漫谈英语新词的产生,大纲
英语新词的概念与来源研究
英语新词的概念与来源研究随着信息时代的到来，新词汇不断涌现，让人们感到无以穷尽。
英语新词的概念与来源的研究，既具有理论价值，也具有现实意义。
本文将从新词的概念入手，探讨英语新词汇的来源、分类和评价等问题。
一、新词的概念新词是指新出现的词汇，它的产生代表着社会的不断发展。
新词不是简单地指一些不认识的生词或外来词，更多的是指那些融入了当时社会文化、技术、经济、政治、环境等方面的现实需求而形成的词汇，也反映了人们思想、语言的发展和变化。
新词的产生主要有以下几种来源：1.新事物词：随着科技的快速发展，科学家们创造了许多新事物，需要给它们命名，这就产生了很多新的词汇，如"smartphone"、"3D printing"、"selfie"等。
2.流行词：流行文化影响着人们的日常生活，这些文化现象的新词汇经常出现，如"twerking"、"meme"、"YOLO"等。
3.社交媒体：随着社交媒体的兴起，人们融入社交媒体的生活方式，新的网络社交方式涌现，如"hashtags"、"likes"、"vlogging"等。
二、新词的分类新词主要可以分为几个大类：1.技术术语类：这是新词的一个重要来源，主要指与科技、信息技术、网络技术、生命科学等领域相关的术语。
2.流行语类：这是新词的常见来源，指对新生事物和文化现象的命名和描述。
3.国际化类：这类词汇多与国际交往、外来文化和国际关系相关，如"BIG5countries"、"G20"等。
4.口语类：口语词汇是源自人们的口语交流中的新词，反应了当下社会的生产、生活、文化等方面的发展和变化。
5.网络类：网络词汇是指源自互联网与移动互联网的新词。
与传统词汇相比，它们的产生速度快，流行周期短，使用领域广泛。
英语新词
一、英语新词产生的原因1. 政治的变化。
第二次世界大战以后,特别是近几年来,世界政治形势发生了很大的变化,这些变化不可避免地给英语语言增添了不少新词。
[ 1 ]10由于苏联、美国两大军事集团的长期对峙,形成了诸如cold war (冷战) 、armrace (军备竞赛) 、NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization北大西洋公约组织) ,Warsaw Pact (华沙条约组织) 、Superpower (超级大国) 、The Third World (第三世界)等新词。
2001年美国的“9. 11”事件带来了terrorism (恐怖主义) 、Chechen (车臣武装) 、Taliban (塔利班组织) 、United Nations Protection Force (联合国维和部队)等。
西方国家元首上台后各自执行的特色政策也给英语带来了一些新词, 如Blairism (布莱尔的政策) 、Bushism (布什的政策) 。
美国国内的政治动荡也产生了许多新词,像sit - in (静坐示威) 、swim - in (游泳示威) 、teach - in (宣讲会) 、be - in (颓废派的社交集会) 、ride - in (乘车示威)等。
另外,妇女解放运动同样产生了一些新词: chairwoman (女主席) 、feminism(男女平等主义) 、male chauvinist (大男子主义) 、girlcott(抵制)等。
2. 经济的发展。
随着世界各国经济的迅速发展及经济全球一体化的到来,英语语言中便相应地涌现出不少与之相适应的新词。
世界上出现了大量新的经济贸易组织,比较著名的有World Trade Organization (世界贸易组织) 、Organization of Petrol Exporting Countries (石油输出国组织) 、EEC ( European Economic Community欧共体)等。
21世纪英语新词的产生和发展-5页文档资料
21世纪英语新词的产生和发展新词的产生，既是一种社会现象，也是一种语言现象。
不断增加的新词给英语学习者带来很多不同的障碍。
因此，对英语学习者而言，对21世纪英语新词的产生及其发展的研究至关重要。
本文对英语新词的产生原因、发展趋势以及新词构词结构进行系统地探讨，旨在帮助英语学习者更好地开展英语学习。
一、英语新词的定义一般来说，界定新词，离不开新词的形式和意义，词是音义的结构体，因此，区分新词可以从形式和意义上来讨论。
首先，新词是指新的形式，新时期产生的以前没出现过的词，比如：microblog，Newbie，Mc job，DINK.语义上来说，新词是指一些在原有意思上衍生新意或新用法的词语，即旧词新用，比如：Sock puppet， strawberry， killer，dish.二、21世纪英语新词的现状和发展趋势据统计，每年大概产生850个新词。
特别是二战后，科学技术等领域的不断变化和飞速发展，出现了许多新事物、新景象。
总的来说，英语新词主要有以下三种发展趋势，第一，大部分新词都会随着时间被淘汰而消失。
第二，少量新词会被接纳为已有词汇的一部分，并最终被录入词典。
第三，部分新词会得到社会的广泛认可，成为人们日常生活中的惯用语。
不管去留如何，新词在语言发展中都有着重要作用，随着社会的变革和科技的发展，新词将会更多的出现。
随着国际交流的深入和网络的普及，也将会有更多的外来词进入英语，英语也会变得越来越具包容性。
英语新词的繁荣也促进了人与人之间的交流，有利于文化的融合。
在未来的发展中，英语新词将更具多样性。
三、21世纪英语新词产生的原因（一）科学技术的发展伴随着每一项创新与发明，总会出现大批的新词与之匹配。
英语中的maglev train， aero train， beam weapons， neutron bomb等新词都是这样应运而生的。
21世纪以来，科学技术突飞猛进，众多新兴学科显现出来，psycholinguistics（心理语言学），bionics（仿生学）等。
浅析英语新词的产生和发展
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学 术 论 坛
浅析 英语新词 的产 生和发展
汪爱 荣 （ 海广播 电视大学 青海 青
英语新词发展的研究
班级:2012级英语1班姓名:董虹学号:201240210105英语新词发展的研究摘要:语言总是随着时代与社会的进步而发展,英语也不例外,一定程度上新词的出现和当时的社会经济,政治文化的发展有很大的关系。
新词的出现丰富和发展着英语,反映着不断发展的社会心态和文化现实。
关键词：英语新词，原因，途经一：新词的定义“新词”（neologism或vogue words）指的是某一段时期内或自某一段时间点以来首次出现的词，往往是出于对新事物进行描写的需要而出现的词，也指词典上还没有收录的词语，如很多词典后面增补的词语就是词语。
著名的The Oxford English Dictionary(1928)以及它的增补版记录了20世纪的新词条约9万条，这就意味着每年有900词左右充实到英语词汇库。
20世纪的词汇量比之前一千多年的英语发展史上的词汇总量增长了近25%。
进入21世纪，随着科学技术和网络信息的快速发展，英语词汇的增长更显得势不可挡。
二：英语新词发展的原因1：历史原因:“当一种语言到达一个新的地方后，当地很多词语很快就会进入该语言成为新词”。
由于以英语为母语及第二语言的国家遍及全球各洲，而各地的风土人情、生活习惯和社会环境大有差别，必然会出现不同的表达形式和词语，而这些词语中不少会被经典的英语辞典逐渐吸收。
历史上英语对外来语的吸收从来没有停止。
当北美第一块英语人口聚集地Jamestown 建立后（1607），来自印第安语的借词就开始进入英语，比如raccoon(浣熊，1608)totem（图腾，1609）和opossum(负鼠，1610)1998年出版的《新牛津英语词典》就收录了1.1万条北美、澳新、印度、加勒比等地区的英语词目，占全书的1/35强，是真正意义上的国际英语词典。
这不但反映出该词典开放的态度，也说明了地方英语变体对世界英语词汇的有力补充。
即便是那些地方英语词典也由于吸收了大量的当地新词而词汇量达增。
浅析英语新词产生的原因
本栏目责任编辑：谢媛媛语言学研究浅析英语新词产生的原因张戈（新疆医科大学语言文化学院，新疆乌鲁木齐830011）提要：英语词汇最基本的特点是变化。
英语语言中大量的新词汇源源不断地涌现出来，英语新词产生的原因很多。
该文从科学技术的发展、社会政治、经济、军事、文化的变化等方面简要评析了英语新词产生的原因。
关键词：英语；英语新词；原因；变化中图分类号：H0文献标识码：A文章编号：1009-5039(2014)14-0288-02A Brief Study On Expansions of Neologisms ZHANG Ge(College of Language and Culture,Xinjiang Medical University,Urumqi 830011,China)Abstract:English vocabulary is dynamic rather than static.This paper illustrates a brief analysis on the expansions of the new Eng⁃lish words.We can safely come to the conclusion that many new English words emerged with the development of modern sci⁃ence and technology as well as the change of politics ，economy military,and social life.Key words:English;neologisms;reason;change新词的产生是语言动态发展的必然规律。
现代语言学奠基人之一布龙菲尔德(Bloomfield)在其《语言论》(Language)中,阐释了语言的基本特点。
他认为,“一切语言都是发展的,而不是静止不变的,变化是经常的,也是正常的现象。
探析英语新词的产生、构成及发展
词汇学 浅谈英语新词来源
词汇学浅谈英语新词来源外国语学院本科学生实践课论文浅谈英语新词来源作者系（院）外国语学院专业英语年级学号指导教师论文成绩日期浅谈英语新词来源##（#$%^&**）摘要：当今，科学技术飞速发展，社会政治深入变革，贸易竞争全球化，各种新生事物层出不穷，这些无不影响着人们生活的方方面面，及思维观念的改变。
语言作为一种表达交流工具及文化的载体，亦随人类社会的发展而不断更新，同时折射出那一个时期的社会文化现象。
而英语作为世界上最广泛使用的语言，大量新词应运而生。
本文便从政治因素、汉语影响、青年文化等几个方面浅谈英语新词来源，以积累知识，促进英语学习和思考。
关键词：英语新词；来源一、引言英语词汇的发展变化多受社会政治、经济、文化、科技进步、互联网等方面的影响，或是应需求变化衍生出新词，或是旧词生出新义。
新词的产生需要经过三个演进阶段：（1）不稳定阶段，即新词出现时间不长，在小范围内使用；（2）扩散、普及阶段，即为多数人了解使用但还未被广泛接受；（3）稳定阶段，即被广泛接受并使用。
无论是新词新义，还是旧词新义，它们都是为了适应新的表达需要而充实入英语词汇库中的。
二、政治形势变化多端世界政治形势变化多端，反映其变化的词汇也不断增加。
说到由政治事件产生的英语新词汇，不能不提“-gate”（“门事件”）。
在1972年美国总统竞选中，共和党争取总统连任委员会有关人员潜入华盛顿的水门大厦（Watergate）--民主党全国委员会总部--而被捕，导致美国历史上第一次总统辞职，这就是有名的“水门事件”，Watergate也就在英语中生了根，watergate成为一个普通名词，指“水门事件式的政治丑闻”。
随后-gate由原来的一个简单意义“门”演变出一个组合形式，表示“类似水门事件的丑闻”。
自1988年牵涉了许多美国政府官员的Irangate（伊朗门事件）后，-gate（“门”）又增添了“政治丑闻”、“个人丑闻（尤其是政界要人的丑闻）”之义，如美国士兵虐待伊拉克战俘的Prisonergate（虐囚门事件），英国查尔斯王子与卡米拉桃色新闻被曝光以后出现的Camillagate（卡米拉丑闻）等。
小议英语新词的产生
小议英语新词的产生[摘要]词汇是一门语言最重要、最活跃的组成部分，是语言发展变化的产物和反映。
近年来，英语作为信息时代使用最广泛的一门世界性语言，新词语大量涌现，最直接地映射着日新月异的社会生活的方方面面。
当今，科学技术迅速发展，发明创造层出不穷，社会政治深人变革，经济贸易竞争发展，给人们带来了全新的体验，影响着人们的观念和思维的改变，这必定要在语言中得到体现，涌现出大量的英语新词。
认识和了解英语新词是英语学习者和英语工作者的一门必修课。
本文比较全面的从各个方面分析了英语新词产生的各种原因。
[关键词]英语新词；科技；发展中图分类号：G623.31语言作为一种文化载体，其表现形式受到社会因素的影响和制约。
语言产生于人类的生产生活实践之中，并随人类社会的发展而不断更新。
语言是民族文化的反映，一定时期所产生的新词语也折射出那一个时期的社会文化现象。
为促进人与人，国与国之间的经济政治文化等各个方面更好的交流，我们应该更多的了解和掌握这些新词。
汉语热促使许多英语新词的产生自从改革开放以来，中国的的经济得以迅速发展，中国的综合国力在日益增强，中国博大精深的文化吸引了越来越多的外国人来学习汉语。
世界各地掀起了一股学习汉语的热潮。
孔子学院遍及世界各地，从而广泛的传播了中华文化，同时它正促使英语产生深刻的变革。
中文词汇成为英语新词汇的主要来源。
比如，逐字翻译的中式英语“很久不见”（Long time no see），还有从广东话吃点心的“饮茶”直译过来的drinktea等等，现已成为标准的英文词组。
更多中式英语还在继续产生，包括从前就已中英混合的如“苦力”（coolie），“台风”（typhoon），Confucianism儒家思想，Four Books 四书，FiveClassics五经，而family contract responsibility system家庭联产承包责任制，knowledge economy知识经济，peaceful rising和平崛起，这些单词的广泛流通，促使英文词汇库迅速增长。
论现代英语新词产生原因及构词方式
论现代英语新词产生原因及构词方式摘要：英语词汇是英语中最活跃、最敏感的因素，它需要不断地适应社会进化的需要而演变发展。
英语词汇不断地推陈出新，发展极为迅速，在各个领域都不停地产生着大量新的词汇。
本文着重探讨现代英语新词产生的主要原因及构成方式，旨在帮助英语学习者了解及掌握新词的发展变化规律。
关键词：现代英语新词产生原因构词方式英语词汇是英语中最活跃、最敏感的因素，它需要不断地适应社会进化的需要而演变发展。
尤其是在二战结束后，以及最近的几十年、十几年里，英语词汇不断地推陈出新，发展极为迅速，在科技、经济、政治、时事及社会生活等方方面面不停地产生了形形色色的新的词汇，使得世界上最主要通用语言的英语保持着旺盛的生命力。
美国语言学家马力奥・佩（Mario Pei）在《2061年的英语预测》（Enlgish in 2061：A Forcast）一文中写道：“真正会使2061年的英语与今天大不相同的因素是大量涌现的新词。
”（汪榕培，2000）1.英语新词产生的主要原因1.1科学技术的迅猛发展及广泛普及当今，科学技术的发展是任何一个时期都不能相比的，大量的科技词汇也随着产生。
以互联网为例，在网络世界里，所目睹的事物真假难辨，于是virtual（事实的）就有了“虚拟的”这一层意思，如virtual existance（虚拟存在），virtual game（虚拟游戏），virtual meeting（虚拟会议）等。
与cyber-组成的词表示“与电子通讯网络有关的”、“与虚拟现实有关的”词也频频出现，如cyberspace（网络空间），cyberculture（网络文化），cybersource（网络资源），cybernaut（网络游侠），cyberzine（网络杂志），以及涉及网络负面问题的cybermania（网迷），cyberaddiction （网瘾），cybercrime（网络犯罪），cyberphobia（网络恐慌症）等。
单词的历史英语词源漫谈
单词的历史英语词源漫谈一、引言英语作为世界上最广泛使用的语言之一，其词汇的起源和发展历史悠久且多样。
从古代英语到现代英语，词汇的演变经历了许多阶段，反映了社会、文化和历史的变迁。
本文将探讨英语词汇的历史和词源，以帮助我们更好地理解英语的发展和演变。
二、古代英语时期古代英语时期指的是公元450年至1150年左右的时期。
在这个时期，英语词汇主要是由日耳曼语族中的盎格鲁-撒克逊语演变而来。
随着罗马帝国的衰落，日耳曼部落开始迁徙到不列颠群岛，并在那里定居。
这些部落带来了自己的语言，即盎格鲁-撒克逊语，它是现代英语的直接前身。
三、中世纪英语时期中世纪英语时期指的是公元1150年至1500年左右的时期。
在这个时期，英语受到了拉丁语、法语和诺尔斯语的影响，词汇和语法发生了显著变化。
例如，“knight”（骑士）一词来源于法语，“parliament”（议会）一词来源于拉丁语。
此外，中世纪英语还出现了许多新词汇，以描述新事物和概念，例如“gunpowder”（火药）和“compass”（指南针）。
四、文艺复兴与早期现代英语文艺复兴与早期现代英语时期指的是公元1500年至1800年左右的时期。
在这个时期，英语逐渐发展成为全球重要的语言之一。
随着英国在全球的扩张和贸易的增加，许多新词汇被引入到英语中。
例如，“tea”（茶）、“coffee”（咖啡）和“chocolate”（巧克力）等词汇都源自这个时期。
此外，这个时期的英语也经历了重大的语法和词汇变化，例如动词时态和语态的变化。
五、现代英语时期现代英语时期指的是公元1800年至今的时期。
在这个时期，英语在全球的影响力进一步扩大，成为国际交流的主要语言之一。
随着科技的发展和社会的进步，许多新词汇被创造出来，例如“email”（电子邮件）、“smartphone”（智能手机）和“internet”（互联网）等。
此外，全球化和国际交流的增加也导致了英语中出现更多的外来词和借词。
英语新词发展的原因及途径
英语新词发展的原因及途径一、新词产生的原因1.政治、经济的发展变化二战以后,特别是近年来,世界政坛风云变幻。
这些变幻毫无疑问地给英语语言带来了不少新词。
“由于前苏联和美国两大军事集团的长期对峙,形成了诸如cold war(冷战),arm race(军备竞赛)等新词”。
动荡的世界政局和日趋变革的社会环境也是英语新词的重要来源。
例如,自从二十世纪六十年代初“-in运动”的兴起和发展,这个“新词家族”迅速扩大,比如sit-in(静坐示威),teac h-in(时事宣讲会),be-in(颓废派的社交集会)等,共出现了数十个-in的新词,其演变之快令人惊叹。
其他的政治新词新语如atomic club(原子俱乐部),nuclear arms(核武器),hegemonism(霸权主义)等亦常见于报刊之上。
随着世界经济日趋一体化,大量新的经济贸易组织应运而生;比如Or ganization of Petrol Exporting Countries(石油输出国组织),World Trade Organization (世界贸易组织)等。
欧洲联盟为了加强欧洲经济联合,决定在欧盟各国实行统一的货币政策,因而产生了另一个新词Euro(欧元)。
此外,世界金融危机和工商业的发展也是英语新词的主要来源之一。
revenue sharing(国库分享收入),slumpflation(萧条膨胀),petrodollar(石油美元)等都是近期产生的新词汇。
2.科学技术的进步随着科学技术的日新月异,许多新词新语也自然而然地被创造出来。
英语中的telephone,taxica b,cablegram,radiator,microwave oven等新词都是这样应运而生的。
自20世纪后半期以来,科学技术飞速发展和进步,众多新兴学科涌现出来,如psycholinguistics(心理语言学),behavior science(行为科学),bionics(仿生学)。
浅谈英语新词的来源、构成及发展趋势
浅谈英语新词的来源、构成及发展趋势On the Sources, Formation and Development Tendency of English Neologism摘要本文从新词的来源、构成及发展趋势对英语新词进行讨论。
首先，本文分别从科学信息技术行业，经济、政治和文化领域及借词方面论述了新词汇的来源；其次，本文指出了新词的构成规律，如合成法，词缀法，转换法，首字母缩写法，截取法，拼缀法，逆构法及演变自专有名词的方法；最后，本文提出了新词的发展趋势——数量扩大化，来源多样化，系列化和简洁化。
关键词：新词；来源；构词；发展趋势AbstractThis thesis discusses English neologism in terms of the sources, formation and development tendency of English new words. First of all, with regard to the sources, the new words in the fields of science and technology, economy, politics, culture and loan words are displayed. Secondly, the word-formation rules of English new words are also analyzed, such as compounding, derivation, conversion, acronym, clipping, blending, back-formation and words from proper names. Finally, based on these discussions, we suggest the possible tendency of the development of English new words--increase in quantity, diversity in sources, systematization and simplicity.Keywords: neologism; sources; word-formation; development tendencyContents1.Introduction (1)2.The Sources of English Neologism (1)2.1 Science and technology (2)2.2 Economy (2)2.3 Politics (2)2.4 Culture (3)2.5 Loan words (4)3. The Formation of English Neologism (4)3.1 Compounding (4)3.2 Derivation (5)3.3 Conversion (5)3.4 Acronym (6)3.5 Clipping (6)3.6 Blending (7)3.7 Back-formation (8)3.8 Words from proper names (8)4. The Development Tendency of English Neologism (9)4.1 Increase in quantity (9)4.2 Diversity in sources (9)4.3 Systematization (10)4.4 Simplicity (11)5. Conclusion (11)References (12)1. IntroductionLanguage never stops changing. The changing of language can be seen directly from its words. But what is the definition of new words or neologisms? To answer this question, two aspects should be considered. The first aspect is what new words are, and the second is when they appear and enter into the dictionary. From the above-mentioned aspects, the definition of new words may be described as follows:“Neologisms are newly coined words or words that are given new meanings to fit new situations and new needs because of the social, economic, political, cultural, especially scientific and technical changes in the given period in human society”. (林承璋，刘世平，2009：105）With the development of society, an ever increasing number of new words have come into being. Never before in history has the world seen such an overwhelming number of new words to learn. Therefore, it safely leads us to the conclusion that enlarging your vocabulary with new words is the first and most important step in learning English well. However, to keep up with the latest English vocabulary is especially difficult for Chinese students.This thesis is written in the hope that it can help learners of English as foreign language develop an interest in and appreciation for new words from the aspects of the sources, formation and development tendency of English neologism. This thesis consists of five chapters, which are introduction, the sources of English neologism, the formation of English neologism, the development tendency of English neologism and conclusion.2.The Sources of English NeologismGenerally speaking, language can be divided into two categories, including dead languages, which haven’t been used nowadays, and living languages, which are still used and changing today. Undoubtedly, English belongs to the latter. New words are being invented or introduced due to various social changes from different places. The following part will show the English neologisms in many different fields in the development of society with examples to show how they come into being.2.1 Science and technologyModern science and technology contains many new branches apart from the existing fields. The appearance of new branches in modern science and technology gives rise to a great number of new words.Take a few new words for example. The new word computerist created in 1973 refers to “a person who uses or operates a computer”. The word mouse is an existing word, but now a new sense is added to the word mouse, meaning “a small mobile manual device that controls the movement of the cursor and selection of functions on a computer display”. Also, lots of new words have appeared in other fields in science and technology, such as the new word spacewalk, which means “to move about outside a spacecraft in space” in the outer space field.2.2 EconomyEconomic development is another main source of new words. With the rapid development of economy in the world and the arrival of economy globalization, neologisms in English have appeared in great deal. For instance, EU (European Union), which was founded in 1993, now consists of the former European Economic Community or European Common Market and European Community. In 1975, G-7 (Group ofSeven) was set up by seven countries, including America, Japan, France, UK, German, Italy and Canada. It is to help the seven countries to develop and improve economy in the financial crisis following the World War Two. Likewise, G-20 (Group of Twenty), APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation), WTO(World Trade Organization), etc. have appeared one by one.2.3 PoliticsThe past two or three decades have seen a dramatic change in political fields around the world. And the change has undoubtedly produced many new English words related to politics. For instance, the word sit-in, which appeared in 1937, means “an act of occupying seats in a racially segregated establishment in organized protest against discrimination”. Besides, due to the collapse of the former Soviet Union in 1992, CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) became worldwide known. Moreover, the special policies adopted by some American or British leaders have also added new words to English, such as Thatcherism (Thatcher's policy) and Clintonism (Clinton’s policy). With the emergence of women’s movement, the new word liberation appeared in 1970, which means “a movement seeking equal rights and status for women”, e.g. “women’s liberation”. Another new word womanism appeared in 1984. It refers to “a form of feminism focused especially on the conditions and concerns of black women”.2.4 CultureCulture also plays an important role in producing neologisms. It is universally acknowledged that language is the carrier of culture and culture is a part of a language. Thus, the more colorful the cultural life is,the richer the language will be. Therefore, with the rapid development of the content of social life, a large number of new words have found their occurrence. Hippies, also called “flower children or people”, appearing in the 1960s, are those people who advocate love and peace, struggle against Vietnam War but are negative pacifists. They also take drugs, wear strange clothes and like to live in groups. Likewise, New Yippies--the urban young citizens who have expertise and have good income and Yeepies--the youthful energetic elderly people appeared in the following years.It is widely known that the US is called “the country on the wheel”and the car culture is the main characteristic of this country. Therefore, people often use car brands to represent quality or the rank of their products, like the words Cadillac of Chinese tea, Cadillac of craftsmanship and Rolls-Royce of pianos. All these words have the meaning of “products of high quality”. An American writer once said to reporters, “Publishers only want to print Cadillac names to represent the latest and best news”.2.5 Loan wordsLanguage is an open system. As the international cooperation and exchange around the world have been increasing, a lot of words that come from foreign countries have been coming into English. It is estimated that English loan words (words borrowed from foreign countries) constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary. It is quite receptive to foreign linguistic influence. As a report of the British Council puts “To our store of written English, which comprises aninternational heritage of arts and science, notable contributions by those who have learnt English as a new language are common and likely to increase”. (Quirk, 1963: 12) Examples are as follows: Apartheid was first used in South Africa in 1949 to mean “(policy of) racial segregation”; Sputnik, a Russian word, means “man-made satellite”. Other examples are tai chi, jiao zi, tofu, kungfu and typhoon, which all come from Chinese.3.The Formation of English NeologismThere is no denying that English is an active language in generation of new words and English vocabulary has increased dramatically in quantity and in extent. However, the generation of new words is not irregular. On the contrary, there is a lot of regularity in the ways of word formation. In this chapter, we will discuss some of those basic ways by which new words are created, namely, compounding, derivation, conversion, acronym, blending, back-formation and words from proper names.3.1 CompoundingCompounding or composition is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit or a compound word. Compounding has been a source of new words in English since the earliest times and is particularly common in present-day English. It is estimated today that the largest number of new words are formed by compounding.Compounds can be nouns, adjectives and verbs. For example, backdoor is a noun, which is made up of the word “back” and the word “door”, meaning a door at the back of a house or other building. Adjective hardworking, which consists of “hard” and “working”, means “to work hard”. Verb compounds are housekeep(to keep house), proof-read (to read and correct the printer’s proof), etc.3.2 DerivationDerivation or affixation can be defined as a process of forming new words by the addition of a word element, such as a prefix, suffix or combing form, to an already existing word. (张韵斐，2010：43）This process allows us to expand our vocabulary without specifically memorizing new words.Prefixes modify the lexical meaning of the base. They do not generally alter the word-class of a word: fair-unfair is a typical example. There are some other productive prefixes including “negative” prefixes: un-, non-, in-, dis-, a-; prefixes of attitude: co-, counter-, anti-, pro-; prefixes of time and order: fore-, post-, ex-, re- , and so forth.On the contrary, suffixes usually change the word from one part of speech to another, not the meaning of the word. For example, when -able is added to the word “read”, it forms a new word readable, which means something that can be read. And reader means someone who is reading. Some typical examples of suffixes are:-ist(scientist), -ism (realism), -less (careless) , -ly (happily) and so on. A combining form, however, is a bound morpheme, which is originally a full word in Latin or Greek, such as auto-, hydro-, or tele-, but which now occurs only in derivatives. Thatis they are now mostly attached to full words of general, learned, scientific or technical character to form new words, for example, autobiography, hydromechanics and television.3.3 ConversionConversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. This process is particularly productive in modern English, with new uses occurring frequently. For example, the verb attack (as in “The enemy attached us at night”.) corresponds to the noun attack (as in “The enemy launched an attack on us at night”.); and this relationship may be seen as parallel to that between the verb look (as in “Please look at the blackboard”.) and the noun look (as in “Can I have a look?”)Today the largest number of words formed by conversion is constituted by verbs from nouns. For instance, mail is originally used as a noun (as in “Will you please send the parcel by mail?”), but now it can also be used as a verb (as in “Will you please mail this parcel?”) Other examples are telephone, telegraph and ship. Therefore, a new meaning can be associated with and related to an existing word.3.4 AcronymAcronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization, a scientific term, etc. They are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. Most acronyms are spelled with capital letters, but they rarely appear with periods. When they become very common, they are usually spelled in small letters, such as laser(lightwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) and radar (radio detecting and ranging). If they are proper names, they retain the initial capital. Here are some examples:OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting CountriesTEFL: Teaching English as a Foreign LanguageUNESCO: the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Culture OrganizationNATO: the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.As time goes, some of the words may fall out of use. However, a great number of this kind of words will be added to English vocabulary. There is no doubt that acronyms will remain an important contributor to contemporary English vocabulary.3.5 ClippingThe process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually from a noun), which is also available in its full form. Clipping may be divided into four main types: back clipping, front clipping, front and back clipping and phrase clipping.First of all, the deletion may occur at the end of the word, which is called back clipping. This is the most common type of clipping. For example, ad (=advertisement), homo (=homosexual), auto (=automobile) , champ (=champion) , dorm (=dormitory) and so on. Then, front clipping refers to the deletion occurring at the beginning of the word. Examples are bus (=omnibus), copter (=helicopter), plane (=airplane), quake (=earthquake) and scope (=telescope, microscope, radarscope, etc.). In addition, front and back clipping, it means the deletion occurs at both ends of a word: flu (=influenza) and fridge (=refrigerator). Finally, phrase clipping, this involves the shortening of a phrase, such as Perm (=permanent wave) and pop (=popular music, concert, or record).3.6 BlendingBlending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full forms. Words formed in this way are called blends or portmanteaus. For example, flush is the combination of fl in the word “flash”and ush in the word “blush”. Likewise, smog is the product of putting sm out of “smoke”and og out of “fog”together. It is widely acknowledged that blends have originated with Lewis Carroll, a British writer, who coined the following blends when he wrote Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, such as chortle (chuckle+snort) and galumph (gallop+triumph).Generally speaking, blends are mostly used in writing related to science and technology, and to newspapers and magazines. It should be noted that though many of them have already achieved popularity in English, they are still considered to be slangs and informal by serious-minded people. As a result of this, frequent use of blends in formal writing is not preferred.3.7 Back-formationBack-formation is a term used to refer to a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language. For example, the verb resurrect was formed from the noun “resurrection”by removing the supposed derivative suffix-ion, and the verb edit was formed from “editor” by dropping the suffix -or. The majority of back-formed words are verbs, for verbs have a particular property to develop around them a number of deverbal nouns, such as the agent noun and the noun of action.Back-formation is one of the traditional sources of new words. Itcontinues to make needed and substantial contributions to English vocabulary, especially to scientific and technical vocabulary. However, back-formations, unless very well established, are considered more appropriately to be used on informal than formal occasions.3.8 Words from proper namesAnother process of word-formation is the coinage of common words from proper names. They come from all sources, from names of scientists, politicians and statesmen to trademarks, and place names. Some have originated from characters in literature, TV dramas and movies, and some also have derived from book titles.Take Hertz (a unit of frequency equal to one cycle per second) for example. It is a word from a scientist name H. R. Hertz (1857-1894), an eminent German physicist. Similarly, quite a few of our familiar words have derived from the names of places. An example is champagne, a sparkling white wine made in the region of Champagne, France. Also, some trademarks have become common words. A new coinage produced by this way is Mr. Clean (1971, from the trademark of a liquid cleaner), “a person of impeccable morals or reputation especially a politician or other public figure regarded as incorruptible”. Moreover, some common words have derived from literature, TV dramas and movies. From the Bible we get a Judas and a Solomon; from Shakespeare, a Shylock and a Benedick. Another example is Archie Bunker (1972, from the name of a television character in the comedy series All in the Family), meaning “a type of a working-class man who often reacts to social pressures in a bigoted and self-righteous manner”.4.The Development Tendency of English NeologismEnglish is constantly changing. With the development of society, nowadays, an ever increasing number of new words are coming into English. However, the appearance of neologisms is not arbitrary. With more and more new words being born, the tendency of the development of English neologisms can be predicted as follows.4.1 Increase in quantityIt is known that language is the carrier of culture. Therefore, the enhancing cultural standard and the improving living standard have laid a solid basis on which a large number of new words find their occurrence. For example, changes in social outlook and manners of behavior call for new terms such as beatnik and peacenik. Even new culinary agreements demand new labels and in English they have some forth in the form of cheeseburger, hiliburger, mushroomburger, etc. (Anderson, 1973: 132) Besides, the dramatic change in science and technology also gives rise to the appearance of large amounts of English neologisms. Everybody knows the words software, hardware, and multimedia. Similarly, economy and politics contribute to the produce of new words. Therefore, we can predict that English will be enlarged in quantity due to the changing of the aspects discussed above.4.2 Diversity in sourcesEnglish is the most widely used language in the world. It is not only used as the first language in countries like Britain, America, Canada and Australia, but also used as a second language in India, Spain, France, etc. Today, English is the first choice as an official language in communication between countries. Hence, almost every country in the world can offer new words to English. Undoubtedly, English-speakingcountries provide the most new words to English, such as IQ, T-shirt and brainstorm from America. (徐昌和, 2009：226) Other countries such as China and Japan also make contributions to the increase of English neologisms. For example, kanji, which derives from Japanese, refers to a Japanese system of writing that utilizes characters borrowed and adapted from Chinese writing. In a word, with time passing, new words that derive from many different countries will increase continuously.4.3 SystematizationIt is widely known that we have stepped into the “Information Age”. Everyone gets involved in various kinds of information at any time. This is especially true when it comes to the appearance of the Internet.With the increasingly rapid development of the Internet, it has exerted great influence on the way people live and work. As a result, a great deal of new words related to the Internet has been produced due to the wide use of the Internet. Examples are netcomputer, netcitizen, netcop, netgoods, network, netletter, netline, netmeeting, netnews, etc. There also have appeared many new words with the prefix e-, used before another word, which mean “something that is done on or involves the Internet”. E-shopping, e-consumer, e-market, e-marketing, e-book, e-business, e-life, e-cash, e-currency, e-mail, e-text, e-services, e-motion, and e-banking are all such examples.In addition, suffixes -ization/-fication are added to country names to create new words to indicate the important characteristics or situation of a country. Take Iraqification for example. It means America hands over power to Iraq to cut and run.Other similar new words are Finlandization, Vietnamization, Colombianizationm, etc. In a word, we can see an obvious systematic trend of English neologisms through above examples.4.4 SimplicityAs the society grows fast, people have a quicker pace in life and work. So to pursue simplicity becomes a trend, and language is no exception. People want to convey or get the most information within the least time and this need can be satisfied by the simplicity of language. Thus, some new words are created by the process of acronyms. They are now used not only to shorten overly long sentences but also to convey entire sentences. For instance, V-J Day refers to the day on which the fighting with Japan officially ended in the Second World War. For its simplicity and saving time, the use of acronyms is becoming more and more prevalent. It is not only preferred by people who are very busy, but also by those who don’t feel motivated enough to create full sentences at the moment. Actually, it is of great advantages to express the most informative messages in the simplest words and the most efficient linguistic forms and that accounts for its popularity. (Atchison, 1997: 98) Hence, we safely conclude that simplicity of English neologisms cannot be denied and will enjoy much popularity in the future.5.ConclusionWith the advance of modern society, a large number of English new words have been emerging. These new words not only input fresh blood to the English language, but they also exert profound influence on people’s lifestyle. There is no denying that they are pushing people to view language in a new sight. In this thesis, many examples are cited to demonstrate the sources, formation and development tendency of English neologisms. Here this thesis is just a tentative study of English neologisms. Hence, it definitely has imperfections due to the limited timeand research competence. Though human beings have showed a great interest in word formation for thousands of years, there still remain many open issues “in this most secret area of language study”. (Baucer, 1983: 293) Still, there are some areas about English neologisms for further study.References[1] Anderson, J. M. Structural Aspects of Language Change. London: LongmanGroup Limited, 1973.[2] Artchison, Jean. Language Change: Process or Decay? Oxford: Oxford University, 1997.[3] Baucer, Lauire. English Word-formation. London:Cambridge University Press, 1983.[4] Quirk, Randolph. The Use of English. London: Longman, 1963.[5] 临承璋，刘世平.《英语词汇学引论》. 上海：上海交通大学出版社，2009.[6] 徐昌和.《英语新词新语导论》. 上海：上海交通大学出版社，2009.[7] 张韵斐.《现代英语词汇学概论》. 北京：北京师范大学出版社，2010.。
王斌 漫谈英语新词的产生、构成及其汉译(Final)
漫谈英语新词的产生、构成及其汉译单位：锦江国际理诺士酒店管理学院王斌摘要：随着时代的发展，英语正在发生着潜移默化的变化。
新词层出不穷就是其表现之一。
本文对英语新词的产成原因进行分析，对新词的各种构成方法进行归纳总结，并探讨了其汉译的策略。
关键词：英语新词、成因、构词方法、汉译当今世界，科学技术迅猛发展，人们生活日新月异，语言也随之发生着潜移默化的变化。
作为语言的基本表意单位，而词汇往往是语言变化中最活跃也是最明显的一部分。
新事物出现时，如果旧有的表达方式可能难以表达新事物，新词便应蕴而生。
英语是全世界使用范围最广的语言，不同民族、不同风俗、不同社会习惯的人每天都在使用英语。
这样英语的词汇便纷繁复杂，大量新词不断涌现。
在这些新词中，有些新词只是昙花一现，而有些却有着极强的生命力，经人们不断使用、修正、发展，最终被编入词典，由此固定下来。
一、英语新词的成因从语言学的角度看，任何语言都非静态停滞的，而是动态发展的。
这种动态发展的变化同政治、经济、科技、社会等因素密不可分。
词汇便是这种变化最直接的体现之一。
英语词汇有一种“门户开放，来着不拒”的态度（贺川生，1997：227），从而使这些因素直接导致了英语新词的产生。
1.政治原因。
政治因素对英语新词的产生有着直接的影响。
例如二战后，世界格局剧变，美国和苏联为争夺世界的霸权而展开全方位的竞赛。
但与以往战争不同的是，双方都在避免相互间的直接作战冲突。
没有一方希望挑动对方直接作战，因为这意味着全面核战争——人类毁灭的危险，而cold war（冷战，指两国或两个国家集团之间采用强权政治、经济压力、间谍活动或敌对性宣传等手段而进行斗争,常常进行破坏和排斥反对其国家,但不使用武力）一词便应蕴而生。
在冷战期间，最令人生畏的便是双方在军事力量上的竞赛，双方囤集了足以让对方毁灭成百上千次的核弹头，并将核弹的打击范围扩大到太空空间，arms race (军备竞赛)也成为当时的热门话题。
浅议英语新词的产生
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英语新词的由来及翻译
英语新词的由来及翻译一、新词的产生原因1. 政治的变化。
二战以后，世界政治格局发生了很大的变化，这些变化给英语也增添了不少新词。
如：(冷战)cold war,(军备竞赛) arm race, (静坐示威) sit-in, (女权运动)feminism等。
2. 经济的发展。
随着经济全球一体化的形成，英语中也出现了不少新词。
比如：(世界贸易组织)World Trade Organization, (石油输出国)Organization of Petrol Exporting Countries, 以及与我们位生活息息相关的(自动取款机)Automatic Teller Machine等。
3 .科技的发展。
尤其近几十年来，科技迅猛发展，各种高科技产品不断问世，大量科技词汇不断涌现并频见于媒体为大众所熟知，如：(因特网)Internet, (电子邮件)E-mail, (万维网)WWW, (克隆)clone 等等。
4. 文化影响。
教育是社会发展的头等大事，任何国家无一例外，因此英语中也有许多关于教育的新词。
比如：(广播、函授教育)distance education,(电视大学)Open University,(热线)hot line, (脱口秀) talk show 等等二、新词的发展途径新词产生的主要途径有创造新词，语义新词，外来词借入等。
1.创造新词。
即通过传统的构词法构成新的词汇。
其方法主要有词缀法、缩略法、拼缀法、类推法和合成法。
(1)词缀法(affixation)。
利用英语中的前缀和后缀构成新词。
前缀构词如：“微”micro →microwave 微波;“反”anti→antiparticle 反粒子;“超”super →superstar 超级明星。
后缀构词有: -phonic“声音的”periphonic多声道的, 一cide“杀”ecocide生态杀灭等等。
(2)缩略法(shortening)。
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漫谈英语新闻新词
摘要：英语新词一直是语言学家最为热衷的研究领域之一，因为新词贴切地描绘出当今世界发生的变化，本文将重点探讨英语新闻新词的来源、构成、翻译方法。
新词不仅仅被动反映历史，它们还是塑造和建构我们世界的有力工具。
通过对新闻新词的研究，我们能够更好地了解生活变化，预知未来。
关键词：新闻新词来源构成方法
1新闻新词的产生原因
1.1科学技术的进步
1.2政治经济的变化
1.3文教体育的发展
1.4电脑网络的革新
1.5新型文化的出现
2新闻新词的产生方法
2.1创新法
2.2缩略法
2.3紧缩法
2.4首字母缩略法
2.5逆构词法
2.6复合法
2.7功能性变化法
2.8借用法
3新闻新词的翻译
3.1音译法
3.2半音半译法
3.3意译法
3.4直译法
3.5音译附注类别的译法
4结语
从英语新词常用汉译方法分析外来语的翻译
摘要：
参考文献：
汪蓉培，王之江. 英语词汇学[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，
2008.198-214.
戴炜栋，何兆熊. 新编简明英语语言学教程[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2010.98-101.。