2005 级硕士研究生考试试卷10
2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案解析
2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, __1__ this is largely because, __2__ animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are __3__ to perceiving those smells which float through the air, __4__ the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, __5__, we are extremely sensitive to smells, __6__ we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of __7__ human smells even when these are __8__ to far below one part in one million.Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, __9__ others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate __10__ smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send __11__ to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell __12__ can suddenly become sensitive to it when __13__ to it often enough.The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it __14__ to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can __15__ new receptors if necessary. This may __16__ explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells—we simply do not need to be. We are not __17__ of the usual smell of our own house, but we __18__ new smells when we visit someone else’s. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors __19__ for unfamiliar and emergency signals __20__ the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.1. [A] although[B] as[C] but[D] while2. [A] above[B] unlike[C] excluding[D] besides3. [A] limited[B] committed[C] dedicated[D] confined4. [A] catching[B] ignoring[C] missing[D] tracking5. [A] anyway[B] though[C] instead[D] therefore6. [A] even if[B] if only[C] only if7. [A] distinguishing[B] discovering[C] determining[D] detecting8. [A] diluted[B] dissolved[C] dispersed[D] diffused9. [A] when[B] since[C] for[D] whereas10. [A] unusual[B] particular[C] unique[D] typical11. [A] signs[B] stimuli[C] messages[D] impulses12. [A] at first[B] at all[C] at large[D] at times13. [A] subjected[B] left[C] drawn[D] exposed14. [A] ineffective[B] incompetent[C] inefficient[D] insufficient15. [A] introduce[B] summon[C] trigger[D] create16. [A] still[B] also[C] otherwise[D] nevertheless17. [A] sure[B] sick[C] aware18. [A] tolerate[B] repel[C] neglect[D] notice19. [A] available[B] reliable[C] identifiable[D] suitable20. [A] similar to[B] such as[C] along with[D] aside fromSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)Text 1Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human,” with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, cooperative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attent ion to the value of “goods and services” than males.Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de W aal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans,or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ________.[A] posing a contrast[B] justifying an assumption[C] making a comparison[D] explaining a phenomenon22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, Paragraph l) implies that ________.[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are ________.[A] more inclined to weigh what they get[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions[C] nice in both appearance and temperament[D] more generous than their male companions24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys ________.[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers[B] can be taught to exchange things[C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated[D] are unhappy when separated from others25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.Text 2Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report: “Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research -- a classic case of “paralysis by analysis.”To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won’t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that ________.[A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death[B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant[C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life[D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as ________.[A] a protector[B] a judge[C] a critic[D] a guide28. What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line, Paragraph 4)?[A] Endless studies kill action.[B] Careful investigation reveals truth.[C] Prudent planning hinders progress.[D] Extensive research helps decision-making.29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming?[A] Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.[B] Raise public awareness of conservation.[C] Press for further scientific research.[D] Take some legislative measures.30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because ________.[A] they both suffered from the government’s negligence[B] a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former[C] the outcome of the latter aggravates the former[D] both of them have turned from bad to worseText 3Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” -- the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain is “off-line.” And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, “It’s your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center. “If you don’t like it, change it.”Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep -- when most vivid dreams occur -- as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy o r depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day.” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events -- until, it appears, we begin to dream.And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,” Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased p eople’s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep -- or rather dream -- on it and you’ll feel better in the morning.31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams ________.[A] can be modified in their courses[B] are susceptible to emotional changes[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show ________.[A] its function in our dreams[B] the mechanism of REM sleep[C] the relation of dreams to emotions[D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to ________.[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind[B] develop into happy dreams[C] persist till the time we fall asleep[D] show up in dreams early at night34. Cartwright seems to suggest that ________.[A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams[B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control[C] dreams should be left to their natural progression[D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?[A] Lead your life as usual.[B] Seek professional help.[C] Exercise conscious control.[D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime.Text 4Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom,” for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing,” has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive -- there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms -- he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china.” A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.36. According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English ________.[A] is inevitable in radical education reforms[B] is but all too natural in language development[C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture[D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s37. The word “talking” (Line 6, Paragraph 3) denotes ________.[A] modesty[B] personality[C] liveliness[D] informality38. To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?[A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.[B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English.[C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.[D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.39. The description of Russians’ love of memorizing poetry shows the author’s ________.[A] interest in their language[B] appreciation of their efforts[C] admiration for their memory[D] contempt for their old-fashionedness40. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as ________.[A] “temporary” is to “permanent”[B] “radical” is to “conservative”[C] “functional” is to “artistic”[D] “humble” is to “noble”Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Canada’s premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.They’re all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.41. ________What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care -- to say nothing of reports from other experts -- recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.42. ________But “national”doesn’t have to mean that. “National”could mean interprovincial -- provinces combining efforts to create one body.Either way, one benefit of a “national” organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province -- or a series of hospitals within a province -- negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.43. ________A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Co-ordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That’s one reason why the idea of a national list hasn’t gone anywhere while drug costs keep rising fast.44. ________Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow’s report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: “A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.”45. ________So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.[A] Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the first advocates for anational list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec’s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent![B] Or they could read Mr. Kirby’s report: “the substantial buying power of such an agency wouldstrengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.”[C] What does “national”mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended afederal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.[D] The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will continue to increasefaster than government revenues.[E] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs have risensince 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.[F] So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it, startingwith an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.[G] Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers; they can lobbybetter that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn’t like a national agency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it. Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one’s impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. 46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed -- and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. 47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group, while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. 48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not aneasy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.49) Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice -- that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank for Television Production which, on the model of the European Investments Bank, will handle the finances necessary for production costs. 50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unit ed we stand, divided we fall” -- and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.” A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Designs & Fashions. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason (s), and making an apology.Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead.You do not need to write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2005年考研英语真题答案Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part C (10 points)46. 电视是创造和传递感情的手段之一。
2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellerscompared with animals, 1this is largely because, 2animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are 3to perceiving those smells which float through the air, 4the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, 5, we are extremely sensitive to smells, 6we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of 7 human smells even when these are 8to far below one part in one million.Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, 9others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not havethe genes necessary to generate 10smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send 11to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell 12can suddenly become sensitive to it when 13to it often enough.The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it 14to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can 15new receptors if necessary. This may 16explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells—we simply do not need to be. We are not 17of the usual smell of our own house, but we 18new smells when we visit someone else’s. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors 19for unfamiliar and emergency signals 20the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.1.[A] although[B] as[C] but[D] while2.[A] above[B] unlike[C] excluding[D] besides3.[A] limited[B] committed[C] dedicated[D] confined4.[A] catching[B] ignoring[C] missing[D] tracking5.[A] anyway[B] though[C] instead[D] therefore6.[A] even if[B] if only[C] only if[D] as if7.[A] distinguishing[B] discovering[C] determining[D] detecting8.[A] diluted[B] dissolved[C] dispersed9.[A] when[B] since[C] for[D] whereas10.[A] unusual[B] particular[C] unique[D] typical11.[A] signs[B] stimuli[C] messages[D] impulses12.[A] at first[B] at all[C] at large[D] at times13.[A] subjected[B] left[C] drawn[D] exposed14.[A] ineffective[B] incompetent[C] inefficient[D] insufficient15.[A] introduce[B] summon[C] trigger[D] create16.[A] still[B] also[D] nevertheless17.[A] sure[B] sick[C] aware[D] tired18.[A] tolerate[B] repel[C] neglect[D] notice19.[A] available[B] reliable[C] identifiable[D] suitable20.[A] similar to[B] such as[C] along with[D] aside fromSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)Text 1Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human,” with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it is all too monkey, as well.The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. Above all, liketheir female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males.Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de Waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.In the world of capuchins, grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin.The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species. Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.21.In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ________.[A] posing a contrast[B] justifying an assumption[C] making a comparison[D] explaining a phenomenon22.The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, Paragraph l) implies that ________.[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions23.Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are________.[A] more inclined to weigh what they get[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions[C] nice in both appearance and temperament[D] more generous than their male companions24.Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys________.[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers[B] can be taught to exchange things[C] will not be co-operative if feeling cheated[D] are unhappy when separated from others25.What can we infer from the last paragraph?[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.Text 2Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report: “Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s OK to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the time 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research -- a classic case of “paralysis by analysis.”To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won’t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it iscrucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.26.An argument made by supporters of smoking was that ________.[A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death[B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant[C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life[D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense27.According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as ________.[A] a protector[B] a judge[C] a critic[D] a guide28.What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line, Paragraph 4)?[A] Endless studies kill action.[B] Careful investigation reveals truth.[C] Prudent planning hinders progress.[D] Extensive research helps decision-making.29.According to the author, what should the Administration do about global warming?[A] Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.[B] Raise public awareness of conservation.[C] Press for further scientific research.[D] Take some legislative measures.30.The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because ________.[A] they both suffered from the government’s negligence[B] a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former[C] the outcome of the latter aggravates the former[D] both of them have turned from bad to worseText 3Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” -- the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat, regulatingmoods while the brain is “off-line.” And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, “It’s your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center. “If you don’t like it, change it.”Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep -- when most vivid dreams occur -- as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day.” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events -- until, it appears, we begin to dream.And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we wake up in a panic,” Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep -- or rather dream -- on it and you’ll feel better in the morning.31.Researchers have come to believe that dreams ________.[A] can be modified in their courses[B] are susceptible to emotional changes[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs32.By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show ________.[A] its function in our dreams[B] the mechanism of REM sleep[C] the relation of dreams to emotions[D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex33.The negative feelings generated during the day tend to ________.[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind[B] develop into happy dreams[C] persist till the time we fall asleep[D] show up in dreams early at night34.Cartwright seems to suggest that ________.[A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams[B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control[C] dreams should be left to their natural progression[D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious35.What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have bad dreams?[A] Lead your life as usual.[B] Seek professional help.[C] Exercise conscious control.[D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime.Text 4Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom,” for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing,” has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and low culture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive -- there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seemold-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms -- he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china.” A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.36.According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English ________.[A] is inevitable in radical education reforms[B] is but all too natural in language development[C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture[D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s37.The word “talking” (Line 6, Paragraph 3) denotes ________.[A] modesty[B] personality[C] liveliness[D] informality38.To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?[A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.[B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English.[C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.[D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.39.The description of Russians’ love of memorizing poetry shows the author’s ________.[A] interest in their language[B] appreciation of their efforts[C] admiration for their memory[D] contempt for their old-fashionedness40.According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as ________.[A] “temporary” is to “permanent”[B] “radical” is to “conservative”[C] “functional” is to “artistic”[D] “humble” is to “noble”Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Canada’s premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.They’re all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.41.________What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care -- to say nothing of reports from other experts -- recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.42.________But “national” doesn’t have to mean that. “National” could mean interprovincial -- provinces combining efforts to create one body.Either way, one benefit of a “national” organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province -- or a series of hospitals within a province -- negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.43.________A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Co-ordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That’s one reason why the idea of a national list hasn’t gone anywhere, while drug costs keep rising fast.44.________Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow’s report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: “A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.”45.________So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.[A] Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the firstadvocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec’s DrugInsurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 per cent to26.8 per cent![B] Or they could read Mr. Kirby’s report: “the substantial buying power of such an agencywould strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiate the lowestpossible purchase prices from drug companies.”[C] What does “national” mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirby recommended afederal-provincial body much like the recently created National Health Council.[D] The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will continue toincrease faster than government revenues.[E] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costs haverisen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. Part of the increasecomes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. Part of it arises fromnew drugs costing more than older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.[F] So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can run it,starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, saveadministrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another, andbargain for better drug prices.[G] Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers; theycan lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from one provinceto another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list, the pressurewill cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn’t like a national agency, butself-interest would lead them to deal with it.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one’s impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. 46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed -- and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe. The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. 47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio, newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. One Italian example wouldbe the Berlusconi group, while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. 48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks, no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.49) Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice -- that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank for Television Production which, on the model of the European Investments Bank, will handle the finances necessary for production costs.50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “United we stand, divided we fall” -- and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.” A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Designs & Fashions. But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason (s), and making an apology.Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead.You do not need to write the address. (10 points)Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)。
2005考研数一真题及解析
2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学(一)试卷一、填空题(本题共6小题,每小题4分,满分24分.把答案填在题中横线上)2(1)曲线V ——的斜渐近线方程为2x 1(2)微分方程xy 2y xlnx满足V(1)1的解为.92 2 2(3)设函数u(x,y,z) 1 .乂三，单位向量n 1{1,1,1},则6 12 18 V3u =n(1,2,3)' ------------------------ '⑷ 设是由锥面z . x2y2与半球面z ■ R2 x2 y2围成的空间区域，是的整个边界的外侧，则xdydz ydzdx zdxdy .(5)设a, a2, a3均为3维列向量,记矩阵A ( a, a2, a3) ,B (a a2a3, a 2 a2 4 a3, a 3 a29 a3),如果A 1 ,那么|B _—(6)从数1,2,3,4 中任取一个数，记为X ,再从1,2, ,X中任取一个数，记为Y ,贝y P{Y 2} = _______________ .二、选择题(本题共8小题，每小题4分，满分32分.每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求，把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内)⑺设函数f(x) lim n1 |X3n，则f(x)在(，)内(A)处处可导(B)恰有一个不可导点(C)恰有两个不可导点(D)至少有三个不可导点(8)设F(x)是连续函数f(x)的一个原函数,"M N"表示"M的充分必要条件是N",则必有(A) F(x)是偶函数 f (x)是奇函数(B) F(x)是奇函数f(x)是偶函数(C) F(x)是周期函数f(x)是周期函数(D) F(x)是单调函数f(x)是单调函数(9)设函数u(x, y) (x y) (x y) ' (t)dt ,其中函数具有二x y阶导数，具有一阶导数，则必有(A) 2 u 2x 2u2y(B)2u2 x2u2 y2 2 2 2(C) u u (D) u u2 x y y x y x(10)设有三元方程xy zlny e"2 1 ,根据隐函数存在定理，存在点(0,1,1)的一个邻域，在此邻域内该方程(A)只能确定一个具有连续偏导数的隐函数z z(x, y)(B)可确定两个具有连续偏导数的隐函数x x( y, z)和z z(x, y)(C)可确定两个具有连续偏导数的隐函数y y(x, z)和z z(x, y)(D)可确定两个具有连续偏导数的隐函数 x x(y,z)和y y(x,z)(11)设1,2是矩阵A 的两个不同的特征值，对应的特征向量分别为a , a ,则a , A(a a )线性无关的充分必要条件是(B) 2 0 (C) i 0 (D) 2 0(12)设A 为n(n 2)阶可逆矩阵，交换A 的第1行与第2行得矩阵B.A *,B *分别为A,B 的伴随矩阵，则(A)交换A *的第1列与第2列得B * 与第2行得B *(C)交换A *的第1列与第2列得B *1行与第2行得B *(C) a 0.3,b 0.2(D) a 0.1,b 0.4 (14)设X 1,X 2,,X n (n 2)为来自总体N(0,1)的简单随机样本，X 为 样本均值，S 2为样本方差，则(A) nX ~ N(0,1)(A) i 0(B)交换A *的第1行(D)交换A *的第(B) nS 2~ 2(n)(13)设二维随机变量(X,Y)的概率分布为 (A) a 0.2,b 0.3(B) a 0.4,b 0.1三、解答题(本题共9小题,满分94分.解答应写出文字说明、证 明过程或演算步骤)(15)(本题满分11分)设 D {(x, y) x 2 y 2 %2x 0, y 0}, [1 x 2 y 2]表示不超过 1 x 2 y 2的最大整数.计算二重积分xy[1 x 2 y 2]dxdy.D (C)呼…D (D) (n 1)X ； X i~F(1,n 1)求幂级数m(1)n，(1缶代的收敛区间与和函数f(x).(18)( 本题满分 12 分)已知函数f(x)在［0,1］上连续，在(0,1)内可导，且f(0)0, f(1) 1. 证明:(1) 存在(0,1), 使得f( ) 1 .(2) 存在两个不同的点, (0,1),使得 f ( )f ( ) 1.(19)(本题满分12分)设函数(y)具有连续导数，在围绕原点的任意分段光滑简单闭曲线L上，曲线积分?L(y)d x 2x ydy的值恒为同一常数.L 2x y(1)证明：对右半平面x 0内的任意分段光滑简单闭曲线C,有(y)dx 2xydy0.2 2 4■C 2x y(2)求函数(y)的表达式.(20)( 本题满分 9 分)已知二次型 f (x1,x2,x3 ) (1 a)x12 (1 a)x22 2x32 2(1a)x1x2 的秩为2.(1)求a的值；(2)求正交变换x Qy, 把 f (x1,x2,x3 )化成标准形 .⑶求方程f(X i，X2，X3)=0的解•(21)( 本题满分 9 分)已知 3 阶矩阵 A 的第一行是(a,b,c),a,b,c 不全为零, 矩阵123B 2 4 6 ( k为常数),且AB O ,求线性方程组Ax 0的通解.3 6 k(22)(本题满分9分)设二维随机变量(X,Y)的.概率密度为f(x,y)0 x 1,0 y 2x其它求：(1) (X,Y)的边缘概率密度f x(x), f Y(y).(2) Z 2X Y的概率密度f z(z).(23)(本题满分9分)设X i，X2，,X n(n 2)为来自总体N(0,1)的简单随机样本，X为样本均值，记丫X i X,i 1,2, ,n.求：(1) Y i 的方差DYj 1,2, , n.(2) Y i 与Y n 的协方差COV(Y,Y n).2005年考研数学一真题解析、填空题(本题共6小题，每小题4分，满分24分.把答案填在题中横线上)y —的斜渐近线方程为 y 丄2x 12 4本题属基本题型，直接用斜渐近线方程公式进行计算即可于是所求斜渐近线方程为(1,2,3)u ucos yu cos z因此，本题直接用上述公式即可【分析】函数 u(x,y,z)沿单位向量{cos ,cos ,cos ｝的方向导数为:(1)曲线【分析】【详解】 因为a=lim 上凶xxlim 2x 2x 2 b lim f (x) xaxlim 2(2x 1)(2)微分方程xy 2y xln X 满足 y(1)的解为y 1-xln31 -x.. 9【分析】直接套用一阶线性微分方程yP(x)y Q(x)的通解公式:P (x)dxP(x)dxy e [ Q(x)edx C]，再由初始条件确定任意常数即可【详解】原方程等价为2 y -y xIn x ，于是通解为2dxy e * x[ In x -dxe x dx C]2x ln xdx C]由 y(1)」xln x 31得C=0,故所求解为91 x . 设函数u(x, y, z)2y 12 2z 18单位向量n 1｛1,1,1｝，则祁3【详解】 因为-u x u y u z ，于是所求方向导数为x 3y 6z 9u 1 1 1 1 1 1屈n (1,2,3)333 y[3 3(4)设是由锥面 z Jx2 2y与半球面z <R 2 x 2 y 2围成的空间区域， 是J23xdydz ydzdx zdxdy 2 (1 )R .【分析】本题是封闭曲面且取外侧，自然想到用高斯公式转化为三重积分，再用球 面（或柱面）坐标进行计算即可 •3,1224如果A 1 ,【分析】 本题涉及到两次随机试验，想到用全概率公式 ，且第一次试验的各种两两互不相容的结果即为完备事件组或样本空间的划分的整个边界的外侧，则【详解】xdydz ydzdx zdxdy 3dxdydz(5)设=3 * 2d442 (1 —)R 3.21, 2, 3均为 3维列向量, 记矩阵【分析】 将B 写成用A 右乘另一矩阵的形式, 再用方阵相乘的行列式性质进行计算即 可•【详由题设，有3,13293 )于是有(6) 从数 =(3)2.1,2,3,4中任取一个数，记为 X,再从1,2, ,X 中任取一个数，记为Y 则P{Y 2}=13 48【详解】P{Y 2} = P{X 1}P{Y 2X 1} + P{X 2}P{Y 2X 2}+ P{X 3}P{Y 2X 3} + P{X 4}P{Y 2X 4}1 小 1 1 1、 13=—(0 ——-)——.4二、选择题(本题共8小题，每小题4分，满分32分.每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求，把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内)(7)设函数f(x) lim n；1 |x|3n，则f(x)在(,)内(A)处处可导•(B)恰有一个不可导点•(C)恰有两个不可导点•(D)至少有三个不可导点•[ C ]【分析】先求出f(x)的表达式，再讨论其可导情形【详解】当|x 1时，f(x)lim nhn 'x3n1; 当1x1时，f(x)lim 叮1n1 1;当1x1时，f (x)lim x (n ;13nx1Mi x3.3x , x 1,即f (x) 1, 1 x 1, 可见f(x)仅在x= 1时不可导，故应选(C)3x , x 1x【详解】方法一：任一原函数可表示为F(x) ° f(t)dt C，且F (x) f (x).当F(x)为偶函数时，有F( x) F(x)，于是F ( x) ( 1) F (x)，即f ( x) f(x)，x也即f( x) f (x)，可见f(x)为奇函数；反过来，若f(x)为奇函数，贝y °f(t)dt为偶函数，x从而F(x) o f(t)dt C为偶函数，可见(A)为正确选项.1 2方法二：令f(x)=1,则取F(x)=x+1,排除(B)、(C);令f(x)=x,则取F(x)=—X ,排除(D);故2 应选(A).x y(9)设函数u(x, y) (x y) (x y) (t)dt,其中函数具有二阶导数，x y(8) 设F(x)是连续函数f(x)的一个原函数，"M则必有(A) F(x)是偶函数f(x)是奇函数.(B) F(x)是奇函数f(x)是偶函数.(C) F(x)是周期函数f(x)是周期函数.(D) F(x)是单调函数f(x)是单调函数.N "表示“ M的充分必要条件是N”, 【分析】本题可直接推证，但最简便的方法还是通过反例用排除法找到答案具有一阶导数，则必有2 u 2u2 u 2u(A)2 2・ (B ) 2 2・xyxy2222u uu u(C)2・(D)2・[B ]x y yx yx22u2【分析】 先分别求出-、u u 再比较答案即可.xy 2x y【详解】 因为u(x y) (x y)(x y)(x y),xu (x y)(x y)(x y)(x y),y2于是u 2 x2u (x y) (xy) (x y) (x y),(x y) '(x y)(x y)(x y),x y2u (x y)(x y)(x y)(x y)，y22可见有;2，应选(B).x y(10)设有 三兀方程 xy zln y e xz1，根据隐函数存在定理, 存在点 (0,1,1)的一个邻域，在此邻域内该方程只能确定一个具有连续偏导数的隐函数 可确定两个具有连续偏导数的隐函数 可确定两个具有连续偏导数的隐函数 可确定两个具有连续偏导数的隐函数个偏导数F z ，F x ，F y ，再考虑在点(0,1,1)处哪个偏导数不为0,则可确定相应的隐函数【详解】令 F(x,y,z)=xy zln y e^1,则(A) (B)(C) (D) z=z(x,y). x=x(y,z)和 z=z(x,y). y=y(x,z)和 z=z(x,y).【分析】 本题考查隐函数存在定理，只需令F(x,y,z)=xyzln y xze,分别求出三F xxzy e z ,F yx — , F zyxzIn y e x ，别为A,B 的伴随矩阵，则[C ]【分析】本题考查初等变换的概念与初等矩阵的性质，只需利用初等变换与初等矩阵 的关系以及伴随矩阵的性质进行分析即可.【详解】由题设，存在初等矩阵 E 12 (交换n 阶单位矩阵的第1行与第2行所得)，使E 12A B ，于是 B (E 12A) A E 12A E 12E 12 1A E 12，即y=y(x,z).故应选(D).(11)设1, 2是矩阵A 的两个不同的特征值,对应的特征向量分别为2，则A( 12)线性无关的充分必要条件是(A)10.(B)20. (C) 0.(D)20.由于【分析】讨论一组抽象向量的线性无关性, 可用定义或转化为求其秩即可 【详解】方法一：令k1 1k ?A(2) 0，k 1 1 k 2 1 1 k 2 2 2(k 1 k 21) 1 k 220.2线性无关，于是有k 1 k 2 1 k 2 0,2 0.0时，显然有k 10,k 2A( 12)线性无关; 反过来,，A( 12)线性无关，则必然有2 0(,否则,1与A( 2)= 1 1线性相关)，故应选(B).方法二:由于[1,A( 12)][2]0 :，可见A( 12)线性无关的充要条件是0.故应选(B).(12)设A 为n(n 2)阶可逆矩阵，交换* *A 的第1行与第2行得矩阵B, A ,B 分(A)交换A *的第1列与第2列得B * .(B)交换A *的第1行与第2行得B * .(C)交换A *的第1列与第2列得 B *. (D) 交换A *的第1行与第2行得 B *.X ^Y0 1 0 0.4 a 1 b 0.1 (13)设二维随机变量(X,Y)的概率分布为 已知随机事件｛X 0}与{X 1｝相互独立，则(A) a=0.2, b=0.3 (C) a=0.3, b=0.2 【分析】首先所有概率求和为 式，由此可确定a,b 的取值. 【详解】由题设，知 (B) (D) a=0.4, b=0.1 a=0.1, b=0.4[ B ] 1，可得a+b=0.5,其次，利用事件的独立性又可得一等 a+b=0.5又事件｛X 0｝与｛X Y 1｝相互独立，于是有 P{X 0,X Y 1} P{X 0}P{X Y 1}， 即 a=(0.4 a)(a b), 由此可解得 a=0.4, b=0.1,故应选(B). (14)设 X 「X 2， ,X n (n 2)为来自总体N(0,1)的简单随机样本，X 为样本均值，S 2为样本方差，则 (A) nX ~ N(0,1) (B) nS 2 ~ 2(n). (C)〜(n 1) (D)(n 1)xi 厂nL~F(1,n 1).X i 2i 2【分析】 利用正态总体抽样分布的性质和 2分布、t 分布及F 分布的定义进行讨论即【详解】由正态总体抽样分布的性质知， X 0nX ~ N(0,1)， 可排除 (A)；又X 0Sn 断定(B)是正确选项 乎〜t(n 1)，可排除(C);而3 12(n 1)S 22(n 1)，不能2(1),nX i 2i 22 2(n 1)，且 X 1n2 2 (1)与 X i 〜i 22(n 1)相互独三、解答题(本题共9小题，满分94分.解答应写出文字说明、(15)(本题满分11分) 设 D {(x, y)x 2y 2 J2, x 0, y 0} , [1 x 2 y 2]表示不超过 1 x 2 y 2的最大整数.计算二重积分xy[1 x 2 y 2]dxdy.D【分析】 首先应设法去掉取整函数符号，为此将积分区域分为两部分即可 【详解】令 D 1{(x,y) 0 x 2 y 2 1,x 0,y 0}， D 2 {(x, y) 1 x 2 y 2. 2,x 0,y 0}.2y ]dxdy = xydxdy 2 xydxdyD 1 D 2【分析】 先求收敛半径，进而可确定收敛区间 .而和函数可利用逐项求导得到 .【详解】 因为lim 91)(2n°1 n(2n 1)1，所以当x 21时，原级数n(n 1)(2 n 1) n(2n 1)1绝对收敛，当x 21时，原级数发散，因此原级数的收敛半径为1,收敛区间为(一1,1)则 S(x) 4 x2n 1,x ( 1,1),n 1 2n 1立, (n 1)X ；~ F(1,n1).故应选(D).X i 22 sin1 3—cos d r dr 2 2sin cos d 00 01 3=8 4(16)(本题满分12分)「『dr求幕级数(1)n 1(1 ——1一)x 2n 的收敛区间与和函数 f(x). n 1 n(2n 1)证明过程或演算步骤.)则 xy[1 x 2DS(x)n 12n (2 n 1)(1,1)，S (x) (1)n 1 2n 2x 1 x2,x(1,1).由于S(0) 0,S(0) 0,(17)(本题满分11分)如图，曲线C 的方程为y=f(x)，点(3,2)是它的一个拐点，直线 h 与丨2分别是曲线C 在点【分析】 第一部分显然用闭区间上连续函数的介值定理；第二部分为双介值问题，可 考虑用拉格朗日中值定理，但应注意利用第一部分已得结论【详解】(I )令 F(x) f (x) 1 x ，则 F(x)在[0，1]上连续，且 F(0)=-1<0, F(1)=1>0,于是由介值定理知，存在(0,1),使得F( ) 0,即f( ) 1(II )在［0,］和［,1］上对f(x)分别应用拉格朗日中值定理，知存在两个不同的点所以S(x) xS(t)dt从而S(x)xS(t)dtn 1 2n1) xf(x) 2S(x)x1 ,2 dt arctanx, 0 1 t 2xarctantdt x arcta1ln(1 x 2).2x2 ,x1 x(1,1),x 2 1 x 22xarctanx ln(1 x 2)—,x x(1,1). (0,0)与(3,2)处的切线，其交点为(2,4).设函数f(x)具有三阶连续导数，计算定积分 0(x 2x)f【分析】二阶导数值. (x)dx. 题设图形相当于已知 f(x)在x=0的函数值与导数值, 在x=3处的函数值及一阶、【详解】 由题设图形知，f(0)=0, f (0) 2； f(3)=2, f (3) 2, f (3) 0.由分部积分，知3232(x 2x)f (x)dx 0(x 2x)df (x) (x 2x) f (x)3f (x)(2x 1)dx3(2x 1)df (x) (2x 1)f (x)3f (x)dx=16 2[ f (3) f(0)] 20.(18)(本题满分12分)已知函数f(x)在［0，1］上连续，在(0,1)内可导，且 f(0)=0,f(1)=1.证明: (I )存在 (0,1),使得 f( ) 1；(II )存在两个不同的点(0,1)，使得 f ( )f ( ) 1.―，使得f（）* ,f（）空宀于是 f ( ) f() f( ) 1 f( ) 1 -11 1（19）（本题满分12分）设函数（y）具有连续导数，在围绕原点的任意分段光滑简单闭曲线L上，曲线积分:（y）dx 27dy的值恒为同一常数.L 2x y（I）证明：对右半平面x>0内的任意分段光滑简单闭曲线C,有（y）dX2Xydy0 ；C 2x y（II）求函数（y）的表达式.【分析】证明（I）的关键是如何将封闭曲线C与围绕原点的任意分段光滑简单闭曲线相联系，这可利用曲线积分的可加性将C进行分解讨论；而（II）中求Q Px yQ2 42y(2x y ) 4xg?xy 4x2y 2y5x 2 4、2 (2x2y4)2（y）的表达式，显然应用积分与路径无关即可【详解】（I）如图，将C分解为：C 11:.(y)dx 2xydyC 2x2 y4(II)设P(y) Q ,24 ,Q2x y由（I）知, 曲线积分(y)dx 2xydy'i '3 2x2 y40(y)dx 2xydy 02 4 0・12 132x2 y2xy2x2(y)dx—,P,Q在单连通区域x 0内具有一阶连续偏导数, y 2孕史在该区域内与路径无关，故当x 0时，总有2x y12，另作一条曲线P (y)(2x 2 y 4) 4 (y)y 32 4、2 (2x y ) 2x 2(y)(y)y 44 (y)y24、2(2x y )3-.②比较①、 ②两式的右端，得 (y) 2y, (y)y 4 4 (y)y 3由③得 (y) y 2c ，将 所以c 2y 5. （y ）代入④得 2y 5 4cy 3 2y 5,0，从而（y ） y 2. （20）（本题满分9分） 已知二次型 f (x 1, x 2 ,x 3) (1 a)x j (1 a)xf 2x f 2(1a)X i X 2的秩为2.(I ) 求a 的值; (II ) 求正交变换x Qy ，把f （x 1,x 2,x 3）化成标准形; (III ) 求方程f (x 1, x 2, x 3) =0的解.【分析】（I ）根据二次型的秩为 2，可知对应矩阵的行列式为 是常规问题，先求出特征值、特征向量，再正交化、单位化即可找到所需正交变换; 利用第二步的结果，通过标准形求解即可 . 二次型对应矩阵为 【详解】（I ） 0,从而可求a 的值; (II )(III)由二次型的秩为2, (II ) 这里A (2E A)x(0E A)x0,得 a=0.可求出其特征值为得特征向量为:得特征向量为:由于1,2已经正交，直接将 22,3.3单位化，得:2 2f(X 1,X 2,X 3)=2y 12y 2.c从而所求解为：x=Qy= 123k3C ，其中c 为任意常数k(21)(本题满分9分)且AB=O,求线性方程组 Ax=0的通解.【分析】AB=O,相当于告之B 的每一列均为 Ax=0的解，关键问题是 Ax=0的基础解系 所含解向量的个数为多少，而这又转化为确定系数矩阵A 的秩.【详解】 由AB=O 知，B 的每一列均为 Ax=0的解，且r(A) r(B) 3.(1)若 k 9,则 r(B)=2,于是 r(A) 1,显然 r(A)解系所含解向量的个数为 3-r(A)=2,矩阵B 的第一、第三列线性无关，可作为其基础解系,⑵ 若 k=9,则 r(B)=1,从而 1 r(A) 2.1a0 ,k 1, k 2为任意常数. 1(22)(本题满分9分)1-.2即为所求的正交变换矩阵,x=Qy ,可化原二次型为标准形:2 2(山)由 f (x 1, x 2,x 3) = 2y.j 2y 20,得 y 10, y 2 0, y 3 k ( k 为任意常数)已知3阶矩阵A 的第一行是(a,b, c), a, b,c 不全为零，矩阵B 1 2 32 4 6 ( k 为常数)，3 6 k1,故r(A)=1.可见此时 Ax=0的基础故Ax=0的通解为：x k 1 2k 2 6 , k 1, k 2为任意常数1)若r(A)=2,则Ax=0的通解为：Xk 1 2 *1为任意常数2)r(A)=1,则 Ax=0 的同解方程组为: ax 1 bx 2 CX 3 0,不妨设a 0，则其通解为ak 11 0k 2设二维随机变量(X,丫的概率密度为f (x,y)1,0 x 1,0 y 2x, 0,其他.求：(I ) (X,丫的边缘概率密度f X (x), f Y (y)；(II ) Z 2X Y 的概率密度f z (z).【分析】 求边缘概率密度直接用公式即可；而求二维随机变量函数的概率密度，一般 用分布函数法，即先用定义求出分布函数，再求导得到相应的概率密度【详解】(I )关于X 的边缘概率密度2x,0 x 1, =0,其他.关于Y 的边缘概率密度1)当 z 0时，F z (z) P{2X Y z} 0 ； 2)当 0 z 2时，F z (z) P{2X Y z}, z 0,1 2-z ,0 z 2, 41, z 2.1丄乙。
2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案
2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I: Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, __1__ this is largely because, __2__ animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are __3__ to perceiving those smells which float through the air, __4__ the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, __5__, we are extremely sensitive to smells, __6__ we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of __7__ human smells even when these are __8__ to far below one part in one million.Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, __9__ others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate __10__ smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send __11__ to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell __12__ can suddenly become sensitive to it when __13__ to it often enough.The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it __14__ to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can __15__ new receptors if necessary. This may __16__ explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells we simply do not need to be. We are not __17__ of the usual smell of our own house but we __18__ new smells when we visit someone else’s. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors __19__ for unfamiliar and emergency signals __20__ the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.1. [A] although[B] as[C] but[D] while2. [A] above[B] unlike[C] excluding[D] besides3. [A] limited[B] committed[C] dedicated[D] confined4. [A] catching[B] ignoring[C] missing[D] tracking5. [A] anyway[B] though[C] instead[D] therefore6. [A] even if[B] if only[C] only if[D] as if7. [A] distinguishing[B] discovering[C] determining[D] detecting8. [A] diluted[B] dissolved[C] determining[D] diffused9. [A] when[B] since[C] for[D] whereas10. [A] unusual[B] particular[C] unique[D] typical11. [A] signs[B] stimuli[C] messages[D] impulses12. [A] at first[B] at all[C] at large[D] at times13. [A] subjected[B] left[C] drawn[D] exposed14. [A] ineffective[B] incompetent[C] inefficient[D] insufficient15. [A] introduce[B] summon[C] trigger[D] create16. [A] still[B] also[C] otherwise[D] nevertheless17. [A] sure[B] sick[C] aware[D] tired18. [A] tolerate[B] repel[C] neglect[D] notice19. [A] available[B] reliable[C] identifiable[D] suitable20. [A] similar to[B] such as[C] along with[D] aside fromSection II: Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (40 points)Text 1Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human,” with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well.The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, cooperative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan’s and Dr. de waal’s study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers). So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber. Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the otherchamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to reduce resentment in a female capuchin.The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a cooperative, group living species. Such cooperation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by ________.[A] posing a contrast[B] justifying an assumption[C] making a comparison[D] explaining a phenomenon22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, paragraph l) implies that________.[A] monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals[B] resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature[C] monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other[D] no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably becausethey are ________.[A] more inclined to weigh what they get[B] attentive to researchers’ instructions[C] nice in both appearance and temperament[D] more generous than their male companions24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that themonkeys ________.[A] prefer grapes to cucumbers[B] can be taught to exchange things[C] will not be cooperative if feeling cheated[D] are unhappy when separated from others25. What can we infer from the last paragraph?[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.Text 2Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel’s report: “Science never has all the answers. But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that out nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it’s Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it’s obvious that a majority of the president’s advisers still don’t take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research -- a classic case of “paralysis by analysis”.To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research. But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won’t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry, is a promising start. Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that ________.[A] there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking anddeath[B] the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant[C] people had the freedom to choose their own way of life[D] antismoking people were usually talking nonsense27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as ________.[A] a protector[B] a judge[C] a critic[D] a guide28. What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line, paragraph 4)?[A] Endless studies kill action.[B] Careful investigation reveals truth.[C] Prudent planning hinders progress.[D] Extensive research helps decision-making.29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about globalwarming?[A] Offer aid to build cleaner power plants.[B] Raise public awareness of conservation.[C] Press for further scientific research.[D] Take some legislative measures.30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because________.[A] they both suffered from the government’s negligence[B] a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former[C] the outcome of the latter aggravates the former[D] both of them have turned from bad to worseText 3Of all the components of a good night’s sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud formulated his revolutionary theory that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists had switched to thinking of them as just “mental noise” -- the random byproducts of the neural-repair work that goes on during sleep. Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind’s emotional thermostat,regulating moods while the brain is “off-line.” And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better, “It’s your dream,” says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago’s Medical Center. “If you don’t like it, change it.”Evidence from brain imaging supports this view. The brain is as active during REM (rapid eye movement) sleep -- when most vivid dreams occur -- as it is when fully awake, says Dr, Eric Nofzinger at the University of Pittsburgh. But not all parts of the brain are equally involved; the limbic system (the “emotional brain”) is especially active, while the prefrontal cortex (the center of intellect and reasoning) is relatively quiet. “We wake up from dreams happy or depressed, and those feelings can stay with us all day.” says Stanford sleep researcher Dr. William Dement.The link between dreams and emotions show up among the patients in Cartwright’s clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don’t always think about the emotional significance of the day’s events -- until, it appears, we begin to dream.And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time is occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.At the end of the day, there’s probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or “we waken up in a panic,” Cartwright says. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people’s anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, the brain has its ways of working through bad feelings. Sleep -- or rather dream -- on it and you’ll feel better in the morning.31. Researchers have come to believe that dreams ________.[A] can be modified in their courses[B] are susceptible to emotional changes[C] reflect our innermost desires and fears[D] are a random outcome of neural repairs32. By referring to the limbic system, the author intends to show ________.[A] its function in our dreams[B] the mechanism of REM sleep[C] the relation of dreams to emotions[D] its difference from the prefrontal cortex33. The negative feelings generated during the day tend to ________.[A] aggravate in our unconscious mind[B] develop into happy dreams[C] persist till the time we fall asleep[D] show up in dreams early at night34. Cartwright seems to suggest that ________.[A] waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams[B] visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control[C] dreams should be left to their natural progression[D] dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious35. What advice might Cartwright give to those who sometimes have had dreams?[A] Lead your life as usual.[B] Seek professional help.[C] Exercise conscious control.[D] Avoid anxiety in the daytime.Text 4American no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. Nor do they aspire to such command themselves. In his latest book, Doing Our Own Thing: The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should, Like, Care, John McWhorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the triumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.Blaming the permissive 1960s is nothing new, but this is not yet another criticism against the decline in education. Mr. McWhorter’s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom,” for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English.But the cult of the authentic and the personal, “doing our own thing,” has spelt the death of formal speech, writing, poetry and music. While even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page. Equally, in poetry, the highly personal, performative genre is the only form that could claim real liveliness. In both oral and written English, talking is triumphing over speaking, spontaneity over craft.Illustrated with an entertaining array of examples from both high and lowculture, the trend that Mr. McWhorter documents is unmistakable. But it is less clear, to take the question of his subtitle, why we should, like, care. As a linguist, he acknowledges that all varieties of human language, including non-standard ones like Black English, can be powerfully expressive -- there exists no language or dialect in the world that cannot convey complex ideas. He is not arguing, as many do, that we can no longer think straight because we do not talk proper.Russians have a deep love for their own language and carry large chunks of memorized poetry in their heads, while Italian politicians tend to elaborate speech that would seem old-fashioned to most English-speakers. Mr. McWhorter acknowledges that formal language is not strictly necessary, and proposes no radical education reforms -- he is really grieving over the loss of something beautiful more than useful. We now take our English “on paper plates instead of china.” A shame, perhaps, but probably an inevitable one.36. According to McWhorter, the decline of formal English ________.[A] is inevitable in radical education reforms[B] is but all too natural in language development[C] has caused the controversy over the counter-culture[D] brought about changes in public attitudes in the 1960s37. The word “talking” (Line 6, paragraph 3) denotes ________.[A] modesty[B] personality[C] liveliness[D] informality38. To which of the following statements would McWhorter most likely agree?[A] Logical thinking is not necessarily related to the way we talk.[B] Black English can be more expressive than standard English.[C] Non-standard varieties of human language are just as entertaining.[D] Of all the varieties, standard English can best convey complex ideas.39. The description of Russians’ love of memorizing poetry shows the author’s________.[A] interest in their language[B] appreciation of their efforts[C] admiration for their memory[D] contempt for their old-fashionedness40. According to the last paragraph, “paper plates” is to “china” as ________.年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题[A] “temporary” is to “permanent”[B] “radical” is to “conservative”[C] “functional” is to “artistic”[D] “humble” is to “noble”Part BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into of the numbered blank there are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Canada’s premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath left after complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to do something, together, to reduce health-care costs.They’re all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component of which are pharmaceutical costs.41. ________What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care -- to say nothing of reports from other experts -- recommended the creation of a national drug agency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy, procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, and create a national institution.42. ________But “national” doesn’t have to mean that. “National” could mean interprovincial -- provinces combining efforts to create one body.Either way, one benefit of a “national” organization would be to negotiate better prices, if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province -- or a series of hospitals within a province -- negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the national agency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the national agency would negotiate on behalf 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greater the potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.43. ________A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of the Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and the provinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which new drugs should be included. Predictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题(particularly Quebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, strings attached. That’s one reason why the idea of a national list hasn’t gone anywhere while drug costs keep rising fast.44. ________Premiers love to quote Mr. Romanow’s report selectively, especially the parts about more federal money. Perhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: “A national drug agency would provide governments more influence on pharmaceutical companies in order to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.”45. ________So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, they should also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgets and patients.[A] Quebec’s resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One ofthe first advocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University.Quebec’s Drug Insurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annualincreases from 14.3 per cent to 26.8 per cent![B] Or they could read Mr. Kirby’s report: “the substantial buying power ofsuch an agency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insuranceplans to negotiate the lowest possible purchase prices from drugcompanies.”[C] What does “national” mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirbyrecommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently createdNational Health Council.[D] The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and willcontinue to increase faster than government revenues.[E] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescriptiondrug costs have risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-carespending. Part of the increase comes from drugs being used to replaceother kinds of treatments. Part of it arises from new drugs costing morethan older kinds. Part of it is higher prices.[F] So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove theycan run it, starting with an interprovincial health list that would endduplication, save administrative costs, prevent one province from beingplayed off against another, and bargain for better drug prices.[G] Of course the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like dividedbuyers; they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removingjobs from one province to another. They can hope that, if one provinceincludes a drug on its list, the pressure will cause others to include it ontheirs. They wouldn’t like a national agency, but self-interest would leadthem to deal with it.Part C年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)It is not easy to talk about the role of the mass media in this overwhelmingly significant phase in European history. History and news become confused, and one’s impressions tend to be a mixture of skepticism and optimism. 46) Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed -- and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe. The Europe that is now forming cannot be anything other than its peoples, their cultures and national identities. With this in mind we can begin to analyze the European television scene. 47) In Europe, as elsewhere, multi-media groups have been increasingly successful: groups which bring together television, radio newspapers, magazines and publishing houses that work in relation to one another. One Italian example would be the Berlusconi group, while abroad Maxwell and Murdoch come to mind.Clearly, only the biggest and most flexible television companies are going to be able to compete in such a rich and hotly-contested market. 48) This alone demonstrates that the television business is not an easy world to survive in, a fact underlined by statistics that show that out of eighty European television networks no less than 50% took a loss in 1989.Moreover, the integration of the European community will oblige television companies to cooperate more closely in terms of both production and distribution.49) Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice -- that of producing programs in Europe for Europe. This entails reducing our dependence on the North American market, whose programs relate to experiences and cultural traditions which are different from our own.In order to achieve these objectives, we must concentrate more on co-productions, the exchange of news, documentary services and training. This also involves the agreements between European countries for the creation of a European bank for Television Production which, on the model of European Investment Bank, will handle the finances necessary for production costs. 50) In dealing with a challenge on such a scale, it is no exaggeration to say “Unity we stand, divided we fall” -- and if I had to choose a slogan it would be “Unity in our diversity.” A unity of objectives that nonetheless respect the varied peculiarities of each country.Section III: WritingPart A2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题51. Directions:Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Designs & fashions. But now you find that the word is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason (s), and making an apology.Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead.You do not need to write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题参考答案Section I: Use of English (10 points)1.[C]2.[B]3.[A]4.[C]5.[B]6.[A]7.[D]8.[A]9.[D] 10.[B]11.[C] 12.[A] 13.[D] 14.[C] 15.[D]16.[B] 17.[C] 18.[D] 19.[A] 20.[B] Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)21.[C] 22.[B] 23.[A] 24.[C] 25.[B]26.[C] 27.[D] 28.[A] 29.[D] 30.[B]31.[A] 32.[C] 33.[D] 34.[D] 35.[A]36.[B] 37.[D] 38.[A] 39.[B] 40.[C]Part B (10 points)41.[E] 42.[C] 43.[G] 44.[F] 45.[B]Part C (10 points)46. 电视是创造和传递感情的手段之一。
2005年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案解析
2005年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及参考答案解析日常问候用语是考生必须熟练运用的知识，这与考生的口语操练有很大关系。
说促进听，是许多英语学习者的心得。
而且日常问候要视人而定，如英国人见面谈天气，美国人见面问身体等。
下面作详细介绍：1.问候类(Greetings)英语中的问候用语非常繁多，正式的通常有：How do you do?(初次见面通常用语)How are you?(比较熟悉的人之间用语)How are you getting along with...?(你近来...可好?)How are you doing?(您工作还顺利吧?)How is everything?(一切还好吧?)How is your vacation/holiday(s)/Christmas Day/weekend?(假期怎么样?)当今美国社会流行口语用语，大致有：What's up?(近来可忙?)Hello?Hi?What's going on?(近来可好?)How is life?How is it going?anything new?Pleased to meet you again!对以上问候的对答通常有How do you do!Fine!Thank you，and you?Every is fine!I'm just great!Very(quite)well，thank you!Couldn't be better，thank you!Not bad!Can't complain!Just so so.值得一提的是，随着美语越来越广泛地渗透，听力中用美语朗读且以美国社会为背景的题材的趋势愈加明显。
考生要注意日常口语对话，及时吸取信息，将对听力有很大的帮助。
请看下面的对话：A：Good morning, Ms Lucy. This is Betty, can you still remember me?B：Betty? Is it really? Surely I remember you. You are my good friend, and I haven??t seen you for ages, but how are you?A：Fine, I??m just fine, Ms Lucy...2.告别类(Farewell)有聚总有散。
2005年硕士研究生入学考试及答案
目录1.05年北师大物理类各方向2.05年长光所3.05年东南大学4.05年中科大5.05年南京大学6.05年华中科大7.05年吉林大学（原子所）8.05年四川大学（原子与分子）9.05年北京理工10.05年河北理工11.05年长春理工北京师范大学2005年招收硕士研究生入学考试试题专业:物理类各专业科目代号:459研究方向:各方向考试科目:量子力学[注意]答案写在答题纸上，写在试题上无效。
1.(20分)一个电子被限制在一维谐振子势场中，活动范围求激发电子到第一激发态所需要的能量（用ev表示）（，，）提示：谐振子能量本征函数可以写成2.（30分）一个电子被限制在二维各向同性谐振子势场中（特征频率为）。
（1）写出其哈密顿量，利用一维谐振子能级公式找到此电子的能级公式和简并度。
（2）请推导电子的径向运动方程。
并讨论其在时的渐近解。
提示：极坐标下3．（50分）两个质量为的粒子，被禁闭在特征频率为的一维谐振子势场中，彼此无相互作用（此题中波函数无须写出具体形式）：（1）如果两个粒子无自旋可分辨，写出系统的基态（两个都在自己的基态）和第一激发能级（即一个在基态，另一个在第一激发态）的波函数和能量（注意简并情形）。
（10分）（2）如果两个粒子是不可分辨的无自旋波色子，写出系统的基态和第一激发态的能量和波函数。
如果粒子间互作用势为，计算基态能级到一级微扰项。
（15分）（3分）如果两个粒子是不可分辨的自旋1/2粒子，写出基态能级和波函数（考虑自旋）。
如果粒子间互作用能为，计算基态能量。
（15分）（4）同（3），解除势阱，两个粒子以左一右飞出。
有两个探测器分别（同时）测量它们的y方向自旋角动量。
请问测量结果为两电子自旋反向的几率是多少？（10分）4．（30分）中心力场中电子自旋与轨道角动量存在耦合能。
总角动量，是的共同本征态。
现有一电子处于态，且。
（1）在一基近似下，可用代替，请问电子的能量与态差多少？（2）请计算该电子产生的平均磁矩，并由此计算在z方向均匀磁场B中电子的能量改变多少？（），当，，当，5．（20分）一个定域（空间位置不动）的电子（自旋1/2）处于z方向强磁场中。
中国人民大学-环境科学与工程综合-05-10年真题及答案
目录中国人民大学2005年硕士研究生入学考试试题 (2)中国人民大学2006年硕士研究生入学考试试题 (4)中国人民大学2007年硕士研究生入学考试试题 (6)中国人民大学2008年硕士研究生入学考试试题 (8)中国人民大学2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题 (9)中国人民大学2010年硕士研究生入学考试试题 (10)试题2005年参考答案 (11)试题2006年参考答案 (18)试题2007年参考答案 (27)试题2008年参考答案 (33)试题2009年参考答案 (37)试题2010年参考答案 (43)中国人民大学2005年硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：环境科学综合一、名词解释（本题含10个小题，每题3分，共30分）1.BOD2.TOC3.氧垂曲线4.固体废物5.噪声6.亏氧量7.活性污泥8.景观环境9.清洁生产10.温室效应二、简答题（本题含8个小题，每题5分，共40分）1.简述大气圈的五层，并说明每层的简要特征。
2.制约人类生存和发展的五类规律（简称“五律”）是什么？3.简述放射性污染的来源、分类、危害及其控制措施。
4.请绘出典型的城市污水处理工艺流程。
5.土壤侵蚀的影响因素。
6.固体废物的危害有哪些？其处理和处置的原则是什么？7.被污染土壤的修复措施有哪些？8.环境标分为哪几类？三、综述题（本题含5个小题，任选4个，每题20分，共80分）1.试从酸雨的基本成分和形成机制说明酸雨对环境的危害和防治措施。
2.试述污染物在环境中的循环，污染物对生物的影响。
3.详细列举大气中污染物的种类，并说明这些污染物对生物和人体的危害。
4.试述水污染的主要来源，主要的水污染物及其控制措施。
5.试述我国所面临的主要环境问题，并提出解决这些问题的途径。
中国人民大学2006年硕士研究生入学考试试题考试科目：环境科学综合一、名词解释（本题含10个小题，每题3分，共30分）1.生态系统2.“三同时”原则3.垃圾堆肥4.Chemical oxygen demand5.环境容量6.Eutrophication7.环境背景值8.水体自净9.Ecological Efficiency10.可持续发展二、简答题（本题含8个小题，任选6个，每题10分，共60分）1.城市化对大气、水、生物环境的影响。
吉林大学2005年硕士研究生入学考试试题
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真题05年到08年
首都师范大学2005年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷专业：马克思主义理论与思想政治教育考试科目：马克思主义哲学一、简答题（每小题10分，共40分）1、简述马克思主义哲学的物质观及其意义。
2、简述辩证唯物论的过程论。
3、简述科学发展的社会条件。
4、简述现代思维方法的基本特点。
二、辨析题（每小题10分，共40分）1、部分质变总体上讲属于量变阶段。
2、在真理问题上坚持辩证法就必须坚持认为实践是检验真理的唯一标准。
3、历史人物可以加速历史发展的过程。
4、绝对运动与相对静止是互相包含的关系。
三、简述题（每小题15分，共30分）1、结合现代西方哲学的发展，说明马克思主义哲学与现代西方哲学的差异。
2、如何理解认识的基本属性。
四、论述题（每小题20分，共40分）1、如何理解认识辩证运动的全过程。
2、试述马克思主义关于人的价值的理论，并说明其意义。
首都师范大学2005年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷专业：马克思主义理论与思想政治教育考试科目：思想政治教育学原理研究方向：思想政治教育理论与方法、中外思想政治教育一、简答题（每小题8分，共40分）1、内化与外化2、思想品德结构3、理想教育4、思想政治教育者的素质结构5、实地调查评估法二、简述题（每小题10分，共50分）1、简述政治工作与思想工作的关系。
2、评析中国古代思想道德教育的得失。
3、联系现实，阐述思想政治教育环境优化的途径。
4、评析思想政治教育的“无用论”和“万能论”5、结合我国的实际，阐述如何发挥思想政治教育的导向功能。
三、论述题（每题30分，共60分）1、列举并论述思想政治教育学的直接理论依据（详细阐述至少3个）。
2、在思想政治教育中，如何正确处理价值一元与多元的关系。
首都师范大学2006年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷专业：马克思主义理论与思想政治教育考试科目：马克思主义哲学一、简答题：（每小题10分，共40分）1、简述哲学的社会功能。
2、简述整体与部分的关系。
2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(数一)试卷与答案
2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学(一)试卷一、填空题(本题共6小题,每小题4分,满分24分.把答案填在题中横线上)(1)曲线122+=x x y 的斜渐近线方程为 _____________.(2)微分方程x x y y x ln 2=+'满足91)1(-=y 的解为____________. (3)设函数181261),,(222z y x z y x u +++=,单位向量}1,1,1{31=n ,则)3,2,1(nu∂∂=.________.(4)设Ω是由锥面22y x z +=与半球面222y x R z --=围成的空间区域,∑是Ω的整个边界的外侧,则⎰⎰∑=++zdxdy ydzdx xdydz ____________.(5)设123,,ααα均为3维列向量,记矩阵123(,,)=A ααα,123123123(,24,39)=++++++B ααααααααα,如果1=A ,那么=B .(6)从数1,2,3,4中任取一个数,记为X , 再从X ,,2,1 中任取一个数,记为Y , 则}2{=Y P =____________.二、选择题(本题共8小题,每小题4分,满分32分.每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项符合题目要求,把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内)(7)设函数n nn xx f 31lim )(+=∞→,则()f x 在),(+∞-∞内(A)处处可导 (B)恰有一个不可导点 (C)恰有两个不可导点(D)至少有三个不可导点(8)设()F x 是连续函数()f x 的一个原函数,""N M ⇔表示"M 的充分必要条件是",N 则必有(A)()F x 是偶函数()f x ⇔是奇函数(B)()F x 是奇函数()f x ⇔是偶函数(C)()F x 是周期函数()f x ⇔是周期函数 (D)()F x 是单调函数()f x ⇔是单调函数(9)设函数⎰+-+-++=yx yx dt t y x y x y x u )()()(),(ψϕϕ, 其中函数ϕ具有二阶导数,ψ具有一阶导数,则必有(A)2222y ux u ∂∂-=∂∂(B)2222y u x u ∂∂=∂∂(C)222yu y x u ∂∂=∂∂∂(D)222xu y x u ∂∂=∂∂∂(10)设有三元方程ln e 1xz xy z y -+=,根据隐函数存在定理,存在点(0,1,1)的一个邻域,在此邻域内该方程(A)只能确定一个具有连续偏导数的隐函数(,)z z x y =(B)可确定两个具有连续偏导数的隐函数(,)x x y z =和(,)z z x y = (C)可确定两个具有连续偏导数的隐函数(,)y y x z =和(,)z z x y = (D)可确定两个具有连续偏导数的隐函数(,)x x y z =和(,)y y x z = (11)设21,λλ是矩阵A 的两个不同的特征值,对应的特征向量分别为12,αα,则1α,12()+A αα线性无关的充分必要条件是(A)01≠λ (B)02≠λ(C)01=λ(D)02=λ(12)设A 为(2)n n ≥阶可逆矩阵,交换A 的第1行与第2行得矩阵**.,B A B 分别为,A B 的伴随矩阵,则(A)交换*A 的第1列与第2列得*B (B)交换*A 的第1行与第2行得*B (C)交换*A 的第1列与第2列得*-B(D)交换*A 的第1行与第2行得*-B(13)设二维随机变量(,)X Y 的概率分布为X Y0 1 0 0.4a 1b0.1已知随机事件}0{=X 与}1{=+Y X 相互独立,则(A)0.2,0.3a b == (B)0.4,0.1a b == (C)0.3,0.2a b ==(D)0.1,0.4a b ==(14)设)2(,,,21≥n X X X n 为来自总体(0,1)N 的简单随机样本,X 为样本均值,2S 为样本方差,则(A))1,0(~N X n(B)22~()nS n χ(C))1(~)1(--n t SXn (D)2122(1)~(1,1)nii n X F n X=--∑三 、解答题(本题共9小题,满分94分.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤) (15)(本题满分11分) 设}0,0,2),{(22≥≥≤+=y x y x y x D ,]1[22y x ++表示不超过221y x ++的最大整数. 计算二重积分⎰⎰++Ddxdy y x xy .]1[22 (16)(本题满分12分) 求幂级数∑∞=--+-121))12(11()1(n n n x n n 的收敛区间与和函数()f x .(17)(本题满分11分)如图,曲线C 的方程为()y f x =,点(3,2)是它的一个拐点,直线1l 与2l 分别是曲线C 在点(0,0)与(3,2)处的切线,其交点为(2,4).设函数()f x 具有三阶连续导数,计算定积分⎰'''+32.)()(dx x f x x(18)(本题满分12分)已知函数()f x 在[0,1]上连续,在(0,1)内可导,且(0)0,(1)1f f ==. 证明: (1)存在),1,0(∈ξ 使得ξξ-=1)(f .(2)存在两个不同的点)1,0(,∈ζη,使得.1)()(=''ζηf f (19)(本题满分12分)设函数)(y ϕ具有连续导数,在围绕原点的任意分段光滑简单闭曲线L 上,曲线积分24()22Ly dx xydyx yφ++⎰的值恒为同一常数.(1)证明:对右半平面0x >内的任意分段光滑简单闭曲线,C 有24()202Cy dx xydyx y φ+=+⎰.(2)求函数)(y ϕ的表达式. (20)(本题满分9分)已知二次型21232221321)1(22)1()1(),,(x x a x x a x a x x x f +++-+-=的秩为2.(1)求a 的值；(2)求正交变换x y =Q ,把),,(321x x x f 化成标准形. (3)求方程),,(321x x x f =0的解. (21)(本题满分9分)已知3阶矩阵A 的第一行是c b a c b a ,,),,,(不全为零,矩阵12324636k ⎡⎤⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦B (k 为常数),且=AB O ,求线性方程组0x =A 的通解.(22)(本题满分9分)设二维随机变量(,)X Y 的概率密度为(,)f x y = 1001,02x y x<<<<其它求:(1)(,)X Y 的边缘概率密度)(),(y f x f Y X . (2)Y X Z -=2的概率密度).(z f Z (23)(本题满分9分)设)2(,,,21>n X X X n 为来自总体(0,1)N 的简单随机样本,X 为样本均值,记.,,2,1,n i X X Y i i =-=求:(1)i Y 的方差n i DY i ,,2,1, =. (2)1Y 与n Y 的协方差1Cov(,).n Y Y2005年考研数学一真题解析一、填空题（本题共6小题，每小题4分，满分24分. 把答案填在题中横线上）（1）曲线122+=x x y 的斜渐近线方程为 .4121-=x y【分析】 本题属基本题型，直接用斜渐近线方程公式进行计算即可.【详解】 因为a=212lim )(lim22=+=∞→∞→x x x x x f x x ， []41)12(2lim)(lim -=+-=-=∞→∞→x x ax x f b x x ，于是所求斜渐近线方程为.4121-=x y （2）微分方程x x y y x ln 2=+'满足91)1(-=y 的解为.91ln 31x x x y -=. 【分析】直接套用一阶线性微分方程)()(x Q y x P y =+'的通解公式：⎰+⎰⎰=-])([)()(C dx e x Q e y dxx P dx x P ，再由初始条件确定任意常数即可. 【详解】 原方程等价为x y xy ln 2=+'， 于是通解为 ⎰⎰+⋅=+⎰⋅⎰=-]ln [1]ln [2222C xdx x xC dx ex ey dxx dxx =2191ln 31x C x x x +-， 由91)1(-=y 得C=0，故所求解为.91ln 31x x x y -=（3）设函数181261),,(222z y x z y x u +++=，单位向量}1,1,1{31=n ，则)3,2,1(nu∂∂=33. 【分析】 函数u(x,y,z)沿单位向量γβαcos ,cos ,{cos =n}的方向导数为：γβαcos cos cos zu y u x u n u ∂∂+∂∂+∂∂=∂∂因此，本题直接用上述公式即可.【详解】 因为3x x u =∂∂，6y y u =∂∂，9zz u =∂∂，于是所求方向导数为)3,2,1(nu∂∂=.33313131313131=⋅+⋅+⋅ （4）设Ω是由锥面22y x z +=与半球面222y x R z --=围成的空间区域，∑是Ω的整个边界的外侧，则⎰⎰∑=++zdxdy ydzdx xdydz 3)221(2R -π. 【分析】本题∑是封闭曲面且取外侧，自然想到用高斯公式转化为三重积分，再用球面（或柱面）坐标进行计算即可.【详解】⎰⎰∑=++zdxdy ydzdx xdydz ⎰⎰⎰Ωdxdydz 3=.)221(2sin 3320402R d d d R⎰⎰⎰-=πππθϕϕρρ （5）设321,,ααα均为3维列向量，记矩阵),,(321ααα=A ，)93,42,(321321321ααααααααα++++++=B ， 如果1=A ，那么=B 2 .【分析】 将B 写成用A 右乘另一矩阵的形式，再用方阵相乘的行列式性质进行计算即可.【详解】 由题设，有)93,42,(321321321ααααααααα++++++=B=⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡941321111),,(321ααα， 于是有 .221941321111=⨯=⋅=A B（6）从数1,2,3,4中任取一个数，记为X, 再从X ,,2,1 中任取一个数，记为Y , 则}2{=Y P =4813. 【分析】 本题涉及到两次随机试验，想到用全概率公式, 且第一次试验的各种两两互不相容的结果即为完备事件组或样本空间的划分.【详解】 }2{=Y P =}12{}1{===X Y P X P +}22{}2{===X Y P X P +}32{}3{===X Y P X P +}42{}4{===X Y P X P =.4813)4131210(41=+++⨯ 二、选择题（本题共8小题，每小题4分，满分32分. 每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求，把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内）（7）设函数n nn xx f 31lim )(+=∞→，则f(x)在),(+∞-∞内(A) 处处可导. (B) 恰有一个不可导点.(C) 恰有两个不可导点. (D) 至少有三个不可导点. [ C ] 【分析】 先求出f(x)的表达式，再讨论其可导情形. 【详解】 当1<x 时，11lim )(3=+=∞→n nn xx f ；当1=x 时，111lim )(=+=∞→n n x f ；当1>x 时，.)11(lim )(3133x xx x f nnn =+=∞→即.1,11,1,,1,)(33>≤≤--<⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧-=x x x x x x f 可见f(x)仅在x=1±时不可导，故应选(C).（8）设F(x)是连续函数f(x)的一个原函数，""N M ⇔表示“M 的充分必要条件是N ”，则必有(A) F(x)是偶函数⇔f(x)是奇函数. （B ） F(x)是奇函数⇔f(x)是偶函数.(C) F(x)是周期函数⇔f(x)是周期函数.(D) F(x)是单调函数⇔f(x)是单调函数. [ A ] 【分析】 本题可直接推证，但最简便的方法还是通过反例用排除法找到答案.【详解】 方法一：任一原函数可表示为⎰+=xC dt t f x F 0)()(，且).()(x f x F ='当F(x)为偶函数时，有)()(x F x F =-，于是)()1()(x F x F '=-⋅-'，即 )()(x f x f =--，也即)()(x f x f -=-，可见f(x)为奇函数；反过来，若f(x)为奇函数，则⎰xdt t f 0)(为偶函数，从而⎰+=xC dt t f x F 0)()(为偶函数，可见(A)为正确选项.方法二：令f(x)=1, 则取F(x)=x+1, 排除(B)、(C); 令f(x)=x, 则取F(x)=221x , 排除(D); 故应选(A).（9）设函数⎰+-+-++=yx yx dt t y x y x y x u )()()(),(ψϕϕ, 其中函数ϕ具有二阶导数，ψ 具有一阶导数，则必有(A) 2222y u x u ∂∂-=∂∂. （B ） 2222yu x u ∂∂=∂∂. (C) 222y u y x u ∂∂=∂∂∂. (D) 222x u y x u ∂∂=∂∂∂. [ B ] 【分析】 先分别求出22x u ∂∂、22yu ∂∂、y x u∂∂∂2，再比较答案即可.【详解】 因为)()()()(y x y x y x y x xu--++-'++'=∂∂ψψϕϕ，)()()()(y x y x y x y x yu-+++-'-+'=∂∂ψψϕϕ， 于是 )()()()(22y x y x y x y x xu-'-+'+-''++''=∂∂ψψϕϕ， )()()()(2y x y x y x y x yx u-'++'+-''-+''=∂∂∂ψψϕϕ，)()()()(22y x y x y x y x y u-'-+'+-''++''=∂∂ψψϕϕ， 可见有2222y u x u ∂∂=∂∂，应选(B).（10）设有三元方程1ln =+-xzey z xy ，根据隐函数存在定理，存在点(0,1,1)的一个邻域，在此邻域内该方程(A) 只能确定一个具有连续偏导数的隐函数z=z(x,y).(B) 可确定两个具有连续偏导数的隐函数x=x(y,z)和z=z(x,y). (C) 可确定两个具有连续偏导数的隐函数y=y(x,z)和z=z(x,y).(D) 可确定两个具有连续偏导数的隐函数x=x(y,z)和y=y(x,z). [ D ]【分析】 本题考查隐函数存在定理，只需令F(x,y,z)=1ln -+-xzey z xy , 分别求出三个偏导数y x z F F F ,,，再考虑在点(0,1,1)处哪个偏导数不为0，则可确定相应的隐函数.【详解】 令F(x,y,z)=1ln -+-xzey z xy , 则z e y F xz x +='， yzx F y -='，x e y F xz z +-='ln ， 且 2)1,1,0(='x F ，1)1,1,0(-='y F ，0)1,1,0(='z F . 由此可确定相应的隐函数x=x(y,z)和y=y(x,z). 故应选(D).（11）设21,λλ是矩阵A 的两个不同的特征值，对应的特征向量分别为21,αα，则1α，)(21αα+A 线性无关的充分必要条件是(A)01≠λ. (B) 02≠λ. (C) 01=λ. (D) 02=λ. [ B ]【分析】 讨论一组抽象向量的线性无关性，可用定义或转化为求其秩即可. 【详解】 方法一：令 0)(21211=++αααA k k ，则022211211=++αλαλαk k k ， 0)(2221121=++αλαλk k k . 由于21,αα线性无关，于是有⎩⎨⎧==+.0,022121λλk k k当02≠λ时，显然有0,021==k k ，此时1α，)(21αα+A 线性无关；反过来，若1α，)(21αα+A 线性无关，则必然有02≠λ(,否则，1α与)(21αα+A =11αλ线性相关)，故应选(B).方法二： 由于 ⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡=+=+21212211121101],[],[)](,[λλαααλαλααααA ， 可见1α，)(21αα+A 线性无关的充要条件是.001221≠=λλλ故应选(B).（12）设A 为n （2≥n ）阶可逆矩阵，交换A 的第1行与第2行得矩阵B, **,B A 分别为A,B 的伴随矩阵，则(A) 交换*A 的第1列与第2列得*B . (B) 交换*A 的第1行与第2行得*B .(C) 交换*A 的第1列与第2列得*B -. (D) 交换*A 的第1行与第2行得*B -. [C ]【分析】 本题考查初等变换的概念与初等矩阵的性质，只需利用初等变换与初等矩阵的关系以及伴随矩阵的性质进行分析即可.【详解】 由题设，存在初等矩阵12E （交换n 阶单位矩阵的第1行与第2行所得），使得 B A E =12，于是 12*11212*12***12*)(E A E E A E A A E B -=⋅===-，即*12*B E A -=,可见应选(C).（13）设二维随机变量(X,Y) 的概率分布为 X Y 0 1 0 0.4 a 1 b 0.1已知随机事件}0{=X 与}1{=+Y X 相互独立，则(A) a=0.2, b=0.3 (B) a=0.4, b=0.1(C) a=0.3, b=0.2 (D) a=0.1, b=0.4 [ B ] 【分析】 首先所有概率求和为1，可得a+b=0.5, 其次，利用事件的独立性又可得一等式，由此可确定a,b 的取值.【详解】 由题设，知 a+b=0.5又事件}0{=X 与}1{=+Y X 相互独立，于是有}1{}0{}1,0{=+===+=Y X P X P Y X X P ， 即 a=))(4.0(b a a ++, 由此可解得 a=0.4, b=0.1, 故应选(B).（14）设)2(,,,21≥n X X X n 为来自总体N(0,1)的简单随机样本，X 为样本均值，2S 为样本方差，则(A) )1,0(~N X n (B) ).(~22n nS χ(C) )1(~)1(--n t SXn (D) ).1,1(~)1(2221--∑=n F X X n ni i [ D ] 【分析】 利用正态总体抽样分布的性质和2χ分布、t 分布及F 分布的定义进行讨论即可.【详解】 由正态总体抽样分布的性质知，)1,0(~10N X n nX =-，可排除(A); 又)1(~0-=-n t S X n nS X ，可排除(C); 而)1(~)1(1)1(2222--=-n S n S n χ，不能断定(B)是正确选项.因为 ∑=-ni in X X222221)1(~),1(~χχ，且∑=-ni i n X X 222221)1(~)1(~χχ与相互独立，于是).1,1(~)1(1122212221--=-∑∑==n F X X n n X X ni i ni i 故应选(D).三 、解答题（本题共9小题，满分94分.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.）（15）（本题满分11分） 设}0,0,2),{(22≥≥≤+=y x y x y x D ，]1[22y x ++表示不超过221y x ++的最大整数. 计算二重积分⎰⎰++Ddxdy y x xy .]1[22 【分析】 首先应设法去掉取整函数符号，为此将积分区域分为两部分即可.【详解】 令 }0,0,10),{(221≥≥<+≤=y x y x y x D ，}0,0,21),{(222≥≥≤+≤=y x y x y x D .则⎰⎰++Ddxdy y x xy ]1[22=⎰⎰⎰⎰+122D D xydxdy xydxdy dr r d dr r d ⎰⎰⎰⎰+=20213132cos sin 2cos sin ππθθθθθθ=.874381=+ （16）（本题满分12分） 求幂级数∑∞=--+-121))12(11()1(n n n x n n 的收敛区间与和函数f(x).【分析】 先求收敛半径，进而可确定收敛区间. 而和函数可利用逐项求导得到.【详解】 因为11)12()12()12)(1(1)12)(1(lim=+--⨯+++++∞→n n n n n n n n n ，所以当21x <时，原级数绝对收敛，当21x >时，原级数发散，因此原级数的收敛半径为1，收敛区间为（－1,1）记 121(1)(),(1,1)2(21)n nn S x x x n n-∞=-=∈--∑， 则 1211(1)(),(1,1)21n n n S x x x n -∞-=-'=∈--∑，122211()(1),(1,1)1n n n S x x x x ∞--=''=-=∈-+∑. 由于 (0)0,(0)S S '==所以 201()()arctan ,1xxS x S t dt dt x t '''===+⎰⎰2001()()arctan arctan ln(1).2x x S x S t dt tdt x x x '===-+⎰⎰又21221(1),(1,1),1n nn x x x x∞-=-=∈-+∑ 从而 22()2()1x f x S x x=++2222arctan ln(1),(1,1).1x x x x x x=-++∈-+ （17）（本题满分11分）如图，曲线C 的方程为y=f(x)，点(3,2)是它的一个拐点，直线1l 与2l 分别是曲线C 在点(0,0)与(3,2)处的切线，其交点为(2,4). 设函数f(x)具有三阶连续导数，计算定积分⎰'''+32.)()(dx x f x x【分析】 题设图形相当于已知f(x)在x=0的函数值与导数值，在x=3处的函数值及一阶、二阶导数值.【详解】 由题设图形知，f(0)=0, 2)0(='f ; f(3)=2, .0)3(,2)3(=''-='f f 由分部积分，知⎰⎰⎰+''-''+=''+='''+33302232)12)(()()()()()()(dx x x f x f x x x f d x x dx x f x x=dx x f x f x x f d x ⎰⎰'+'+-='+-3330)(2)()12()()12(=.20)]0()3([216=-+f f（18）（本题满分12分）已知函数f(x)在[0，1]上连续，在(0,1)内可导，且f(0)=0,f(1)=1. 证明： （I ）存在),1,0(∈ξ 使得ξξ-=1)(f ；（II ）存在两个不同的点)1,0(,∈ζη，使得.1)()(=''ζηf f【分析】 第一部分显然用闭区间上连续函数的介值定理；第二部分为双介值问题，可考虑用拉格朗日中值定理，但应注意利用第一部分已得结论.【详解】 （I ） 令x x f x F +-=1)()(，则F(x)在[0，1]上连续，且F(0)=-1<0, F(1)=1>0,于是由介值定理知，存在),1,0(∈ξ 使得0)(=ξF ，即ξξ-=1)(f .（II ） 在],0[ξ和]1,[ξ上对f(x)分别应用拉格朗日中值定理，知存在两个不同的点)1,(),,0(ξζξη∈∈，使得0)0()()(--='ξξηf f f ，ξξζ--='1)()1()(f f f于是 .1111)(1)()()(=-⋅-=--⋅=''ξξξξξξξξζηf f f f （19）（本题满分12分）设函数)(y ϕ具有连续导数，在围绕原点的任意分段光滑简单闭曲线L 上，曲线积分⎰++Ly x xydydx y 4222)(ϕ的值恒为同一常数.（I ）证明：对右半平面x>0内的任意分段光滑简单闭曲线C ，有022)(42=++⎰Cyx x y d ydx y ϕ；（II ）求函数)(y ϕ的表达式.【分析】 证明（I ）的关键是如何将封闭曲线C 与围绕原点的任意分段光滑简单闭曲线相联系，这可利用曲线积分的可加性将C 进行分解讨论；而（II ）中求)(y ϕ的表达式，显然应用积分与路径无关即可.【详解】 （I ）1l l 2 Co X l 3如图，将C 分解为：21l l C +=，另作一条曲线3l 围绕原点且与C 相接，则=++⎰Cy x x y d ydx y 4222)(ϕ-++⎰+314222)(l l y x x y d ydx y ϕ022)(3242=++⎰+l l y x x y d ydx y ϕ.（II ） 设2424()2,22y xyP Q x yx yϕ==++，,P Q 在单连通区域0x >内具有一阶连续偏导数，由（Ⅰ）知，曲线积分24()22Ly dx xydyx y ϕ++⎰在该区域内与路径无关，故当0x >时，总有Q Px y∂∂=∂∂. 24252422422(2)4242,(2)(2)Q y x y x xy x y y x x y x y ∂+--+==∂++ ① Y243243242242()(2)4()2()()4().(2)(2)P y x y y y x y y y y y y x y x y ϕϕϕϕϕ'''∂+-+-==∂++ ② 比较①、②两式的右端，得435()2,()4()2. y y y y y y y ϕϕϕ'=-⎧⎨'-=⎩ 由③得2()y y c ϕ=-+，将()y ϕ代入④得 535242,y cy y -= 所以0c =，从而2().y y ϕ=-（20）（本题满分9分）已知二次型21232221321)1(22)1()1(),,(x x a x x a x a x x x f +++-+-=的秩为2.（I ） 求a 的值；（II ） 求正交变换Qy x =，把),,(321x x x f 化成标准形； （III ） 求方程),,(321x x x f =0的解.【分析】 （I ）根据二次型的秩为2，可知对应矩阵的行列式为0，从而可求a 的值；（II ）是常规问题，先求出特征值、特征向量，再正交化、单位化即可找到所需正交变换； （III ）利用第二步的结果，通过标准形求解即可.【详解】 （I ） 二次型对应矩阵为⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡-++-=200011011a a a a A ， 由二次型的秩为2，知 020011011=-++-=aa a a A ，得a=0. （II ） 这里⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡=200011011A ， 可求出其特征值为0,2321===λλλ. 解 0)2(=-x A E ，得特征向量为：⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=100,01121αα，解 0)0(=-x A E ，得特征向量为：.0113⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=α由于21,αα已经正交，直接将21,αα，3α单位化，得：③ ④⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=01121,100,01121321ηηη令[]321ααα=Q ，即为所求的正交变换矩阵，由x=Qy ，可化原二次型为标准形：),,(321x x x f =.222221y y +（III ） 由),,(321x x x f ==+222122y y 0，得k y y y ===321,0,0（k 为任意常数）.从而所求解为：x=Qy=[]⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡-==⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡0003321c c k k ηηηη，其中c 为任意常数. （21）（本题满分9分）已知3阶矩阵A 的第一行是c b a c b a ,,),,,(不全为零，矩阵⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡=k B 63642321（k 为常数），且AB=O, 求线性方程组Ax=0的通解.【分析】 AB=O, 相当于告之B 的每一列均为Ax=0的解，关键问题是Ax=0的基础解系所含解向量的个数为多少，而这又转化为确定系数矩阵A 的秩.【详解】 由AB=O 知，B 的每一列均为Ax=0的解，且.3)()(≤+B r A r（1）若k 9≠, 则r(B)=2, 于是r(A)1≤, 显然r(A)1≥, 故r(A)=1. 可见此时Ax=0的基础解系所含解向量的个数为3-r(A)=2, 矩阵B 的第一、第三列线性无关，可作为其基础解系，故Ax=0 的通解为：2121,,63321k k k k k x ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=为任意常数.(2) 若k=9，则r(B)=1, 从而.2)(1≤≤A r1） 若r(A)=2, 则Ax=0的通解为：11,321k k x ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=为任意常数.2） 若r(A)=1,则Ax=0 的同解方程组为：0321=++cx bx ax ,不妨设0≠a ,则其通解为2121,,1001k k a c k a b k x ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-+⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=为任意常数.（22）（本题满分9分）设二维随机变量(X,Y)的概率密度为 .,20,10,0,1),(其他x y x y x f <<<<⎩⎨⎧=求：（I ） (X,Y)的边缘概率密度)(),(y f x f Y X ； （II ）Y X Z -=2的概率密度).(z f Z【分析】 求边缘概率密度直接用公式即可；而求二维随机变量函数的概率密度，一般用分布函数法，即先用定义求出分布函数，再求导得到相应的概率密度.【详解】 （I ） 关于X 的边缘概率密度)(x f X =⎰+∞∞-dy y x f ),(=.,10,0,20其他<<⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧⎰x dy x =.,10,0,2其他<<⎩⎨⎧x x关于Y 的边缘概率密度)(y f Y =⎰+∞∞-dx y x f ),(=.,20,0,12其他<<⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧⎰y dx y=.,20,0,21其他<<⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧-y y （II ） 令}2{}{)(z Y X P z Z P z F Z ≤-=≤=， 1） 当0<z 时，0}2{)(=≤-=z Y X P z F Z ；2） 当20<≤z 时，}2{)(z Y X P z F Z ≤-= =241z z -; 3) 当2≥z 时，.1}2{)(=≤-=z Y X P z F Z即分布函数为： .2,20,0,1,41,0)(2≥<≤<⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧-=z z z z z z F Z故所求的概率密度为：.,20,0,211)(其他<<⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧-=z z z f Z （23）（本题满分9分）设)2(,,,21>n X X X n 为来自总体N(0,1)的简单随机样本，X 为样本均值，记.,,2,1,n i X X Y i i =-=求：（I ） i Y 的方差n i DY i ,,2,1, =； （II ）1Y 与n Y 的协方差).,(1n Y Y Cov【分析】 先将i Y 表示为相互独立的随机变量求和，再用方差的性质进行计算即可；求1Y 与n Y 的协方差),(1n Y Y Cov ，本质上还是数学期望的计算，同样应注意利用数学期望的运算性质.【详解】 由题设，知)2(,,,21>n X X X n 相互独立，且),,2,1(1,0n i DX EX i i ===，.0=X E（I ）∑≠--=-=ni j j i i i X n X n D X X D DY ]1)11[()(=∑≠+-nij ji DXnDX n 221)11(=.1)1(1)1(222n n n n n n -=-⋅+- （II ） )])([(),(111n n n EY Y EY Y E Y Y Cov --= =)])([()(11X X X X E Y Y E n n --= =)(211X X X X X X X E n n +-- =211)(2)(X E X X E X X E n +-=22121)(][20X E X D X X X E n nj j +++-∑==.112nn n -=+-。
2005年硕士专业学位研究生入学资格考试试卷
2005年硕士专业学位研究生入学资格考试试卷第一部分语言表达能力测试（50题，每题2分，满分100分）一、选择题1．下面各组词语中，没有．．错别字的一组是：A．乐此不彼密云不雨墨守成规循规蹈矩B．靡靡之音诲人不倦漫不经心循循善诱C．坚守自盗杀鸡儆猴出人头地力挽狂澜D．投机取巧骇人听闻目不瑕接龙潭虎穴2．下列加点字的释义全都正确的是A．失宠．（偏爱）韬．（显示）光养晦老骥伏枥．（马槽）B．爽．（失）约马革．（皮）裹尸作茧自缚．（捆绑）C．舞蹈．（顿足）既往不咎．（过错）悲天悯．（怜惜）人D．龌龊．．（肮脏）不知端倪．．（头绪）臭．（难闻的）味相投3．下没有语病的一句是A．“费改税”能否遏制住愈演愈烈的乱收费现象，这对农村工作是个考验。
B．亚健康状态，往往受到无规律的生活和沉重的学习工作压力而引起。
C．一听说有盛夏的免费音乐节，许多的附近居民早早就赶来，等待观看。
D．就反腐败这样一个国际性的顽疾来说，“公开”是最有效的一剂良药。
4．下面各句中，语意明确、没有歧义的一句是A．据外电报道，昨日新加坡一油轮起火爆炸。
B．小李见老王把他的书撕了，便揪住老王让他赔。
C．几个公司的领导对这个调整方案意见不一，争执不下。
D．工作组来我县调查的前三天，整个县城就己沸沸扬扬。
5．对下面这段话使用的修辞手法分析不当的一项是风是调皮的小男孩，抓把土抛到空中，趁机扯乱女孩子的长发；风是年老的画家，一味选灰色调，造出黄昏的画面；风是不高明的小偷，溜进屋时弄响了门，逃走时还在窗上留下了脚印。
A．这段话使用了拟人的修辞手法。
B．这段话运用了三个长度、句式风格相近的句子，这是排比的修辞手法。
C．这段话使用了明喻，分别把风比作“小男孩”、“年老的画家”、“小偷”。
D．这段话中几种修辞方法结合得不露痕迹，恰到好处。
6．下面这首古诗描述了我国民间一个传统节令的景象，这个节令是中庭地白树栖鸦，冷露无声湿桂花。
今夜月明人尽望，不知秋思落谁家？A．重阳B．七夕C．中秋D．元宵7．下面表述不．正确的一项是A．13世纪的《马可·波罗行记》是最早较系统地向欧洲介绍中国的一部游记。
2005年硕士研究生入学考试及答案
目录1.05年北师大物理类各方向2.05年长光所3.05年东南大学4.05年中科大5.05年南京大学6.05年华中科大7.05年吉林大学（原子所）8.05年四川大学（原子与分子）9.05年北京理工10.05年河北理工11.05年长春理工北京师范大学2005年招收硕士研究生入学考试试题专业:物理类各专业科目代号:459研究方向:各方向考试科目:量子力学[注意]答案写在答题纸上，写在试题上无效。
1.(20分)一个电子被限制在一维谐振子势场中，活动范围求激发电子到第一激发态所需要的能量（用ev表示）（，，）提示：谐振子能量本征函数可以写成2.（30分）一个电子被限制在二维各向同性谐振子势场中（特征频率为）。
（1）写出其哈密顿量，利用一维谐振子能级公式找到此电子的能级公式和简并度。
（2）请推导电子的径向运动方程。
并讨论其在时的渐近解。
提示：极坐标下3．（50分）两个质量为的粒子，被禁闭在特征频率为的一维谐振子势场中，彼此无相互作用（此题中波函数无须写出具体形式）：（1）如果两个粒子无自旋可分辨，写出系统的基态（两个都在自己的基态）和第一激发能级（即一个在基态，另一个在第一激发态）的波函数和能量（注意简并情形）。
（10分）（2）如果两个粒子是不可分辨的无自旋波色子，写出系统的基态和第一激发态的能量和波函数。
如果粒子间互作用势为，计算基态能级到一级微扰项。
（15分）（3分）如果两个粒子是不可分辨的自旋1/2粒子，写出基态能级和波函数（考虑自旋）。
如果粒子间互作用能为，计算基态能量。
（15分）（4）同（3），解除势阱，两个粒子以左一右飞出。
有两个探测器分别（同时）测量它们的y方向自旋角动量。
请问测量结果为两电子自旋反向的几率是多少？（10分）4．（30分）中心力场中电子自旋与轨道角动量存在耦合能。
总角动量，是的共同本征态。
现有一电子处于态，且。
（1）在一基近似下，可用代替，请问电子的能量与态差多少？（2）请计算该电子产生的平均磁矩，并由此计算在z方向均匀磁场B中电子的能量改变多少？（），当，，当，5．（20分）一个定域（空间位置不动）的电子（自旋1/2）处于z方向强磁场中。
2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(数二)试题及答案
2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
数学二试题
一、填空题(本题共6小题，每小题4分．满分24分把答案填在题中横线上)。
二、选择题(本题共8小题，每小题4分，满分32分每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求。
把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内，)
三、解答题(本题共9小题．满分94分解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤)
(15)(本题满分11分)
(16)(本题满分11分)
(17)(本题满分11分)
(18)(本题满分12分)
(19)(本题满分12分)
(20)(本题满分10分)
(21)(本题满分9分)
(22)(本题满分9分)
(23)(本题满分9分)
参考答案一、填空题1．
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二、选择题。
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三、简答题。
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2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试
2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试最新模拟试题（数学三）注意：本试卷共23个题，满分150分.一、填空题（本题共6小题，每小题4分，满分24分. 把答案填在题中横线上）(1) 设函数f(x)满足x x f +='1)(ln ，f(0)=0. 则220cos ln )(lim2xdt t x f x x ⎰-→ =______________.(2) 设),(y x ϕ连续，若),(),(y x y x y x f ϕ-=在点(0,0)处关于x,y 的偏导数均存在，则),(y x ϕ应满足_______________.(3) 已知1)(21)(1+=⎰x f dt tx f ，且f(1)=1，则f(x)=_________________. (4) 二次型f x x x x ax x x x x x ax x (,,)123122232122313222=+++--的正负惯性指数都是1，则a= .(5) 设A,B 独立，P(A)=0.5, P(B)=0.6，则)(B A B A P = .(6) 设X 和2S 为总体B(m,p)的样本的样本均值和样本方差，若2kS X -为2mp 的无偏估计，则常数k= . 二、选择题（本题共8小题，每小题4分，满分32分. 每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求，把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内）(7) 设 .0,0,0,sin 1,0,1sin )1ln(1)(0232>=<⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧+=⎰x x x dt t x x x x x f x 则f(x)(A) 极限不存在. (B) 极限存在但不连续.(C) 连续但不可导. (D) 可导. [ ](8) 设函数f (x )在(, +)内连续，⎰--=xdt t x f x t x F 0)()2()(. 如果f (x )是单调增加的偶函数，则F (x )是 (A) 单调增加 的偶函数.(B) 单调增加 的奇函数.(C) 单调减少 的偶函数.(D) 单调减少 的奇函数. [ ](9) 设a 和b 为常数，且b a dt e e xt x x =+⎰-+∞→][lim 02，则(A) a=0，b=1 (B) a=-1，b=1 (C) 1,2-=-=b a π(D) 0,2=-=b a π[ ](10) 设f (x )连续可导，222:r y x D ≤+，则dxdy y x f r Dr ⎰⎰++→)(1lim 222等于(A) )0(f π (B) )0(f ' (C) 2πf(0) (D) 2)0(f 'π [ ](11) 设正项级数∑∞=1n n u 的部分和为n S ，又nn S v 1=，已知级数∑∞=1n n v 收敛，则(A)∑∞=1n nu收敛 (B)∑∞=1n nu发散(C)∑∞=-11n nnu ）（条件收敛 (D))11∑∞=+-n n n u u （收敛 [ ](12) 设A 为n m ⨯阶矩阵，考虑以下命题：①Ax=0只有零解；② Ax=b 有唯一解；③A的行向量组线性无关；④A 的列向量组线性无关. 则有(A) ①⇒②⇒④ . （B ） ②⇒①⇒④.(C) ④⇒①⇒③. (D) ③⇒②⇒①. [ ](13) 设A 为n 阶矩阵，考虑以下命题：1）A 与TA 有相同的特征值与特征向量；2）若A~B, 则A,B 有相同的特征值与特征向量；3）若A,B 有相同的特征值，则A,B 一定相似于同一个对角矩阵；4）若A,B 有相同的特征值，则r(A)=r(B). 成立的命题有(A) 1个 (B) 2个. (C) 3个. (D) 0个. [ ](14) 设(X,Y)为二维随机变量，则X 与Y 独立的充要条件为(A) Y X 与独立. (B) 22Y X 与独立.(C) 33Y X 与独立. (D) 44Y X 与独立. [ ]三、解答题（本题共9小题，满分94分.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤）(15) (本题满分8分)设f(x)=)](ln )(ln [sin lim 2x g tx g t x t t -+∞→π, 其中g(x)具有二阶导数，且x x f ln )(π='，0)0()0(='=g g ，求).(x g(16) (本题满分9分)设函数f(x)在闭区间[0，1]上连续，在开区间（0，1）内大于零，并满足223)()(x a x f x f x +='(a 为常数)，又曲线y=f(x)与x=1,y=0所围的图形S 的面积值为2，求函数y=f(x)，并问a 为何值时，图形S 绕x 轴旋转一周所得的旋转体的体积最小.(17) (本题满分8分)设f(x)在区间[a,b]上可导，且⎰-badx x x f ])([=0，0])(][)([>--b b f a a f .证明：存在),(b a ∈ξ，使.1)(='ξf(18) (本题满分8分)函数f(x,y)二阶偏导数连续，满足02=∂∂∂yx f，且在极坐标系下可表成f(x,y)=h(r)，其中22y x r +=，求f(x,y).(19) (本题满分9分)设).2()111(,27,2,11210≥++-==-==+n a n a a a a n n 证明当1<x 时，幂级数∑∞=0n nn x a 收敛，并求其和函数.(20) (本题满分13分)设4321,,,αααα为四维列向量组，且321,,ααα线性无关，32142αααα++=. 已知方程组43213221),,(αααααααα=++-+-x a 有无穷多解，(1) 求a 的值；(2) 用基础解系表示该方程组的通解.(21) (本题满分13分)设λλλ123369===,,是三阶矩阵A 的三个特征值，其对应的特征向量依次为⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=21231,22131,12231321ααα证明：(1) A TT T=++369112233αααααα,(2) 把()β=123T用ααα123,,线性表出，并求A nβ.(22) (本题满分13分)设+∞<<-∞+=-x ee Ax f X xx ,)(~，对X 作两次独立观察，其值分别为21,X X ，令 )2,1(11,0,1=⎩⎨⎧>≤=i X X Y i i i (1) 求A 及}.1,0{21<<X X P (2) 求1Y 与2Y 的联合分布律(23) (本题满分13分)0,0,0,1)(<≥⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=-x x e x f xθθ),,,(21n X X X 为取自总体X 的简单随机样本。
2005考研数一真题及解析
2005年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试数学(一)试卷一、填空题(本题共6小题,每小题4分,满分24分.把答案填在题中横线上)(1)曲线122+=x x y 的斜渐近线方程为 _____________.(2)微分方程x x y y x ln 2=+'满足91)1(-=y 的解为____________.(3)设函数181261),,(222z y x z y x u +++=,单位向量}1,1,1{31=n ,则)3,2,1(nu∂∂=.________.(4)设Ω是由锥面22y x z +=与半球面222y x R z --=围成的空间区域,∑是Ω的整个边界的外侧,则⎰⎰∑=++zdxdy ydzdx xdydz ____________.(5)设123,,ααα均为3维列向量,记矩阵123(,,)=A ααα,123123123(,24,39)=++++++B ααααααααα,如果1=A ,那么=B .(6)从数1,2,3,4中任取一个数,记为X , 再从X ,,2,1 中任取一个数,记为Y , 则}2{=Y P =____________.二、选择题(本题共8小题,每小题4分,满分32分.每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项符合题目要求,把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内)(7)设函数n n n x x f 31lim )(+=∞→,则()f x 在),(+∞-∞内(A)处处可导 (B)恰有一个不可导点(C)恰有两个不可导点 (D)至少有三个不可导点(8)设()F x 是连续函数()f x 的一个原函数,""N M ⇔表示"M 的充分必要条件是",N 则必有(A)()F x 是偶函数()f x ⇔是奇函数 (B)()F x 是奇函数()f x ⇔是偶函数(C)()F x 是周期函数()f x ⇔是周期函数 (D)()F x 是单调函数()f x ⇔是单调函数(9)设函数⎰+-+-++=yx y x dt t y x y x y x u )()()(),(ψϕϕ, 其中函数ϕ具有二阶导数,ψ 具有一阶导数,则必有(A)2222y ux u ∂∂-=∂∂(B)2222yu x u ∂∂=∂∂(C)222yu y x u ∂∂=∂∂∂(D)222x uy x u ∂∂=∂∂∂ (10)设有三元方程ln e 1xz xy z y -+=,根据隐函数存在定理,存在点(0,1,1)的一个邻域,在此邻域内该方程(A)只能确定一个具有连续偏导数的隐函数(,)z z x y = (B)可确定两个具有连续偏导数的隐函数(,)x x y z =和(,)z z x y = (C)可确定两个具有连续偏导数的隐函数(,)y y x z =和(,)z z x y = (D)可确定两个具有连续偏导数的隐函数(,)x x y z =和(,)y y x z =(11)设21,λλ是矩阵A 的两个不同的特征值,对应的特征向量分别为12,αα,则1α,12()+A αα线性无关的充分必要条件是(A)01≠λ (B)02≠λ (C)01=λ (D)02=λ(12)设A 为(2)n n ≥阶可逆矩阵,交换A 的第1行与第2行得矩阵**.,B A B 分别为,A B 的伴随矩阵,则(A)交换*A 的第1列与第2列得*B (B)交换*A 的第1行与第2行得*B(C)交换*A 的第1列与第2列得*-B (D)交换*A 的第1行与第2行得*-B(13)设二维随机变量(,)X Y 的概率分布为已知随机事件}0{=X 与}1{=+Y X 相互独立,则(A)0.2,0.3a b == (B)0.4,0.1a b == (C)0.3,0.2a b == (D)0.1,0.4a b ==(14)设)2(,,,21≥n X X X n 为来自总体(0,1)N 的简单随机样本,X 为样本均值,2S 为样本方差,则(A))1,0(~N X n (B)22~()nS n χ(C))1(~)1(--n t SXn (D)2122(1)~(1,1)nii n X F n X=--∑三 、解答题(本题共9小题,满分94分.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤) (15)(本题满分11分)设}0,0,2),{(22≥≥≤+=y x y x y x D ,]1[22y x ++表示不超过221y x ++的最大整数. 计算二重积分⎰⎰++Ddxdy y x xy .]1[22(16)(本题满分12分) 求幂级数∑∞=--+-121))12(11()1(n n n x n n 的收敛区间与和函数()f x .(17)(本题满分11分)如图,曲线C 的方程为()y f x =,点(3,2)是它的一个拐点,直线1l 与2l 分别是曲线C 在点(0,0)与(3,2)处的切线,其交点为(2,4).设函数()f x 具有三阶连续导数,计算定积分⎰'''+32.)()(dx x f x x(18)(本题满分12分)已知函数()f x 在[0,1]上连续,在(0,1)内可导,且(0)0,(1)1f f ==. 证明:(I)存在),1,0(∈ξ 使得ξξ-=1)(f .(2)存在两个不同的点)1,0(,∈ζη,使得.1)()(=''ζηf f(19)(本题满分12分)设函数)(y ϕ具有连续导数,在围绕原点的任意分段光滑简单闭曲线L 上,曲线积分24()22Ly dx xydyx y φ++⎰的值恒为同一常数.(I)证明:对右半平面0x >内的任意分段光滑简单闭曲线,C 有24()202Cy dx xydyx yφ+=+⎰.(2)求函数)(y ϕ的表达式.(20)(本题满分9分)已知二次型21232221321)1(22)1()1(),,(x x a x x a x a x x x f +++-+-=的秩为2.(I)求a 的值；(2)求正交变换x y =Q ,把),,(321x x x f 化成标准形. (3)求方程),,(321x x x f =0的解.(21)(本题满分9分)已知3阶矩阵A 的第一行是c b a c b a ,,),,,(不全为零,矩阵12324636k ⎡⎤⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦B (k 为常数),且=AB O ,求线性方程组0x =A 的通解.(22)(本题满分9分)设二维随机变量(,)X Y 的概率密度为(,)f x y =1001,02x y x <<<<其它求:(I)(,)X Y 的边缘概率密度)(),(y f x f Y X . (2)Y X Z -=2的概率密度).(z f Z(23)(本题满分9分)设)2(,,,21>n X X X n 为来自总体(0,1)N 的简单随机样本,X 为样本均值,记.,,2,1,n i X X Y i i =-=求:(I)i Y 的方差n i DY i ,,2,1, =. (2)1Y 与n Y 的协方差1Cov(,).n Y Y2005年考研数学一真题解析一、填空题（本题共6小题，每小题4分，满分24分. 把答案填在题中横线上）（1）曲线122+=x x y 的斜渐近线方程为 .4121-=x y【分析】 本题属基本题型，直接用斜渐近线方程公式进行计算即可.【详解】 因为a=212lim )(lim22=+=∞→∞→x x x x x f x x ， []41)12(2lim)(lim -=+-=-=∞→∞→x x ax x f b x x ，于是所求斜渐近线方程为.4121-=x y （2）微分方程x x y y x ln 2=+'满足91)1(-=y 的解为.91ln 31x x x y -=. 【分析】直接套用一阶线性微分方程)()(x Q y x P y =+'的通解公式：⎰+⎰⎰=-])([)()(C dx e x Q e y dxx P dx x P ， 再由初始条件确定任意常数即可.【详解】 原方程等价为x y xy ln 2=+'， 于是通解为 ⎰⎰+⋅=+⎰⋅⎰=-]ln [1]ln [2222C xdx x xC dx ex ey dxx dxx =2191ln 31x C x x x +-， 由91)1(-=y 得C=0，故所求解为.91ln 31x x x y -=（3）设函数181261),,(222z y x z y x u +++=，单位向量}1,1,1{31=n ，则)3,2,1(nu∂∂=33. 【分析】 函数u(x,y,z)沿单位向量γβαcos ,cos ,{cos =n}的方向导数为：γβαcos cos cos zu y u x u n u ∂∂+∂∂+∂∂=∂∂ 因此，本题直接用上述公式即可.【详解】 因为3x x u =∂∂，6y y u =∂∂，9zz u =∂∂，于是所求方向导数为)3,2,1(nu ∂∂=.33313131313131=⋅+⋅+⋅ （4）设Ω是由锥面22y x z +=与半球面222y x R z --=围成的空间区域，∑是Ω的整个边界的外侧，则⎰⎰∑=++zdxdy ydzdx xdydz 3)221(2R -π. 【分析】本题∑是封闭曲面且取外侧，自然想到用高斯公式转化为三重积分，再用球面（或柱面）坐标进行计算即可.【详解】⎰⎰∑=++zdxdy ydzdx xdydz ⎰⎰⎰Ωdxdydz 3=.)221(2sin 3320402R d d d R⎰⎰⎰-=πππθϕϕρρ （5）设321,,ααα均为3维列向量，记矩阵),,(321ααα=A ，)93,42,(321321321ααααααααα++++++=B ， 如果1=A ，那么=B 2 .【分析】 将B 写成用A 右乘另一矩阵的形式，再用方阵相乘的行列式性质进行计算即可.【详解】 由题设，有)93,42,(321321321ααααααααα++++++=B=⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡941321111),,(321ααα， 于是有 .221941321111=⨯=⋅=A B（6）从数1,2,3,4中任取一个数，记为X, 再从X ,,2,1 中任取一个数，记为Y , 则}2{=Y P =4813. 【分析】 本题涉及到两次随机试验，想到用全概率公式, 且第一次试验的各种两两互不相容的结果即为完备事件组或样本空间的划分.【详解】 }2{=Y P =}12{}1{===X Y P X P +}22{}2{===X Y P X P +}32{}3{===X Y P X P +}42{}4{===X Y P X P =.4813)4131210(41=+++⨯ 二、选择题（本题共8小题，每小题4分，满分32分. 每小题给出的四个选项中，只有一项符合题目要求，把所选项前的字母填在题后的括号内）（7）设函数n nn xx f 31lim )(+=∞→，则f(x)在),(+∞-∞内(A) 处处可导. (B) 恰有一个不可导点.(C) 恰有两个不可导点. (D) 至少有三个不可导点. [ C ] 【分析】 先求出f(x)的表达式，再讨论其可导情形. 【详解】 当1<x 时，11lim )(3=+=∞→n nn xx f ；当1=x 时，111lim )(=+=∞→n n x f ；当1>x 时，.)11(lim )(3133x xx x f nnn =+=∞→即.1,11,1,,1,)(33>≤≤--<⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧-=x x x x x x f 可见f(x)仅在x=1±时不可导，故应选(C).（8）设F(x)是连续函数f(x)的一个原函数，""N M ⇔表示“M 的充分必要条件是N ”，则必有(A) F(x)是偶函数⇔f(x)是奇函数. （B ） F(x)是奇函数⇔f(x)是偶函数.(C) F(x)是周期函数⇔f(x)是周期函数.(D) F(x)是单调函数⇔f(x)是单调函数. [ A ] 【分析】 本题可直接推证，但最简便的方法还是通过反例用排除法找到答案.【详解】 方法一：任一原函数可表示为⎰+=xC dt t f x F 0)()(，且).()(x f x F ='当F(x)为偶函数时，有)()(x F x F =-，于是)()1()(x F x F '=-⋅-'，即 )()(x f x f =--，也即)()(x f x f -=-，可见f(x)为奇函数；反过来，若f(x)为奇函数，则⎰xdt t f 0)(为偶函数，从而⎰+=xC dt t f x F 0)()(为偶函数，可见(A)为正确选项.方法二：令f(x)=1, 则取F(x)=x+1, 排除(B)、(C); 令f(x)=x, 则取F(x)=221x , 排除(D); 故应选(A).（9）设函数⎰+-+-++=yx yx dt t y x y x y x u )()()(),(ψϕϕ, 其中函数ϕ具有二阶导数，ψ 具有一阶导数，则必有(A) 2222y u x u ∂∂-=∂∂. （B ） 2222yu x u ∂∂=∂∂. (C) 222y uy x u ∂∂=∂∂∂. (D) 222x u y x u ∂∂=∂∂∂. [ B ] 【分析】 先分别求出22x u ∂∂、22yu∂∂、y x u ∂∂∂2，再比较答案即可.【详解】 因为)()()()(y x y x y x y x xu--++-'++'=∂∂ψψϕϕ，)()()()(y x y x y x y x yu-+++-'-+'=∂∂ψψϕϕ， 于是 )()()()(22y x y x y x y x x u-'-+'+-''++''=∂∂ψψϕϕ，)()()()(2y x y x y x y x yx u-'++'+-''-+''=∂∂∂ψψϕϕ， )()()()(22y x y x y x y x y u-'-+'+-''++''=∂∂ψψϕϕ， 可见有2222yu x u ∂∂=∂∂，应选(B). （10）设有三元方程1ln =+-xzey z xy ，根据隐函数存在定理，存在点(0,1,1)的一个邻域，在此邻域内该方程(A) 只能确定一个具有连续偏导数的隐函数z=z(x,y).(B) 可确定两个具有连续偏导数的隐函数x=x(y,z)和z=z(x,y). (C) 可确定两个具有连续偏导数的隐函数y=y(x,z)和z=z(x,y).(D) 可确定两个具有连续偏导数的隐函数x=x(y,z)和y=y(x,z). [ D ]【分析】 本题考查隐函数存在定理，只需令F(x,y,z)=1ln -+-xzey z xy , 分别求出三个偏导数y x z F F F ,,，再考虑在点(0,1,1)处哪个偏导数不为0，则可确定相应的隐函数.【详解】 令F(x,y,z)=1ln -+-xzey z xy , 则z e y F xzx +='， yz x F y -='，x e y F xzz +-='ln ，且 2)1,1,0(='x F ，1)1,1,0(-='y F ，0)1,1,0(='z F . 由此可确定相应的隐函数x=x(y,z)和y=y(x,z). 故应选(D).（11）设21,λλ是矩阵A 的两个不同的特征值，对应的特征向量分别为21,αα，则1α，)(21αα+A 线性无关的充分必要条件是(A) 01≠λ. (B) 02≠λ. (C) 01=λ. (D) 02=λ. [ B ] 【分析】 讨论一组抽象向量的线性无关性，可用定义或转化为求其秩即可. 【详解】 方法一：令 0)(21211=++αααA k k ，则022211211=++αλαλαk k k ， 0)(2221121=++αλαλk k k . 由于21,αα线性无关，于是有 ⎩⎨⎧==+.0,022121λλk k k当02≠λ时，显然有0,021==k k ，此时1α，)(21αα+A 线性无关；反过来，若1α，)(21αα+A 线性无关，则必然有02≠λ(,否则，1α与)(21αα+A =11αλ线性相关)，故应选(B).方法二： 由于 ⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡=+=+21212211121101],[],[)](,[λλαααλαλααααA ，可见1α，)(21αα+A 线性无关的充要条件是.001221≠=λλλ故应选(B).（12）设A 为n （2≥n ）阶可逆矩阵，交换A 的第1行与第2行得矩阵B, **,B A 分别为A,B 的伴随矩阵，则(A) 交换*A 的第1列与第2列得*B . (B) 交换*A 的第1行与第2行得*B .(C) 交换*A 的第1列与第2列得*B -. (D) 交换*A 的第1行与第2行得*B -. [C ]【分析】 本题考查初等变换的概念与初等矩阵的性质，只需利用初等变换与初等矩阵的关系以及伴随矩阵的性质进行分析即可.【详解】 由题设，存在初等矩阵12E （交换n 阶单位矩阵的第1行与第2行所得），使得 B A E =12，于是 12*11212*12***12*)(E A E E A E A A E B -=⋅===-，即*12*B E A -=,可见应选(C).（13）设二维随机变量(X,Y) 的概率分布为 X Y 0 1 0 0.4 a 1 b 0.1已知随机事件}0{=X 与}1{=+Y X 相互独立，则(A) a=0.2, b=0.3 (B) a=0.4, b=0.1(C) a=0.3, b=0.2 (D) a=0.1, b=0.4 [ B ] 【分析】 首先所有概率求和为1，可得a+b=0.5, 其次，利用事件的独立性又可得一等式，由此可确定a,b 的取值.【详解】 由题设，知 a+b=0.5又事件}0{=X 与}1{=+Y X 相互独立，于是有}1{}0{}1,0{=+===+=Y X P X P Y X X P ， 即 a=))(4.0(b a a ++, 由此可解得 a=0.4, b=0.1, 故应选(B).（14）设)2(,,,21≥n X X X n 为来自总体N(0,1)的简单随机样本，X 为样本均值，2S 为样本方差，则(A) )1,0(~N X n (B) ).(~22n nS χ(C) )1(~)1(--n t SXn (D) ).1,1(~)1(2221--∑=n F X X n n i i [ D ] 【分析】 利用正态总体抽样分布的性质和2χ分布、t 分布及F 分布的定义进行讨论即可.【详解】 由正态总体抽样分布的性质知，)1,0(~10N X n nX =-，可排除(A); 又)1(~0-=-n t SXn nS X ，可排除(C); 而)1(~)1(1)1(2222--=-n S n S n χ，不能断定(B)是正确选项.因为 ∑=-n i in X X222221)1(~),1(~χχ，且∑=-ni i n X X 222221)1(~)1(~χχ与相互独立，于是).1,1(~)1(1122212221--=-∑∑==n F XX n n XX ni ini i故应选(D).三 、解答题（本题共9小题，满分94分.解答应写出文字说明、证明过程或演算步骤.） （15）（本题满分11分） 设}0,0,2),{(22≥≥≤+=y x y x y x D ，]1[22y x ++表示不超过221y x ++的最大整数. 计算二重积分⎰⎰++Ddxdy y x xy .]1[22 【分析】 首先应设法去掉取整函数符号，为此将积分区域分为两部分即可.【详解】 令 }0,0,10),{(221≥≥<+≤=y x y x y x D ， }0,0,21),{(222≥≥≤+≤=y x y x y x D .则⎰⎰++Ddxdy y x xy ]1[22=⎰⎰⎰⎰+122D D xydxdy xydxdy dr r d dr r d ⎰⎰⎰⎰+=20213132cos sin 2cos sin ππθθθθθθ=.874381=+ （16）（本题满分12分） 求幂级数∑∞=--+-121))12(11()1(n n n x n n 的收敛区间与和函数f(x).【分析】 先求收敛半径，进而可确定收敛区间. 而和函数可利用逐项求导得到.【详解】 因为11)12()12()12)(1(1)12)(1(lim=+--⨯+++++∞→n n n n n n n n n ，所以当21x <时，原级数绝对收敛，当21x >时，原级数发散，因此原级数的收敛半径为1，收敛区间为（－1,1）记 121(1)(),(1,1)2(21)n nn S x x x n n -∞=-=∈--∑，则 1211(1)(),(1,1)21n n n S x x x n -∞-=-'=∈--∑，122211()(1),(1,1)1n n n S x x x x ∞--=''=-=∈-+∑. 由于 (0)0,(0)0,S S '==所以 201()()arctan ,1xxS x S t dt dt x t '''===+⎰⎰2001()()arctan arctan ln(1).2x x S x S t dt tdt x x x '===-+⎰⎰又21221(1),(1,1),1n nn x xx x ∞-=-=∈-+∑ 从而 22()2()1x f x S x x =++2222arctan ln(1),(1,1).1x x x x x x=-++∈-+ （17）（本题满分11分）如图，曲线C 的方程为y=f(x)，点(3,2)是它的一个拐点，直线1l 与2l 分别是曲线C 在点(0,0)与(3,2)处的切线，其交点为(2,4). 设函数f(x)具有三阶连续导数，计算定积分⎰'''+32.)()(dx x f x x【分析】 题设图形相当于已知f(x)在x=0的函数值与导数值，在x=3处的函数值及一阶、二阶导数值.【详解】 由题设图形知，f(0)=0, 2)0(='f ; f(3)=2, .0)3(,2)3(=''-='f f 由分部积分，知⎰⎰⎰+''-''+=''+='''+330302232)12)(()()()()()()(dx x x f x f x x x f d x x dx x f x x=dx x f x f x x f d x ⎰⎰'+'+-='+-3330)(2)()12()()12(=.20)]0()3([216=-+f f（18）（本题满分12分）已知函数f(x)在[0，1]上连续，在(0,1)内可导，且f(0)=0,f(1)=1. 证明： （I ）存在),1,0(∈ξ 使得ξξ-=1)(f ；（II ）存在两个不同的点)1,0(,∈ζη，使得.1)()(=''ζηf f【分析】 第一部分显然用闭区间上连续函数的介值定理；第二部分为双介值问题，可考虑用拉格朗日中值定理，但应注意利用第一部分已得结论.【详解】 （I ） 令x x f x F +-=1)()(，则F(x)在[0，1]上连续，且F(0)=-1<0, F(1)=1>0,于是由介值定理知，存在),1,0(∈ξ 使得0)(=ξF ，即ξξ-=1)(f .（II ） 在],0[ξ和]1,[ξ上对f(x)分别应用拉格朗日中值定理，知存在两个不同的点)1,(),,0(ξζξη∈∈，使得0)0()()(--='ξξηf f f ，ξξζ--='1)()1()(f f f于是 .1111)(1)()()(=-⋅-=--⋅=''ξξξξξξξξζηf f f f （19）（本题满分12分）设函数)(y ϕ具有连续导数，在围绕原点的任意分段光滑简单闭曲线L 上，曲线积分⎰++Ly x xydydx y 4222)(ϕ的值恒为同一常数.（I ）证明：对右半平面x>0内的任意分段光滑简单闭曲线C ，有022)(42=++⎰Cyx xydydx y ϕ；（II ）求函数)(y ϕ的表达式.【分析】 证明（I ）的关键是如何将封闭曲线C 与围绕原点的任意分段光滑简单闭曲线相联系，这可利用曲线积分的可加性将C 进行分解讨论；而（II ）中求)(y ϕ的表达式，显然应用积分与路径无关即可.【详解】 （I ）如图，将C 分解为：21l l C +=，另作一条曲线3l=++⎰Cy x xydydx y 4222)(ϕ-++⎰+314222)(l l y x xydydx y ϕ022)(3242=++⎰+l l y x xydydx y ϕ.（II ） 设2424()2,22y xyP Q x yx yϕ==++，,P Q 在单连通区域0x >内具有一阶连续偏导数，由（Ⅰ）知，曲线积分24()22Ly dx xydyx y ϕ++⎰在该区域内与路径无关，故当0x >时，总有Q Px y∂∂=∂∂. 24252422422(2)4242,(2)(2)Q y x y x xy x y y x x y x y ∂+--+==∂++ ①243243242242()(2)4()2()()4().(2)(2)P y x y y y x y y y y y y x y x y ϕϕϕϕϕ'''∂+-+-==∂++ ② 比较①、②两式的右端，得435()2,()4()2.y y y y y y y ϕϕϕ'=-⎧⎨'-=⎩ 由③得2()y y c ϕ=-+，将()y ϕ代入④得 535242,y cy y -= 所以0c =，从而2().y y ϕ=-（20）（本题满分9分）已知二次型21232221321)1(22)1()1(),,(x x a x x a x a x x x f +++-+-=的秩为2.（I ） 求a 的值；（II ） 求正交变换Qy x =，把),,(321x x x f 化成标准形； （III ） 求方程),,(321x x x f =0的解.【分析】 （I ）根据二次型的秩为2，可知对应矩阵的行列式为0，从而可求a 的值；（II ）是常规问题，先求出特征值、特征向量，再正交化、单位化即可找到所需正交变换； （III ）利用第二步的结果，通过标准形求解即可.【详解】 （I ） 二次型对应矩阵为⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡-++-=200011011a a a a A ， 由二次型的秩为2，知 020011011=-++-=aa a a A ，得a=0. （II ） 这里⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡=200011011A ， 可求出其特征值为0,2321===λλλ. 解 0)2(=-x A E ，得特征向量为：⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=100,01121αα，解 0)0(=-x A E ，得特征向量为：.0113⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=α由于21,αα已经正交，直接将21,αα，3α单位化，得：③ ④⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=01121,100,01121321ηηη令[]321ααα=Q ，即为所求的正交变换矩阵，由x=Qy ，可化原二次型为标准形：),,(321x x x f =.222221y y + （III ） 由),,(321x x x f ==+222122y y 0，得k y y y ===321,0,0（k 为任意常数）.从而所求解为：x=Qy=[]⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡-==⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡0003321c c k k ηηηη，其中c 为任意常数. （21）（本题满分9分）已知3阶矩阵A 的第一行是c b a c b a ,,),,,(不全为零，矩阵⎥⎥⎥⎦⎤⎢⎢⎢⎣⎡=k B 63642321（k 为常数），且AB=O, 求线性方程组Ax=0的通解.【分析】 AB=O, 相当于告之B 的每一列均为Ax=0的解，关键问题是Ax=0的基础解系所含解向量的个数为多少，而这又转化为确定系数矩阵A 的秩.【详解】 由AB=O 知，B 的每一列均为Ax=0的解，且.3)()(≤+B r A r（1）若k 9≠, 则r(B)=2, 于是r(A)1≤, 显然r(A)1≥, 故r(A)=1. 可见此时Ax=0的基础解系所含解向量的个数为3-r(A)=2, 矩阵B 的第一、第三列线性无关，可作为其基础解系，故Ax=0 的通解为：2121,,63321k k k k k x ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=为任意常数.(2) 若k=9，则r(B)=1, 从而.2)(1≤≤A r1） 若r(A)=2, 则Ax=0的通解为：11,321k k x ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=为任意常数.2） 若r(A)=1,则Ax=0 的同解方程组为：0321=++cx bx ax ,不妨设0≠a ,则其通解为2121,,1001k k a c k a b k x ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-+⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=为任意常数.（22）（本题满分9分）设二维随机变量(X,Y)的概率密度为 .,20,10,0,1),(其他x y x y x f <<<<⎩⎨⎧=求：（I ） (X,Y)的边缘概率密度)(),(y f x f Y X ； （II ）Y X Z -=2的概率密度).(z f Z【分析】 求边缘概率密度直接用公式即可；而求二维随机变量函数的概率密度，一般用分布函数法，即先用定义求出分布函数，再求导得到相应的概率密度.【详解】 （I ） 关于X 的边缘概率密度)(x f X =⎰+∞∞-dy y x f ),(=.,10,0,20其他<<⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧⎰x dy x=.,10,0,2其他<<⎩⎨⎧x x关于Y 的边缘概率密度)(y f Y =⎰+∞∞-dx y x f ),(=.,20,0,12其他<<⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧⎰y dx y=.,20,0,21其他<<⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧-y y （II ） 令}2{}{)(z Y X P z Z P z F Z ≤-=≤=， 1） 当0<z 时，0}2{)(=≤-=z Y X P z F Z ；2） 当20<≤z 时，}2{)(z Y X P z F Z ≤-= =241z z -; 3) 当2≥z 时，.1}2{)(=≤-=z Y X P z F Z即分布函数为： .2,20,0,1,41,0)(2≥<≤<⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧-=z z z z z z F Z故所求的概率密度为：.,20,0,211)(其他<<⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧-=z z z f Z （23）（本题满分9分）设)2(,,,21>n X X X n 为来自总体N(0,1)的简单随机样本，X 为样本均值，记.,,2,1,n i X X Y i i =-=求：（I ） i Y 的方差n i DY i ,,2,1, =； （II ）1Y 与n Y 的协方差).,(1n Y Y Cov【分析】 先将i Y 表示为相互独立的随机变量求和，再用方差的性质进行计算即可；求1Y 与n Y 的协方差),(1n Y Y Cov ，本质上还是数学期望的计算，同样应注意利用数学期望的运算性质.【详解】 由题设，知)2(,,,21>n X X X n 相互独立，且),,2,1(1,0n i DX EX i i ===，.0=X E（I ）∑≠--=-=ni j j i i i X n X n D X X D DY ]1)11[()(=∑≠+-nij ji DXnDX n 221)11(=.1)1(1)1(222n n n n n n -=-⋅+- （II ） )])([(),(111n n n EY Y EY Y E Y Y Cov --= =)])([()(11X X X X E Y Y E n n --==)(211X X X X X X X E n n +--=211)(2)(X E X X E X X E n +-=22121)(][20X E X D X X X E n nj j +++-∑==.112nn n -=+-。
05年硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案
05年硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案05年硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1（10 points）The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, 1 this is largely because, 2 animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are 3 to perceiving those smells which float through the air, 4 the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact 5, we are extremely sensitive to smells, 6 we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of 7 human smells even when these are 8 to far below one part in one million.Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, 9 others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate 10 smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send 11 to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell 12 can suddenly become sensitive to it when 13 to it often enough.The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it 14 to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can 15 new receptors if necessary. This may 16 explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells we simply do not need to be. We are not 17 of the usual smell of our own house but we 18 new smells when we visit someone else's. The brainfinds it best to keep smell receptors 19 for unfamiliar and emergency signals 20 the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.1.[A]although[B]as[C]but[D]while2.[A]above[B]unlike[C]excluding[D]besides3.[A]limited[B]committed[C]dedicated[D]confined4.[A]catching[B]ignoring[C]missing[D]tracking5.[A]anyway[B]though[C]instead[D]therefore6.[A]even if[B]if only[C]only if[D]as if7.[A]distinguishing[B]discovering[C]determining[D]detectin g8.[A]diluted[B]dissolved[C]determining[D]diffused9.[A]when[B]since[C]for[D]whereas10.[A]unusual[B]particular[C]unique[D]typical11.[A]signs[B]stimuli[C]messages[D]impulses12.[A]at first[B]at all[C]at large[D]at times13.[A]subjected[B]left[C]drawn[D]exposed14.[A]ineffective[B]incompetent[C]inefficient[D]insufficient15.[A]introduce[B]summon[C]trigger[D]create16.[A]still[B]also[C]otherwise[D]nevertheless17.[A]sure[B]sick[C]aware[D]tired18.[A]tolerate[B]repel[C]neglect[D]notice19.[A]availabe[B]reliable[C]identifiable[D]suitable20.[A]similar to[B]such as[C]along with[D]aside fromSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1（40 points）Text 1Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such beha viour is regarded as“all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well.The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of“goods and services”than males. Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de waal's；study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their became markedly different.In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods（and much preferable to cucumbers）So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to；accept the sliceof cucumber Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber（without an actual monkey to eat it）was enough to reduce resentment in a female capuchin.The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions, in the wild, they are a co-operative, groupliving species, Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone, Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems form the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic byA. posing a contrast.B. justifying an assumption.C. making a comparison.D. explaining a phenomenon.22. The statement“it is all too monkey”（Last line, paragraph l）implies thatA. monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals.B. resenting unfairness is also monkeys'nature.C. monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other.D. no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.23.Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they areA. more inclined to weigh what they get.B. attentive to researchers'instructions.C. nice in both appearance and temperament.D. more generous than their male companions24.Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeysA. prefer grapes to cucumbers.B. can be taught to exchange things.C. will not be co-operative if feeling cheated.D. are unhappy when separated from others.25. What can we infer from the last paragraph？A. Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.B. Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.C. Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.D. Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.Text 2Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure？That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain？That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way？Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president。
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WIKI作为一种社会性软件，因其对结构化知识的积累作用，越来越受到教育工作者的关注并逐步被应用到教育教学中来。本文从不同角度阐释了WIKI的特点，并在此基础上对WIKI在教育教学中的应用进行了分析，指出WIKI在学科和课程建设上有着其独特的作用和优势。
[5]叶艳，Blog和Wiki学习型技术，现代企业教育，2004（1）
主要检索源
中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库
中国重要会议论文全文数据库
中文科技期刊数据库
国家科技图书文献中心
Elsevier全文数据库
课题组评价
实习组成员
表2课题攻关信息保障报告
课题名称
基于Blog+Wiki的自主协作型学习社区的设计与研究
检索要求
相似技术重要数据
检索报告
1、与本研究采用类似的研究方法/技术文献（原文复制）：
《教学系统设计》是北京交通大学针对教育技术学专业研究生所开设的一门课程，教学力求做到开放、创新，并提倡学生自主学习和协作探究。基本应用模式属于网络增强性教学（Web-Enhanced Instruction），即教师仍然组织正常的课堂教学，而通过该系统环境来帮助学生完成学习任务，增强课程的学习效果。
检索方式：快速检索
匹配：模糊
检索项：题名或关键词
时间：2001-2007年
检索式：斜拉桥*转体施工
检索文献数：9
（3）国家科技图书文献中心
检索方式：普通检索
匹配：模糊
检索项：题名或关键词
时间：全部年
检索式：斜拉桥*转体施工
检索文献数：18
（4）Elsevier全文数据库
检索方式：Quick Search
[13]潘金华，转体施工技术要素分析，铁道标准设计，1998
[14]马景含，大里营转体施工刚性索铁路斜拉桥的研究与设计，铁道标准设计，1998
[15]钟启宾，大里营刚性索斜拉桥转体施工设计新技术，铁道标准设计，1998
[16]王炳宗，房学先，大里营转体施工刚性索铁路斜拉桥简介，铁道标准设计，1998
分类号：TP393.09、G728、F270、G423、F426.471、G633.6
3、检索式：
学习社区* （blog+wiki）
e-learning* （blog+wiki）
4、检索结果：
（1）中文期刊、中文会议论文、中文学位论文
①检索式：学习社区* blog
检索文献数：2
②检索式：学习社区* wiki
什么是Wiki？维基百科上是这样定义的：Wiki是一种超文本系统，这种系统支持多人或者说是某个社群的协作式写作，同时也包含一组支持这种写作的辅助工具。从Wiki的定义可以看出，Wiki的出现为社群信息的交流和讨论提供了自由、灵活的空间。
[4]谭支军，WIKI在教育教学中的应用初探，中国远程教育，2005（5）
三、提交时间：12月18日前提交作业。
欢迎就计算机检索课的教学提出意见和建议。
斜拉桥的转体施工
一、研究背景
斜拉桥，是将桥面用许多拉索直接拉在桥塔上的一种桥梁，是由承压的塔，受拉的索和承弯的梁体组合起来的一种结构体系。其可看作是拉索代替支墩的多跨弹性支承连续梁。其可使梁体内弯矩减小，降低建筑高度，减轻了结构重量，节省了材料。斜拉桥的施工方法有很多主要有：顶推施工法、横移施工法、提升浮运法、预制安装法、现场浇注法、逐孔施工法、悬臂施工法等。
匹配：模糊
检索项：Abstract, Title, Keywords
时间：1999-2007年
检索式：cable-stayed bridge*construction by swing
检索文献数：4
2、同类研究采用的各种研究方法/技术：
（1）斜拉桥的施工方法：顶推施工法、横移施工法、提升浮运法、预制安装法、现场浇注法、逐孔施工法、悬臂施工法。
4、重要文献附件（列出出处，可附表）：
[1]孙全胜,傅科奇,绥芬河斜拉桥转体施工温度影响分析,公路交通科技-2006年10期
[2]陈强,马林,魏峰,北京市五环路斜拉桥转动体不平衡重称重试验分析,铁道建筑-2005年4期
{3]刘万伟,段立波,北京石景山南站斜拉桥转体施工,公路交通技术-2005年1期
[4]李富仓,北京石景山斜拉桥转体法施工技术,市政技术-2004年6期
技术上重点解决将Blog与Wiki有机的整合，符合用户的需求
创新点：把Blog与Wiki有机整合，并应用于教育，对基于该环境的自主协作学习进行研究
在研究过程中，论文作者主要关注以下三个层面的问题：作为学习环境，该系统的总体教学效果和主要功能的使用情况；作为学习过程，该系统支持下的自主协作学习是如何开展的；作为学习评价，如何全面、有效地评定学生在学习活动中表现；
钢管混凝土拱桥近10年来在我国的应用与发展迅猛。为拱桥的轻型化和向大跨度发展提供了可能，转体施工方法也被广泛应用于这种桥型之中.更为重要的是，竖向转体与平面转体结合应用的方法在钢管混凝土拱桥中的应用，使桥梁转体施工法进入了一个新的发展时期。
二、研究目的
整体目标：搭建基于Blog+Wiki的学习社区，并开展研究
世界经理人网2001年11月19至26日进行了一次网上调查：“对你的管理工作影响最大的管理理念是什么?”在参加调查的461人中，有23．64％选择了“学习型组织”，成为得票最高的选项。这在一定程度上说明，学习型组织对现代企业和个人产生了重要影响。
2、本研究研究相似的各种技术参数数据、统计数据：
主要检索源
[9]徐升桥,陈国立,柳学发,韩光卢,大兴,北京市五环路曲线斜拉桥转体施工设计,铁道标准设计-2003年10期
[10]汪铁钧，竖向转体技术在桥梁工程中的应用，上海建设科技，2004
[11]王武勤，大里营铁路刚性索斜拉桥的转体施工，桥梁建设，1998
[12]孙士彦，张华铁，转体施工技术道标准设计，1998
表1课题预研信息报告
课题名称
斜拉桥的转体施工
检索要求
无
检索报告
1、报道同类研究的文献总数量：
（1）CNKI系列全文数据库
检索项：主题
匹配：模糊
时间：1999-2006年
检索式：斜拉桥*转体施工
搜索结果：
中国期刊全文数据库4
中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库0
中国重要会议论文全文数据库1
合计文献数：5
（2）中文科技期刊数据库
转体施工是一套比较成熟的桥梁施工方法，随着新技术、新工艺的不断出现以及在工程中的应用，该方法会更加安全可靠、操作简洁、实施快速、降低造价，在桥梁建设中将发挥越来越大的作用，产生越来越好的社会和经济效益。
桥梁转体法施工与传统施工方法相比，具有如下优点：
（1）施工所需的机具设备少、工艺简单、操作安全。
（2）具有结构合理，受力明确，力学性能好。
[1]胡三华，江晓东，博客在教育教学中的应用初探，远程教育杂志,2004（1）
博客作为个性化的个人知识管理系统，越来越受到教育工作者的关注并逐步被应用到教育教学中。文章从技术、文化、形式、内容等多个视角对博客的兴起、特点与其它网络工具进行了比较，并结合教学应用实践对博客在教育教学中的作用和应用进行了分析；在此基础上提出了教学博客平台的设计开发方案，并给出了一些具体应用的方法和策略，同时也指出了在使用中应当注意的问题。
中国优秀博硕士学位论文全文数据库
中国重要会议论文全文数据库
中文科技期刊数据库
EI
课题组评价
实习组成员
表3课题鉴定成果查新报告
课题名称
基于Blog+Wiki的自主协作型学习社区的设计与研究
检索要求
检索报告
1、文献检索范围：
国家科技图书文献中心数据库
2、关键词及分类号：
关键词：学习社区、自主协作、Blog、wiki
1975年我国桥梁工作者开始进行拱桥转体施工工艺的研究，并于1977年首次在四川省遂宁县采用平转法建成跨径为70m的钢筋混凝土箱肋拱。此后，平转法在山区的钢筋混凝土拱桥中得到推广应用。
70年代末80年代初我国平转法施工的拱桥，跨径均在100m以下，且均为有平衡重转体施工。随着转体施工工艺的进步，主要是转动构造中磨擦系数的降低和牵引能力的提高，这一方法在我国的斜拉桥和刚构桥中也得到应用，并且使其从山区推广至平原，尤其是跨线桥的施工。2003年8月6日北京石景山混凝土斜拉桥建成，该桥采用了转体法施工的预应力混凝土曲线斜拉桥方案,该桥是北京市五环路的标志性工程。
[2]王良辉，博客文化及其教育应用，远程教育杂志,2004（1）
博客作为一种互联网文化现象正在崛起，引起了敏锐的教育界人士对其教育应用的探索。本文通过对博客文化特征的分析以及对博客教育应用的理论与实践两个方面的探讨，展示了博客教育应用的广阔前景。
[3]徐睿，刘春荣，Wiki:构建反思的学习共同体，信息技术教育，2005（8）
检索文献数：0
合计文献数：2
（2）西文期刊、外文会议论文、外文学位论文、国外科技报告
①检索式：e-learning* wiki
[5杨振江,巩天才,石景山南站跨越铁路高架斜拉桥转体施工技术,铁道建筑技术-2004年3期
[6]周庠天,孙毅峰,向宝城,肖红文,北京石景山混凝土斜拉桥转体施工,预应力技术-2004年1期
[7]杨振江,巩天才,高架斜拉桥跨越铁路转体施工技术,铁道建筑-2004年11期