中国科学院(中科院)考博历年试题汇总
中科院物理所考博试题(固体物理)
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固体物理试卷试卷一、第一部分:(在5题中选做4题,每题15分,共60分)简单回答下面的问题:1原胞与单胞有什么不同?何谓布拉菲格子?何谓倒格子?晶体的宏观对称性可以概括为多少点群?多少个晶系?这些晶系分别包括哪些布拉菲格子?什么是晶体、准晶体和非晶体?2原子之间的相联互作用是固体形成的基础,固体中共有哪几种原子结合方式?指出它们的共同特点和各自的特点。
3(a)怎样用能带论来理解导体、绝缘体、及半导体之间的区别(可以画图说明)?(b)在讨论磁场中电子的运动时,画图说明什么是k空间的类电子轨道、什么是类空穴轨道?什么是闭合轨道、什么是开放轨道?什么样的轨道对于德哈斯-范阿芬效应重要或对于磁阻效应重要?4任何固体物质中原子位置并不是固定的,它们在其平衡位置附近不停地振动。
其运动形式可用准粒子—声子来描述。
(a)简述声子的存在和模式对晶体的哪些物性产生明显影响。
(b)简述确定晶格振动谱的实验原理和方法。
5试推导面心和体心立方点阵的x射线衍射的系统消光规律。
第二部分:(在8题中选做5题,每题8分,共40分)1列出你所知道的几种金属—绝缘体相变的名称。
2超导体都有哪些主要的物理特征?3简单阐述物质顺磁性的来源。
4多晶体与单晶体的x射线衍射图有什么区别?5什么是施主杂质?什么是受主杂质?施主能级和受主能级有什么特点?6半导体材料可能发生哪几种光吸收过程?什么是半导体的本征吸收?7简述固溶体的类型。
8什么是系统的元激发?举出三个例子,指出它们服从玻色统计还是费米统计。
试卷二、(试题1—4为必作题,每题15分)(1)(a)固体中原子(或离子)的结合形式有哪几种?都有什么特点?为什么固体中原子(或离子)之间能保持一定的距离而不是无限靠近?(b)何谓晶体、准晶体及非晶体?它们的x光或电子衍射有何区别?(C)何谓布拉菲格子、晶体学点群、晶系和晶体学空间群?(2)已知一正交品系的晶胞参数为a、b、c,晶胞体积为v,(a)试写出其倒格矢,证明倒格子元胞体积v’= (2p)3/V,并画出第一布里渊区示意图。
中科院博士考试样卷附答案
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中国科学院研究生院英语B考试大纲笔试部分笔试部分由试卷一和试卷二构成。
试卷一包括:听力、英语知识运用与阅读理解两部分。
试卷二为书面表达部分。
时间总长共150分钟,满分100分。
试卷一(75分)第一部分:听力(20分)本部分考查考生理解英语口语、获取特定信息以及简要笔记的能力,由A、B两节组成。
A节:共10题,每题1分。
要求考生根据所听到的10段对话,从每题所给的4个选项中找出最佳答案。
每题有12-15秒答题时间。
每段对话的录音只播放一遍。
B节:共10题,每题1分。
要求考生根据所听到的3篇对话或独白简要回答10道有关该对话或独白的问题。
问题在试卷中印出但不在录音中读出。
录音材料只播放一遍。
本部分大约需要25分钟。
第二部分:英语知识运用与阅读理解(55分)本部分考查考生对用于一定语境中的词汇、表达方式和结构的掌握和理解书面英语的能力,由A、B和C三节组成。
A节:共15题,每题1分。
在1篇约300词的短文中留出15个空白,要求考生从短文后提供的30个词或表达式中选出最佳选项,使补足后的短文意义通顺,前后连贯,结构完整。
其中有11-12道题考查词汇和表达方式,3-4道题考查语法和语篇结构。
本节大约需要20分钟。
B节:共20题,每题1.5分,共30分。
考查考生理解总体和特定信息、猜词悟义、推断作者态度和意图的能力。
要求考生根据所提供的4篇文章(平均每篇约400词)的内容,从每题所给的4个选择项中选出最佳选项。
本节大约需要35分钟。
C节:共10题,每题1分。
考查考生对诸如连贯性和一致性等语段特征的理解。
要求考生根据2篇留有5段空白的文章(平均每篇约400词)的内容,在每篇文后所提供的6段文字中选择能分别放进该文章中5个空白处的5段。
本节大约需要20分钟。
本部分总需时间约75分钟。
试卷二(25分)本部分考查考生英语书面表达的能力,由A、B两节组成。
A节:共1题,10分。
要求考生根据所提供的1篇长约450词的、有相当难度的文章写出1篇字数为120—150词的内容提要(约占原文的1/4-1/3)。
中科院历年考博试题免费下载
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中科院博士入学英语辅导班资料.rar.rar中科院博士入学英语辅导班资料.rarnew.rar中科院博士英语往年作文题目及部分范文欣赏.rar中科院博士英语试题解析99-04.rar05年中科院山地所博士入学自然地理试题.rar07年3月中科院考博英语及答案.rar.rar07年中科院生态环境研究中心土壤学试题(回忆版试题).rar07年中科院过程工程研究所考博专业课.rar.rar08中科院全国_生物化学_统考试卷.rar09中科院广州地化研所分析化学.rar.rar1999-2002中科院植物所考博题(植物学和生态学).rar.rar2000年中科院植物研究所植物生理试题.rar2001~2005中科院动物生态学考博试题.rar.rar2001年中科院植物研究所植物生理试题.rar2002年中科院考博英语试题.rar.rar2002年中科院考博英语试题.txt.rar2006中科院有机化学(秋).rar2006年中科院生态中心生态学专业试题.rar.rar2007中科院量子力学及答案.rar2007年3月中科院博士英语试题第一部分0.rar2007年3月中科院博士英语试题第二部分.rar2007年中科院无机化学考研真题.rar.rar2008年中国科学院水生生物研究所植物生理学考博试题.rar2008年中国科学院水生生物研究所环境生物学考博试题.rar【人文地理】中科院2007年博士入学考试人文地理(区域发展、经济地理)专业考试题.rar.rar【岩溶环境学】中科院2008年考博试题.rar.rar【植物生理学】中科院植物所植物生理学考博真题(2000-2001).rar【生物化学】中科院植物所攻读博士学位研究生入学试题(1997-2001).rar【神经生理学】中科院神经科学研究所2001年神经生理学考博试题.rar【细胞生物学】中科院2012年考博试题.rar【计算机科学与基础】中科院计算技术研究所2011年考博试题.rar【遗传学】中科院遗传与发育生物学研究所2003年考博试题.rar(内部资料)中科院考博英语命题特点.rar.rar。
中国科学院(中科院)考博历年试题汇总
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6.在非极端环境的生物体中是否存在氰化物不敏感的呼吸作用?如果有,其可能的生
七、酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)的基本原理是什么?如何用此方法检测样品中的抗原
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博士考试生物化学的一些各校真题
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2023 年中国科学院生物化学考博真题一、名词解释1 染色体重塑2 同源蛋白3 亲和层析4 酶的竞争性抑制5 逆转座子6 糖异生二、举5 例真核生物体内非编码RNA 以及其功能〔往年试题〕三、举5 离GFP 在生物化学中的应用〔2023 年试题〕四、真核生物转录起始水平到翻译后水平上的基因表达调控〔往年试题〕五、蛋白质免疫共沉淀(CoIp〕与ChIP 的原理以及应用2023 年北京医科大学博士入学考试试题--生物化学1.结合实例说明“生物信息大分子”的概念。
都包括哪些类物质分子。
简要说明其执行“信息功能”的要素。
2.何谓“根本转录因子”,写出 6 个以上的名称。
依据你的理解,推断“类固醇激素受体属于根本转录因子”是否正确,为什么?请简要说明类固醇激素受体调整基因表达的机制。
3.解释“同工酶”概念,简要说明严格区分同工酶策略。
写出设计酶活性测定体系的留意事项。
4.解释“维生素”概念,丙酮酸脱氢酶系中包括那些维生素?各以何种形式参与酶系组成。
写出维生素D 在体内主要代谢过程。
5.写出胆固醇合成的原料,限速酶,在血液内主要运输形式,以及 6 中以上在体内重要转化物的名称。
6.以填空形式考苯丙氨酸和落氨酸的分解代谢过程。
7.端粒,端粒酶的概念,其特别的生物学功能。
8.肝脏生物转化的概念,特点,反响类型。
胆红素在肝内转化后的产物,以何种形式排出体外。
9.血浆蛋白质主要成分及生理功能。
2023 年北京医科大学博士入学考试试题--生物化学1.人类基因组的概念,内容和意义。
2.t ransgene 的概念,如何重组,定位,筛选,检测?3.图示PKA.PKC.TPK 在信号传导中的作用。
4.蛋白质变性与DNA 变性的区分与应用。
5.肝脏在生物代谢中的作用,假设肝脏发生严峻损伤,可能会发生什么转变?6.比较酶的别构调整与化学修饰调整的异同,及各拘束代谢中的作用。
7.具 5 例辅酶,他们的构造,组成及催化的反响式。
8.有一种α-酮酸参与了糖,尿素,氨基酸,核苷酸代谢,是哪一种。
中科院RS考博试题(1995-2016-不全)
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侯志伟1995年博士生(遥感地学分析)入学试题一. 简答题(40分)1. 遥感地学评价标准2. LANDSAT TM 数据特征3. 我国风云一号气象卫星主要通道及特征4. 遥感信息复合分析二. 问答题(任选二题,60分)1. 评述我国遥感应用的发展特点2. 遥感在自然资源调查中的应用3. 举例说明遥感在地学研究中应用与作用4. 遥感监测在全球变化研究中的作用。
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------1996 年博士生入学试题(遥感地学分析)(任选四题,每题25分)1. 遥感地学分析及其意义2. 遥感在资源调查中的应用特点3. 论述遥感在全球变化研究中作用4. 遥感信息增强方5. 专题遥感信息提取的方法与应用1997年博士生(遥感地学分析)入学试题一.名词解释和简答题1.监督与非监督分类2.最大似然法3. TM的七个波段二、论述题遥感地学评价基础-------------------------------------------------------------------------------1998年博士生(遥感地学分析)入学试题一、 答与名词解释:1.混合像元2.高光谱3.纹理特征用于信息提取一、 论述题最小二乘法的原理、公式及应用。
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------1999年博士生(RS)入学试题一、名词解释和简答题1. 主成分分析2. 高光谱遥感3. 遥感影象的特征二、论述题结合工作,谈遥感的应用与发展前景。
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------2000 年中科院博士入学考试(RS)一、 简答与名词解释:1. 混合像元(98)2. 高光谱(98)3. 监督与非监督分类(97)4. 最大似然法(97)5. 纹理特征用于信息提取 (98)6. 主成分分析(99)侯志伟7. TM 的七个波段(97)8. 高光谱遥感(99)9. 遥感影象的特征(99)二、论述1. 最小二乘法的原理、公式及应用。
(完整word)中科院生态学考博真题题汇总,推荐文档
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2010年中科院生态中心考博生态学真题一、名词解释1、Climax2、Biological invasion3、Fundamental niche4、Energy pyramid5、Landscape process6、Heat island7、Ecosystem service8、Allelopathy9、r/k selection10、Direct grandient anylisis二、简答(六选四)1、简述生产力与生物多样性之间的关系。
2、简述氮循环过程。
3、简述我国森林生态系统主要类型及特点。
4、简述植物对光照因子的响应方式。
5、简述生态敏感评价方法。
6、简述生态工程的基本原理。
三、论述(四选二)1、论述城市生态系统的结构、功能与特征,并讨论其研究方法。
2、从碳循环的角度,论述未来全球气候变化对生态系统碳源和碳汇的影响。
3、举例说明景观生态学在生物多样性保护或区域生态环境保护中的作用。
4、从生态系统物质循环的角度,举例论述污染物的产生、传输、危害过程及控制对策。
1 何谓R对策和K对策?简述 r-K选择理论的生态学意义(10分)。
2 简述演替顶极理论的三个假说(10分)。
3 简述三级营养关系的概念并举例加以说明(10分)。
4 简述物种和群落或生态系统水平上生物多样性的测定方法(10分)二论述题1 我国近年来兴建了许多大型水利工程,这些工程对生态环境有哪些影响?试举例说明并提出环保对策(15分)。
2 外来种 (exotic species) 和入侵种 (invasive species) 有何不同?如何防止一种外来种成为入侵种?试举例说明(15分)。
3 水生植物在水环境保护中的作用有哪些?举例说明如何利用大型水生植物保护水环境(151、MacArhthur平衡说2、恢复生态学3、净初级生产量4、空间异质性5、邻接效应6、群落排序7、湿地 8、他感作用9、同资源种团 10、原生演替二、简述题(每题8分,共48分)1.岛屿生物地理学(Island Biogeography)与生物多样性保护。
(完整)中科院生态学考博真题题汇总(2),推荐文档
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2、恢复生态学
3、净初级生产量
4、空间异质性
5、邻接效应
6、群落排序
7、湿地
8、他感作用
9、同资源种团
10、原生演替
二、 简述题 (每题 8 分,共 48 分)
1.岛屿生物地理学(Island Biogeography)与生物多样性保护。
2.碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)循环研究的重要性。(8 分)
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
3.湖泊的富营养化形成机制及生态修复技术。(8 分)
2010 年中科院生态中心考博生态学真题 一、名词解释 1、Climax 2、Biological invasion 3、Fundamental niche 4、Energy pyramid 5、Landscape process 6、Heat island 7、Ecosystem service 8、Allelopathy 9、r/k selection 10、Direct grandient anylisis 二、简答(六选四) 1、 简述生产力与生物多样性之间的关系。 2、 简述氮循环过程。 3、 简述我国森林生态系统主要类型及特点。 4、 简述植物对光照因子的响应方式。 5、 简述生态敏感评价方法。 6、 简述生态工程的基本原理。 三、论述(四选二) 1、 论述城市生态系统的结构、功能与特征,并讨论其研究方法。 2、 从碳循环的角度,论述未来全球气候变化对生态系统碳源和碳汇的影响。 3、 举例说明景观生态学在生物多样性保护或区域生态环境保护中的作用。 4、 从生态系统物质循环的角度,举例论述污染物的产生、传输、危害过程及控制对策。
1 何谓 R 对策和 K 对策?简述 r-K 选择理论的生态学意义(10 分)。 2 简述演替顶极理论的三个假说(10 分)。 3 简述三级营养关系的概念并举例加以说明(10 分)。 4 简述物种和群落或生态系统水平上生物多样性的测定方法 (10 分) 二 论述题 1 我国近年来兴建了许多大型水利工程,这些工程对生态环境有哪些影响?试举例说明并提出环保对策 (15 分)。
中国科学院(中科院)生物学考博专业课试题汇总
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中科院遗传与发育生物学研究所2000-2001年细胞生物学(博士)2000年一、名词解释(每词3分,共30分)1.着丝粒 6. 核骨架2.微管 7. 核糖体3.溶酶体 8. 细胞的程序死亡4.核孔复合体 9. 主动运输5.细胞周期蛋白 10. 静息电位二、试述核小体的结构,核小体与DNA复制、转录的关系。
(20分)三、扼要阐述细胞通讯中信息跨膜传递的方式与机制。
(20分)四、以克隆大熊猫为题设计一个研究课题,包括立项依据、研究目的、研究内容、技术路线及预期结果。
(30分)2001年一、名词解释:(每条4分,共40分)1.原核细胞 6. 类囊体2.核纤层 7. 溶酶体3.着丝粒 8. 协同运输4.异染色质 9. 微管5.核糖体 10. 细胞的程序死亡二、细胞连接有哪几种类型,各有何功能?(20分)三、简述内质网的结构和功能。
(10分)四、就你感兴趣的课题,写一份研究设计方案。
包括题目名称、立项依据、目的意义、技术路线、创新之处及预期结果。
(30分)中科院动物所2000年细胞生物学(博士)一、解释题(每题3分,共30分)1、周期细胞2、PCR技术3、MPF4、通讯连接5、细胞分化6、溶酶体7、信号肽8、整合素9、基因组10、巨大染色体二、有丝分裂及其调控(有丝分裂的过程、变异及其调控)(18分)三、以哺乳动物精子和卵子发生为例。
简述减数分裂。
(17分)四、线粒体基因组与细胞核基因组两套遗传装置的相互作用关系。
(18分)五、图解某些细胞调节系统对细胞骨架系统的调节,并加以简述(17分)中科院动物所2001年细胞生物学(博士)一、哺乳动物(或人)细胞膜化学组分有几种?并简述其内容(17分)二、某些细胞调节系统对细胞骨架系统的调节,请以图解说明(17分)三、哺乳动物生殖细胞(配子)发生为例,简述减数分裂异同点(18分)四、详述造血干细胞的增殖分化的调节(18分)五、解释题(请选择10个小题,每题3分,共30分)1、整合素?2、信号肽?3、奢侈基因?4、PCR技术?5、 MAPK 信号通路6、巨大染色体?7、钙泵?8、通讯连接?9、细胞分化?10、细胞周期11、溶酶体?12、MPF?13、基因组?14、核仁组织区?15、G0期细胞中科院遗传与发育生物学研究所2003年细胞生物学(博士)一、请解释以下概念(每题4分,共20分)1、有丝分裂2、减数分裂3、受精过程4、信号转导5、编程性细胞死亡二、填空题(每题2分,共20分):1、细胞的发现要归功于英国科学家()。
中科院自动化所考博数学试题(2007年-2012年)
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中国科学院自动化研究所2008年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称:数学考生须知:1.本试卷满分为100分,全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2.所有答案必须写在答题纸上,写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
一. 设矩阵, 200111113A ⎡⎤⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥−⎣⎦求(i )A e ; (ii ), 其中t 属于实数; (iii )关于的导数。
tA e tA e t二. 求矩阵的QR (正交三角)分解。
041111032B ⎡⎤⎢=⎢⎢⎥⎣⎦⎥⎥三. 证明矩阵211211141112n n n C n n n n nn n ⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦L L MM M M L 能够相似于对角矩阵,且C 的特征值都是实数。
四、设2维随机变量(,)X Y 的分布密度为:,,(,),x x y g x y ì<<<<ïï=íïïî30100其它x 1. 求边缘分布密度:;(),()X Y g x g y 2. 求条件分布密度:。
(|),(|)g x y g y x五、设随机变量X 的分布密度为:||()/,x f x e x -=-?<+21.求E(),Var(),E(||),Var(||)X X X X ; 2.求Cov(,||),Corr(,||)X X X X |; 3.X 与|X 是否独立?为什么?六、设,,...,N X X X 12和,,...,M Y Y Y 12分别是来自正态总体(,)N θσ21和(,)N θσ22的样本,其中,σσ12是已知的。
1. 求常数c , d ,使得ˆcX dY θ=+为θ的无偏估计,并使其方差达到最小(在所有形如aX bY +的无偏估计类中最小);2.基于估计ˆθ,求θ的置信系数为α-1的置信区间。
科目名称:数学第2页 共2页中国科学院自动化研究所2009年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称:数学考生须知:1.本试卷满分为100分,全部考试时间总计180分钟。
中国科学院年博士入学试题
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中国科学院1995年博士入学试题一、简述题(40分)1.地理信息系统的主要功能。
地理信息系统基本功能概述:数据采集、监测与编辑;数据处理与变换(矢栅转换、制图综合);数据存储与组织(矢量和栅格模型);空间查询与分析(空间检索、空间拓扑、叠加分析、缓冲分析、网络分析等);图形交互与显示(各种成果表现方式)。
根据社会和用户的需求,GIS是依托基本功能利用空间分析技术模型分析技术,网络技术,数据库和数据集成技术二次开发环境等,演绎出众多的GIS应用系统。
2.图形数据输入的主要方法及特点。
(2.地理信息输入方法及其特点)图形图像数据包括现有的地图、工程图、规划图、照片、航空与遥感影像等。
目前各种类型的地图是重要的信息源。
这不仅是因为地图的内容直观与丰富,而且是由于在地理信息系统诞生以前,地图是表示空间与非空间信息强有力的手段,从某种意义上说,一册完备的专题地图集是一个很好的人工操作地理信息系统。
遥感影像是地理信息系统中一个极其重要的数据源,它至少具有下列一些特点:①能取得大面积、综合的信息;②速度快;③降低数据储存冗余和不连续性;④能提供各类专题所需要的信息。
各种文字数据包括各类调查报告、文件、统计数据、实验数据与野外调查的原始记录等,如人口数据、经济数据、土壤成份、环境数据。
确定应用哪些类型的数据是由系统的功能所确定的,例如要建立一个土地的适宜性和承载力的信息系统,所需要的数据有地形、土壤类型、降雨、地下水位、运输条件等。
按照数据的储存形式,可将数据源分为图形、图表与数字化形式。
图形、图表数据包括现有的地图、照片、记录及各类文件。
而计算机的磁盘、磁带等是以数字化的形式来保存数据的。
目前许多空间数据以及人口统计、地形等数据均是以数字化形式向用户提供,数字化形式的数据可以方便地输入地理信息系统内,便于用户使用。
地理信息系统信息输入包括空间数据输入与属性数据输入,以及空间数据与属性数据的连接。
空间数据是指这类数据所处的空间位置;属性数据(或非空间数据)是指这类数据定义空间数据或制图特征所表示的内容。
2023年中科院考博英语真题
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中国科学院3月博士硕士入学考试试题PARTⅡVOCABULARY (15 minutes, 10 points, 0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or word below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machinescoring Answer Sheet.21. A knowledge of history us to deal with the vast range of problems confronting the contemporary world.A. equipsB. providesC.offersD. satisfies22. In assessing the impact of the loss of a parent through death and divorce it was the distortion of family relationships not the of the bond with the parent in divorce that was vital.A. dispositionB. distinctionC.distributionD. disruption23. Finally, let's a critical issue in any honest exploration of our attitudes towards old people, namely the value which our society ascribes to them.A. stick toB. turn toC.lead toD. take to24. Smuggling is a____________activity which might bring destruction to our economy; therefore, it must be banned.A. pertinentB. fruitfulC.detrimentalD. casual25. The manufacturer was forced to return the money to the consumers under____________of law.A. guidelineB. definitionC.constraintD. idetity26. The food was divided____________according to the age and size of the child.A. equallyB. individuallyC.sufficientlyD. proportionally27. Horseback riding____________both the skill of handing a horse and the mastery of diverse riding styles.A. embracesB. encouragesC.exaggeratesD. elaborate28. Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of food,____________their cleanness, toughness, and low cost.A. by virtue ofB. in addition toC.for the sake ofD. as opposed to29. He cannot____________the fact that he was late again for the conference at the university yesterday.A. contribute toB. account forC.identify withD. leave out30. Please do not be____________by his had manners since he is merely trying to attract attention.A. disgustedB. embarrassedC.irritatedD. shocked31. For nearly 50 years, Spock has been a____________author writing 13 books including an autobiography and numerous magazine articles.A. prevalentB. stand up toC.prospectiveD. prolific32. Workers in this country are getting higher wages while turning out poor products that do not____________the test of international competition.A. keep up withB. stand up toply withD. attend to33. The business was forced to close down for a period but was____________revived.A. successivelyB. subsequentlyC.predominantlyD. preliminarily34. The book might well have____________had it been less expensive.A. worked outB. gone throughC.caught onD. fitted in35. We had been taken over by another firm, and a management____________was under way.A. cleanupB. setupC.breakoutD. takeout36. The poor quality of the film ruined the____________perfect product.A. ratherB. muchC.otherwiseD. particularly37. I'll have to____________this dress a bit before the wedding next week.A. let offB. let goC.let looseD. let out38. They reached a(n)____________to keep their dispute out of the mass madia.A. understandingB. acknowledgementC.limitationsD. misgivings39. After walking for hours without finding the village, we began to have____________about our map.A. troublesB. fearsC.limitationsD. misgivings40. If you don't want to talk to him, I'll speak to him____________.A. on your accountB. on your behalfC.for your partD. in your interestPAET ⅢCLOZE TEST (15 minutes, 15 points)Direction: There are 15 blanks in this part of the test, read the passage through, Then, go back and choose the suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the world or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.The process by means of which human beings arbitrarily make certain things stand for other things many be called the symbolic process.Everywhere we turn, we see the symbolic process at work. There are__ 41__things men do or want to do, possess or want to possess, that have not a symbolic value.Almost all fashionable clothes are__ 42__symbolic, so is food. We__ 43__our furniture to serve __ 44__visible symbols of our taste, wealth, and social position. We often choose our houses__ 45__the basis of a feeling that it“looks well”to have a “good address.”We trade perfectly good cars in f or__ 46__models not always to get better transportation, but to give__ 47__to the community that we can __ 48__it.Such complicated and apparently__ 49__behavior leads philosophers to ask over and over again, “why cna't human beings__ 50__simply and natur ally.” Often the complexity of human life makes us look enviously at the relative__ 51__of such live as dogs and cats. Simply, the fact that symbolic process makes complexity possible is no__ 52__for wanting to__ 53__to a cat and to a cat-and-dog existence. A better solution is to understand the symbolic process__ 54__instead of being its slaves we become, to some degree at least, its__ 55__.41. A. many B. some C. few D. enough42. A. highly B. nearly C. merely D. likely43. A. makd B. get C. possess D. select44. A. of B. for C. as D. with45. A. on B. to C. at D. for46. A. earlier B. later C. former D. latter47. A. suggestion B. surprise C. explanation D. evidence48. A. use B. afford C. ride D. find49. A. useless B. impossible C. inappropriate D. unnecessary50. A. live B. work C. stay D. behave51. A. passivity B. activity C. simplicity D. complexity52. A. meaning B. reason C. time D. doubt53. A. lead B. devote C. proceed D. return54. A. so that B. in that C. considering that D. by reason that55. A. teachers B. students C. masters D. servantsPART ⅣREADING COMPREHENSION (60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: You will read five passage in this part of the test. Below each passage there are some question or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage1The Solar Decathlon is under way, and trams of students from 14 colleges and universities are building solar-powered homes on the National Mall in Washington, D. C. in an effort to promote this alternative energy source. This week judges in this Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored event will evaluate these homes and declare one the winner. Unfortunately, for the participants, it rained on the Sept 26th opening ceremonies, and the skies over the Washington have remained mostly overcast since. However, the conditions may have made for a more revealing demonstration of solar energy than was originally planned.Although the Solar Decathlon's purpose is to advertise the benefits of electricity-generating solar panels and other residential solar gadgets, the had weather has made it hard to ignore the limitations. As fate so amply demonstrated, not every day is a sunny day, and indeed D O E's“Solar Village on the National Mall” has receivedvery little of what it needs to run.Since solar is not an always available energy source, even a community consisting entirely of solar homes and businesses would still need to be connected to a constantly-running power plant (most likely natural gas or coal fired) to provide reliable electricity. For this reason, the fossil fuel savings and environmental benefits of solar are considerably smaller than many proponents suggest.Washington, D. C. gets its share of sunny days as well, but even so, solar equipment proveds only a modest amount of energy in relation to its cost. In fact, a $ 5,000 rooftop photovoltaic system typically generates no more than $ 100 of electricity per year, providing a rate of return comparable to a passbook savings account.Nor do the costs end when the system is installed. Like anything exposed to the elements, solar equipment is subject to wear and storm damage, and may need ongoing maintenance and repairs. In addition, the materials that turn sunlight into electricity degrade over time. Thus, solar panels will eventually need to be replaced, most likely before the investment has fully paid itself off in the form of reduced utility bills.Solar energy has always has its share of true believers willing to pay extra to feel good about their homes and themselves. But for homeowners who view it as an investment, it is not a good one. The economic realities are rarely acknowledged by the govenment officials and solar equipment manufactures involved in the Solar Decathlon and similarly one-sided promotions. By failing to be objective, the pro-solar crowd does consumers a real disservice.56. The Solar Decathlon is most probably the name of a____________.A. technologyB. contestC. strategyD. machine57. What does the author say about the weather?A. It is rare for Washington, D. C. to have such long rainy days.B. It has been raining since Sept 26th for the most of the time.C. It is favorable to the manufacturers to promote solar equipment.D. It has helped see the disadvantages of solar energy.58. What has happened to D O E's“Solar Village on the National Mall”?A. It has revealed a mechanical problem.B. It lacks the energy for operation.C. It needs substantial financial support.D. It has drawn criticism from the government.59. The environmental benefits of solar power are small because____________.A. solar power plants can hardly avoid polluting their surroundingsB. most people prefer the relatively simple use of fossil fuelC. the uses of solar enery still cannot go without fossil fuelD. only several communities entirely consist of solar energy homes60. It can be inferred that “a passbook savings account”____________.A. brings little interestB. brings much interestC. is a deposit of at least $ 100D. is a deposit of at least $ 500061. It can be inferred that in promoting solar energy the US government____________.A. admits its limitation of being expensiveB. rarely mentions its cost to homeownersC. stands on the side of the majority of consumersD. remains more objective than the solar equipment manufacturersPassage2Every year, the American Lung Association (ALA) releases its annual report card on smog, and every year it gives an“F” to over helf the nation's counties and cities. When ALA's “State of the Air ” recently came out, dozens of credulous local journalists once again took the bait, ominously reporting that their corner of the nation received a failing grade. The national coverage was no better, repeating as fact ALA's statement that it is “gravely concerned” about air quality, and neglect ing to solicit the views of even one scientist with a differing view. Toobad, because this report card says a lot less about actual air quality than it does about the tactics and motives of the ALA.The very fact that 60 percent of counties were giver an “F” seems to be alarmist. This is particularly true given that smog levels have been trending downward for several decades. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) statistics, ozone, the primary constituent of smog, progress will likely continue, even without the wave of new regulations ALA is now demanding.ALA is correct that some areas still occasionally exceed the federal standard for ozone, but such spiles are far less frequent than in the past. Even Los Angeles, the undisputed smon capital of America, has cleaned up its act considerably. Los Angeler,which exceeded federal smog standards for 154 days in 1989, has had 75percent fewer such spikes in recent years. But an ALA-assigned“F”misleadingly implies that air quality has not improved at all.Most of the nation is currently in attainment with the current smog standard, and much of the rest is getting close, Nonetheless, ALA chose to assign an “ F”to entire county based on just a few readings above a strict new EPA standard enacted in 1997 but not yet in force. In effect, ALA demanded a standard even more stringent than the federal government's, which allows some leeway for a few anomalously high reading in otherwise clean areas. ALA further exaggerated the public-health hazard by grossly overstating the risks of these relatively minor and sporadic increases above the standard.62.The media's response to ALA's “State of the Air ”can best be described as____________.A. trustingB. suspiciousC. criticalD. hesitant63. By citing figures from the EPA, the auther seem to contend that____________ .A. the regulations about smog have proved effectiveB. new regulations are necessary to deal with smogC. smog problems have actually become less seriousD. the federal smog standard has been rather low64. In Paragraph 3, the word “spikes”(in boldface) probably refers to____________.A. the increase above the smog standardB. the irregular readings about air quality in some areasC. the occurrences of smog in Los AngelesD. the current standards demanded by ALA65. The author draws on Los Angeles to prove that the ALA____________.A. is right to assign an “F”to that areaB. often bases its report on the past eventsC. has a good reason to stress smog risksD. has overstated smog problems66. The author agrees with the ALA that____________.A. present smog standards should be made stricterB. the standard established by the EPA is effectiveC. some areas fail to meet the federal standard at timesD. poor air quality is a major problem nationwide67. One of the problems with the ALA seems to be____________.A. its lack of opinions from expertsB. its focus on some irregular casesC. its attempt to make up the dateD. its inconsistent smog standardsPassage3It wa s (and is )common to think that other animals are ruled by“instinct”whereas humans lost their instincts and ruled by “reason,”and that this is why we are so much more flexibly interlligent than other animals. William James, in his book Principles of psychology, took the opposite view. He argued that human behavior is more flexibly intelligent than that of other animals because we have more instincts than they do, not fewer. We tend to be blind to the existence of these instincts, however, precisely because they work so well-because they processinformation so effortlessly and automatically. They structure our thought so powerfully, he argued, that it can be difficult to imagine how things could be otherwise. As a result, we take“normal” behavior for granted. We do not realize that “normal”behavior needs to be explained at all. This“instinct blindness”makes the study of psychology difficult. To get past this problem, James suggested that we try to make the “natural seen strange.”“It takes a mind debauched by learning to carry the process of making the natural seem strange, so far as to ask for the why of any instinctive human act.”In our view, William James was right about evolutionary psychology. Making the natural seem strange is unnatural—it requires the twisted outlook seen, for example, in Gary Larson cartoons. Yet it is a central part of the enterprise. Many psychologists avoid the study of natural competences, thinking that there is nothing there to be explained. As a result, social psychologists are di sappointed unless they find a phenomenon “that would surprise their grandmothers,” and cognitie psychologists spend more time studying how we solve problem we are bad at, like learning math or playing chess, than ones we are good at. But natural competences—our abilities to see, to speak, to find someone beautiful, to reciprocate a favor, to fear disease, to fall in love, to initiate an attack, to experience moral outrage, to navigate a landscape, and myriad others—are possible only because there is a vast and heterogeneous array of complex computational machinery supporting and regulating these activities. This machinery works so well that we don't even realize that it exists—we all suffer from instinct blindness. As a result, psychologists have neglected to study some of the most interesting machinery in the human mind.68. William James believed that man is mor flexibly intelligent than other animals because man is more____________.A. adaptiveB. reasonableC. instinctiveD. sophisticated69. What do we usually think of our normal behavior?A. It is controlled by powerful thoughts.B. It is beyond the study of psychology.C. It doesn't need to be explained.D. It doesn't seem to be natural sometimes.70. According to the author, which of the following is most likely studied nowadays by psychologists?A. Why do we smile when pleased?B. Why do we love our children?C. How do we appreciates beautiful?D. How do we reason and process information?71. The author thinks that psychology is to____________.A. take the normal behavior for grantedB. make the natural seem strangeC. study abnormal competencesD. make easy things difficult72. The author stresses that our natural abilities are____________.A. not replaced by resoningB. the same as other animals'sC. not as complex as we thinkD. worth studyingPassage4In her 26 years of teaching English, Shannon McCuire has seen countless misplaced commas, misspelled words and sentence fragments.But the instructor at US's Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge said her job is getting harder every day.“I kid you not, the number of errors that I've seen in the past few years have multiplied five times,”she said.Experts say e-mail and instant messaging are at least partly to blame for an increasing indifference toward the rules of grammar, spelling and sentence structure.They say the problem is most noticeable in college students and recently graduates.“They used to at least feel guilty (about mistakes),”said Naomi Baron, professor of linguistics at American University in Washington, D. C.“They didn't necessarily write a little better, but at least they felt guilty.”Ironically, Baron's latest book,“Alphabet to Email: How Written English Evolved and Where It's Heading,”became a vic tim of sloppy proofreading. The book's title is capitalized differently on the cover, spine and title page.“People used to lose their jobs over this,”she said. “And now they just say ‘whatever.’”“Whatever”describes Jeanette Henderson's attitude toward wr iting. The sophomore at the University of Louisiana at Monroe admits that her reliance on spellcheck has hurt her grades in English class. “Computer has spoiled us,”she said.But the family and consumer sciences major believes her future bosses won't mind the mistakes as much as her professor does. “They're not going to check semicolons, commas and stuff like that,” Hen derson said.LSU's McGuire said she teaches her students to use disftinct writing styles that fit their purpose.She emphasizes that there's the mformal language of an e-mail to a friend, but there's also the well thoght out and structured academic or professional style of writing.It's not just e-mail and instant messaging that are contributing to slack writing habits.Society as whole is becoming more informal. Casual wear at work used to be reserved for Friday, for example, but is now commonplace at most offices. There's also a greater emphasis on youth culture, and youth tend to use instant messaging more than adulte do.English language has been neglected at different points in history but always rebounds. During Shakespearen times, for example, spelling wasn't considered important, and early publishers rarely proofread.There will likely be a social force that recognizes the need for clear writing and swings the pendulum back.73. According to Shannon McGuire, what is making her job harder than before?A. More and more students ask her to teach how to write instant messages.B. More and more structural errors are seen in her student's writings.C. Students are becoming increasingly indifferent to learning English.D. Parents are more demanding as to the teaching content of the school.74. We can infer from the passage that college students____________.A. are the victims of the deteriorating educationB. mostly have very had handwritingC. don't think they're writing bad EnglishD. are ashamed of their poor writing skills75. What happened to Baron's latest book?A. It was poorly edited.B. It failed to come out.C. It w as renamed“Whatever”.D. It caused her to lose her job.76. What does Jeanette Henderson mainly study at the university?A. Computer ScienceB. LinguisticsC. Editing and PublishingD. Family and Consumer Sciences77. According to the passage, sloppy writing____________.A. parallels a social tendency of being informalB. worries students as well as professorsC. is taken as trivial by employersD. is ignored in all business concerned sciences78.The word“distinct”(in boldface)in the context means____________.A. clearB. differentC. elegantD. appropriate79. Which is NOT mentioned as a cause of American students' casual writing?A. EmailingB. Slack teachingC. ElegantD. Appropriate80. How does the author feel about the future of the English language?A. ConfidentB. GloomyC. WorriedD. UncertainPassage5Darkness approached and a cold, angry wind gnawed at the tent like a mad dog. Camped above treeline in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming, the torrents of air were not unexpected and only a minor disturbance compared to the bestial gnawing going on behind my belly button. In an attempt to limit exposure of my bare bottom to the ice-toothed storm, I had pre-dug a half dozen catholes within dashing distance. Over and over, through the long night, the same scenario was repeated: out of the bay, out of the tent, rush squat, rush back.“Everyone can master a grief,”wrote Shakespeare,“but he that has it.”Diarrhea, the modern word, resembles the old Greek expression for“a flowing through.”Ancient Egyptian doctors left descriptions of the suffering of Pharaohs scratched on papyrus even before Hippocrates, the old Greek, gave it a name few people can spell correctly. An equal opportunity affliction, diarrhea has laid low kings and common men, women, and children for at least as long as historians have recorded such fascinating trivia. It wiped out, almost, more soldiers in America's Civil War that guns and sword. In the developing world today, acute diarrhea strikes more than one billion humans every year, and leaves more than five million dead, usually the very young. Diarrhea remains one of the two most common nedical complaints of humanity.“Frequent passage of unformed watery bowel movements,”as described by Taver's Cyclopedic Med ical Dictionary, diarrhea falls into two broad types:invasive and non-invasive. From bacterial sources, invasive diarrhea, sometimes called“dysentery,”attacks the lower intestinal wall causing inflammation, abscesses, and ulcers that may lead to mucus and blood(often“black blood”from the action of digestive juices) in the stools, high fever,“stomach”crams from the depths of hell, and significant amounts of body fluid rushing from the patient's nether region. Serious debilitation, even death, can occur from the resulting dehydration and from the spread of the bacteria to other parts of the body. Non-invasive diarrheas grow from colonies of microscpic evil-doers that set up housekeeping on, but do not invade, intestinal walls. Toxins released by the colonies cause cramps, nausea, vomiting, and massive gushes of fluid from the patient's lower intestinal tract. Non-invasive diarrhea carries a highrisk for dehydration.81.In Paragraph 1, the author uses the quoted word“grief”from Shakespeare to refer to____________.A. the terrible weatherB. the stern army lifeC. the suffering from diarrheaD. the tough wartime82. According to the description in Paragraph 1, which of the following did the author NOT do at that time?A. withstanding the coldnessB. Camping in the mountainsC. Getting up repeatedly at nightD. Reading Shakespeare in bed83. Who first gave the disease the name“diarrhea”?A. Ancient EgyptiansB. An old GreekC. American soldiersD. The passage doesn't tell84. According to Paragraph 2____________.A. People of higher status are less likely to be stricken with diarrheaB. diarrhea is no longer a serious disease in the modern worldC. diarrhea has been a threat to humanity throughout historyD. the elderly are more likely attacked by diarrhea than the young85. The invasive diarrhea and the non-invasive diarrhea are different in that____________.A. the former attacks the intestine walls but the latter does notB. the former causes dehydration but the latter does notC. the former makes the patient physically weaker than the latterD. the former is more dangerous than the latterPART ⅤTRANSLATION (30 minutes, 10 points)Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your pieces of Chinese version in the proper space on your Answer Sheet Ⅱ.The aim of education or culture is merely the development of good taste in knowledge and good form in conduct. The cultured man or the ideal educated man is not necessarily one who is well-read or learned, but one who likes and dislikes the right things. To know what to love and what to hate is to have taste in knowledge. 1I have met such persons, and found that there was no topic that might come up in the course of the conversation concerning which they did not have some facts or figures to produce, but whose points of vies were appalling. Such persons have erudition (the quality of being knowledgeable), but no discernment; or taste, Erudition is a mere matter of stuffing fact or information, while taste or discernment is a matter of artistic judgment. 2.In speaking of a scholar, the Chinese generally distinguish between a man's scholarship, conduct, and taste or discernment. This is particularly so with regard to historians; a book of history may be written with the most thorough scholarship, yet be totally lacking in insight or discernment, and in the judgment or interpretaion of persons and events in history, the author may show no originality or depth of understanding. Such a person, we say, has no taste in knowledge. To be well-informed, or to accumulate facts an details, is the easiest of all things. 3.There are many facts in a given historical period that can be easily stuffed into our mind, but discernment in the selection of significant facts is a vastly more difficult thing and depends upon one's point of view.An educated man, therefor, is one who has the right loves and hatreds. This we call taste, and with taste comes charm. 4. Now to have taste or discernment requires a capacity for thinking things through to the bottom, an independence of judgment, and an unwillingness to be knocked down by any form fo fraud, social, political, literary, artistic, or academic.There is no doubt that we are surrounded in our adult life with a wealth of fraude: fame frauds, wealth frauds, patriotic frauds, political frauds, religious frauds and fraud poets, fraud artists, fraud dictators and frauds psychologists. When a psychoanalyst tells us that the performing of the functions of the bowels during childhood has a definite connection or that constipation leads to stinginess of character, all that a。
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中国科学院(中科院)考博历年试题汇总中科院发育遗传所2002生物化学(博士)注:请将试卷写在答题纸上;不用抄题,但要写请题号;草稿纸上答题无效。
一、名次解释:(20分)二、以动物细胞或植物细胞为例说明细胞中的膜结构及其功能。
(12分)三、在研究位置基因的功能时往往采用推定的该基因所编码的氨基酸序列与已知功能的蛋白质的氨基酸序列比较来推断,你认为这种比较应采用什么原则?为什么?(12分)四、真核基因在原核细胞中表达的蛋白质常常失去生物活性,为什么?举例说明。
(12分)五、简述信号肽的结构特点、功能和从蛋白质产物中切除的机理。
(12分)六、分子筛、离子交换和亲和层析是三种分离、醇化蛋白质的方法,你如何根据所要分离、纯化的蛋白质的性质选择使用。
(12分)七、酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)的基本原理是什么?如何用此方法检测样品中的抗原和抗体?(12分)八、某一个蛋白,SDS凝胶电泳表明其分子量位于16900于37100标准带之间,当用巯基乙醇和碘乙酸处理该蛋白后经SDS凝胶电泳分析仍得到一条带,但分子量接近标准带13370处,请推断此蛋白质的结构?为什么第二次用前要加碘乙酸?(8分)中科院发育遗传所2000-2001生物化学(博士)2000年博士研究生入学考试生物化学试题1.酶蛋白的构象决定了酶对底物的专一性,请描述并图示酶与底物相互关系的几种学说。
(20分)2.什么是DNA的半保留复制和半不连续复制?如何证明?真核细胞与原核细胞的DNA复制有何不同?(20分)3.概述可作为纯化依据的蛋白质性质及据此发展的方法。
(20分)4.简述酵解和发酵两个过程并说明两者的异同。
(15分)5.吃多了高蛋白食物为什么需要多喝水?(10分)6.在非极端环境的生物体中是否存在氰化物不敏感的呼吸作用?如果有,其可能的生物学意义是什么?(5分)以下两题中任选一题(10分)7.概述植物或微生物细胞感应(应答)环境刺激因子(如养分缺乏、热、冷、干旱、强光等)的可能的生物化学过程模式。
8.细胞编程性死亡又称细胞凋亡是细胞的一种基本生命现象,请阐述细胞凋亡的生物学意义及主要生物化学特征。
2001年博士学位研究生入学考试生物化学试题1.请阐明蛋白质间最重要的原子相互作用。
(15分)2. 蛋白质的测活是蛋白纯化过程中的重要组成部分,可以从哪些方面来考虑建立一个快速、简便、定量的测活方法。
(15分)3.质膜是细胞的第一屏障,请概述小分子通过质膜的转运机制。
(15分)4.举例说明蛋白质三级结构决定于它的氨基酸结构。
(15分)5.运用免疫学的方法能开展哪些分子生物学研究?(15分)6.“一个基因一个蛋白”的说法对吗?为什么?(12分)7. 请从生化角度评论目前市售的“核酸营养液”。
(13分)中科院遗传与发育生物学研究所2003年遗传学(博士)一、今年是DNA双螺旋模型发表五十周年。
请回答以下问题(20分):1、在双链DNA分子中A+T/G+C是否等于A+C/G+T ?(4分)2、DNA双链的两条链中是否含有相同的遗传信息?为什么?(4分)3、大肠杆菌的基因组DNA的长度约为1100微米。
请根据DNA模型估计其基因组的碱基对数目。
(4分)4、如果两种生物基因组DNA在四种碱基的比率上有显著差异,那么预期在它们编码的tRNA、rRNA和mRNA上是否也会在四种碱基的比率上呈现同样的差异?(8分)二、在一牛群中,外观正常的双亲产生一头矮生的雄犊。
请你提出可能导致这种矮生的各种原因,并根据每种原因提出相应的调查研究的提纲(注意整个调查研究工作必须在两个月内完成)。
(20分)三、请给出以下6种分子标记的中文全称、定义、检测方法及其在遗传分析中的特征。
(20分)RFLP , microsatellite , STR , SSLP , SNP , InDeL .四、在普通遗传学中,非等位基因间的相互作用有哪几种?请举例说明其中的两种相互作用?请从分子遗传学和分子生物学的角度对非等位基因间的相互作用的分子机制进行阐述,并举例说明。
(20分)五、有哪些诱变剂可以诱发基因突变?基于突变被辨认的方法,可以将突变分为哪几种类型?哪些类型的突变对功能基因组的研究最有意义?为什么?对一个已完成基因组测序的真核生物,如何构建一个突变体库,以揭示基因组中预测基因的功能?(20分)中科院遗传与发育生物学研究所2003年细胞生物学(博士)一、请解释以下概念(每题4分,共20分)1、有丝分裂2、减数分裂3、受精过程4、信号转导5、编程性细胞死亡二、填空题(每题2分,共20分):1、细胞的发现要归功于英国科学家()。
2、细胞是生物()和生命活动的基本单位。
3、恩格斯曾对()学说给以高度评价,把它与进化论和能量守恒定律并列为19世纪的三大发明。
4、氧化磷酸化作用机理 - 化学渗透假说和()假说。
5、细胞膜的大部分功能主要由组成膜的()完成。
6、卵细胞的激活是因为胞内()瞬时升高所致。
7、在胚胎发生过程中所以能相继出现新类型细胞是由于()的结果。
8、早期胚胎细胞周期要比体细胞周期快,因为卵具有不须()而能分裂的能力。
9、二酰基甘油是蛋白激酶C的()。
10、常染色质的英文是()。
三、论述题(每题10分,共20分):1、细胞凋亡的生物学意义2、磷脂酰肌醇信号通路四、综合题(每题10分,共20分):1、给你一株动物体细胞,你如何验证该株细胞的发育全能性?2、如何研究一个基因在细胞及发育中的功能?五、思考题(20分):你支持还是反对克隆人?理由是什么?如何避免克隆技术被滥用?中科院遗传与发育生物学研究所2000-2001年细胞生物学(博士)2000年一、名词解释(每词3分,共30分)1.着丝粒 6. 核骨架2.微管 7. 核糖体3.溶酶体 8. 细胞的程序死亡4.核孔复合体 9. 主动运输5.细胞周期蛋白 10. 静息电位二、试述核小体的结构,核小体与DNA复制、转录的关系。
(20分)三、扼要阐述细胞通讯中信息跨膜传递的方式与机制。
(20分)四、以克隆大熊猫为题设计一个研究课题,包括立项依据、研究目的、研究内容、技术路线及预期结果。
(30分)2001年一、名词解释:(每条4分,共40分)1.原核细胞 6. 类囊体2.核纤层 7. 溶酶体3.着丝粒 8. 协同运输4.异染色质 9. 微管5.核糖体 10. 细胞的程序死亡二、细胞连接有哪几种类型,各有何功能?(20分)三、简述内质网的结构和功能。
(10分)四、就你感兴趣的课题,写一份研究设计方案。
包括题目名称、立项依据、目的意义、技术路线、创新之处及预期结果。
(30分)中科院2002年分子遗传学(博士)注:1、A卷考生必须回答下列5题,每题20分。
B卷考生任选四题回答,每题25分。
一、请举出细胞中的各种RNA分子的名称、特征和功能。
如何从RNA出发开展功能基因组的研究。
二、真核生物的基因表达控制(control of gene expression)和信号传导(signal transduction)有密切的关系,请举出一个你熟悉的例子分别说明这两个概念的含义及其联系。
三、目前已经有一些现成的软件用来预测基因组全序列中的基因。
为了设计这些软件,你觉得哪些关于基因和基因组的分子遗传学知识是必须的?请说明理由。
四、在真核生物中转座子可以分为几种类型?请分述每种类型的结构和特征。
如何利用转座子进行分子遗传学的研究和功能基因组的研究。
五、自从克隆的多利羊诞生以来,报界经常传播所谓克隆动物的缺陷,有一种说法是克隆动物会早衰,有人推测早衰的原因可能是:(1)被克隆的体细胞核的染色体端粒变短或(2)被克隆的体细胞核的基因表达程序已经处在发育上成熟的阶段。
现在请你从染色体DNA复制的角度作支持第(1)种可能的阐述,并从基因表达调控的角度做反对第(2)中可能的阐述。
中科院2003年生物化学(博士)1.详述原核与真核生物基因在转录水平表达调控?2.近年真核生物基因表达调控新进展?3.四种分析蛋白质纯度方法原理?4.七种重组体筛选方法,原理?5.包含体?6.一支痢疾杆菌和一支小鼠细胞株。
如何分离出他们的二氢叶酸还原酶基因。
7.蛋白质一、二、三、四结构?用什么方法测定。
8.从cDNA文库中用特定一对引物利用PCR扩增一个酶蛋白基因。
将该基因重组到一个通用表达载体上进行表达。
对经过纯化的酶蛋白进行活性测定表明,重组蛋白具有相应酶活性。
是否可以认为有关蛋白质基因表达纯化工作是否完成?为什么?中科院动物所2001年细胞生物学(博士)一、哺乳动物(或人)细胞膜化学组分有几种?并简述其内容(17分)二、某些细胞调节系统对细胞骨架系统的调节,请以图解说明(17分)三、哺乳动物生殖细胞(配子)发生为例,简述减数分裂异同点(18分)四、详述造血干细胞的增殖分化的调节(18分)五、解释题(请选择10个小题,每题3分,共30分)1、整合素?2、信号肽?3、奢侈基因?4、PCR技术?5、 MAPK 信号通路6、巨大染色体?7、钙泵?8、通讯连接?9、细胞分化?10、细胞周期11、溶酶体?12、MPF?13、基因组?14、核仁组织区?15、G0期细胞中科院遗传所2003年遗传学(博士)一、今年是DNA双螺旋模型发表五十周年。
请回答以下问题(20分): 1、在双链DNA分子中A+T/G+C是否等于A+C/G+T ?(4分)2、DNA双链的两条链中是否含有相同的遗传信息?为什么?(4分)3、大肠杆菌的基因组DNA的长度约为1100微米。
请根据DNA模型估计其基因组的碱基对数目。
(4分)4、如果两种生物基因组DNA在四种碱基的比率上有显著差异,那么预期在它们编码的tRNA、rRNA和mRNA上是否也会在四种碱基的比率上呈现同样的差异?(8分)二、在一牛群中,外观正常的双亲产生一头矮生的雄犊。
请你提出可能导致这种矮生的各种原因,并根据每种原因提出相应的调查研究的提纲(注意整个调查研究工作必须在两个月内完成)。
(20分)三、请给出以下6种分子标记的中文全称、定义、检测方法及其在遗传分析中的特征。
(20分)RFLP ,?microsatellite ,?STR ,?SSLP ,?SNP ,?InDeL .四、在普通遗传学中,非等位基因间的相互作用有哪几种?请举例说明其中的两种相互作用?请从分子遗传学和分子生物学的角度对非等位基因间的相互作用的分子机制进行阐述,并举例说明。
(20分)五、有哪些诱变剂可以诱发基因突变?基于突变被辨认的方法,可以将突变分为哪几种类型?哪些类型的突变对功能基因组的研究最有意义?为什么?对一个已完成基因组测序的真核生物,如何构建一个突变体库,以揭示基因组中预测基因的功能?(20分)中科院上海药物所2003年药理学(博士)1.举例说明分子生物学技术用于药理学研究的优越性。