area and pore volume/pore size distributions, respectively. Elemental analysis was performed on Elementar Vario ELIII device. Hydrodynamics radius (Rh) of hybrid nanoparticles was characterized by Malvern Zetasizer Nano ZS90 with a He–Ne laser (633 nm) and 90o collecting optics.ATRP of DMAEMA using HPBBEA-functionalized MSN as initiatorA representative example is as follows: MSN-g-HPBBEA (20.0 mg), CuBr(I) (6 mg, 0.042 mmol), PMDETA (15 mg, 0.084 mmol), DMAEMA (0.40 g, 1.27 mmol) and 2 mL THF were added into a polymerization tube. After three freeze-evacuate-thaw cycles, the polymerization tube was sealed under vacuum. The sealed tube was placed in oil bath thermostated at 60 o C for 8 h. The mixture was dissolved in 50 mL THF, and then centrifugalized for 15 min to obtain the crude product. After washing with THF-cen-trifugation for four times and washing with methanol-centrifugation two times, the PDMAEMA grafted MSN-g-HPBBEA (MSN-g-HPBBEA-g-PDMAEMA) was dried at 40 o C for 24 h under vacuum.Cleaving grafted HPBBEA and HPBBEA-g-PDMAEMA from MSNThe cleaving experiment of MSN-g-HPBBEA was conducted according to the method reported by Li et al. [26] by utilizing HF to remove the MSN core. The method of cleaving HPBBEA-g-PDMAEMA from MSN is partly different from the method mentioned above, after treating with hydroﬂuoric acid, the mixture was neutralized by adding aqueous solution of sodium carbonate (1 mL, 5%) [27]. The solution was dialyzed with deionized water for 72 h while the water was replaced with fresh water every 6 h, and the copolymer was obtained by freeze-drying. The recovered HPBBEA and HPBBEA-g-PDMAEMA were then subjected to GPC and 1H NMR analysis.二、按照下面的中文意思写出英文摘要本论文以乳酸（LA）为配位剂，偶氮二异丁腈（AIBN）为引发剂，采用逆向原子转移自由基聚合反应合成了分子量分布窄的聚丙烯腈（PAN）。

高分子材料专业英语第二版部分答案2(供参考)(精品文档)

unit11.Not all polymers are built up from bonding together a single kind of repeating unit. At the other extreme ,protein molecules are polyamides in which n amino acide repeat units are bonded together. Although we might still call n the degree of polymerization in this case, it is less usefull,since an amino acid unit might be any one of some 20-odd molecules that are found in proteins. In this case the molecular weight itself,rather than the degree of the polymerization ,is generally used to describe the molecule. When the actual content of individual amino acids is known,it is their sequence that is of special interest to biochemists and molecular biologists.并不是所有的聚合物都是由一个重复单元链接在一起而形成的。

在另一个极端的情形中，蛋白质分子是由n个氨基酸重复单元链接在一起形成的聚酰胺。

尽管在这个例子中，我们也许仍然把n称为聚合度，但是没有意义，因为一个氨基酸单元也许是在蛋白质中找到的20多个分子中的任意一个。

在这种情况下，一般是分子量本身而不是聚合度被用来描述这个分子。

高分子专业英语词汇必备250个单词

高分子专业英语词汇必备250个1 高分子 macromolecule, polymer 又称"大分子"。

2 超高分子 supra polymer3 天然高分子 natural polymer4 无机高分子 inorganic polymer5 有机高分子 organic polymer6 无机-有机高分子 inorganic organic polymer7 金属有机聚合物 organometallic polymer8 元素高分子 element polymer9 高聚物 high polymer10 聚合物 polymer11 低聚物 oligomer 曾用名"齐聚物"。

12 二聚体 dimer13 三聚体 trimer14 调聚物 telomer15 预聚物 prepolymer16 均聚物 homopolymer17 无规聚合物 random polymer18 无规卷曲聚合物 random coiling polymer 419 头-头聚合物 head-to-head polymer20 头-尾聚合物 head-to-tail polymer21 尾-尾聚合物 tail-to-tail polymer22 反式有规聚合物 transtactic polymer23 顺式有规聚合物 cistactic polymer24 规整聚合物 regular polymer25 非规整聚合物 irregular polymer26 无规立构聚合物 atactic polymer27 全同立构聚合物 isotactic polymer 又称"等规聚合物"。

28 间同立构聚合物 syndiotactic polymer 又称"间规聚合物"。

29 杂同立构聚合物 heterotactic polymer 又称"异规聚合物"。

高分子专业英语[整理版]

高分子专业英语4 无机高分子 inorganic polymer5 有机高分子 organic polymer6 无机-有机高分子 inorganic organic polymer7 金属有机聚合物 organometallic polymer8 元素高分子 element polymer9 高聚物 high polymer10 聚合物 polymer11 低聚物 oligomer 曾用名"齐聚物"。

12 二聚体 dimer13 三聚体 trimer14 调聚物 telomer15 预聚物 prepolymer16 均聚物 homopolymer17 无规聚合物 random polymer18 无规卷曲聚合物 random coiling polymer19 头-头聚合物 head-to-head polymer20 头-尾聚合物 head-to-tail polymer21 尾-尾聚合物 tail-to-tail polymer22 反式有规聚合物 transtactic polymer23 顺式有规聚合物 cistactic polymer24 规整聚合物 regular polymer25 非规整聚合物 irregular polymer26 无规立构聚合物 atactic polymer27 全同立构聚合物 isotactic polymer 又称"等规聚合物"。

28 间同立构聚合物 syndiotactic polymer 又称"间规聚合物"。

29 杂同立构聚合物 heterotactic polymer 又称"异规聚合物"。

30 有规立构聚合物 stereoregular polymer, tactic polymer 又称"有规聚合物"。

31 苏型双全同立构聚合物 threo-diisotactic polymer32 苏型双间同立构聚合物 threo-disyndiotactic polymer33 赤型双全同立构聚合物 erythro-diisotactic polymer34 赤型双间同立构聚合物 erythro-disyndiotacticpolymer35 全同间同等量聚合物 equitactic polymer36 共聚物 copolymer37 二元共聚物 binary copolymer38 三元共聚物 terpolymer39 多元聚合物 multipolymer40 序列共聚物 sequential copolymer41 多层共聚物 multilayer copolymer42 多相聚合物 multiphase polymer43 统计[结构]共聚物 statistical copolymer44 无规共聚物 random copolymer45 交替共聚物 alternating copolymer46 周期共聚物 periodic copolymer47 梯度共聚物 gradient copolymer48 嵌段共聚物 block copolymer 又称"嵌段聚合物(block polymer)" 。

高分子专业英语(U1-12)

Unit 1 What Are Polymers?什么是高分子？首先，高分子是复杂的、巨大的，它和像食盐这样的低相对分子质量的化合物是不同的。

食盐的相对分子质量只有58.5，与之对照，高分子的相对分子质量可以达到几十万甚至上百万。

这些大分子或高分子是由非常小的分子组成的。

这些组成大分子的小分子可以是一种或多种化合物。

为了说明这一点，想象一组大小相同并由相同的材料制成的环。

当这些环相互连接起来，可以把形成的链看成是由同种化合物组成的高聚物。

另一方面，独特（个别）的环可以大小不同、材料不同，相连接后形成由不同化合物组成的聚合物。

这种许多单元的相互连接的物质已被命名为高分子，“poly”代表“许多”，而“mer”在希腊语中意味着“部分”。

比如，有一种分子量为54名为丁二烯的气态化合物，将其结合将近4000次，可获得一种熟知为聚丁二烯（一种合成橡胶）的聚合物，且其分子量约为200000。

构成聚合物的低分子量化合物被称作单体。

由此可以了解分子量仅为54的小分子物质（单体）如何巨剑形成分子量为200000的大分子（聚合物）。

实质上，正是由于聚合物的巨大分子尺寸，才使其性能不同于像苯这样的一般化合物。

例如，固态苯在5.5℃熔融成液态苯，且进一步加热后，其将沸腾为气态苯。

与这类简单化合物明确的性能不同，像聚乙烯这样的聚合物不会在某一特定的温度快速地熔融成澄清的液体。

相反，聚合物会变得越来越软，最终变成十粘稠的熔融体。

这种热而粘稠的聚合物熔融体经过进一步加热后，确实会转变成各种气体，但它不再是聚乙烯。

关于聚合物和小分子量化合物性能的另一个明显不同，体现在溶解过程。

让我们以氯化钠为例，且将其缓慢加入一定量水中。

这种代表低分子量化合物的盐会溶于水中，直至到达一个点（饱和点），此后再加入更多量的盐就不再溶于溶液，而是仍旧保持固态，沉淀在容器底部。

饱和盐溶液的黏度和水的没有太大区别。

但如果我们用一种叫做聚乙烯醇的聚合物替代盐，将其加入一定量的水，该聚合物不会立即溶入溶液。

高分子材料与工程专业英语词汇

05. 高分子化学05.1高分子物质05.2coiling type polymer05.2 聚合与高分子化学反应3 平均官能度average functionality4 双官能［基］单体bifunctional monomer5 三官能［基］单体trifunctional monomer6 乙烯基单体vinyl monomer1,1-亚乙烯基单体，vinylidene monomer7偏［二］取代乙烯单体1,2-亚乙烯基单体，vinylene monomer81,2-二取代乙烯单体9 双烯单体，二烯单体diene monomer10 极性单体polar monomer11 非极性单体non polar monomer12 共轭单体conjugated monomer13 非共轭单体non conjugated monomer14 活化单体activated monomer15 官能单体functional monomer16 大分子单体macromer, macromonomer17 环状单体cyclic monomer18 共聚单体comonomer19 聚合［反应］polymerization20 均聚反应homopolymerization低聚反应，oligomerization21齐聚反应(曾用名)22 调聚反应telomerization23 自发聚合spontaneous polymerization24 预聚合prepolymerization25 后聚合post polymerization26 再聚合repolymerization27 铸塑聚合, 浇铸聚合cast polymerization28 链［式］聚合chain polymerization29 烯类聚合，乙烯基聚合vinyl polymerization30 双烯［类］聚合diene polymerization31 加［成］聚［合］addition polymerization32自由基聚合，游离基聚合(曾用名) free radical polymerization, radical polymerization33控制自由基聚合，可控自由基聚合controlled radical polymerization，CRP34 活性自由基聚合living radical polymerization35 原子转移自由基聚合atom transfer radical polymerization，ATRP36 反向原子转移自由基聚合reverse atom transfer radical polymerization，RATRP37可逆加成断裂链转移reversible addition fragmentation chaintransfer，RAFT38 氮氧[自由基]调控聚合nitroxide mediated polymerization39 稳定自由基聚合stable free radical polymerization，FRP40 自由基异构化聚合free radical isomerization polymerization41 自由基开环聚合radical ring opening polymerization42 氧化还原聚合redox polymerization43无活性端聚合，死端聚合(曾用名)dead end polymerization44 光［致］聚合photo polymerization45 光引发聚合light initiated polymerization46 光敏聚合photosensitized polymerization47 四中心聚合four center polymerization48 电荷转移聚合charge transfer polymerization49 辐射引发聚合radiation initiated polymerization50 热聚合thermal polymerization51 电解聚合electrolytic polymerization52 等离子体聚合plasma polymerization53 易位聚合metathesis polymerization54 开环易位聚合ring opening metathesis polymerization，ROMP55 精密聚合precision polymerization56 环化聚合cyclopolymerization57 拓扑化学聚合topochemical polymerization58 平衡聚合equilibrium polymerization59 离子［型］聚合ionic polymerization60 辐射离子聚合radiation ion polymerization61 离子对聚合ion pair polymerization62正离子聚合，阳离子聚合cationic polymerization63 碳正离子聚合carbenium ion polymerization,carbocationicpolymerization64 假正离子聚合pseudo cationic polymerization65 假正离子活［性］聚合pseudo cationic living polymerization66 活性正离子聚合living cationic polymerization67负离子聚合，阴离子聚合anionic polymerization68 碳负离子聚合carbanionic polymerization69 活性负离子聚合living anionic polymerization70 负离子环化聚合anionic cyclopolymerization71 负离子电化学聚合anionic electrochemical polymerization72 负离子异构化聚合anionic isomerization polymerization73 烯丙基聚合allylic polymerization74 活［性］聚合living polymerization75 两性离子聚合zwitterion polymerization76 齐格勒-纳塔聚合Ziegler Natta polymerization77 配位聚合coordination polymerization78 配位离子聚合coordinated ionic polymerization79 配位负离子聚合coordinated anionic polymerization80 配位正离子聚合coordinated cationic polymerization81 插入聚合insertion polymerization82定向聚合，立构规整聚合stereoregular polymerization, stereospecific polymerization83 有规立构聚合tactic polymerization84 全同立构聚合isospecific polymerization85 不对称诱导聚合asymmetric induction polymerization86 不对称选择性聚合asymmetric selective polymerization87 不对称立体选择性聚合asymmetric stereoselective polymerization88 对映［体］不对称聚合enantioasymmetric polymerization89 对映［体］对称聚合enantiosymmetric polymerization90 异构化聚合isomerization polymerization91 氢转移聚合hydrogen transfer polymerization92 基团转移聚合group transfer polymerization，GTP93 消除聚合elimination polymerization94 模板聚合matrix polymerization,templatepolymerization95 插层聚合intercalation polymerization96 无催化聚合uncatalyzed polymerization97 开环聚合ring opening polymerization98 活性开环聚合living ring opening polymerization99 不死的聚合immortal polymerization100 酶聚合作用enzymatic polymerization聚加成反应，polyaddition101逐步加成聚合(曾用名)102 偶联聚合coupling polymerization103 序列聚合sequential polymerization104 闪发聚合，俗称暴聚flash polymerization105 氧化聚合oxidative polymerization106 氧化偶联聚合oxidative coupling polymerization107 逐步［增长］聚合step growth polymerization缩聚反应condensation polymerization，108polycondensation酯交换型聚合transesterification type polymerization, 109ester exchange polycondensation110 自催化缩聚autocatalytic polycondensation111 均相聚合homogeneous polymerization112 非均相聚合heterogeneous polymerization113 相转化聚合phase inversion polymerization114 本体聚合bulk polymerization, mass polymerization 115 固相聚合solid phase polymerization气相聚合gaseous polymerization,116gas phase polymerization117 吸附聚合adsorption polymerization118 溶液聚合solution polymerization119 沉淀聚合precipitation polymerization120 淤浆聚合slurry polymerization121 悬浮聚合suspension polymerization122 反相悬浮聚合reversed phase suspension polymerization 123 珠状聚合bead polymerization, pearl polymerization 124 分散聚合dispersion polymerization125 反相分散聚合inverse dispersion polymerization126 种子聚合seeding polymerization127 乳液聚合emulsion polymerization128 无乳化剂乳液聚合emulsifier free emulsion polymerization 129 反相乳液聚合inverse emulsion polymerization130 微乳液聚合micro emulsion polymerization131 连续聚合continuous polymerization132 半连续聚合semicontinuous polymerization133 分批聚合，间歇聚合batch polymerization134 原位聚合in situ polymerization135 均相缩聚homopolycondensation136 活化缩聚activated polycondensation137 熔融缩聚melt phase polycondensation138 固相缩聚solid phase polycondensation139 体型缩聚three dimensional polycondensation140 界面聚合interfacial polymerization141 界面缩聚interfacial polycondensation142 环加成聚合cycloaddition polymerization143 环烯聚合cycloalkene polymerization144 环硅氧烷聚合cyclosiloxane polymerization145 引发剂initiator146 引发剂活性activity of initiator147 聚合催化剂polymerization catalyst148 自由基引发剂radical initiator149 偶氮［类］引发剂azo type initiator150 2,2′偶氮二异丁腈2,2'- azobisisobutyronitrile, AIBN151 过氧化苯甲酰benzoyl peroxide, BPO152 过硫酸盐引发剂persulphate initiator153 复合引发体系complex initiation system154 氧化还原引发剂redox initiator电荷转移复合物，charge transfer complex, CTC155电荷转移络合物156 聚合加速剂，聚合促进剂polymerization accelerator157 光敏引发剂photoinitiator158 双官能引发剂bifunctional initiator，difunctional initiator 159 三官能引发剂trifunctional initiator160 大分子引发剂macroinitiator161 引发-转移剂initiator transfer agent, inifer162 引发-转移-终止剂initiator transfer agent terminator, iniferter 163 光引发转移终止剂photoiniferter164 热引发转移终止剂thermoiniferter165 正离子催化剂cationic catalyst166 正离子引发剂cationic initiator167 负离子引发剂ionioic initiator168 共引发剂coinitiator169 烷基锂引发剂alkyllithium initiator170 负离子自由基引发剂anion radical initiator171 烯醇钠引发剂alfin initiator172 齐格勒-纳塔催化剂Ziegler Natta catalyst173 过渡金属催化剂transition metal catalyst174 双组分催化剂bicomponent catalyst175 后过渡金属催化剂late transition metal catalyst 176 金属络合物催化剂metal complex catalyst 177 ［二］茂金属催化剂metallocene catalyst178 甲基铝氧烷methylaluminoxane, MAO179μ氧桥双金属烷氧化物催化剂bimetallic μ-oxo alkoxides catalyst180 双金属催化剂bimetallic catalyst 181 桥基茂金属bridged metallocene182限定几何构型茂金属催化剂constrained geometry metallocene catalyst183 均相茂金属催化剂homogeneous metallocene catalyst 184 链引发chain initiation185 热引发thermal initiation186 染料敏化光引发dye sensitized phtoinitiation187 电荷转移引发charge transfer initiation188 诱导期induction period189 引发剂效率initiator efficiency190 诱导分解induced decomposition191 再引发reinitiation192 链增长chain growth, chain propagation193 增长链端propagating chain end194 活性种reactive species195 活性中心active center196 持续自由基persistent radical197 聚合最高温度ceilling temperature of polymerization 198 链终止chain termination199 双分子终止bimolecular termination200 初级自由基终止primary radical termination201 扩散控制终止diffusion controlled termination202 歧化终止disproportionation termination203 偶合终止coupling termination204 单分子终止unimolecular termination205 自发终止spontaneous termination206 终止剂terminator207 链终止剂chain terminating agent208 假终止pseudotermination209 自发终止self termination210 自由基捕获剂radical scavenger211 旋转光闸法rotating sector method212 自由基寿命free radical lifetime213 凝胶效应gel effect214 自动加速效应autoacceleration effect215 链转移chain transfer216 链转移剂chain transfer agent217 尾咬转移backbitting transfer218 退化链转移degradation (degradative) chain transfer 219 加成断裂链转移［反应］addition fragmentation chain transfer 220 链转移常数chain transfer constant①缓聚作用retardation221②延迟作用222 阻聚作用inhibition223 缓聚剂retarder224 缓聚剂，阻滞剂retarding agent225 阻聚剂inhibitor226 封端［反应］end capping227 端基terminal group228 聚合动力学polymerization kinetics229 聚合热力学polymerization thermodynamics 230 聚合热heat of polymerization231 共聚合［反应］copolymerization232 二元共聚合binary copolymerization233 三元共聚合ternary copolymerization234 竞聚率reactivity ratio235 自由基共聚合radical copolymerization236 离子共聚合ionic copolymerization237 无规共聚合random copolymerization238 理想共聚合ideal copolymerization239 交替共聚合alternating copolymerization 240 恒［组］分共聚合azeotropic copolymerization 241 接枝共聚合graft copolymerization242 嵌段共聚合block copolymerization243 开环共聚合ring opening copolymerization 244 共聚合方程copolymerization equation245 共缩聚copolycondensation246 逐步共聚合step copolymerization247 同种增长homopropagation248 自增长self propagation249 交叉增长cross propagation250 前末端基效应penultimate effect251 交叉终止cross termination252 Q值Q value253 e值e value254 Q,e概念Q, e scheme255 序列长度分布sequence length distribution 256 侧基反应reaction of pendant group257 扩链剂，链增长剂chain extender258 交联crosslinking259 化学交联chemical crosslinking260 自交联self crosslinking261 光交联photocrosslinking262 交联度degree of crosslinking263 硫化vulcanization264 固化curing265 硫［黄］硫化sulfur vulcanization266 促进硫化accelerated sulfur vulcanization 267 过氧化物交联peroxide crosslinking268 无规交联random crosslinking269 交联密度crosslinking density270 交联指数crosslinking index271 解聚depolymerization272 ①降解②退化degradation273 链断裂chain breaking274 解聚酶depolymerase275 细菌降解bacterial degradation276 生物降解biodegradation277 化学降解chemical degradation278 辐射降解radiation degradation05.3 高分子物理化学与高分子物理17三单元组triad18四单元组tetrad19五单元组pentad20无规线团random coil21自由连接链freely-jointed chain22自由旋转链freely-rotating chain23蠕虫状链worm-like chain24柔性链flexible chain25链柔性chain flexibility26刚性链rigid chain27棒状链rodlike chain28链刚性chain rigidity29聚集aggregation30聚集体aggregate31凝聚、聚集coalescence32链缠结chain entanglement33凝聚缠结cohesional entanglement34物理缠结physical entanglement35拓扑缠结topological entanglement36凝聚相condensed phase37凝聚态condensed state38凝聚过程condensing process39临界聚集浓度critical aggregation concentration 40线团-球粒转换coil-globule transition41受限链confined chain42受限态confined state43物理交联physical crosslinking44统计线团statistical coil45等效链equivalent chain46统计链段statistical segment47链段chain segment48链构象chain conformation49无规线团模型random coil model50无规行走模型random walk model51自避随机行走模型self avoiding walk model52卷曲构象coiled conformation53高斯链Gaussian chain54无扰尺寸unperturbed dimension55扰动尺寸perturbed dimension56热力学等效球thermodynamically equivalent sphere 57近程分子内相互作用short-range intramolecular interaction 58远程分子内相互作用long-range intramolecular interaction 59链间相互作用interchain interaction60链间距interchain spacing61长程有序long range order62近程有序short range order63回转半径radius of gyration64末端间矢量end-to-end vector65链末端chain end66末端距end-to-end distance67无扰末端距unperturbed end-to-end distance68均方根末端距root-mean-square end-to-end distance 69伸直长度contour length70相关长度persistence length71主链；链骨架chain backbone72支链branch chain73链支化chain branching74短支链short-chain branch75长支链long-chain branch76支化系数branching index77支化密度branching density78支化度degree of branching79交联度degree of crosslinking80网络network81网络密度network density82溶胀swelling83平衡溶胀equilibrium swelling84分子组装，分子组合molecular assembly85自组装self assembly86微凝胶microgel87凝胶点gel point88可逆[性]凝胶reversible gel89溶胶-凝胶转化sol-gel transformation90临界胶束浓度critical micelle concentration，CMC91组成非均一性constitutional heterogenity, compositionalheterogenity92摩尔质量平均molar mass average 又称“分子量平均”93数均分子量number-average molecular weight,number-average molar mass94重均分子量weight-average molecular weight,weight-average molar mass95Z均分子量Z(Zaverage)-average molecular weight,Z-molar mass96黏均分子量viscosity-average molecular weight，viscosity-average molar mass97表观摩尔质量apparent molar mass98表观分子量apparent molecular weight99聚合度degree of polymerization100动力学链长kinetic chain length101单分散性monodispersity102临界分子量critical molecular weight103分子量分布molecular weight distribution，MWD104多分散性指数polydispersity index，PID105平均聚合度average degree of polymerization106质量分布函数mass distribution function107数量分布函数number distribution function108重量分布函数weight distribution function109舒尔茨-齐姆分布Schulz-Zimm distribution110最概然分布most probable distribution 曾用名“最可几分布”111对数正态分布logarithmic normal distribution 又称“对数正则分布”112聚合物溶液polymer solution113聚合物-溶剂相互作用polymer-solvent interaction114溶剂热力学性质thermodynamic quality of solvent115均方末端距mean square end to end distance116均方旋转半径mean square radius of gyration117θ温度theta temperature118θ态theta state119θ溶剂theta solvent120良溶剂good solvent121不良溶剂poor solvent122位力系数Virial coefficient 曾用名“维里系数”123排除体积excluded volume124溶胀因子expansion factor125溶胀度degree of swelling126弗洛里-哈金斯理论Flory-Huggins theory127哈金斯公式Huggins equation128哈金斯系数Huggins coefficient129χ(相互作用)参数χ-parameter130溶度参数solubility parameter131摩擦系数frictional coefficient132流体力学等效球hydrodynamically equivalent sphere133流体力学体积hydrodynamic volume134珠-棒模型bead-rod model135球-簧链模型ball-spring [chain] model136流动双折射flow birefringence, streaming birefringence 137动态光散射dynamic light scattering138小角激光光散射low angle laser light scattering139沉降平衡sedimentation equilibrium140沉降系数sedimentation coefficient141沉降速度法sedimentation velocity method142沉降平衡法sedimentation equilibrium method143相对黏度relative viscosity144相对黏度增量relative viscosity increment145黏度比viscosity ratio146黏数viscosity number147[乌氏]稀释黏度计[Ubbelohde] dilution viscometer148毛细管黏度计capillary viscometer149落球黏度计ball viscometer150落球黏度ball viscosity151本体黏度bulk viscosity152比浓黏度reduced viscosity153比浓对数黏度inherent viscosity, logarithmic viscositynumber154特性黏数intrinsic viscosity, limiting viscosity number 155黏度函数viscosity function156零切变速率黏度zero shear viscosity157端基分析analysis of end group158蒸气压渗透法vapor pressure osmometry, VPO159辐射的相干弹性散射coherent elastic scattering of radiation160折光指数增量refractive index increment161瑞利比Rayleigh ratio162超瑞利比excess Rayleigh ratio163粒子散射函数particle scattering function164粒子散射因子particle scattering factor165齐姆图Zimm plot166散射的非对称性dissymmetry of scattering167解偏振作用depolarization168分级fractionation169沉淀分级precipitation fractionation170萃取分级extraction fractionation171色谱分级chromatographic fractionation172柱分级column fractionation173洗脱分级，淋洗分级elution fractionation174热分级thermal fractionation175凝胶色谱法gel chromatography176摩尔质量排除极限molar mass exclusion limit177溶剂梯度洗脱色谱法solvent gradient [elution] chromatography 178分子量排除极限molecular weight exclusion limit179洗脱体积elution volume180普适标定universal calibration181加宽函数spreading function182链轴chain axis183等同周期identity period184链重复距离chain repeating distance185晶体折叠周期crystalline fold period186构象重复单元conformational repeating unit187几何等效geometrical equivalence188螺旋链helix chain189构型无序configurational disorder190链取向无序chain orientational disorder191构象无序conformational disorder192锯齿链zigzag chain193双[股]螺旋double stranded helix194[分子]链大尺度取向global chain orientation195结晶聚合物crystalline polymer196半结晶聚合物semi-crystalline polymer197高分子晶体polymer crystal198高分子微晶polymer crystallite199结晶度degree of crystallinity, crystallinity200高分子[异质]同晶现象macromolecular isomorphism201聚合物形态学morphology of polymer202片晶lamella, lamellar crystal203轴晶axialite204树枝[状]晶体dendrite205纤维晶fibrous crystal206串晶结构shish-kebab structure 207球晶spherulite208折叠链folded chain209链折叠chain folding210折叠表面fold surface211折叠面fold plane212折叠微区fold domain213相邻再入模型adjacent re-entry model 214接线板模型switchboard model215缨状微束模型fringed-micelle model 216折叠链晶体folded-chain crystal 217平行链晶体parallel-chain crystal 218伸展链晶体extended-chain crystal 219球状链晶体globular-chain crystal 220长周期long period221近程结构short-range structure 222远程结构long-range structure 223成核作用nucleation224分子成核作用molecular nucleation 225阿夫拉米方程Avrami equation226主结晶primary crystallization 227后期结晶secondary crystallization 228外延结晶，附生结晶epitaxial crystallizationepitaxial growth229外延晶体生长，附生晶体生长230织构texture231液晶态liquid crystal state232溶致性液晶lyotopic liquid crystal233热致性液晶thermotropic liquid crystal234热致性介晶thermotropic mesomorphism235近晶相液晶smectic liquid crystal236近晶中介相smectic mesophase237近晶相smectic phase238条带织构banded texture239环带球晶ringed spherulite240向列相nematic phase241盘状相discotic phase242解取向disorientation243分聚segregation244非晶相amorphous phase 曾用名“无定形相”245非晶区amorphous region246非晶态amorphous state247非晶取向amorphous orientation248链段运动segmental motion249亚稳态metastable state250相分离phase separation251亚稳相分离spinodal decomposition252bimodal decomposition253微相microphase254界面相boundary phase255相容性compatibility256混容性miscibility257不相容性incompatibility258不混容性immiscibility259增容作用compatiibilizationlower critical solution temperature, LCST 260最低临界共溶(溶解)温度upper critical solution temperature , UCST 261最高临界共溶(溶解)温度262浓度猝灭concentration quenching263激基缔合物荧光excimer fluorescence264激基复合物荧光exciplex fluorescence265激光共聚焦荧光显微镜laser confocal fluorescence microscopy 266单轴取向uniaxial orientation267双轴取向biaxial orientation, biorientation268取向度degree of orientation269橡胶态rubber state270玻璃态glassy state271高弹态elastomeric state272黏流态viscous flow state273伸长elongation274高弹形变high elastic deformation275回缩性，弹性复原nerviness276拉伸比draw ratio, extension ratio277泊松比Poisson's ratio278杨氏模量Young's modulus279本体模量bulk modulus280剪切模量shear modulus281法向应力normal stress282剪切应力shear stress283剪切应变shear strain284屈服yielding285颈缩现象necking 又称“细颈现象”286屈服应力yield stress287屈服应变yield strain288脆性断裂brittle fracture289脆性开裂brittle cracking290脆-韧转变brittle ductile transition291脆化温度brittleness(brittle) temperature292延性破裂ductile fracture293冲击强度impact strength294拉伸强度tensile strength 又称“断裂强度,breaking strength”295极限拉伸强度ultimate tensile strength296抗撕强度tearing strength 又称“抗扯强度”297弯曲强度flexural strength, bending strength298弯曲模量bending modulus299弯曲应变bending strain300弯曲应力bending stress301收缩开裂shrinkage crack302剪切强度shear strength303剥离强度peeling strength304疲劳强度fatigue strength, fatigue resistance305挠曲deflection306压缩强度compressive strength307压缩永久变形compression set308压缩变形compressive deformation309压痕硬度indentation hardness310洛氏硬度Rockwell hardness311布氏硬度Brinell hardness312抗刮性scrath resistance313断裂力学fracture mechanics314力学破坏mechanical failure315应力强度因子stress intensity factor316断裂伸长elongation at break317屈服强度yield strength318断裂韧性fracture toughness319弹性形变elastic deformation320弹性滞后elastic hysteresis321弹性elasticity322弹性模量modulus of elasticity323弹性回复elastic recovery324不可回复形变irrecoverable deformation325裂缝crack 俗称“龟裂”326银纹craze327形变；变形deformation328永久变形deformation set329剩余变形residual deformation330剩余伸长residual stretch331回弹，回弹性resilience332延迟形变retarded deformation333延迟弹性retarded elasticity334可逆形变reversible deformation335应力开裂stress cracking336应力-应变曲线stress strain curve337拉伸应变stretching strain338拉伸应力弛豫tensile stress relaxation339热历史thermal history340热收缩thermoshrinking341扭辫分析torsional braid analysis，TBA 342应力致白stress whitening343应变能strain energy344应变张量strain tensor345剩余应力residual stress346应变硬化strain hardening347应变软化strain softening348电流变液electrorheological fluid349假塑性pseudoplastic350拉胀性auxiticity351牛顿流体Newtonian fluid352非牛顿流体non-Newtonian fluid353宾汉姆流体Bingham fluid354冷流cold flow355牛顿剪切黏度Newtonian shear viscosity 356剪切黏度shear viscosity357表观剪切黏度apparent shear viscosity358剪切变稀shear thinning359触变性thixotropy360塑性形变plastic deformation361塑性流动plastic flow362体积弛豫volume relaxation363拉伸黏度extensional viscosity364黏弹性viscoelasticity365线性黏弹性linear viscoelasticity366非线性黏弹性non-linear viscoelasticity367蠕变creep368弛豫[作用] relaxation 又称“松弛”369弛豫模量relaxation modulus370蠕变柔量creep compliance371热畸变温度heat distortion temperature372弛豫谱relaxation spectrum373推迟[时间]谱retardation [time] spectrum374弛豫时间relaxation time375推迟时间retardation time376动态力学行为dynamic mechanical behavior377动态黏弹性dynamic viscoelasticity378热-机械曲线thermo-mechanical curve379动态转变dynamic transition380储能模量storage modulus381损耗模量loss modulus382复数模量complex modulus383复数柔量complex compliance384动态黏度dynamic viscosity385复数黏度complex viscosity386复数介电常数complex dielectric permittivity387介电损耗因子dielectric dissipation factor388介电损耗常数dielectric loss constant389介电弛豫时间dielectric relaxation time390玻璃化转变glass transition391玻璃化转变温度glass-transition temperature05.4 高分子加工技术和应用。

高分子专业英语

19
Classification of Polymers
Thermoplastics melt when heated and resolidify when cooled, comprise essentially linear or lightly branched polymer molecules; do not melt when heated, but at sufficiently high temperatures, decompose irreversibly, are substantially crosslinked materials, consisting of an extensive threedimensional network of covalent chemical bonding
Polyester 聚酯
n HO―R―OH + n HOOC―R1―COOH HO[―R―COO―R1―COO―]nH + (n-1)H2O
poly(vinyl chloride)
n CH2=CHCl
[―CH2―CHCl―]n
21
unsaturated 不饱和的
Classification of Polymers based on their polymerization mechanism
8
Questions But actually, polymer is not a pure molecule. It always contains a serial of molecules with different length of chains. Then, how to get the accurate molecular weight of a polymer?

高分子英语Chapter1 English-3

A copolymerization which is a radical polymerization.
3.9 statistical copolymerization A copolymerization in which a statistical copolymer is formed. 3.10 random copolymerization A copolymerization in which a random copolymer is formed.
3.11 alternating copolymerization
A copolymerization in which an alternating copolymer is formed.
3.12 periodic copolymerization
A copolymerization in which a periodic copolymer is formed.
CH2
NH C O O O
NH
O
C
OH HO
O
Oxazolidine-2,5-diones amino-acid N-carboxy anhydrides
Note to 3.6 chain polymerization 4. The growth steps are expressed by Px + M Px+1 (+ L) {x} ∈ {1, 2, …∞ }
Px + Py → Px+y
{x} ∈{1, 2, … ∞}; {y} ∈ {1, 2, … ∞}
where Px and Py denote chains of degrees of polymerization x and y, respectively.

大学高分子化学专业英语整理

Activation 活化作用Addition polymer 加成聚合物Anionic polymerization 阴离子聚合Antioxidant 抗氧化剂Atactic 无规立抅Batch reactor 间歇反应器Bulk polymerization 本体聚合Carrier 载体Catalysts 催化剂Categorize 分类Categorize分类种类Cationic polymerization 阳离子聚合Chain polymerization 链式聚合Component 组分Condensation polymer缩合聚合物Continuous reactor 连续反应器Controlled release 可控释放Conversion 转化率Copolymerization 共聚Crystal 晶体Crystallization bond 结晶行为Decomposition 分离Deformability 变形Density 溶度Destructive distillation干馏Dissociation 离解Dissolution 溶解Double bond 双键Durable 耐用的Elasticity 弹性Elastomer 弹性体Elastomer弹性体Emulsion polymerization 乳液聚合Endothermic reaction 吸热反应Excessive metal oxid过度金属化合物Exothermic reaction 放热反应Fiber纤维Firm坚固Heterogeneous 非均相Homogeneous 均相In series 串联Initiation 引发剂Initiator 引发剂Inter polymer 共聚物Ionic polymerization 离子型聚合Ir regular 无规律Isotactic 等规Isothermal crystallization 等温结晶Kinetic chain length 动力学链长Liquid crystal 液晶Mass average 质均Mechanical loss机械损耗Mechanical property力学机械性能Mechanism 机理Molecular weight distributio分子量分布Monomer reactivity 单体反应活性Number average 数均Oxidation 氧化Plastic 塑料Poly vinylchhoride 聚氯乙烯Polydispersity多分散性Polymeric 聚合的Polymerization reaction 聚合反应Polymerization 缩聚Random 无规Reactants 分子试剂Reactor 反应器Recirecipe 配方Recycle reactor 循环反应器Reflux condenser 回流冷凝器Regular 有规律Repeating unit 重复单元Rubber 橡胶Saturation 饱和Semibatch reactor 半间歇反应器Settle沉淀Side reaction 副反应Side reactor 副反应Sodium chloride 氯化钠Stability 稳定剂Step-growth polymerization逐步聚合Stress relaxation 应力松弛Stretch strength 拉伸强度Substitution 取代Surfactanl 表面活性剂Swell 溶胀Syndio tactic 间规Synthetic 合成Tensile modulus 拉伸模量Tensile strength 抗张强度Thermoplastic 热塑性Thermoset 热固性Tubular reactor 管式反应器V atting 还原Viscoelatic deformation 弹性变形Viscosity average 粘均Yield 产率、屈服Molecule : is the smallest unit that can maintain the chemical property of the material. Monomer : is the raw material that can be used to synthesize a veriety of polymer. Kinetic chain length :is the total number of the monomer molecules that comsumed unit the active state is terminated in a chain polymerization.Functional polymers are macromolecules to which chemically functional groups are attached they have the potential advantages of small molecules with the same functional groups.Polymer : are complex and giant mole cules and built up from bonding together a single kind of reapting unit. 填空In emulsion polymerization,which is applicable when the end-product is desired as a latex,monomer is dispersed by vigorous stirring in an immiscible liquid water. Droplet size normally ranges from 0.1 to 1.0 microns. Emulsion stability, in the absence of agitation, is achieved by means of sufficient amounts of emulsifier and surfactants. Products made by this method include polyvinyl acetate for paint and coating; carboxylated styrenebutadiene copolymer; elastomers, such as semibatch reactor (SBR) or buna N (butadiene-acrylonierile) rubbers,and Acrylonitrile Butadiene styrene (ABS) polymer.A required active可以用如下三种方法将所需要的活性官能团引入到聚合物主链上：（1）在合成主链聚合物时通过带有所需官能团的单体均聚或共聚，使聚合物带上官能团；（2）将预先制成的未功能化的主链聚合物进行化学改性；（3）将（1）和（2）两种方法结合起来.A semibatch个别反应物的不同加入方式也导致半连续操作。

高分子材料与工程专业英语重点句型

1：That, quantity, low, saturation, bottom, much, absorbFor one thing, they are complex and giant molecules and are different from low molecular weight compounds like, say, common salt.首先，他们是合成物和大分子，而且不同于低分子化合物，譬如说普通的盐。

To contrast the difference, the molecular weight of common salt is only 58.5, while that of a polymer can be as high as several hundred thousand, even more than thousand thousands.与低分子化合物不同的是，普通盐的分子量仅仅是58.5，而高聚物的分子量高于105，甚至大于106。

As an example, a gaseous compound called butadiene, with a molecular weight of 54, combines nearly 4000 times and gives a polymer known as polybutadiene (a synthetic rubber) with about 200 000molecular weight. 例如：气态化合物丁二烯的分子量为54，连接4000次可得到分子量大约为200000的聚丁二烯（合成橡胶）高聚物。

It is essentially the “giantness” of the size of the polymer molecule that makes its behavior (different from that of a commonly known chemical compound such as benzene.)实质上正是由于聚合物的巨大分子尺寸才使其性能不同于像苯这样的一般化合物（的性能）Solid benzene, for instance, melts to become liquid benzene at 5.5℃and , on further heating, boils into gaseous benzene.例如固态苯在5.5℃熔融成液态苯，进一步加热，煮沸成气态苯。

高分子专业英语UNIT 10

In some parts within the molecule,there is a considerable localized motion，but not in other parts of the same molecture. 在分子中的某些部分,有一个重要的局部运动, 但是不同于这个分子的其他部分。
On the other hand，with polymers，if the temperature increases above Tg，localized units ( chain segments 链段) within the long chain molecture are first mobilized（运动，流动） before the whole molecture starts moving. 在另一方面,对于聚合物如果温度高于Tg,在长分子链里的局部单元（链段）在整个分子开始运动之前先运动。
On further heating,the polymer(if it is uncrosslinked非交联的)becomes a highly viscous（黏的） liquid and starts flowing;this state is termed viscofluid state(黏流态）,and the another transition takes place at its flow temperature Tf.
第四段 The glass transition temperature Tg is an important parameter（参数） of a polymeric material. 玻璃的转变温度Tg是聚合材料的一个重要参数。 The Tg value of a polymer decides whether a polymer at the “use temperature” will behave like rubber or plastics. 这个Tg表明，聚合物是否在这个“可用的温度”决定着聚合物是橡胶态或是塑料态。

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二氧化物dioxide
N-甲基二乙醇胺N-methyldiethanolamine 邻苯二甲酸二丁酯dibutyl(o-)phthalate
环氧氯丙烷、表氯醇epichlorohydrin
1,2,6-三羟基己烷1,2,6,-hexanetriol
9，10，16-trihydroxyhexadecanoic acid 9,10,16-三羟基十六酸
四氢呋喃tetrahydrofuran
三氯化钛titanium trichloride
十九烷nondecane
聚苯乙烯polystyrene
聚环氧乙烷polyethylene oxide
聚丁烯polybutene
聚异丁烯polyisobutene
聚丁二烯polybutadiene
聚乙烯醇polyvinyl alcohol
聚氯乙烯：polyviny chloride
聚甲醛polyoxymethylene
聚酯Polyester 聚氨酯polyurethane
聚醚polyether 聚酰胺polyamide
聚丙稀polypropylene
聚乙烯polyethylene 氯：chlorine
聚氨酯polyurethane 乙缩醛acetal
聚氧化乙烯polyethylene oxide
苯乙烯：styrene 烯烃：olefin
光气，碳酰氯phosgene:
金属络合物metal complex:
食盐common salt
氯化钠sodium chloride
自由基聚合(radical polymerization)
熔融指数melt index
熔融聚合物molten polymer
结晶性结晶度crystallinity
折光指数refractive index
闭环控制closedloop control
内聚力cohesiveness
弹性模量elastic modulus
竞聚率reactivity ratio ()
单程转化率the conversion per pass
口模成型dieforming
分子量分布molecular weight distribution 缩合聚合物，缩聚物condensation polymer 弹性模量elastic modulu
双取代作用bissubstitution () 牛顿型流体Newtonian fluid
折叠链片晶理论folded-chain lamella theory 支链聚合物branched polymer
同系物homologous compound
反应注射成型reaction injection moulding
无规线团模型random coil model
（链）增长propagation
季铵化作用quaternization
结晶（作用）crystallization
歧化（终止）disproportionation
动力学链长kinetic chain length
千安培kilo ampere
连锁反应chain reaction
力学性能，机械性能mechanical property 二次成型（操作）secondary shaping operation 亲水的hydrophilic
不同种类的非均相的heterogeneous
热力学的thermodynamically
耐热的heat-tolerant
无规支化聚合物randomly branched polymer
配位(离子)聚合coordinative polymerization 离子型聚合ionic polymerization
阴离子型聚合anionic polymerization
阳离子型聚合cationic polymerization
逐步聚合step-growth polymerization
加成聚合addition polymerization
自由基型聚合radical polymerization
共聚合copolymerization
均聚homopolymerization
缩聚polycondensation
连锁聚合chain polymerization
芳香族化合物aromatic compound
线形聚合物linear polymer:
扰动效应perturbing effect
热力学地thermodynamically
单轴晶体uniaxial crystal
支链聚合物branched polymer
逐步聚合step growth polymerization
恒组成共聚物azeotropic copolymer
中和neutralize 基体matrix
衍射diffraction 结构Structure
数据data 方程equation
压力pressure 液体liquid
实验室laboratory 固体solid
分子molecule 温度temperature
测量法measurement
大分子、高分子macromolecule
化合物compound 电的electrical
结晶性结晶度crystallinity
聚合度degree of polymerization
科学Science 技术technology
化学chemistry 物理physics
气体gas 原子atom
性质property 试验experiment
增加increase 减少decrease
混合物mixture 构象conformation
溶解：dissolution 溶胀：swell
机理: mechanism 自由基：radical
引发剂：initiator 吸收：absorb
活化能：activation energy
碎片，片段fragment:
（空间）排布，排列arrangement
同系物homologous compound ()
三颈瓶three-neck flask
管式反应器tubular reactor
双螺杆挤出机(twin screw extruder machine) 锥形瓶Erlenmeyer flask ()
核磁共振nuclear magnetic resonance
凝胶渗透色谱gel permeation chromatography
随机干扰stochastic disturbance
示意图schematic illustration
在线测量measurement on line
红外光谱法infrared spectroscopy
微分管式反应器differential tubular reactor 连续流动搅拌反应器Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor
毛细管流变仪capillary rheometer
自由基聚合radical polymerization
亲电取代Electrophilic substitution
亲核取代nucleophilic substitution
数均分子量number average molecular weight 粘均分子量viscosity average molecular weight
重均分子量weight average molecular weight 均方末端距mean-aquare end-to-end distance 根均方末端距root-mean-square end-to-end distance
对位衍生物para-derivative
顺式构象cis-conformation
间同（立构）构型syndiotactic configuration 全同立构聚合物isotactic polymer
旁式异构gauche isomerism
立构规整性stereo regularity
对位衍生物para-derivative
无规支化聚合物randomly branched polymer 立体异构体stereo-isomer
在大多数情况下in most instances
一般来说（讲）in a general manner
从反应机理的观点from the mechanistic point of view
失控beyond the control of
从表面上看from a superficial point of view 达到平衡，变平，趋缓level off….
根据，借助于，利用in terms of…..
对---有重大影响have a pronounced effect on。