管理经济学2：企业和公司

Alfred DuPont Chandler, Jr. (September 15, 1918 – May 9, 2007) was a professor of business history at Harvard Business School, who wrote extensively about the scale and the management structures of modern corporations. Chandler graduated from Harvard College in 1940. After wartime service in navy he returned to Harvard to get his Ph.D. in History. He taught at M.I.T. and Johns Hopkins University before arriving at Harvard Business School in 1970. He received a Pulitzer Prize for his work, The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (1977).




Public corporation: Business formed by federal or state governments for a specific public purpose (TVA) Quasi-public corporation: Public utilities with a government-granted monopoly on providing basic public services Commonwealth (Edison) Private corporation: Business owned by private individuals or companies (GM) Not-for-profit corporation: Service or arts institution in which no stock-holder of trustee shares in the profits or losses and which is exempt from corporate income taxes (UCB) For-profit corporation: Companies in business to make a profit (IBM)
Corporation(公司制)
1.资金来源广泛 2.有限责任 3.管理分工和专业化程 度高 4.稳定且持久

现在有一个投资机会，需要成立一家企业，该选择 什么样的组织形式？为什么？如何注册？如何运作？ 有哪些风险？如何防范？
公司的萌芽 古罗马（公元前508-476年） 和中世纪的“包税商”和“船 夫协会”（合资贸易组织） （短暂松散） 公司的诞生 英国的莫斯科公司（1553） 英国的东印度公司（1600） 荷兰的东印度公司（1602） （第一家永久性公司） 公司的迅猛发展（19世纪下半期）




小资料：英美德公司的发展 英国：1862-1886年，英国新成 立公司25,000家，平均每年增加 1041家；1897年，新设股份公司 4975家，1900年，4966家 美国：1900年，各类工业公司达 38,770家，食品加工5,025，钢 铁4,843，木材加工4,675，造纸 印刷4,490，纺织3,245，造船 2,283，化工2,206 德国：1896年，有250个卡特尔； 1905年增为350个，参加的公司 达12,000家


Holding company: Corporation organized for the purpose of owning stock in and managing one of more corporations; differs from a parent company in that it generally does not conduct operations of its own (Intermark) Subsidiary corporation: Corporation that is entirely, of almost entirely, owned by another corporation known as a parent company of holding company (Seven-up)Fra bibliotek
A partnership is a type of business entity in which partners (owners) share with each other the profits or losses of the business. Partnerships are often favored over corporations for taxation purposes, as the partnership structure does not generally incur a tax on profits before it is distributed to the partners (i.e. there is no dividend tax levied). general partnership (GP) : all partners are legally equal and are liable for the business’s debts limited partnership (LP): one or more people act as general partners and run the business. The remaining partners are called limited partners limited liability partnership (LLP): firms act like corporations, selling partner units on a recognized stock exchange all partners may have limited liability

现代企业与现代企业制度有何不同？ 现代企业的组织结构有哪些形式？ U型结构和M型结构的利弊是什么？ 网络时代对企业组织结构有什么新的要求？

Sole Proprietorship Partnership Corporation

A sole proprietorship also known as a sole trader, or simply proprietorship is a type of business entity which is owned and run by one individual and where there is no legal distinction between the owner and the business. All profits and all losses accrue to the owner (subject to taxation). All assets of the business are owned by the proprietor and all debts of the business are his debts and he must pay them from his personal resources. This means that the owner has unlimited liability. It is a "sole" proprietorship in the sense that the owner has no partners



Professional corporation: Business whose partners offer professional services (medical, legal, engineering) and can set up beneficial pension and insurance packages (La Jolla Medical Group, Inc). Limited liability company: A joint-stock company, the financial liability of whose members is limited by law (Realatech) Parent company: Operating company that owns or controls subsidiaries through the ownership of voting stock (Sears, Roebuck)


The multiunit enterprise administered by a set of salaried middle and top managers can then properly be termed modern. Such enterprises did not exist in the 1840. By the middle of the twenties century, these enterprises employed hundreds and even thousands of middle and top managers who supervised the work of dozens and often hundreds of operating units employing tens and often hundreds of thousands workers.(page3) These enterprises were owned by tens or hundreds of thousands shareholders and carried out billions of dollars of business annually. Even a relatively small business enterprise operating in local or regional markets had its top and middle managers.