Lingua franca 社会语言学

Creole
• A language that developed historically from a Pidgin. Sometimes the pidgin becomes stable and established and comes to be spoken as a mother tongue by children: the language has then become a creole , which quickly develops in complexity and is used in all functional settings.
It could be an internationally used language of communication
It could be the native language of one of the groups
It could be a language which is not spoken natively by any of the group but has a simplified sentence structure and vocabulary and is often a mixture of two or more language.
• It appeared in the Holy Land around the 13th Century. Piracy and naval warfare brought it in the 16th century to the Barbary Coast, where it came to be used in official records, on account of trade contacts. By the 19th century, European settlers and the opening of regular schools threatened this once widespread informal jargon. • As an instinctive adaptation of a basic Italian/Spanish lexicon to a simplified Arabic syntax, Lingua Franca does occasionally appear even today.
Lingua franca
• "Lingua franca" is a functionally defined term. Though Pidgins and Creoles often function as lingua fracas, many such languages are neither pidgins nor creoles.
Lingua franca
研1302 小胖鼠和小兔兔
Contents
• • • • • 1. Brief Introduction 2. Characteristics of Lingua franca 3.Origions of Lingua franca 4.Examples of Lingua Franca 5.Similarities and Dissimilarities among Pidgin, Creole and Lingua franca • 6. Current situation of lingua franca
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
• During the twentieth century, numerous technological inventions and developments, such as the telephone, fax, electronic mail, internet, etc have facilitated communication between people from all walks of life and the language that is used most is English, as the following quote proves. ‘Most of the scientific, technological and academic information in the world is expressed in English and over 80% of all the information stored in electronic retrieval systems is in English.
4.Examples of Lingua Franca
• Latin and Greek were the lingua francas of the Roman empire;
• Akkadian, and then Aramaic, remained the common languages of a large part of Western Asia through several earlier empires. • In certain countries the lingua franca is also used as the national language; e.g., Urdu is the lingua franca of Pakistan as well as the national language
1. Brief Introduction
• Lingua franca is a language used for communication between different groups of people, each speaking a different language.
2. Characteristics of Lingua franca
Lingua franca
Creole pidgin
It is accepted by members of its own speech community as communication language to be learned and used
It used as mother tongue of a speech community
• Examples of lingua francas remain numerous, and exist on every continent. The most obvious example as of the early 21st century is English. • There are many other lingua francas centralized on particular regions, such as Arabic, Chinese, French, Portuguese, Russian and Spanish.
6.2 Reasons for this situation
The status of a language as a lingua franca in the 21st century is not determined by its linguistic merits , or the number of people who speak the language , or a country's language policy , but the combined effect of political , economic and cultural forces . • English as a future lingua franca has three characteristics : the status of official language in several countries ; a priority in countries' foreign-language teaching programme ; being widely used all over the world.
Lingua franca
Internationally used language
Native language Nonnative and mixed language
3.Origions of Lingua franca
• The term lingua franca(Italian for Frankish tongue) originated in the Mediterranean region in the Middle Ages among crusaders and traders of different language backgrounds in Western Africa , India , Kenya.
6.3 The developing trend of English as Lingua franca While in the process of globalization, English is also localized and gives birth to a lot of new varieties . These varieties called World English.
e.g. tofu 豆腐 tea 茶 tai chi 太极 chopstick 筷子
• Reasons for this tendency
Because language is a tool for its users to express their identity, and since they can be indentified when speaking nativized variety of English rather than native English in international communication, the nativized form will be adopted.
5.Similarities and Dissimilarities among Pidgin, Creole and Lingua franca
Pidgin
• is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common. A pidgin is not the native language of any speech community, but is instead learned as a second language.
6. Current situation of lingua franca
English as Lingua franca
• 6.1 Current situation of English • English is now the dominant or official language in over 60 countries and is represented in every continent. From this fact, it can be understood that the English language is a vital means of communication for millions of people around the world.