法律英语-公司法

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A listing of law


Close corporation laws

内部持股公司法


Authorize corporation to designate themselves as close corporations Such corporations are required to restrict the number and the identity of their shareholders 要限定其股东的人数和身份。

规定公司形成和决策的程序
标准商务公司条例 只有一半的州采纳
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Model Business Corporation Acts of 1984


Is followed by only half of the states

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Federal Antitrust Laws 联邦反托拉斯法/反垄断法
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The Uniform Partnership Act
美国统一合伙法




no partnership agreement —— the relationship between the parties is determined by the terms of the Uniform Partnership Act. 在没有合伙协议的情况下，由统一合伙条例( UPA) 确定合伙人之间的关系。 The UPA set out the rules for determining whether or not a partnership exists. 由UPA明确是否存在合伙的规则。



There is no single code or statute that governs the U.S. law of business enterprises. 美国没有单一法典或法规规制商务企业法。 The corporation laws of each states are similar but not identical. 各州的公司法相似但不相同。
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No federal corporate legislation



State create the legal framework to govern corporations that are incorporated in its state. 州制定管制在本州组建公司的法律。 Secretary of state office ——handle the administrative matters for the corporations 州务部长下面的公司部处理公司的 管理事务。
Corporation Law
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公司的分类



Public /private Corporation Corporation sole独资公司, Corporation aggregate公司法人 Profit Corporation, Nonprofit Corporation Publicly hold Corporation公开持有公司、开放式 公司 Joint Venture Corporation合资公司

Antitrust Laws regulate market behavior and to encourage competition through the prevention of monopolization(垄断) and the limitation of restraint of trade. 调节市场行为 鼓励竞争

律师执业通常只局限于一个地区,虽然律师可能代 表客户前往其他地区,但律师只允许在其被认可的 州活动。惯例上人们倾向于雇佣当地律师办理其 他司法管辖区内的事务。但是,一个移居到其他地 区的律师通常可以不必考试就可以开展业务（通 常为五年）。
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律师执业范围通常仅限于一个地区，因为尽管 律师可以代表当事人到其它地区办理事务，但 是一个人只能在其获得许可的州内执业。人们 习惯雇用本州的律师办理其它州的事务。但是， 只要一个人已经在其获得职业资格的州执业达 一定时间（通常是五年），那么他移居到另外 一个州时通常无需考试便可获得执业许可。
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separate legal entities

独立的法律实体

A non-U.S. corporation or individual can form a partnership with an individual, a corporation or another partnership doing business in the United States. 外国公司或个人可以与个人、公司或其他合伙企 业一起建立合伙企业，在美国经营。
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For example


The receipt by a person of a share of profits of a business is a prima facie evidence that the recipient of the profits is a partner in the business. 一个人分享企业利润，就是一个表明证据， 证明利润的受益人是该企业的合伙人。
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Corporation Codes



No uniform law Individual state’s business corporation acts Such acts provide the procedure for formation and decision
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组建 vs. 登记


A corporation does not need to be organized under the law of state where it conducts business or is the principal place of business for that corporation. 公司无须在其经营商务的州或公司主要营业地所在的州 组建。 A corporation need to register in the states other than its “home” state in order to do business in that state. 公司必须在其“母”州之外的州进行注册登记，以便在 该州从事经营活动。

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A lawyer's practice is usually confined to a single community for, although a lawyer may travel to represent clients, one is only permitted to practice in state where one has been admitted. It is customary to retain local counsel for matters in other jurisdictions. However, one who moves to another state can usually be admitted without examination if one has practiced in a state w h e r e o n e h a s b een ad mi t t e d f o r s o me t i me, o f t e n f i ve y e ar s .

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Part 2: Forms of business


A. Proprietorships个体业主
Set up a business alone by obtaining a license to do business from the county in which he intends to set up the business. 在打算经营的县领取营业执照，单独开业。

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参考译文：在遵循以下第5.4（c）条规定的前 提下，如果一方未依照本合同的条款全额或部 分出资，则该方应就欠缴的出资额按年利率的 单利向合营公司支付罚息，计息期为该笔出资 的应缴日期至该笔出资及罚息全额支付，并由 合营公司收到之日。 解释：原文中的“unpaid”一词的愿意是“未 支付”，但在译文中被按照中文法律语言的习 惯翻译成了“欠缴”。
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Thank you
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Subject to Article 5.4(c) below, in the event that a Party fails to make its capital contribution, in whole or in part, in accordance with the provisions of this Contract, such Party shall be liable to pay simple interest to the Company at a rate equal to [default interest rate] per annum on the unpaid amount from the time due until the time the full outstanding amount including penalty interest is paid to and received by the Company。
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Part 1: Introduction

Three main business organization:
Individual proprietorships 个体业主 Partnerships 合伙 Corporations 公司
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