The free trade and the protection of China and Osteuropa
how to protect the environment英语演讲稿
how to protect the environment英语演讲稿Ladies and gentlemen,Today, I stand before you to talk about a topic that should be of utmost concern to all of us - protecting the environment. The world we live in is facing unprecedented challenges like climate change, deforestation, pollution, and loss of biodiversity. It is high time we recognize our role in causing these problems and take steps to mitigate them.Firstly, let us acknowledge the power of education and awareness. It is crucial to educate ourselves and future generations about the importance of protecting the environment. We need to understand the consequences of our actions and the impact they have on our planet. By spreading awareness through schools, colleges, and communities, we can empower individuals to make informed choices and take responsible actions.Secondly, we must promote sustainable practices in all aspects of our lives. It is essential to utilize resources efficiently, reduce waste, and recycle. This can be as simple as turning off lights when not needed, using public transportation instead of cars, or using cloth bags instead of plastic ones. Small changes collectively can create a significant impact. It is also important to support businesses and industries that follow sustainable practices and minimize their carbon footprint.Thirdly, we should encourage the conservation of natural resources and the protection of ecosystems. This includes stopping deforestation, the illegal wildlife trade, and overfishing. It iscrucial to preserve habitats for endangered species, as biodiversity is crucial for maintaining a healthy and balanced ecosystem. By supporting conservation organizations, volunteering for clean-up drives, and advocating for the protection of natural areas, we can contribute towards safeguarding our environment.Lastly, we must hold our governments and policymakers accountable. It is their responsibility to enact laws and regulations that promote environmental protection. We should engage in the political process, raise our voices, and demand action. By participating in protests, writing to our representatives, and supporting environmentally focused political parties, we can create pressure for change.In conclusion, protecting the environment is not a choice; it is our moral obligation. By educating ourselves, adopting sustainable practices, conserving natural resources, and demanding action from our governments, we can make a difference. Let us pledge today to be guardians of our planet, and ensure a sustainable and healthy future for generations to come. Thank you.。
大学英语快速阅读课文Wildlife Conservation带翻译 课后习题答案
In my children's lifetimes, I believe gorillas, chimpanzees and orangutans ( 猩猩) will all become extinct in the wild. So the question we have to ask ourselves is this: do wewant our children to see only in zoos what used to exist in the real world? It is the great apes that will disappear first, because there are so few of them left, and because they're so vulnerable to changes in their habitats.Many of the threats to these animals result from a global economy and not local pressures. The threat to the orangutans in Indonesia, for example, is largely a result of deforestation and the risks to apes and chimpanzees in Africa result from the timbertrade and the demand for bush-meat. The two work together: logging opens up the forest, which means that the bush-meat can be got out fast, to Kinshasa or to London.If we want to avoid the disaster, people in developedcountries will have to take a global perspective and accept responsibility for the damage export crops, such as timber, coffee, cut flowers or even green beans, do to the environment. The challenge is to avoid simply imposingWestern attitudes on local peoples.Already there are no truly wild places left in the world. Looking at wildlife has become the preserve of the middle classes over the last 20-odd years, and as wild animals become even rarer,so more tourists want to see them. But tourism alone plainly cannot conserve the world's animals; economic development is the priority. For the future, I suspect that if you really want to do something about wildlife conservation, you would bebetter off putting your money into women's education rather than just into the protection of flagship species. Women often bear the direct costs of wildlife conflict; their knowledge of how to deal with conflict and how to control their ownreproductive destinies may yet determine the survival of many threatened species. Choose the best answersto the following questions.1.Why will the great apesbecome extinct inthe wild first?A.Because the great apes are moving away from the wild life conservation areas.B.Because the great apes are unable to survive any natural disasters.C.Because more and more great apes are kept in zoos.D.Because the great apes are unadaptable to changes in the environment.2.In the second paragraph, the word "deforestation" means .A.the process of hunting for wildlife in forestsB.adventures in forestsC.the process of removing forests from a placeD.the exploration of forests3. According to the passage, all of thefollowing statements are true except _________A.the development of tourism helps to conserve the wildlifeB.developed countries should be aware of the damage export crops do to the environmentC.all the threats to animals result from local pressures aloneD.the timber trade and the demand for bush-meat risk the lives of primates in Africa4. We can infer from the fourth paragraph thatA.it is the m iddle classthat should take moreresponsibility foranimal conservationpared with economic development, tourism is more important in animal conservationC.in order to conserve wild animals, economicdevelopment should be put above everything elseD.tourism cannot conserve the wildlife; it will only do harm to the environment5. The author suggests in the last paragraph that .A.one would be richer if he puts money into women's educationB.to put money into women's education is moreimportant in wildlife conservation than to put money into flagship species orotectionC.women know how to determine the survival of many threatened speciesD.worn en often bear the direct costs of wildlife conflictComplete the following sentences with the information given in the passage.1. According to the author, the extinction of wild animalswill be mainly a resultof____.KEY:the global economy2.Not only local people, but also___ should beresponsible for the damageexport crops do to the environment.KEY:people in developed countries3.More and more t ourists want to see wild animalsbecause____KEY: wild animals are becoming rarer翻译野生动物保护在孩子们的一生中，我相信大猩猩，黑猩猩和猩猩（猩猩）都将成为在野外绝迹。
十大经典知识产权案例
十大经典知识产权案例1. iPhone vs. Samsung: Battle over PatentsIntroduction:The intellectual property battle between Apple and Samsung has been one of the most prominent legal disputes in the technology industry. This case marked a turning point in the struggle to protect and enforce patents in the global market. In this article, we will explore the key details and implications of this high-profile dispute.2. Oracle vs. Google: The Copyright ClashIntroduction:The ongoing legal feud between Oracle and Google revolves around the use of Java programming language in the Android operating system. This groundbreaking case has significant implications for software copyright protection and fair use in the tech industry. In this section, we will delve into the facts and analysis of this iconic intellectual property dispute.3. Coca-Cola vs. Pepsi: The Battle for Trademark SupremacyIntroduction:The rivalry between Coca-Cola and Pepsi extends beyond the supermarket shelves. It has spilled over into legal battles over trademark infringement and unfair competition. This case serves as a classic example of how large corporations protect their brand identities and safeguard their market share. In this part, we will examine the details and outcomes of this famous intellectual property clash.4. Microsoft vs. Apple: The GUI LawsuitIntroduction:The historic lawsuit between Microsoft and Apple focused on the graphical user interface (GUI) and its potential copyright infringements. This case illuminated the importance of interface design and its legal protection in the software industry. In this section, we will analyze the key arguments and implications of this significant intellectual property case.5. Barbie vs. Bratz: The Doll WarsIntroduction:The legal battle between Mattel's Barbie and MGA Entertainment's Bratz dolls captivated the toy industry. This case brought attention to the protection of product design, trade dress, and the importance of intellectual property in the lucrative toy market. In this part, we will explore the details and impact of this landmark intellectual property dispute.6. Gucci vs. Forever 21: The Fashion Copyright ShowdownIntroduction:The fashion industry has been no stranger to intellectual property disputes. The case between luxury brand Gucci and fast-fashion retailer Forever 21 shed light on copyright infringement in the world of fashion and the challenges of protecting designs. In this section, we will delve into the facts and outcomes of this influential legal tussle.7. Nintendo vs. Commodore: The Video Game Copyright ConflictIntroduction:The legal clash between Nintendo and Commodore centered around the copyright infringement of video games. This case had far-reaching implications for the gaming industry and established the importance of copyright protection for creative works in the digital realm. In this part, we will analyze the details and significance of this significant intellectual property case.8. Louboutin vs. YSL: The Battle of the Red-Soled ShoesIntroduction:The trademark dispute between shoe designers Christian Louboutin and Yves Saint Laurent (YSL) grabbed headlines worldwide. This case highlighted the significance of trademarks in the fashion industry and the challenges of protecting brand identity. In this section, we will examine the intricacies and consequences of this iconic intellectual property clash.9. Google vs. Oracle: The API ControversyIntroduction:The protracted legal feud between Google and Oracle over the use of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) in Android brought the issue of copyrightability of APIs to the forefront. This case has significant implications for software developers and the boundaries of copyright protection. In this part, we will explore the facts and analysis of this influential intellectual property dispute.10. Walt Disney vs. The Air Pirates: Protecting Original CharactersIntroduction:The legal battle between Walt Disney Productions and The Air Pirates comic book showcased the importance of protecting original characters from unauthorized use and infringement. This case set a precedent for intellectual property protection in the comic industry. In this section, we will delve into the details and impact of this historic intellectual property clash.Conclusion:These ten iconic intellectual property cases have shaped the landscape of patent, copyright, and trademark laws. Each dispute had its unique circumstances and implications, reflecting the complex nature of protecting intellectual property rights. By studying these cases, we gain valuable insights into the evolving legal frameworks and challenges of safeguarding creative works and innovations.。
自由贸易与保护主义的讨论(英文)
Is free trade the best economic policy that countries can adopt or isprotectionism ever justified? Discuss.Zichao Wu 2013Through the historical study of the generation and development of international trade, foreign trade policy can be summarized as two types, free trade policy and trade protection policy. As Economic Glossary (2008) explained, the so-called free trade policy means countries to relax or to cancel the restrictions on the import and export trade, and not to give privileges or concessions on domestic goods, so that commodities can import and export freely, and contend in the domestic and overseas markets freely. According to Baldwin (1989), protective trade policy refers to countries take measures to restrict imports in order to protect their own goods in the domestic market to compete with foreign goods, and give incentives and subsidies to their own export commodities to encourage the export.Both the two trade policies have their advantages and disadvantages respectively. Which one a country will adopt depends on the level of economic development of this country and its position in the international economy. Different trade policies will be implemented by different countries in a same historical period, and a trade policy that a country adopted in different periods of its development will not be the same (Brander, 1995). This essay will discuss these two policies.Free Trade PolicyInternational Division of Labor and ExchangeIn free trade, commodities can import and export freely since these countries opened their domestic markets to each other without any restrictions. As Unger (2007) written in his book, free trade play an important role in international division of labor and exchange. That is because free trade can promote the development of international economy and trade and help the world market continues to expand. After that, theactive global market will fuel the development of international division of labor and exchange.As a part of the influence of free trade, international division of labor and exchange will produce many benefits to the countries which have adopted the free trade policy. Based on the free trade, the progress of international division of labor and exchange will help countries make their domestic resources to get optimum allocation, according to their natural conditions, comparative advantages and factors abundant lack status (Ricardo, 1817). As a result, this will leads countries tend to producing products that have larger advantages or smaller disadvantages. Indeed, as Mcgee (2013) stated, through the international division of labor and exchange, firstly, the market scale expanded, that will promote the growth of employment; secondly, the competition of products is more fierce which will motivate technological innovation and industrial upgrading; the last but not the least, the allocation and utilization of the factors of production are more reasonable, this will save social resources and create more national wealth.Negative EffectsAlthough free trade has benefits, it does not perfect. There are a number of arguments put forward by experts.As Edge (2013) said, a fully open market is not very good to the infant industries or infant economies (developing economies). Because they need to face more competition from large foreign TNCs, some native slow developed industries and infant industries may be eliminated. As a result, structural unemployment may occur in the short term. This can impact upon large numbers of workers, their families and local economies.At the same time, free trade made the countries more close to each other that meanstheir domestic markets are very dependent on the others. So, it can be said that free trade increases the risk of interdependence between countries (Gray, 1985). This means that businesses, employees and consumers are more vulnerable influenced by our trading partners. For instance, recession in United States led their native consumption decreased then their import went down. As the second largest trading partner with American, the export income of China followed falling (Commerce Ministry of China, 2009). Next, the production of related industries in China declined. Falling incomes of these companies will cause lower demand and rising unemployment.In addition, according to Antweiler and Copeland (1998) free trade can lead to pollution and other environmental problems since companies fail to include environmental costs in the price of goods when compete with companies operating under weaker environmental legislation in some countries.Protective Trade PolicyWork as a Defensive MeasureWhen countries feel that their industries are getting damaged from unfair global competition they may adopt the protective trade policy. As Jager and Jepma (1996) introduced in their book, this policy is used as a defensive measure, it includes increasing tariffs (import taxes), Quotas, Embargoes (a complete ban on imported goods), import licensing, subsidies, exchange controls etc. The ultimate purpose is to increase the prices of imported products to make them expensive and less attractive (Krugman, 1987).According to Amadeo (2012), protective trade policy can protect domestic infant industries in the strong market competition from the foreign enterprises. This gives enough time to the companies which in the new industries to learn how to produce the goods efficiently, and to develop their own competitive advantages.Meanwhile, in a short term, the protective trade policy can also help in reducing the ratio of unemployment in a country (Ready Ratios, 2013). It is because companies are restricted by tariffs, quotas and other methods which compel them to hire the local workers.Bring Many ProblemsIn the long term, the protective trade policy will bring many problems. There are some points summarized by Amadeo (2012) state that the lack of competition market environment will weaken the innovation and improvement of companies. Eventually, consumers will pay more for a lower quality product than they would get from foreign competitors. At the same time, protectionism restricts the development of native industries, their staff will become lazier. And this will lead more layoffs, so that the ratio of unemployment will be bigger.It is certainly that there are many other countries cannot stand the trade protection measures, in order to protect their own profits they will take some measures to counter (Travis, 1964). All of this will cause a trade war. Retaliatory actions mean an increase in cost of importing of new technologies, that is very harmful to the economy.Free Trade Policy or Protective Trade Policy?Small and Developing CountriesNo matter which policies to choose, the most important core is benefits. Krugman and Obstfeld (2009) gave some analysis of the free trade and efficiency, please see the Figure 1 below.The Figure 1 shows a trade restriction, such as a tariff, leads to production and consumption distortions. The basic point is that a small country cannot influence foreign export prices. A net loss caused by a tariff can be measured by the two triangles area. So, adopt free trade policy can help small countries eliminate these distortions and increase national welfare.Table 1Benefits of a Move to Worldwide Free Trade (Percent of GDP) United States0.57 European Union 0.61 Japan0.85 Developing Countries1.4 World0.93Based on the statistics given by Cline (2004), look at the Table 1 above, it is clearly indicates that the gains from free trade are smaller for developed countries, but larger for developing countries.After the discussion, maybe people can say the free trade policy is more suitable for small and developing countries. However, when they implement the free trade policy Quantity, Q Price, P World price World price plus tariff Production distortion Consumption distortion SD Figure 1they cannot forget to help the infant industries and protect their environment.Large and Developed CountriesKrugman and Obstfeld (2009) also give the Figure 2, which shows the marginal benefit from production that is not taken account of by the producer surplus measure. The marginal social benefit in this graph can serve as a justification for tariffs or other trade policies. Thus the area C under the marginal social benefit curve from S1 to S2, can measure a social benefit caused by the increase in production yields. Compared with the area of two triangles in Figure 1, the area C must always bigger than total of them if the tariff is small enough. That means there is some welfare-maximizing tariff that yields a level of social welfare higher than that of free trade.After the analysis, with regard to large and developed countries, maybe people can say the protective trade policy is more suitable for them. This is not only because of there is more welfare but also because they have already have the higher production efficiency. However, countries should pay attention to the development of innovation ability and technical level of their products when they adopt the protective trade policy.ConclusionBoth of these two polices have their strengths and weaknesses. It is difficult to say which trade policy is more justified for a country. Because the choice is depends on Dollars Quantity, QMarginal social benefit C S1 S2 Figure 2many factors including the level of economic development of this country and its position in the international economy. This essay only found that maybe the free trade policy is more suitable for small and developing countries, and the protective trade policy is more suitable for large and developed countries. The other deep discussion about this topic maybe need more research.Reference:Amadeo, K., 2012. Trade Protectionism, [online] Available at:</od/glossary/g/Trade-Protectionism.htm> [Accessed 19th February 2013].Antweiler, W. and Copeland, B. R., 1998. Is Free Trade Good for the Environment. [pdf] Available at: </papers/w6707.pdf > [Accessed 18th February 2013].Baldwin, R. E., 1989. The Political Economy of Trade Policy. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, V ol. 3, No. 4, Autumn, pp.119-135.Brander, J. A., 1995. Strategic Trade Policy, Canada: University of British Columbia. Chapter 27, pp.1397-1444.Cline, W., 2004. Trade Policy and Global Poverty, Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics. pp.180.Commerce Ministry of China, 2009. Regional Trade Statistics, [online] Available at: </article/statistic/lanmubb/> [Accessed 18th February 2013].Edge, K., 2013. Free Trade and Protection: advantages and disadvantages of free trade, [online] Available at:<.au/economics/global_economy/tut7/Tutorial7.html> [Accessed 16th February 2013].Economic Glossary, 2008. Economic Definition of Free Trade, [online] Available at: </economic-term/free+trade> [Accessed 9th February 2013].Gray, H. P., 1985. Free trade or protection? : a pragmatic analysis, London: The Macmillan Press Ltd.Jager, H. and Jepma, C., 1996. Introduction to International Economics, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Chapter 8, pp.145-166.Krugman P., 1987, Is Free Trade Passé?, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, V ol. 1, No. 2, Autumn, pp. 131-144.Krugman, P. R. and Obstfeld, M., 2009. International Economics Theory& Policy, London: Pearson Addison Wesley. Chapter 9, pp.190-220.Mcgee, J., 2013. Advantages of Free Trade, [online] Available at:</about_5381660_advantages-trade.html> [Accessed 15th February 2013].Ready Ratios, 2013. Protectionism, [online] Available at:</reference/business/protectionism.html> [Accessed 19th February 2013].Ricardo, D., 1817. Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, UK: Cambridge University Press. 133–34.Travis, W. P., 1964. The Theory of Trade and Protection, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Chapter 4, pp.133-187.Unger, R. M., 2007. Free Trade Reimagined, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Chapter 1, pp. 7-20.。
考研英语(翻译)模拟试卷83
考研英语（翻译）模拟试卷83(总分：60.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、 Reading Comprehension(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.Section II Reading Comprehension（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析：2.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 解析：【F1】 It is the world's fourth-most-important food crop, after maize, wheat and rice, which provides more calories, more quickly, using less land and in a wider range of climates than any other plant. It is, of course, the potato. The United Nations has declared 2008 the International Year of the Potato. It hopes that greater awareness of the merits of potatoes will contribute to the achievement of its Millennium Development Goals, by helping to alleviate poverty, improve food security and promote economic development. It is always the international year of this or month of that.【F2】But the potato's unusual history means it is well worth celebrating by readers of The Economist because the potato is intertwined with economic development, trade liberalisation and globalisation. Unlikely though it seems, the potato promoted economic development by underpinning the industrial revolution in England in the 19th century. It provided a cheap source of calories and was easy to cultivate, so it liberated workers from the land. Potatoes became popular in the north of England, as people there specialised in livestock farming and domestic industry, while farmers in the south(where the soil was more suitable)concentrated on wheat production.【F3】By a happy accident, this concentrated industrial activity in the regions where coal was readily available, and a potato-driven population boom provided ample workers for the new factories. Friedrich Engels even declared that the potato was the equal of iron for its "historically revolutionary role". The potato promoted free trade by contributing to the abolition of Britain's Corn Laws—the cause which prompted the founding of The Economist in 1843. The Corn Laws restricted imports of grain into the United Kingdom in order to protect domestic wheat producers.【F4】 Landowners supported the laws, since cheap imported grain would reduce their income, but industrialists opposed them because imports would drive down the cost of food, allowing people to spend more on manufactured goods. Ultimately it was not the eloquence of the arguments against the Corn Laws that led to their abolition—and more' s the pity. It was the tragedy of the Irish potato famine of 1845, in which 1 million Irish perished when the potato crop on which they subsisted succumbed to blight.【F5】 The need to import grain to relieve the situation in Ireland forced the government, which was dominated by landowners who backed the Corn Laws, to reverse its position. This paved the way for liberalisation in other areas, and free trade became British policy. As the Duke of Wellington complained at the time, "rotten potatoes have done it all."（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：(正确答案：在世界的粮食作物中，它的重要性仅次于玉米、小麦和稻谷。
中国自由贸易协定知识产权条款研究
摘要知识产权保护与贸易利益有着密切的联系，自由贸易协定中纳入知识产权规则有利于协调统一各国有差异的知识产权保护规则，帮助各国消除贸易障碍，促进贸易增长。
随着经济全球化的发展，知识产权保护成为国际经济领域的重要内容，《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》是当今国际上最为重要的知识产权保护公约之一。
发达国家从维护其经济利益的角度出发，认为《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》提供的保护标准过低，想通过签署自由贸易协定的形式提高知识产权保护水平。
中国是《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》下最大的发展中国家，当下中国签订的自由贸易协定中知识产权条款缺乏统一的战略规划，尚未形成一整套清晰、立足长远的知识产权保护体制。
中国与智利签署了第一个包含知识产权条款的自由贸易协定之后，不断加快自贸区的谈判，因此梳理中国自由贸易协定的签订过程以及协定的基本情况，能够从整体上把握中国自由贸易协定的知识产权规则。
中国近期签订的自由贸易协定内容丰富，规定了缔约双方需要遵守的国际公约、版权、商标权等实体性内容，且近期中国与瑞士、韩国、澳大利亚签订的协定出现了一些高于《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》保护水平的条款，需要重点分析这些条款的利弊。
程序性条款对于知识产权执法起着重要的作用，文章中介绍了边境措施、刑事程序等相关内容。
发达国家具有签署自由贸易协定的丰富经验，将中国自由贸易协定知识产权条款与欧美等发达国家进行对比，能够得出我国自由贸易知识产权条款存在的不足。
另外结合国际知识产权发展的情况以及我国的立法现状，能够提出我国在自由贸易协定知识产权保护体制中应有的立场。
关键词：自由贸易协定；知识产权；TRIPSIAbstractIntellectual property protection and trade interests are closely related, the intellectual property rules in free trade agreement can help countries to eliminate trade barriers ,and it can also promote trade growth. With the development of economic, the protection of intellectual property rights is becoming an important content in the international economic field. TRIPS is one of the most important conventions about intellectual property . Developed countries is not satisfied with the protection standards of TRIPS. China is the largest developing country under TRIPS. The intellectual property provisions in the free trade agreement signed by China lack of strategic plan.China accelerated the process after China signed the first free trade agreement containing intellectual property clauses with Chile , so combing the basic situation of China’s free trade agreement can help to grasp the intellectual property rules. The free trade agreements signed by China containing international conventions observed by the parties, copyright, trademark rights and other substantive content, and the agreements between China and Switzerland, south Korea , Australia appeared higher protection level than TRIPS, we need to focus on the advantages and disadvantages of these provisions. Procedural provisions play an important role in the intellectual property, which mainly introduces the border measures, criminal procedure and other related content. Comparing the intellectual property provisions of China’s free trade agreement with developed countries such as Europe and America, can obtains the deficiencies of the free trade agreement. Combing with the development of international intellectual property rights and the current situation of China's legislation, puts forward the position of our country in the intellectual property protection system of free trade agreement.Key Words:Free trade agreement; Intellectual property rights; TRIPSII目录引言 (1)第一章 中国自由贸易协定知识产权条款概况 (2)第一节 中国自由贸易协定知识产权条款的发展进程 (3)一 中国签署自由贸易协定的进程 (3)二 中国自由贸易协定知识产权条款的基本内容 (5)第二节 中国自由贸易协定知识产权总则条款概况 (8)一 知识产权的范围 (8)二 缔约双方遵守的国际公约 (10)第二章 中国自由贸易协定知识产权实体性条款分析 (13)第一节 版权及相关权利保护条款分析 (13)一 增加缔约双方遵守的国际公约 (13)二 延长版权相关邻接权保护期 (14)三 技术措施和权利管理信息条款 (15)第二节 商标保护条款分析 (16)一 扩大商标构成要素 (17)二 提高对驰名商标的保护标准 (17)三 商标注册程序细化 (18)第三章 中国自由贸易协定知识产权程序性条款分析 (20)第一节 国际知识产权执法的发展趋势 (20)第二节 中国自由贸易协定知识产权程序性条款 (21)一 公开执法信息条款 (21)二 边境措施 (22)三 民事程序条款 (23)四 刑事程序条款 (24)第四章 中国自由贸易协定知识产权条款的不足 (26)第一节 与发达国家自由贸易协定知识产权规则对比 (26)一 与美国自由贸易协定知识产权条款对比 (26)III二 与欧盟自由贸易协定知识产权条款对比 (28)第二节 中国自由贸易协定知识产权条款存在的缺陷 (30)一 协定框架不统一 (30)二 专有名词使用不规范 (31)三 难以应对TRIPS-plus条款对我国的冲击 (31)四 没有明确和最惠国待遇原则的关系 (33)第五章 中国自由贸易协定知识产权安排的完善建议 (34)第一节 加强与发展中国家的合作 (34)第二节 建立知识产权谈判范本 (35)第三节 完善国内知识产权立法 (37)结论 (39)参考文献 (40)个人简历 在学期间发表的学术论文与研究成果 (43)致谢 (44)IV引言世界知识产权制度发展初期，各国通常采用双边国际条约的形式规定知识产权等相关内容。
大学外贸英语
新兴工业infant industry从量税specific tariff从价税advalorem tariff保护性关税protective tariff惩罚性关税punitive tariff优惠贸易安排preferential trade arrangement自由贸易区free trade area共同市场common market经济联盟economic union政治联盟political union欧盟European Union 欧洲自由贸易联盟EFTA(European Free Trade Association)北美自由贸易协定NAFTA(The North American Free Trade Agreement)南美共同体MERCOSUR(Mercado Comundel Sur)东南亚国家联盟ASEAN(Association of South East Asian Nations)亚太经济合作组织APEC(Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation)财政政策fiscal policy汇率exchange rate外币foreign currency固定、浮动汇率fixed/floating exchange-rate 会计原则accounting principle货币政策monetary policy就业政策employment policy乌拉圭回合uruguay round国际储备international reserves中央银行central banks国际收支balance of payments贸易顺差、逆差trade surplus/deficit跨国公司MUC(multinational corporations/enterprises)股票所有权stock ownership股息dividend要素移动factor movement对外直接投资FDI(foreign direct investment)资本货物capital goods债券debt obligation税收收入tax revenue关贸总协定GATT(general agreement on tariffs and trade)可兑换货币convertible currency机会成本opportunity cost生产可能性边缘或曲线PPF(production possibility frontier)零和游戏zero-sum game全球经济危机global economic crisis金融危机financial crisis预算赤字budget deficit衰退recession经济周期business cycle信贷危机credit crunch流动性liquidity贸易保护主义trade pretectionism大萧条great depression非自愿性失业involuntary unemployment经常账户current account资本账户capital account官方储备账户official reserve account净错误与遗漏net errors and omissions借、贷方交易credit/debit transaction复式记账法double-entry bookkeeping国民待遇national treatment争议解决机构DSB(dispute settlement body)最惠国待遇条款MFN(most-favored nation provision)特惠税率preferential tariff出口许可export license部长会议MC(ministerial conference)总理事会GC(general council)知识产权IPR(intellectual property rights)普惠制待遇GSP treatment 原产地证明书certificate of origin外汇foreign exchange合资企业joint venture重商主义mercantilism绝对优势absolute advantage相对优势comparative advantage要素禀赋factor endowment里昂惕夫反论the Leontief Paradox产品生命周期product life-cycle国际分工international division of labour赫-俄理论H-O theory先行优势first-mover advantage产品四个阶段introduction,growth,maturity,decline stage货币联盟currency union自愿出口限制VERs(voluntary export restraints)非关税贸易壁垒non-tariff trade barriers配额qouta同业拆借率interbank rates货币供给money supply信贷供给credit supply 垃圾债券junk bond计划经济command economy呆账bad loan 经济合作发展组织OECD(organization for economic cooperation and development)国民生产总值GNP(gross national product)国际贸易international trade世界贸易组织WTO(world trade organization)WTO五个原则(1)most-favored-nation treatment principle(2)national treatment principle(3)transparency principle(4)free trade principle(5)fair competion principle区域经济一体化Regional economic intergration:defined as agreements among countries in a geographical region to reduce and ultimately remove tariff and non-tariff barriers to the freeflow of goods,services andfactors of production倾销：is variously defined as selling goods in a foreign market at below their cost of production or as selling goods in a foreign market at below their ‘fair’market value GATT的8个原则：（1）non-discrimination(2)protection by tariff and tariff concessions(3)general elimination of quantitative restriction(4)fair trade based on prohibition of dumping and restriction of export subsides(5)exemption and emergency action principle(6)consultation and mediation principle(7)special preferrential treatment to developingcountries(8)transparency principle关税tariff：is a tax levied on goods imported into a country,or occasionally imposed on goods exported to another country补贴subsides:is a government payment to a domestic producer or industry or a domestic exporting firm进口配额import quotas:is a direct restriction on the quantity of some kind of goods that may be imported to a country自愿出口限制voluntary export restraints(VERs):is a variant on import quota。
贸易保护主义-中英文
贸易保护主义-中英文Trade Protectionism贸易保护主义1 The fact that trade protection hurts the economy of the country that imposes it is one of the oldest but still most startling insights economics has to offer. The idea dates back to the origin of economic science itself. Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations, which gave birth to economics, already contained the argument for free trade: by specializing in production instead of producing everything, each nation would profit from free trade. In international economics it is the direct counterpart to the proposition that people within a economy will all be better off if all people specialize at what they do best instead of trying to sell sufficient.1.贸易保护伤害贸易伙伴国的经济，这一经济学上的见解，虽然老套但仍令人吃惊。
它的来历可以追溯到经济学的起源。
当亚当•斯密写出《国countries do in agriculture. Or governments may protect intellectual property inadequately, causing underproduction of new knowledge. In such cases production and trade, guided by distorted prices, will not be efficient.2.区分国内自由贸易和对所有国家开放的自由贸易是很重要的。
自考00096外刊经贸知识选读生词,重点词组,课后问答Lesson5-10
自考00096外刊经贸知识选读生词,重点词组,课后问答Lesson5-10Lesson 5 关于美国的贸易策略与政策( On the US Strategy and Policy in Trade)一、译文：美国已做好准备任其贸易关系恶化华盛顿邮报通讯社彼得.贝尔华盛顿电——克林顿政府正在开始制定一个更为强硬的美国贸易政策，这向欧洲和日本发出信号，它将会为美国出口要求更公平的待遇，并且克林顿政府已经做准备，任凭其与贸易伙伴的关系在好转之前先恶化。
上周传来了最强烈的信号，美国贸易代表米奇.坎特迅速指出有12个成员国的欧共体“不可容忍”的歧视那些寻求与欧共体签订政府协议的美国公司。
坎特先生说，弱国欧共体的政策不加以改变的话，美国政府在六个月内就要开始报复。
本周对于熟悉克林顿政府的官员和国会消息灵通人士的采访中，他们透露了新政府贸易政策的初始主题。
其要点有：坚决主张欧洲和日本答应给予美国出口公司进入欧洲和日本市场的机会，就如外国公司在美国的道德待遇一样，从而创造一个“公平竞争领域“二、重要词组：1、tough强硬的*2、Clinton administration克林顿政府3、get better 好转4、be prepared to do something有准备的、准备好的5、trading partners 贸易伙伴6、move 提议、提出*7、discrimination against 歧视….*8、retaliate 报复*9、trade representative 贸易代表10、trade policies 贸易政策11、sanctions 制裁*12、trade sanctions 贸易制裁13、sanctions on 制裁……14、trade barrier 贸易壁垒15、escalate 逐步升高、逐步上升16、escalate into sth.17、protectionism 贸易保护主义19、the future of 前景20、trade surplus 贸易赤字21、results-oriented 结果导向22、frictions 摩擦、冲突、矛盾23、a range of 一系列的24、North American Free-Trade Agreement (NAFTA)北美自由贸易协定25、trade priority 贸易优先权26、live with the consequences 承受后果27、trade hawks 贸易鹰派、贸易强硬派28、procurement 采购*29、government procurement 政府采购30、stick by our guns 坚持己见31、balanced against 与……相对32、free-trade agreement 自由贸易协定33、business 商会34、bully 威吓*35、get off 开始36、trade signals 贸易信号课后问题1、“The Clinton administration is drawing the first lines of tougher U.S. policy on trade, signaling to Europe and Japan that it will demand fairer treatment for American exports and is prepared to see relationships with U.S. trading partners get worsebefore they get better.” 克林顿政府正在开始制定一个更为强硬的美国贸易政策，这向欧洲和日本发出信号，它将会为美国出口要求更公平的待遇，并且克林顿政府已经做准备，任凭其与贸易伙伴的关系在好转之前先恶化。
free trade and trade protection is good or bad
free trade and trade protection is good or badFree trade is no good or bad, the key lies in the situation is suitable for what kind of trade policy of the country. Britain's free trade policy has been to maintain the first world war began in 1914, the policy shift also marked the beginning of a decline in the British empire. America's trade policy is also after several twists and turns. Now it's China's turn to do choose. Based on economies of scale and imperfect competition in the modern international trade theory provides a new theoretical basis for trade protection.New trade protector that countries can use tariffs to share foreign enterprises monopoly profits, improve the national welfare; Trade protection to help domestic enterprises to a certain market share, so as to achieve a certain scale of production, make the enterprise cost reduction, won the international competition. However, the concrete practice of the new intervention results show that the implementation of an interventionist trade policy does not necessarily can bring its overall interests. Its profit is based on the loss of the trading partners. Beggar-thy-neighbour consequences are often suffer retaliation for sparking a trade war or other also has the same policy, the result must be both; in the prisoner's dilemma. Free trade and trade protection is good or bad, the key is how you stand on the position and location, which determines your attitudes towards free trade and trade protection.We learn from the overall, free trade in the eyes of economics, it will be more conducive to the all-round development of the world economy. And as for the situation in China, I think, free trade is a double-edged sword, it will bring more of the Chinese people's employment opportunities, but also increase the unemployment rate of foreign industry. It's related to China's comparative advantage, because China is a labor surplus country, China is competitive in labor-intensive products.Characteristics and defects of free trade theory1. The characteristics of the theory of free tradeThrough Smith, David ricardo, mill and other people different discourse about the interests of the state, from the perspective of evolutionary game before and I on the analysis of the prisoner's dilemma and hypothesized model. We see that free trade will bring benefit to any country, the difficulty is that this is not a simple addition, but domestic resources must be reassembled, jobs must be redrawn. It mainly has the following basic features:1) the static benefits of free trade(1) through international exchange their can't produced the products or the production cost is too high, so that consumers get higher levels of satisfaction.(2) through the international division of labor, play the comparative advantage to its optimal allocation of resources.2) dynamic benefits of free tradeThrough the international division of labor and exchange, a country can obtain the scale effect, the competition effect and learning effect, thus enlarges the employment, income, improve and promote industry upgrading and economic growth.2. The defects of free trade theoryFree trade, however, is a double-edged sword, in the domestic market development, manufacturing jobs at the same time, also cut the country's other markets and jobs.The greater the degree of free trade, affects the industry is, the more people involved. For the consume industry workers, to let go of their existing skills, to learn how to survive, the degree of pain is self-evident. Although the interests of the country as a whole, the whole job opportunities increased, but they may not keep up with the pace. Maybe they only accept lower wages, working conditions worse, in order to survive. This is one of the reasons why many people were against free trade.The four defects and obstacles mainly have:(1) although free trade can achieve "win-win" or even "win", but the actual exchange rate determination is not harmonious.(2) for rich countries, free trade in promote the country's welfare at the same time, also could undermine their leading position. As we know, through the international trade, the elements of national income has a trend of equalization, this is the result of resource optimization configuration around the world. This suggests that while countries according to the comparative advantage of international communication and can realize the mutual benefit, developing countries will be in the process to developed countries "alignment". We can identify the target of a country, there are two: one is its absolute increase of income, the another is the relative increase relative to other countries. Countries are concerned about their relative position in the international, because for other countries' comparative advantage is the source of negotiation skills, negotiation skills is to determine the price and then to optimize the key terms of trade.(3) trade can promote the overall national welfare, but may damage the interests of one part person. Shoes and clothing imports from China in the European Union, the corresponding labor and resources can be transferred to other departments, such as to make more wine, with the increase of income can switch to more shoes and clothing. But for domestic production of shoes and clothing workers, may face a period of unemployment, especially for business owners, would have failed, at least, is the production decrease. They don't want to, of course, to promote the welfare of the general consumer and do shoes and clothes, the government may be limited by their lobbying and limits the import of shoes and clothing. Free trade policy which was again on the shelf. Free trade may fall into "the prisoner's dilemma". China and the United States, of course, know to implement free trade is good for both sides, but who first took the first step in the "friendly"? Assuming that open agreement between China and the United States, China's plan to abolish all sorts of barriers to trade, but who can guarantee that America will keep his promise? Of course, the United States will also have the same concerns. Finally, trade liberalization can only tentatively slavishly "crawl". Along with the increase in national negotiations, the difficulty of the agreement. As a result, the countries all over the world like a tight rein of crabs, each other on the path of free trade.(2) views on trade protectionismIn front of the car trade between China and Japan, I think, in order to protect the domesticmarket to promote the development of domestic productivity, introduced various countries trade protection policy. Countries initially through customs to drive up the price of imported goods. Such as China will import cars from Japan, raised to higher than the price of domestic cars in our country, so that consumers are forced to choose their own car to buy. Even if some people are very rich, said would buy imported cars, but that it does not matter, because most of the money into the Treasury in the form of tax. No matter from which side, trade protection is not conducive to domestic consumers.Here, I trade protectionism against the above reasons to explain their own points of view: 1. Grasp the advantage industry development, increase employment populationChina's doors open to the international market is bound to further, but at present on the market in China is still filled with many a variety of protectionist rhetoric. In reviewing the past 30 years of economic reform process and the thought transformation process, it is a free and open market leading China to a rich and prosperous.From the perspective of economics, free trade is indeed lead to unemployment. But that's just a temporary unemployment, is not the same as the permanent unemployment. If people always dwelling on low efficiency of professional, how would it be possible to obtain efficient professional?Whenever, a country should not be any product production, he should choose those who own a comparative advantage, give up the things they do not have comparative advantage. Because:(1) the country may not have enough resources. If Alaska tropical fruit production, then let Alaska using high temperature cultivation techniques, but it is not only production of fruit yield and quality than tropical countries, and often quite difficult to do, even if the cost will be quite high.(2) take a step back, if one country has all of the resources, can produce anything. However, it also can't do what all has the absolute advantage, is in the world. Besides, did not exist in such a country in the world now reach this level, in terms of the current situation, the comprehensive national strength in all aspects of the most developed in the United States, but in the production of clothes pants as China direct cost is low.(3) to take a step back and assume that everything is a country has absolute advantage, production is very good at everything, but it can't be certain everything products have comparative advantage. In turn to think of it, even if I than you every glance production, but I will be on individual products have comparative advantage.So, I think the better development of a country to its own economic, and not by blind manufacturing some product and promote it, is the key to target the country's comparative advantage industry, vigorously develop them. As for the other countries without comparative advantage products, we can make modest cuts, makes some comparative advantage weak industry employees into the comparative advantage of the strong industry. Among them, the necessary training is necessary. Also can through the government propaganda, let the student see China's future development trend, in learning knowledge when they see their own developing direction. In this way, not only can reducethe domestic unemployment rate, and can enhance its advantage industries.2. The "infant industry" does not protect effect is betterIn a normal cycle enterprise development, enterprise in the beginning, will lose money is very normal, because it is a must, as investment. If it grow up later, it shows that don't need protection; Protection is not necessary in the event of failure. , Microsoft, Pfizer, there is no long history of the new enterprise, but they have grown into a giant, never heard of the protection of the state. On the contrary, the United States department of justice has been accused Microsoft of monopoly, total want to disassemble it. Maybe someone will say, as Microsoft does not exist at the beginning of the so-called competition, so there is more to emphasize a country's greatest resource is creative, rather than in other countries' creative to help other countries to create capital. China also has a deep reflection on this point, so put forward ", relying on science and education of reinvigorating China through human resource development "strategy, and focuses on cultivating innovative talents.On the other hand, the trade protection has thoroughly play remnants of China's car industry, the car industry in China has long been high tariff protection, but ultimately failed to grow up, has fostered a lot by faw no.2 on foreign technology and China itself protected markets of the parasite.Here I would like to once again emphasized the comparative advantage. Actually, cars, televisions, etc., is China's national industry, not let's invention. Even if is the national industry, also not necessarily hold, if there is no comparative advantage, should be timely give up, like the United States give up making television.The conflict between national interests and there is no absolute free trade(1) adhere to the principle of free trade of national interests is the highest in the era of free trade, the interests of the state is still a country of international trade policy, the basis of national interests is the precondition of easy happening of free trade and running. We should realize that the higher the degree of free trade, the importance of the national interest is more outstanding. We should try to understand the choice of different national foreign trade policy, and adhere to the principle of the supremacy of national interests, not just to carry out free trade, but to develop China's national interests of free trade.(2) free trade under the condition of dialectical understanding of the national interest Trade between different countries is ultimately in the service of the different national interests. A country's international trade policy choice, from all the different main body will not only affect their interests, the interests of the related subjects, will also affect other countries and other governments also represents the different country the interests of the main body, this involves trade game between countries. The country is the main part of the international game, its interests are the interests of the state. So, state when choosing different trade policies, though involved in domestic interests from different subjects, but direct performance is in pursuit of national interests.(3) the emphasis on the importance of relative national interest in free tradeThe anarchy of the international community for the benefit of the differences betweencountries has provided a broad background. (2) trade conditions affect the country's income distribution, easy to cause national conflict of interest. (3) unconditionally free trade easy to cause damage to the interests of the state.to be cautious with trade protectionChina have part of the long-term protection industry eventually protect out is only deformed objects, there is no pressure from free trade industry to China, which come of high quality high level, so, I think for China's industry, we should take is to support, is the moderate protection, rather than absolute protection.Should conform to the reality of the trade policy in China in the present stage of China's basic national conditions and open to the public policy. In the present stage of China's basic national conditions, large population, a meager, low level of productivity, economic development area and industrial aspects of the imbalance. For over 30 years of reform and opening-up rapid economic development, but the level of science and technology, science and technology transformation ability compared with the developed countries gap is very big, the comprehensive national strength is weak. In this case, if a completely free trade policy, comprehensive unconditionally to open up the market, it is possible to make the goods of developed countries occupy the market in our country, for consumers, may temporarily can "bargain" of goods, but in the long run will inevitably impact on China's national industry. Therefore, present and future period, China's foreign trade policy should be on the basis of opening to the outside world has moderate support trade policy. Moderate support trade policy is to our country related industries and enterprises to a certain degree of support, make the international competition, within the scope of the restrictions in China can afford and required by the WTO international practice step by step, it is beneficial to not only improve the allocation efficiency of resources, and can keep the organic connection with the international market. In the real economic life, facing the fierce market competition, all countries, including developed countries, in a certain period and a certain range to different degree of trade protection, China as a developing country there are good reasons for more modest support trade policies.。
世界各大组织的英文缩写
世界各大组织的英文缩写UN ( the United Nations) 联合国FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (联合国)粮食及农业组织UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) 联合国教科文组织UNCF (United Nations Children's Fund,其前身是United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund) 联合国儿童基金会UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization)联合国工业发展组织UNDP (United Nations Development Programme)联合国开发计划署UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme)联合国环境署UNCDF(United Nations Capital Development Fund)联合国资本开发基金会UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) 联合国贸易与发展会议WHO (World Health Organization) 世界卫生组织WMO (World Meteorological Organization) 世界气象组织WTO (World Trade Organization) 世界贸易组织GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) 关税及贸易组织WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization)世界知识产权组织WPC (World Peace Council) 世界和平理事会ILO (International Labour Organization) 国际劳工组织IMF (International Monetary Fund) 国际货币基金组织IOC (International Olympic Committee) 国际奥林匹克委员会UPU (Universal Postal Union) 万国邮政联盟ITU (International Telecommunication Union) 国际电信联盟IFC(International Finance Corporation) 国际金融公司IMO (International Maritime Organization) 国际海事组织ISO (International Standard Organization) 国际标准化组织ICAO (International Civil Aviation Organization) 国际民用航空组织IDA (International Development Association) 国际开发协会IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development) 国际农业发展基金会IOJ (International Organization of Journalists) 国际新闻工作者协会ICC(International Chamber of Commerce)国际商会UEA(Universal Esperanto Association)国际世界语协会INTELSAT (International telecommunications Satellitic)国际通信卫星机构IRTO (International Radio and Television Organization)国际广播电视组织IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) 国际原子能机构NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)北大西洋公约组织OPEC(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) 石油输出国组织OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)经济合作与发展组织CMEA(Council for Mutual Economic Assistance)经济互助委员会(经互会)APEC (Asia and Pacific Economic Cooperation) 亚太经和组织ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)东南亚国家联盟OAU (Organization of African Unity) 非洲统一组织OIC (Organization of the Islamic Conference) 伊斯兰会议组织CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States) 独立国家联合体EU (European Union) 欧洲联盟IPU (Inter-Parliamentary Union) 各国议会联盟OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe)欧洲安全与合作组织EEC (European Economic Communities) 欧洲经济共同体OEEC (Organization for European Economic Cooperation)欧洲经济合作组织NAM (the Non-Aligned Movement) 不结盟运动ANC (African National Congress) 非洲人民大会PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization)巴勒斯坦解放组织ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross) 红十字国际委员会回答者：十七级大学士-经理四级10-11 17:21评价已经被关闭目前有 1 个人评价好100%（1）不好0% （0）对最佳答案的评论UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme)联合国环境署。
国际贸易专业英语 中译英
句子翻译：U1：1．通过国际贸易，可以使消费者和贸易国获取本国没有的商品和劳务。
（get access to/be exposed to）Tradeing globally gives consumers and countries the opportunity to be exposed to goods and services not available in their own countries.2．通过国际贸易，富裕国家可以更高效地使用其劳动力、技术或资本等资源。
（allow/enable）International trade allows wealthy countries to use their resources-whether labor, technology, or capital-more efficiently.3．与当地企业不同，跨国企业都是在全球范围内从事经营活动。
（as opposed to）Multinational firms, as opposed to local ones,undertake their business operations on a global basis.4．今年来，中国的对外贸易呈现高速、稳定的增长。
（register）For recent years, China has registered fast and sustained growth in foreign trade volumes.5．在全球化的市场条件下，企业面临着与国内外企业的记列的竞争。
（given）Give a globalized world market, firms find themselves in fierce competion with domestic and foreign players.U2：1．进口政策的目的在于获得发展中国家经济所需要的具有现代技术的资本货物。
外刊经贸知识选读习题集及答案
《外刊经贸知识选读》习题集I. INTERNA TIONAL TRADE一、翻译-中译英1. 一个国家贸易规模的相对大小经常通过该国的出口金额占其国内生产总值的比例来衡量。
2. 最重要的海运单据是提单。
它首先是发货人与船公司之间的一种合约；其次是收到货物的收据；第三是所有权单证。
3. 典型的信用证可能要求以下单证：发票、提单、海运保险单、装箱单、磅码单、检验证书及产地证。
4. 国际贸易是一个国家所生产的商品和服务和另一个国家所生产的商品和服务之间的交换。
5. 海关同中央银行紧密地合作，以确保货物只能按照现行的管理条例进口或出口。
二、翻译-英译中1. The issuing bank examines the draft and documents upon receipt, to ensure that the documents conform to the letter of credit. If anything is wrong, the discrepancies are subject to acceptance by the buyer.2. Consular invoices are declarations made at the consulate of the importing country. They confirm the ex works cost of a consignment.3. “Ex works” means that the seller delivers when he places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller’s premises or another named p lace not cleared for export and not loaded on any collecting vehicle.4. “Free Carrier” means that the seller delivers the goods, cleared for export, to the carrier nominated by the buyer at the named place.5. “Cost, Insurance and Freight” means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail in the port of shipment.6. “Delivered Ex Ship” means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed at the disposal of the buyer on board the ship not cleared for import at the named port of destination.三、阅读-归纳Passage 1Chinese trade officials remain alarmed at the extent of the abuse of trade compensatory measures against China, although the number of anti-dumping investigations involving China has actually dropped. China remains the world’s largest vic tim of the abuse of anti-dumping measures with 27 investigations having been started into its exports in the latter half of last year, according to latest data from the World Trade Organization (WTO). The large number was partly because China’s exports grew extraordinarily quickly last year against the backdrop of gloomy world economic outlook, said Chinese trade officials. The abuse of anti-dumping measures against China has started to fall as the number was down from 29 investigations into Chinese exports in the latter of 2001, indicated WTO data. Chinese trade officials said China’s WTO membership helped deter foreign countries from discriminatory actions against China. The decrease was also a result of the hard work of the Fair Trade Bureau for Import and Export under the Ministry of Commerce, they said. The bureau, set up immediately after China’s WTO entry in late 2001, has done a lot inhelping domestic companies respond to foreign anti-dumping charges and refraining from vicious price competitions in international market. Officials with the bureau had expected the number of anti-dumping cases involving China would rapidly increase this year, with regard to big growth in Chinese exports last year and reviving international trade protectionism.1. Make a brief summary on the present situation of anti-dumping measures against China.2. Make a brief summary on the reasons which cause the large number of anti-dumping measures against China.3. Make a brief summary on the reasons which lead to the decreased number of anti-dumping measures against China.4. Make a brief summary on the function of Fair Trade Bureau for Import and Export in respond to risk of exportation.Passage 2In January, the United States imported more than $1.2 billion in textiles and apparel from China, up from about $701 million a year ago. Imports of major apparel products from China jumped 546 percent. Last January, for example, China shipped 941,000 cotton knit shirts, which were limited by quotas; this January, it shipped 18.2 million, a 1,836 percent increase. Imports of cotton knit trousers were up 1,332 percent from a year ago. These figures may be understated because China ships a large part of its goods through Hong Kong, and those shipments are not included. Fears that China is going to flood the world market with cheap textile exports have already inflamed tensions between Washington and Beijing because of worries about American manufacturing plants being closed and thousands of jobs being lost. Already, in January, the first month after global quotas were lifted, 12,200 jobs were lost in the United States apparel and textile industries, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Some analysts have predicted that China could capture as much as 70 percent of the American market in the next two years. Before the end of quotas, about 16 percent of apparel sold in the United States came from China. Last year, the United States trade deficit with China set a record of $162 billion, making it the largest trade imbalance ever recorded by the United States with a single country. To be sure, some textile importers say this phenomenon may be a one-time surge. Companies, for instance, may have put off shipping goods at the end of last year to avoid the quotas.5. Make a brief summary on the development of textiles imports to the United States from China after the end of quota.6. Make a brief summary on the connection between the end of quota and unemployment in the United States.7. Make a brief summary on the impact of the end of quota on the economy and society of United States.Passage 3International trade is, in principle, not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade do not change fundamentally regardless of whether trade is across a border or not. The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs due to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system or culture. Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across countries. Thus international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to alesser extent to trade in capital, labor or other factors of production. Trade in goods and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of production. Instead of importing a factor of production, a country can import goods that make intensive use of that factor of production and thus embody it. An example is the import of labor-intensive goods by the United States from China. Instead of importing Chinese labor, the United States imports goods that were produced with Chinese labor. One report in 2010 suggested that international trade was increased when a country hosted a network of immigrants, but the trade effect was weakened when the immigrants became assimilated into their new country.8. Make a brief summary on the definition of international trade.9. Make a brief summary on the difference between international trade and domestic trade.10. Make a brief summary on the reason that the United States imports labor-intensive goodsfrom China.四、阅读-答问A standard, commercial letter of credit (LC) is a document issued mostly by a financial institution, used primarily in trade finance, which usually provides an irrevocable payment undertaking.The letter of credit can also be payment for a transaction, meaning that redeeming the letter of credit pays an exporter. Letters of credit are used primarily in international trade transactions of significant value, for deals between a supplier in one country and a customer in another. In such cases, the International Chamber of Commerce Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits applies (UCP 600 being the latest version).The parties to a letter of credit are usually a beneficiary who is to receive the money, the issuing bank of whom the applicant is a client, and the advising bank of whom the beneficiary is a client. Almost all letters of credit are irrevocable, i.e., cannot be amended or canceled without prior agreement of the beneficiary, the issuing bank and the confirming bank, if any. In executing a transaction, letters of credit incorporate functions common to giros and Traveler's cheques. Typically, the documents a beneficiary has to present in order to receive payment include a commercial invoice, bill of lading, and documents proving the shipment was insured against loss or damage in transit.Letters of credit (LC) deal in documents, not goods. An LC can be irrevocable or revocable. An irrevocable LC cannot be changed unless both buyer and seller agree. With a revoca ble LC, changes can be made without the consent of the beneficiary.A sight LC means that payment is made immediately to the beneficiary/seller/exporter upon presentation of the correct documents in the required time frame. A time or date LC will specify when payment will be made at a future date and upon presentation of the required documents. Negotiation means the giving of value for draft(s) and/or document(s) by the bank authorized to negotiate, viz the nominated bank. Mere examination of the documents and forwarding the same to the letter of credit issuing bank for reimbursement, without giving of value / agreed to give, does not constitute a negotiation.To receive payment, an exporter or shipper must present the documents required by the letter of credit. Typically, the payee presents a document proving the goods were sent instead of showing the actual goods. The Original Bill of Lading (OBL) is normally the document accepted by banks as proof that goods have been shipped. However, the list and form of documents is open to imagination and negotiation and might contain requirements to present documents issued by a neutral third party evidencing the quality of the goods shipped, or their place of origin or place.One of the primary peculiarities of the documentary credit is that the payment obligation is abstract and independent from the underlying contract of sale or any other contract in the transaction. Thus the bank’s obligation is defined by the terms of the credit alone, and the sale contract is irre levant. The defensive of the buyer arising out of the sale contract do not concern the bank and in no way affect its liability. Article 4(a) UCP states this principle clearly. Article 5 the UCP further states that banks deal with documents only, they are not concerned with the goods (facts). Accordingly, if the documents tendered by the beneficiary, or his or her agent, appear to be in order, then in general the bank is obliged to pay without further qualifications.All the charges for issuance of Letter of Credit, negotiation of documents, reimbursements and other charges like courier are to the account of applicant or as per the terms and conditions of the Letter of credit. If the letter of credit is silent on charges, then they are to the account of the Applicant. The description of charges and who would be bearing them would be indicated in the field 71B in the Letter of Credit.1. What is the major function of letter of credit in international trade?2. What does UCP stand for?3. Which institution is the one that issued UCP 600?4. How should the exporter and the importer be called as parties of a letter of credit?5. What is the major function of issuing bank in a letter of credit business?6. What is the connection between the advising bank and the beneficiary?7. What is the major feature of an irrevocable LC?8. Under which circumstance can an irrevocable LC be amended?9. Which kind of LC does the exporter prefer to use, the revocable ones or irrevocable ones?10. As far as the time of payment is concerned, what are the two types of LC?11. Under which circumstances will the bank pay to the exporter?12. Which document is a title document?13. How to understand “the bank’s obligation is independent from sales contract”?14. Will the banks inspect the goods before making payment? Why?15. Usually, who is responsible for the charges for issuance of Letter of Credit?II. INTERNA TIONAL ECONOMIC RELA TIONS AND COOPERA TION一、翻译-中译英1. 工业化或发达国家是指那些除具有先进的农业和原料采掘技术外，还具有相当水平的制造业和服务业的国家。
知识产权英文
知识产权英文Intellectual property refers to the creations of the human mind. It encompasses various forms of intangible assets that have commercial value, such as inventions, trademarks, designs, literary and artistic works, and trade secrets. The protection of intellectual property is essential to promote innovation, creativity, and economic growth. In this essay, we will discuss the importance of intellectual property and the different types of protection available.First and foremost, intellectual property provides a way for inventors and creators to profit from their work. By giving them exclusive rights to their inventions or creations, it enables them to benefit financially from their ideas. This, in turn, incentivizes them to continue innovating and creating, leading to new discoveries and advances.Furthermore, intellectual property protection encourages investment in research and development. Investors are more likely to fund projects that they know will be adequately protected, as it increases the likelihood of a return on investment. This investment can lead to the creation of new technologies, products, and services that benefit society as a whole.Intellectual property protection also plays a vital role in safeguarding consumers. It enables them to distinguish between products and services while ensuring that they get what they paid for. For example, trademarks ensure that consumers are buying genuine products, while patents prevent counterfeit products from entering the market.The types of intellectual property protection available vary depending on the nature of the creation. Patents are used to protect inventions, while trademarks are used to protect logos, phrases, names, or symbols that identify goods or services. Copyrights are used to protect original works of art, literature, music, and films, while trade secrets are used to protect confidential information that gives a company a competitive advantage.Patents enable inventors to gain exclusive rights to their invention, preventing others from making, using, or selling it without permission. To obtain a patent, an inventor must file an application with the relevant government agency detailing their invention's specifications and how it works.Trademarks protect a company's brand names, logos, and slogans. Registrations of trademarks must be submitted with the relevant government agency, and once registered, the trademark owner has the exclusive right to use the mark in association with their products or services.Copyrights protect original works of authorship, including literary, musical, and artistic works, such as books, songs, and paintings, among many others. Copyrights are granted automatically once the work is created and are effective throughout the author's lifetime plus a certain number of years.Trade secrets refer to confidential business information that provides a competitive advantage, such as formulas, processes, and designs. Companies must take reasonable measures to keep this information secret, such as through non-disclosure agreements with employees or contractors.In conclusion, intellectual property protection is essential for promoting innovation, creativity, and economic growth. It incentivizes inventors and creators to continue creating while encouraging investment in research anddevelopment. It also safeguards consumers by protecting them from counterfeit products and fraudulent services. Therefore, it is crucial for governments around the world to provide adequate intellectual property protection to support innovation and creativity.。
国贸英汉互译
国贸英汉互译国际贸易 International Trade对外贸易 Foreign Trade国内贸易 Domestic Trade海外贸易 Oversee Trade世界贸易 World Trade有形贸易 (Visible Trade)商品贸易 (Commodity Trade)无形贸易(Invisible Trade)国际服务贸易 (International Service Trade)国际技术贸易(International Technology Trade)出口贸易(Export Trade)进口贸易(Import Trade)过境贸易(Transit Trade)复出口(Re—export Trade)复进口(Re—import Trade)可兑换(Convertible)易货贸易(Barter)双边贸易(Bilateral Trade)多边贸易(Multilateral Trade)直接贸易(Direct Trade)间接贸易(Indirect Trade)转口贸易(Entrepot Trade)统计边界(Statistical boundary)海关管理区(Customs territory)关境(Customs frontier)自由贸易区(Free zone, Free trade zone)保税仓库(Bounded warehouse)保税工厂(Bounded factory)出口加工区(Export processing zone)总贸易(General Trade System)专门贸易(Special Trade System)国际收支平衡(balance of International Payments )贸易差额(Balance of Trade)贸易顺差（出超）(trade surplus/favourable trade balance ) 贸易逆差（入超）(trade deficit /unfavourable trade balance ) 净出口(Net export)净进口(Net import)进(出)口商品价格指数（Price index）贸易条件(Terms of Trade)对外贸易依存度(degree of dependence upon world trade)国际贸易商品结构(Composition of International Trade)《联合国国际贸易标准分类》(SITC)（Standard International Trade Classification)国际贸易地理方向(Direction of International Trade)进口替代(Import Substitution)出口导向(Export Leading)国际分工 (International Division of Labour)绝对成本理论（Theory of Absolute Advantage)绝对优势(Absolute Advantage)比较成本理论(Theory of Comparative Advantage)要素禀赋理论（ Heckscher - Ohlin Theory ）要素禀赋(Factor Endowment)要素充裕度(Factor Abundance)要素密度(Factor Intensity)里昂惕夫之谜（Leontief Paradox）劳动熟练说 (Skilled Labor Theory)人力资本说 (Human Capital)产品生命周期理论（Product Life Cycle Theory）需求偏好相似论（Theory of overlapping demands）产业内贸易理论Intra-industry Trade国家竞争优势理论The Competitive Advantage of Nations世界市场World market商品交易所（Commodity Exchanges）国际拍卖中心（International auction center）包销(Exclusive Sales)代理(Agency)寄售(Consignment)拍卖(Auction)招标与投标(Invitation to Tender，Submission of Tender)商品期货交易(Futures)补偿贸易(Compensation Trade)加工贸易(Processing Trade)租赁(Leasing)贸易专业化系数 (Trade Specialization Coefficient)显性比较优势指数 (Revealed Comparative Advantage Index)商品的国际价值（International Value）商品国际价格（International Price）国际贸易政策International Trade Policy自由贸易政策 ( free trade policy )保护贸易政策 (protective trade policy)重商主义（Mercantilism）幼稚工业 (infant industry)财政关税 (Revenue Tariff )保护关税 (Protective Customs Duties)、进口税 (Import Duties)出口税 (Export Duties)过境税(Transit Duties)进口附加税 (Import Surtax)反倾销税 (Anti-dumping Duty)反贴补税 (Counter-vailing Duty)滑准税（Sliding Duties）特惠关税(Preferential Duties)洛美协定（Lome Convention ）普遍优惠制度（GSP）(Generalized System of Preference，GSP) 原产地规则 (Rule of Origin)免责条款 (Escape Clause)预定限额 (Prior Limitation)竞争需要标准(Competitive Need Criterion，美国)海关税则 (Customs Tariff )自主税则（Autonomous Tariff)协定税则（Conventional Tariff)《商品名称和编码协调制度》(Harmonized System, HS)货物分类目录 ( Description of Goods )税则号序列 (Tariff No.)税率 (Rate of Duty)单式税则 (Single Tariff)复式税则 (Complex Tariff)从量税 (Specific Duties)从价税 (Ad Valorem Duties)混合税 (Mixed or Compound Duties)选择税 (Alternative Duties)完税价格 (Duty Paid Value)混合税（Mixed or compound Duty）选择税（Alternative Duty）报关 Customs Entry /Customs Clearance通关申报（customs declaration）验关（查验）（customs inspection）通关放行(release)关税水平(Tariff Level)有效保护率(Effective Rate of Protection)附加值(Value Added非关税措施(non-tariff barrier—NTBs)进口配额制 ( Import Quota System)绝对配额(Absolute Quotas)全球配额 (Global Quotas)国别配额 (Country Quotas)协议配额 (Agreement Quotas)关税配额 (Tariff Quotas)自动出口限制 (Voluntary Export Restraint )自限协定(Self-restriction Agreement)进口许可证制 (Import Licence System)特种许可证(Special Licence，SL)公开一般进口许可证(Open General Licence，OGL)外汇管制 (Foreign Exchange Control)对外贸易的国家垄断(State Monopoly)最低限价 (Minimum Price)进口押金制 (Advanced Deposit)国内税收 (Internal Taxes)国家垄断(state monopoly)国营贸易(state trade)歧视性的政府采购政策 (Discriminatory Government Procurement Policy) 海关估价(Customs Valuation)进口押金制 (Advanced Deposit)技术性贸易壁垒 (Technical Barriers to Trade，TBT)劳工标准（SA8000）出口补贴(Export Subsidies)出口退税（Export Rebates）出口信贷Export Credit出口信贷国家担保制(Export Credit Guarantee system)外汇倾销(Exchange Dumping)卖方信贷 (Supplier‘s Credit)买方信贷 (Buyer's Credit)自由贸易区(Free Trade Zone)保税区(Bonded Area)出口加工区(Export Processing Zone)出口管制（Export Control）贸易制裁（Trade Sanctions）巴黎统筹委员会（COCOM）(Coordinating Committee for Export Control)国际服务贸易(International Service Trade)联合国贸易与发展会议(UNCTAD)《服务贸易总协定》(GATS)过境交付（cross-border supply)境外消费(consumption abroad)商业存在(commercial presence)自然人流动(movement of personnel)居民与非居民之间的服务贸易（ Balance of Payments 简称BOP ）通过本国境内的外国附属机构所提供的服务贸易（Foreign Affiliates Trade 简称FATS）专利(Patent)商标(Trade Mark)专有技术(Know—how)许可证贸易(Licensing)知识产权（Intellectual Property）世界知识产权组织公约—WIPO世界贸易组织—WTO└与贸易有关的知识产权协议---TRIPS贸易条约和协定(Commercial Treaties and Agreements)最惠国待遇条款（MFNT）most-favoured-nation treatment clause国民待遇条款（National Treatment clause）通商航海条约(Treaty of Commerce and Navigation)贸易协定 (Trade Agreement)贸易议定书 (Trade Protocol)支付协定 (Payment Agreement)国际商品协定(international commodity agreement)缓冲存货(buffer stocks)出口限额(export control)多边合同(multilateral contracts)石油输出国组织 (OPEC)铜出口国政府联合委员会 (ICCEC)铁矿砂出口国协会 (AIOEC)国际铝土协会（IAI）钨生产者协会 (TPA)天然橡胶生产国协会 (ANRPC)区域经济一体化（Regional Economic Integration）优惠贸易安排（Preferential Trade Arrangements ，PTA）自由贸易区 (Free Trade Area)关税同盟 (Customs Union)共同市场 (Common Market)经济联盟 (Economic Union)完全经济一体化 (Complete Economic Integration)政治联盟 (Political Union)欧洲联盟（European Union--EU）欧元（EUR）北美自由贸易协定( NAFTA )南方共同市场（MERCOSUR）亚太经济合作组织（Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation，简称APEC）东南亚国家联盟Association of Southeast Asian Nations跨太平洋伙伴关系协议ＴＰＰ跨大西洋贸易与投资伙伴关系协定 TTIP服务贸易协定（TISA）（2011，GATS落后）贸易创造效应(Trade Creation Effect)贸易转移效应(Trade Diversion Effect)贸易扩大效应(Trade Expansion Effect)社会福利效应(Social Welfare Effect)贸易条件效应 (Effect on Terms of Trade)国际资本移动（international capital flow）国际直接投资(International Direct Investment)国际间接投资(International Indirect Investment)对外直接投资（Foreign Direct Investment，简称 FDI）独资企业(individual proprietorship)合资企业(joint venture）合作经营(joint cooperation)跨国公司（Transnational Corporation）国际生产折衷理论 (The Eclectic Theory of International Production) 所有权特定优势（Ownership Advantage）内部化优势（Internalization Advantage）区位优势（Location Advantage）世界贸易组织(World Trade Organization，WTO)贸易自由化( Trade Liberalization )市场准入原则（Market Access）互惠原则（Reciprocity）非歧视原则( Trade Without Discrimination )关贸总协定(GATT)关税减让(Schedule of Tariff Concessions)出口价格（Export Price）正常价值（Normal Value）同类产品（Like Product）国内产业（Domestic Industry）实质损害（Material Injury）因果关系（Causation ）禁止性补贴（prohibited subsidies）可诉补贴（actionable subsidies）不可诉补贴（non- actionable subsidies ）农产品协议( Agreement on Agriculture )纺织品和服装协议(Agreement on Textiles & Clothing)贸易政策评审机制(Trade Policy Review Mechanism)争端解决机制(Dispute Settlement Understanding)。
《The Pros and Cons of Free Trade》高考优秀英语作文
《The Pros and Cons of Free Trade》高考优秀英语作文Free trade is a system where goods and services are exchanged between nations without tariffs or duties being imposed. It has many advantages and disadvantages that must be considered carefully before implementing it.The primary benefit of free trade is increased competition. Within the free trade system, domestic producers are exposed to competition from abroad and must remain competitive in terms of pricing and quality. This, in turn, drives down costs for consumers. It can also create new markets, as producers can access resources and consumers in different countries.On the downside, free trade can lead to job losses. Due to cheaper foreign competition, domestic companies may be forced to lay off workers or move production overseas. Additionally, free trade agreements often prioritize corporate profits over environmental or labor rights protections. This can lead to exploitation of vulnerable populations.Overall, the advantages and disadvantages of free trade must be weighed carefully when making decisions about international trade. The goal should be to ensure that all citizens, regardless of nationality, benefit from increased competition and decreased costs caused by free trade.。
trade off翻译
trade off翻译翻译：trade-off是指在做决策时，需要在两个或多个选项之间进行权衡取舍的过程。
其意思即为“权衡取舍”，是一种常见的商业和经济学术语。
用法：Trade-off通常用于描述在物品、资源或决策选项之间做出选择时所需要做出的折衷。
在进行任何商业或操作决策时，通常都需要进行Trade-off，以确定最优方案。
该术语也被广泛应用于经济学和管理领域。
双语例句：1. There is always a trade-off between quality and cost in any production process.在任何生产过程中，质量和成本之间总是有一个权衡取舍。
2. The team must weigh the trade-offs between speed and accuracy before making a decision.团队必须在做决策之前权衡速度和准确性之间的折衷。
3. The trade-off between risk and reward is the fundamental principle of investment.风险与回报之间的权衡取舍是投资的根本原则。
4. We need to consider the trade-off between environmental protection and economic development.我们需要考虑环境保护和经济发展之间的权衡取舍。
5. In marketing, companies often balance the trade-off between reach and engagement in their advertising campaigns.在市场营销中，企业通常需要在广告活动中平衡覆盖面和参与度之间的权衡取舍。
美国FTA中的环境条款研究Res...
硕士学位论文美国FTA中的环境条款研究Research on Environmental Provisions in U.S. Free Trade Agreements作者姓名：吴曼嘉指导教师：陈咏梅教授西南政法大学Southwest University of Political Science and Law内容摘要随着全球化的深层次发展，世界对贸易自由化与环境保护之间的关系愈加关注，如何在国际贸易法律体制中设置一种有效手段来平衡二者关系成为理论与实践探寻的一个热点问题。
由于世界各国经济发展水平、环境保护力度、法律制度建设水平参差不齐等原因，在多边贸易体制中，发达国家与发展中国家对于建设与贸易有关的环境法律机制迟迟无法达成一致意见。
而美国出于经济、政治等原因，在双边及区域关系中积极推进贸易与环境关系的协调，成为将具体的环境条款纳入自由贸易协定（FTA）之中的先驱者，并借由自由贸易协定不断扩大其协调贸易与环境标准的世界影响力。
随着我国国际贸易的不断发展，如何应对美国FTA环境条款范式的影响，如何在国际贸易中平衡贸易与环境的关系，如何在双边、区域乃至多边层面构建贸易与环境机制中掌握主动，都成为我国必须面对的问题。
因此，掌握美国自由贸易协定中的环境条款的具体设置及发展过程，将为解决上述问题提供一大助力。
本文在对美国所有FTA中的环境条款进行梳理的基础上，探寻美国纳入环境条款的原因，全面分析主要条款的具体内容及发展变化过程，并立足我国情况，对我国自由贸易协定中的环境条款设计提出建议。
本文共分为五个部分，分述如下：第一部分，美国FTA中纳入环境条款的动因。
本部分从推动WTO贸易与环境问题谈判、美国综合性FTA政策导向以及利益驱动三个方面对美国在FTA中纳入环境条款进行具体分析。
其中，利益驱动主要包括环境保护、政治需要、保护国内产业以及开拓环保产品技术的海外市场四个方面。
第二部分，美国FTA环境条款的发展脉络。
贸易保护主义-中英文
Trade Protectionism贸易保护主义1 The fact that trade protection hurts the economy of the country that imposes it is one of the oldest but still most startling insights economics has to offer. The idea dates back to the origin of economic science itself. Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations, which gave birth to economics, already contained the argument for free trade: by specializing in production instead of producing everything, each nation would profit from free trade. In international economics it is the direct counterpart to the proposition that people within a economy will all be better off if all people specialize at what they do best instead of trying to sell sufficient.1.贸易保护伤害贸易伙伴国的经济，这一经济学上的见解，虽然老套但仍令人吃惊。
它的来历可以追溯到经济学的起源。
当亚当•斯密写出《国富论》，催生经济学，其中已经包含了自由贸易的观点:通过生产专门化而不是生产一切,每个国家都将从自由贸易中获利。
在国际经济学中，与其相对应的命题是：在一个经济体系内，如果所有人都专注于做自己最擅长的，而不是去卖足够多的东西，那么每个人都将更好。
第10课 更自由的贸易外刊经贸知识选读,每课重要知识点,串讲,课文翻译
第10课关于关贸总协定和世界贸易组织Freer Trade, with Luck自由贸易，一路走好1.In the past few days differences between the United States and the European Community on farm trade have narrowed almost to nothing. As a result the world is now close to concluding the Uruguay round of GATT talks. That deal is admittedly far from perfect, a series of messy compromises The cause of free trade will have many more battles to fight. Never mind. On a conservative estimate the Uruguay round would permanently raise global welfare by more than $100 billion a year, spur economic growth everywhere (especially in the world’s poorest countries) and extend competition to hither to sheltered, and therefore backward, parts off all economies. By any standards, it would be a hugely valuable achievement.Cause----aim, principle or movement that is strongly defended or supported 极力维护或支持的目标﹑原则或运动; 事业: a good cause, ie one that deserves to be supported, eg a charity 高尚的目标（应为之尽力的目标, 如慈善事业）* He fought for the republican cause in the civil war. 他在内战中为共和事业而战. * Her life was devoted to the cause of justice. 她为正义事业而献身.在过去的几天中，美国同欧共体之间有关农产品贸易的分歧几乎荡然无存。
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The free trade and the protection of China andOsteuropaBy：WangDanInstructor:Zhou Shan HongClass02,Grade2009 English Depatment(Business English)Huanggang Polytechnic CollegeMay 2011Contents Introduction: (1)1、The strengths of free trade area to both parties (2)1.1.The establishment of china-asean free trade area will make both partiesget "trade creation" effect (2)1.2.Establishment of china-asean free trade area will make both parties getinvestment growth benefits (2)1.3.Improve China-Asean economic strength and international right to speak22、Free trade’s right influence to China's positive effect (3)2.1.Judging from the trade (3)2.1.1.Through the tariffs and non-tariff barriers reducing expand exportscale (3)2.1.2.Through the scale effect increased export competitiveness (3)2.1.3.Through the complementary trade optimization trade structure (3)2.1.4.Lowering export market fluctuati ons,to achieve the diversificationstrategy (3)2.2. East free trade in China to attract foreign capital will promote theincrease and the strategy of "going out" the implementation (3)3、Free trade area of the negative impact on China (4)3.1.Tariffs domestic industry, expand the Middle East impact trade deficit . 43.2.Service is large impact (4)3.3.Investment alternative role may cause the reduction of Chineseinvestment asean, competitiveness could lead to Chinese enterprises to intensified in asean investment (4)4、The existing problems in the China and Osteuropa trade (5)4.1.For economic (5)4.2.For political (5)4.3.For the security (5)4.4.The internal restraints from Osteuropa (5)5、The protection of China and Osteuropa (6)5.1.Respect for asean interests from the economic reality of Chinaand Asean countries (6)5.2.Realize the transformation of economic and trade cooperation onthe basic of Government guide primarily (6)5.3.Fully considering regional external factors, properly deal withthe country's relations with regional (6)5.4.In accordance with inter national trade prevailing rules, makefull use of the WTO provides the frame (6)Bibliography: (7)Abstract:China—Asana Free Trade Area(abbreviation CAFTAN),is the free trade area which was set up by China and ten countr ies of Osteuropa. It is the most populous and biggest free trade area between developing countries in the world.But there alao has some problems at trade…Key words:Free trade area, protection, the way to keep balance,the problems of the free tradeIntroduction:Osteuropa is China's fifth-largest trading partner, after the United States, Japan, the European Union and Hong Kong, China is the sixth largest asean trade partner. The last 10 years, China and asean average annual growth of bilateral trade 20 %. In 2001, China from 1991 to asean export growth to $41 billion 183. $8.5 billion in asean exports, the proportion of China's total exports for 6. 9 %. Before 2002, the third quarter, China and asean trade amounted to us $5 billion to 385.Year-on-year, 27. 1 %. But asean to China trade share still small, is about 8 percent. In 1991 ~ 2000, asean on China's export share from 5. 7 % rise to 6. 9 %, on imports of Chinese share from 6 % rise to 9. 9 %. As China and asean countries economic trad e between the strengthening of bilateral requirements, the establishment of a free trade area is rising. Also calls Establishment of china-asean free trade area, will form a hold 18 billion population, gross domestic product more than $2 trillion, trade am ounted to about 1. 2 trillion dollars in big market. This will help each member and the economic development in Asia and the whole world far-reaching and positive effects.1、The strengths of free trade area to both partiesChina and asean each economic of booming development, to establish China-Asean Free Trade Area provides more favorable bar pieces. First,it is China's accession to the WTO for both existing institutional f actorson investment and trade barriers has cleared the way. According to join WTO commitments, our country in recent years greatly lowered tariffs, reduce and cancel non-tariff barriers. In addition, our market further opening up, especially service trade areas will be the foreign investors, including asean provide vast business machine. Meanwhile, accelerating the construction of the china-asean free trade area for china-asean free trade area provides experience and reference come in, and for the development of bilateral trade relations provides institutional guarantee. Anyhow, the establishment of china-asean free trade area, both nations, asean countries, thus will benefited from a win-win pattern.1.1.The establishment of china-asean free trade area will make both parties get "trade creation" effectThe so-called "trade creation" (trade) is part American economist wiener (j. Viner) in his book "The Tariffs Ally Put Forward In ", means the regional economic integration with high product costs caused by area of member countries (district). To have lower demand in the member transfer product cost, thereby improving the international division level that area area members party won the international division of labor benefit fully. After the completion of t he china-asean free trade area, with the elimination, tariff barriers to trade concessions (or reality do zerotariff) and non-tariff barriers, area to reduce production cost is reduced, economic efficiency and product competitiveness, improved, and trade structure improvement, prompting regional specialty division and resources in comparative advantage, under the action of getting it Reasonable use.The resulting economic effect will greatly promote regional internal and external trade development. Accordi ng to the asean - China AD Home with "Global Trade Analysis of Trade Project" model (Global optimization techniques to order GTAP) bought - China - asean since for feasibility analysis by trade, the results to see after the completion of the china-asean free trade area, will make the asean exports to China increased 48 percent of China's exports have increased in asean to 55. 1 %, pulling the asean and China's GDP growth respectively 0. 9 % and 0. 3 %.1.2.Establishment of china-asean free trade area will make both parties get investment growth benefitsAfter the foundation of china-asean free trade area, will adopt preferential investment policies, investment liberalization, realize stimulate investment growth. This growth within the region can be divided into stimulate investment effect and attract outside investment effect two areas. For example, the country concerned.Enterprise's product cost than a member for to seek a better high, the enterprise the lower cost of production factory transferred to a m ember, fromAnd get regional investment growth benefit; Some of the members of the discrimination due to fear of their products, in succession to free trade zone.Invest to set up factories in free trade, to avoid the unified external tariff, which makes area outside investment growth. Meanwhile, in Countries after the establishment of china-asean free trade area, also caneffectively avoid zone countries and for investment between enterprises of for order competition.Market range widening and market coord ination will make the area more superior, investment environment, helps to attract more preferential treatment, more outside the territory, also can effectively avoid funds within the region capital outflow. The establishment of china-asean free trade area will eliminate investment barrier nay, mutually provide preferential policy will promote both increases, the amount invested the investment structure improvement, make both parties get investment increase Long benefits.1.3.Improve China-Asean economic strength and international right to speakChina-asean free trade area, will form a after the establishment of 17 million consumers, with nearly $2 trillion zone GDP and 1 2 trillion dollars trade zone of total, thus changing the pattern of world economic development. Calculated according to the population,it will be the world's largest free trade area, look from economic scale, is also developing country's biggest trade group.On the other hand,the establishment of a free trade area of China and asean count ries after all can have different levels of GDP growth. Asean countries GDP growth may achieve 0. 9 %, overall growth rate; $5.4 billion while China's growth could achieve 0.3 %, volume increased for 22 billion dollars, so as to enhance China's Asean economic strength. Through the establishment of china-asean free trade area, and establish proper mechanism for cooperation between China and asean, consistent with its interests in the international trade affairs have more speech.At present, the Asian region al economic development and stability will play an important role for the world, and economic development and the political stability a contribution.2、Free trade’s right influence to China's positive effect2.1.Judging from the tradeIt will promote China's expanding export scale, promoting export competitiveness, optimizing export commodity structure, and achieve the export market’s diversification s trategy.At present, China and Asean in trade development soon, according to China's customs statistics, since 1993, asean has 11 consecutive years become the fifth largest trade partner of China, and the Middle East from 1990 66.91 trade billion to $782.52 in 2003, 20.82% annually. China-asean free trade area, after the launch would be further promoting China's expanding export scale, promoting export competitiveness, optimizing export commodity structure, and realize the effect of export’s market diversification strategy.2.1.1.Through the tariffs and non-tariff barriers reducing expand export scaleThrough the tariffs trade creation effect caused more than trade transfer effect, asean will import from other countries to China imports, in order to expand the scale of China's export,and the lower non-tariff barriers would bring China's export expansion.2.1.2.Through the scale effect increased export competitivenessAccording to relevant material, 2010 GDP will reach China—Asana free trade area around$3 trillion, about 20 millionpopulation in China, and this will provide a broader market space. Therefore suffered through market expanding scale effect, can make China's export enterprise to reduce costs and improve export competitiveness.2.1.3.Through the complementary trade optimization trade structureThrough the merchandise trade with asean complementary development, will promote trade structure further optimized. China and asean in resource structure, industrial structure and industrial and agricultural products, strong complementarity and distinctive. Concrete analysis, China textile, clothing, shoes, food, grain, building materials and other products has obvious comparative advantage, machinery and electronic equipment, precision instruments, c locks watches, vehicles, metal products and chemical products with potential advantage, therefore with bilateral trade growth, China has a comparative advantage products export will increase, mechanical and electrical products especially the proportion of high-tech products, there will be increased to trade structure will also be further optimized.2.1.4.Lowering export market fluctuations,to achieve the diversification strategyAsean has for 11 consecutive years become China's fifth-largest trade partner, in developing countries is China's largest trading partner, and bilateral trade growth rate is far far higher than other major trading partners. The start will further strengthen the relation between China and asean countries in trade ties, thereby reducin g the dependence of the European and American market in China, reduce its market volatility and trade protectionism bring export risks and promote the realization of the export market diversification strategy.2.2. East free trade in China to attract fore ign capital will promote the increase and the strategy of "going out" the implementationIn recent years, China and asean economic cooperation and actively developing bilateral investment maintained a good momentum of development. By the end of June thi s year, the actual investment to asean countries cumulative 340 billion dollars; According to not complete count, by the end of June this year, not including Hong Kong and macau, China enterprise in 10 asean nations agreement nearly 10 billion dollars of investment.First,it can promote the increase of China to attract foreign capital.Second,it can promoting China's enterprise "going out" to the asean investment, avoid the trade barriers.3、Free trade area of the negative impact on China3.1.Tariffs domestic industry, expand the Middle East impact trade deficitFirst, the vast majority of China and asean countries are developing countries, economic structure labor-intensive industries occupies a considerable proportion of export commodities, the high coincidence degree. Therefore, the lower tariff after the launch of free trade, only exacerbate the same industry and China and asean commodity competition, will also lead to asean has advanta ge of the products to enter the Chinese market, a lack of competitiveness of Chinese domestic impact inheritance.Secondly, according to China's customs statistics since 1993, China already for 11 consecutive years of asean trade deficit, if long-term maintain way, will be to bilateral trade balance and Chinese economy brings adverse impact. Free trade after the launch of tariffs and non-tariff measures to protect the lower, will cause China imported from asean, thus deficit increase further expansion, br ings China a larger pressure.3.2.Service is large impactBecause of our country in finance, communications and professional services do not have comparative advantages, and asean countries such as Singapore part in these aspects has relatively strong c omparative advantages, therefore, China and asean start to these industries after free, will release, asean will enter China with domestic related industries, so as to produce competitive domestic services causes bigger impact.3.3.Investment alternative role may cause the reduction of Chinese investment asean, competitiveness could lead to Chinese enterprises to intensified in asean investmentTrade creation of china-asean free trade area will produce trade on investment effect of substituting function. For example, the original some asean enterprises have to China investment, because existence tariffs, non-tariff barriers, now, with the establishment of china-asean free trade area, tariff and non-tariff barriers reduced, it need not again the factory moved to China, need to increase exports to China can. Therefore, from this perspective, the free trade - may cause asean for Chinese investment reduction.4、The existing problems in the China and Osteuropa trade4.1.For economicBetween China and Asean have strong complementary and interactivity, but there is also competition and friction in the current regional economic collectivization, driven in industrialization and the industrialization with towards information into period in China and the asean economic have strong complementary and interactivity, this is to promote china-asean free trade area established direct power. Meanwhile, there are inevitably many competition and friction, this is restricted free trade area deepening of important factor.4.2.For politicalWith the end of the cold war and economic globalization, China and asean push the pair of "natural enemy" political relations comprehensively promote, both sides established strategic partnership of good-neighborly mutual trust, a multi-level regular dialogue and consultation mechanism in the region, close cooperation in international affairs, deepen the bilateral multi-level and multi-channel political communication, this suggests that China and asean relationship has out of historical error, to enter the "dialogue, cooperation and common development" track. But as the china-asean free trade area, deeply and east Asia the negotiations forward, regional economic cooperation between the parties relating to the free trade area leadership problem increasingly emerges.Otherwise, along with the development of the regional economy collectivize, china-asean free trade area and South Korea free trade area for "east Asia with free trade area" is an inevitable trend. For "east Asia free trade area" scenario, asean, South Korea and Japan have their own respective plans. Asean countries most want to maintain the "10 + 3" existing pattern, china-asean free trade area, and the asean investment plan as the foundation, absorption, Japan, Korea, and finally establish the "in east Asia free trade area", avoid asean's leadership and core role to slip.4.3.For the securityAfter the cold war, China and Asean has nearly walked slower, because many of the problems in the asia-pacific region on both sides have common interests. Both need a peaceful and stable economic development and the surrounding environment both sides against the United States hegemonism and power politics, both sides to dominate east Asia to Japan's attempt to stay alert. These common interests with southeast Asian financial crisis, making the catalysis of China and asean economic cooperation in a substantial progress, establishment of china-asean free trade area is a landmark measures.To actively promote the china-asean free trade area, we should be based on the process of leaders of both sides have been established, insist on the guiding principles of political trust, mutual reciprocity and safety of economic policy, take the economic and trade cooperation as the forerunner, take the political cooperation for the protection of security cooperation with science and technology as the auxiliary, education, tourism, culture motivation, promote the cooperation of both sides of strategic partnership good-neighborly trust forward development.4.4.The internal restraints from OsteuropaAsean countries in the economic aspect exists many hampering the unfavorable factors of regional cooperation. The specific performance in; Asean members of the new old multiple member countries, economic development and industrial structure difference greatly. The bearing capacity of free trade area differ; Plus the asean market itself, the lack of smaller core econo mic strength, make open trade enacted exactly still no regular. Each member due to historical grievances between problems and territorial disputes still occasionally appear friction and contradictions; On the other hand, member states still has many intern al political situation objectively unstable factors directly affects the normal foreign investment and trade activities within the area of economic development and the future development of the whole of china-asean free trade area which has adverse effects.5、The protection of China and Osteuropa5.1.Respect for asean interests from the economic reality of China and Asean countriesAccording to their differences in different countries in the national strength and market opening degree and speed not blind identical. The negotiations china-asean free trade area, ensure the core position, make asean will not worry about being China "asean swallow", strengthened the negotiations asean and China to create free trade zone of enthusiasm. China should actively undertake "powers for the pair," duty free trade the smooth development of more responsibility and poured more effort. Of course, in the relevant practice, our country must modest and prudent, equality, seek common ground while reserving differences, get in specific economic issues more should show the demeanour.5.2.Realize the transformation of economic and trade cooperation on the basic of Government guide primarilyAfter the completion of the china-asean free trade area, China and asean each member should through the guidance by the government behavior, to promote both trade and economic cooperation and trade cooperation steering investment from general manufacturing. China in promoting industrial level at the same time, duty by area gradually phase, wit h southeast Asiadevelopment, avoid Chinese vicious competition. On the one hand to increase input in the construction of the Midwest, and constantly improving production technology, enhance the competitiveness of their products; Through the establishment of china-asean free trade area with asean and promote our country's southwest provinces of economic and trade cooperation between neighboring countries, it will largely promote the implementation of the western development strategy. On the other hand will actively promote the upgrading of industrial structure, avoid and asean industry, export commodities for some convergence, both in the international market of high rate of coincidence, primary products to the decision to give up or gradually changed direction. Through joint market the readjustment of industrial structure, gradually eliminate the asean countries continuous development of China economy generated doubts, prompting bilateral economic and political relations the benign development.5.3.Fully considering regional external factors, properly deal with the country's relations with regionalThe establishment of a free trade zone between China and asean, does not repel the Chinese cooperation with other nations. China, for example, will still play an active during the A PEC inside, constructive role. "The Shanghai cooperation organization" is running in China and India, between the two powers, and the wide cooperation space between the two countries are constantly strengthening cooperation. The economic and trade relations between China and the eu will continue development, and will continue to expand. In addition also shall coordinate with China, South Korea and Japan relations, strengthen The Three Kingdoms economic cooperation. East Asia's three "10 + 1" economiccooperation has presented a co-front-runner trend, also will promote China, South Korea and Japan cooperation. China can use the multilateral cooperation in asean constructing mechanism, and Japan, Korea together, mutual learning, cooperative, as long as The Three Kingdoms can transcend cultural, historical, enemy aside, deepen mutual trust, in dispute is not very distant future, establish "asean as the main enabler to CJK cooperation as cornerstone" of east Asia cooperation and integration, will present a new east Asia in front of the world.5.4.In accordance with international trade prevailing rules, make full use of the WTO provides the frameTake part in the free trade area, to China is still quite "strange", but the china-asean free trade area from a certai n Angle can be considered as the asean free trade area expanded and extended. Therefore, the construction of the china-asean free trade area, way and experience can for china-asean free trade area, such as the creation of asean provide reference to develop and implement the "common effective plan", "preferential tariff circulation of commodities convenient framework agreement", "culture of mutual recognition arrangement frame agreement", etc. All-round deepened and widened China and asean nations width and depth of cooperation. In some asean countries can have been established mature market economic system, such as Singapore. China with these countries cooperation in the process, on the one hand can learn and referencing the advanced experience of the wto, on one hand, also should use the opportunity of the construction speed system and system, gradually change the present between asean countries with some of the gap between the market development level. Between China and asean nations trade development poten tial is enormous, theparties shall cooperate in traditional field, develop some new areas of cooperation.Bibliography:1)< China-Asean Framework Agreement On Comprehensive Economic Cooperation>2) China-Asean free trade<investment agreement>3)<English for Foreign Trade and Commerce>7。