写作篇Chapter Two Means of Paragragh Development
写作教程 第二册 答案
like all the other kids. Then, beginning on New Year's Eve, the
sound of exploding firecrackers was everywhere, day and night.
On New Year's Day, I watched huge parades go by in the middle
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Personality One's personality plays an important role in foreign language learning. Weather Living in a place where the weather is always warm has many advantages.
5. (1) Then (2) morning (4) Then (5) After that (7) already (8) after
(3) afternoon (6)when
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6. Sample paragraph
The New Year celebration was so unforgettable for me when
3) Use of pronouns: they, their, this (as are boldfaced)
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Unit 2 FOLLOW-UP EXERCISES
3. When I was a child, we never varied our Christmas Eve ritual. We always began our private celebration promptly at 6 p.m. on December 24 when the whole family assembled in our small kitchen. We watched as Mother and my older sister prepared a light supper. As soon as we finished the meal, we rushed into the living room to decorate the tree. The younger children started the decorating by putting tinsel and colorful
独立写作2正文段落扩展PPT课件
(2) a topic sentence comes in two parts, topic words (indicating object to be discussed) and expression of thesis (indicating the particular aspect of the thesis).
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Purpose
Topic Sentence
Supporting Sentences
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一、段落的统一性
一个段落应该只说明一个问题，或一个问题的某一 方面；应该只叙述一件事情， 或一件事情的某一 个阶段。
也就是说，一个段落内的各个句子必须从属于一个 中心，任何游离于中心思想以外的句子都是不可取 的。
from real life a连nd接it词s duties．③ But
now some people are taking a fresh look at daydreaming．④ And it may
be that more people are suffering
from a lack of daydreaming than are suffering from too much of it．
a．连接词语 b．代词: 代词用于提醒读者注意 其先行词，以此把有关的部分连接 起来。 c．重复关键词语
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示范段落
① Until recently daydreaming was viewed as a waste of time．② Or it
was considered an unhealthy escape
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一个好的段落应该具有统一性。统一性就是一个中心 思想统领整个段落。每个细节都应支持主题句，不应 有无关的细节。为了支持主题，要尽可能多地提供细 节，但又要避免滥用细节。
写作教程Unit2
SAMPLEnot have taken the gymnastics course. In September, he fell off the uneven bars and got a concussion. A month later, he sprained his ankle, after a bad landing off the balance beam. He also broke the support beam in the basement of his parents’ home, showing them his skills when he was home for the December holidays. In January ,he broke his thumb when he caught it on the bar of the pommel horse. His academic luck was no better than his physical luck: he failed the final exam in February in his gymnastics course. The result of his bad luck was that he failed to graduate in May, due to the lack of two hours of physical education credit.
CHINESE-STYLE WEDDING CEREMONIES
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Comb of age ceremony （上头） 2. Receive bride 3. Change appellation 4. Give Money with red envelope 5. 3-bows (bride and groom) bow to Heaven and Earth; to parents; to each other 6. 6. removed the veil（头纱） 7. 7. Wedding reception/feast婚宴.
写作 Chapter Two
---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------写作Chapter TwoPart II Building Good Sentence Chapter Two Essential Qualities of Sentences1/ 109Understanding Sentence Section 1 The Uses of SentencesSection 2 Some Basic Qualities of Sentences 1 Sentence Clarity2 Sentence Unity 3 Sentence Coherence4 Sentence Emphasis 5 Sentence Euphony 6 Sentence Strength---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Understanding SentenceThe Sentencethe first complete organic product of thinking the unit of style a group of words capable of expressing a complete thought3/ 109Understanding SentenceTypes of Sentences According to GrammarAs to Meaning▲ Declarative Sentence ▲ Interrogative Sentence ▲ Imperative Sentence ▲ Exclamatory Sentence---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Understanding SentenceAs to Form▲ Simple sentence ▲ Complex Sentence ▲ Compound Sentence According to Rhetoric As to the Arrangement of Se ntences ▼ Periodic Sentence ▼ Loose Sentence ▼ Balanced Sentence5/ 109Understanding SentenceAs to the Structure of Sentence▼ The Simplest Form▼ The Modified and Enlarged Form→Complex, Compound and Complex Forms ▼ Elliptical Structure▼ Pleonastic Structure→one o f the main elements is clearness repeated for special distinction---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Understanding SentenceJoys and sorrows, friends and enemies, abundance and poverty—these are the things that absorb human thoughts. → for the sake of increasing clarityA teacher’s duty it is to impart knowledge and educate students. → emphatic repetition7/ 109The Uses of SentencesSection 1 The Uses of Sentences Simple Sentence→only one clause→good for clearness and directnessCompound Sentence→two or more statements of equal importance→to show cont rast, inference, alternative---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ The Uses of SentencesComplex Sentence→one Principal clause with one or more Subordinate clauses→to show the relative importance, to mark the precise relation of one idea to other ideasCompound-Complex Sentence→two or more indep endent members, at least one of which contains a dependent clause→good for a show of eloquencePeriodic Sentence→no complete thought can be got until the end is reached→good for promoting suspense, unity of expression9/ 109The Uses of SentencesLoose Sentence→not delay its parts by suspense, complete sense can be secured before the end→good for informal ease, naturalnessBalanced Sentence→the parts are paired, made to balance over against each other→good for making the expression pointed, easily remembered---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence ClaritySection 2 Some Basic Qualities of Sentences 1 Sentence Clarity the arrangement of words should be such that the meaning cannot be misundrstood→secured by correct diction, accurate punctuation (1) Correct Diction1) Position of Adverbs※ As near as possible to the words they modify ※ Sometimes before, sometimes after→ before the adjectives or adverbs (except the word “enough”) → after the intransitive verbs11/ 109Sentence Clarity2) Position of Modifiers in General As near as possible to word or words they modifyHe went to town, on horseback, driving a flock of sheep.He went to town, driving a flock of sheep, on horseback.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence Clarity3) Watching for Squinting Construction ◎ A sentence in which the adverb appears to modify two different elementsTell them tomorrow to begin the work.13/ 109Sentence Clarity◎ A squinting modifier is one that may refer to either the preceding or the following word. A modifier can modify only one grammatical element in sentence. It cannot serve two elements at once.The work that he hoped would satisfy him completely frustrated him.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence Clarity4) Use of Pronouns Should be placed where the antecedent can be easily identified.Pronoun Reference ErrorsA. Divided Reference →occurs when it is not clear to which of two nouns the pronoun is referringDivided reference: Before Ruth gave the dog its dinner, she washed it. Clear reference: Before Ruth gave the dog its dinner, she washed her pet.15/ 109Sentence ClarityB. Broad Reference →occurs when a pronoun refers to a verb or to an adjective or adverb clause Broad reference: If the Russians rejected communism, it would upset the balance of world power. Clear reference: If the Russians rejected communism, such an action would upset the balance of world power.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence ClarityC. Weak Reference →occurs when a pronoun refers to an implied, or understood antecedentWeak reference: Daily practice is necessary in ballet training; in fact, they are often as highly trained as athletes.Clear reference: Daily practice is necessary in ballet training; in fact, ballet performers are often as highly trained as athletes.17/ 109Sentence ClarityExercises for Pronoun Reference Rewrite these sentences, correcting them for faulty pronoun reference. (1) Mr. Smith told Mr. Brown that his chickens were in his garden. (Mr. Smith’s)(2) Rice is an important crop in China, and many of them have little else to eat. (the Chinese (people))(3) When we climbed up to the robin’s nest, it flew away. (the bird)---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence Clarity(4) European dairy cattle can adjust themselves to a wide range of temperature, particularly if this changes gradually. (the adjustment, Or the temperature) (5) Before you give the baby its bottle, shake it well. (the bottle)(6) You had your choice of tooth powder or tooth paste, and you bought it without remembering that I don’t like to use it. (the tooth powder, Or the tooth paste) (7) A few pod diseases damage the beans if they are left to develop. (the diseases)19/ 109Sentence Clarity(8) If a dog should bite any man in that gang of ruffians, he would die. (the dog, Or the man)(9) Only at ninety-nine degrees did the vegetation begin to wilt, and this was not surprising. (the fact)(10) When I saw the advertisement for an electric train in that magazine, I bought it immediately. ( the train, Or the toy, Or the magazine) (11) If an upperclassman is displeased with something a freshman does, he is punished for it. (the former, Or the latter)---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence Clarity(12) The farmers told his neighbor that his son had stolen his apples and that he ought to be spanked. (his neighbor’s son, the boy)(13) I had planned to become a lawyer, but I have lost my enthusiasm for it. (becoming one, Or the plan) (14) In Mongolia they don’t have many railroad lines. (the people there, Or there are not many …)(15) My roommate taught me how to water ski and scuba dive, and I have become very skilled at it. ( the sports)21/ 109Sentence Clarity5) Consistency A. Sentences consistent in person and numberThe most common faulty shifts in person → shifts from second to third from third to second person---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence Clarity→because we can refer to people in general either in the third person or in the second personInconsistent: If a person works hard, you can accomplish a great deal. Revised: If you work hard, you can accomplish a great deal. Revised: If a person works hard, he (or he or she) can accomplish a great deal. Better: If people work hard, they can accomplish a great deal.23/ 109Sentence ClarityInconsistency in number→ between a pronoun and its antecedentInconsistent: If a student does not understand a problem, they should consult the instructor. Revised: If a student does not understand a problem, he (or he or she) should consult the instructor. Better: If students do not understand a problem, they should consult the instructor.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence ClarityB. Sentences consistent in tense and mood ◎ Unnecessary shifts from past to present or from present to past in sentences narrating a series of events are particularly confusing. ◎ Shifts in the mood of verbs occur most frequently in directions, because the writer moves between the imperative mood and the indicative mood.Inconsistent: Cook the mixture slowly, and you should stir it until the sugar is dissolved. ［shifts from imperative to indicative］Revised: Cook the mixture slowly, and stir it until the sugar is dissolved. ［consistently imperative］25/ 109Sentence ClarityC. Sentences consistent in subject and voiceA shift in voice may sometimes help focus the reader’s attention on a single subject.But most shifts in subject and voice not only are unneeded but also may create confusion or error. Inconsistent: As we looked out over the ocean, ships could be seen in the distance. ［Since the main clause does not name an actor, the reader cannot be sure who is looking.］ Revised: As we looked out over the ocean, we could see ships in the distance.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence ClarityExercises for Consistency 1. Revise the sentences below to make them consistent in person and number.(1) If a person has just moved to the city, you have trouble knowing where to go.If a person has just moved to the city, he (or she) has trouble knowing where to go.27/ 109Sentence Clarity(2) When a taxpayer does not file on time, they have to pay a penalty.When taxpayers do not file on time, they have to pay a penalty.Or When a taxpayer does not file on time, he (or she) has to pay a penalty. (3) Writers must know what they are writing about; otherwise one cannot write.Writers must know what they are writing about; otherwise they cannot write.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence Clarity(4) If a student misses too many classes, you may fail a course.If a student misses too many classes, he (or she) may fail a course. (5) One should not judge other people’s actions unless they know the circumstances. One should not judge other people’s actions unless one knows the circumstances. Or One should not judge other people’s actions unless he (or she) knows the circumstances.29/ 109Sentence Clarity2. Revise the sentences below to make them consistent in tense and mood. (1) Soon after he joined the union, Lester appears at a rally and makes a speech. Soon after he joined the union, Lester appeared at a rally and made a speech.(2) First sand down any paint that is peeling; then you should paint the bare wood with primer. First sand down any paint that is peeling; then paint the bare wood with primer. ［This should be an imperative sentence.］ Or First you should sand down any paint that is peeling; then you should paint the bare wood with primer.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence Clarity(3) Rachel is walking down the street, and suddenly she stops, as a shot rang out. Rachel is walking down the street, and suddenly she stops, as a shot rings out. ［This is a historical sentence; it expresses vividness.］ Or Rachel was walking down the street, and suddenly she stopped, as a shot rang out.31/ 109Sentence Clarity(4) Rudeness occurs when people did not see themselves as others saw them.Rudeness occurred when people did not see themselves as others saw them.Or Rudeness occurs when people do not see themselves as others see them. (5) To buy a tape deck, find out what features you need and you should decide what you want to pay. To buy a tape deck, find out what features you need, and decide what you want to pay. ［The phrase you should is crossed out.］---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence Clarity3. Make the sentences below consistent in subject and voice. (1) Some arrowheads were dug up, and they found some pottery that was almost undamaged. They dug up some arrowheads, and found some pottery that was almost undamaged.33/ 109Sentence Clarity(2) They started the game after some practice drills were run.They started the game after they ran some practice drills. ［better］ Or The game was started after some practice drills were run. ［OK］---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence Clarity(3) The tornado ripped off the roof, and it was deposited in a nearby lot. The roof was ripped off by the tornado, and it was deposited in a nearby lot. (4) The debate was begun by the senator when he introduced the new bill. The senator began the debate when he introduced the new bill.35/ 109Sentence Clarity(5) If you learn how to take good notes in class, much extra work will be avoided. If you learn how to take good notes in class, you will avoid much extra work.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence Clarity4. Identify each faulty shift in the following paragraph as inconsistent in person, number, tense, mood, subject, voice, or form of quotation. Revise the faulty sentences to eliminate the shifts.37/ 109Sentence ClarityWe One is always urged to conserve energy, and we try to do that. However, saving energy requires making sacrifices. My children like baths, not showers, so how can I tell them that they must keep clean and then insist, “ they should not use the bath? ” They won’t stay You must not use the bath? clean. I don’t mind a cool house, but it has to be kept we have to keep warm when you have the flu. Everyone enjoys a fire in he fails (or they fail the fireplace, but they fail) to realize how much heat from the furnace was released up the chimney. is Nonetheless, we have to learn to live with inconveniences or be introduced to real hardship later on.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence Clarity6) Completeness A. Avoid omitting inconsistent constituents from compound constructions Acceptable Omission My car has been driven 80,000 miles; his (has been driven) only 20’000 (miles). Some people heat by oil, some (heat) by gas, others (heat) by electricity.When the words omitted are common39/ 109Sentence ClarityUnacceptable Omission My car has been driven 80,000 miles; their cars have been driven only 20,000 (miles).When the parts omitted or to be omitted differ in grammar or idiomI am firm; you are stubborn; he is pigheaded. The students were invited and were happy to go---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence ClarityB. Avoid incomplete and illogical comparisons state the relation between the compared items fully enough to ensure clarity; Complete and logical comparisoncompare only items that can sensibly be compared;must include all and only the items being compared.41/ 109Sentence ClarityTo ensure clarity, state a comparison fully. Unclear: Boston is nearer to New York than Washington. Clear: Boston is nearer to New York than Washington is. Clear: Boston is nearer to New York than it is to Washington.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence ClarityTo ensure logic, compare items that can be reasonably compared.Illogical: The cost of a typewriter is greater than a calculator. ［The writer compares the cost of something with a calculator.］Revised: The cost of a typewriter is greater than the cost of (or that of) a calculator.43/ 109Sentence ClarityC. Avoid careless omission of articles, prepositions, or other needed words. Incomplete: Regular payroll deductions are a type painless savings. You hardly notice missing amounts, and after period of years the contributions can add a large total. Revised: Regular payroll deductions are a type of painless savings. You hardly notice the missing amounts, and after a period of years the contributions can add up to a large total.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence ClarityIncomplete: She observed many people who had been invited were missing. ［At the first reading, many people appears to be the object of observed rather than the subject of the entire subordinate clause.］Revised: She observed that many people who had been invited were missing.45/ 109Sentence ClarityExercises for Completeness Revise the sentences below so that they are complete, logical, and clear. Some have more than one possible answer. (1) Both of them not only believe energy conservation but (also) work for energy conservation. (2) The legal question raised by the prosecution was relevant and was considered by the judge. ［The first was is a link verb, whereas the second was is an auxiliary, and should not be left out.］---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence Clarity(3) Football interested Ralph more than his friends did.Or Football interested Ralph more than it interested his friends.(4) His tip was larger than that of any other customer I ever waited on. (5) With an altitude of 6,288 feet, New Hampshire’s Mount Washington is higher than any other mountain in New England. (6) The dog is only a puppy; the cats are both ten years old.47/ 109Sentence Clarity(7) My chemistry text is more interesting to me than any other social science text is.(8) He feared darkness and feared the drop in temperature would trap the climbers on the mountain. ［The first fear means 害怕; the second fear means 担心, so the second should not be omitted.］ (9) Inventors usually have an interest and a talent for solving practical problems.---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ Sentence Clarity(2) Proper Punctuation 1) Placing of Period At the end of every Declarative Sentence and every Imperative Sentence 2) Insertion of Comma and Semicolon Comma: valuable in guiding the reader to a correct and immediate understanding of the sentence structured and the subject matter.Semicolon: help the clearness of a sentence49/ 109Sentence Clarity3) Use of Interrogation PointUsed after every sentence or expression asking a direct questionUsed to point off distinct part of a question。
英语二作文写作格式
英语二作文写作格式以下是一篇符合您要求的英语二作文，内容围绕日常生活场景展开，每个段落的语言特点各不相同，以展示多样化的表达：---。
I was just walking down the street, and suddenly, this cute little dog caught my eye. It had big brown eyes and a fluffy tail, wagging so happily. It made me smile and reminded me of my own pet at home.Oh, the weather today! It's so sunny and warm, perfect for a picnic in the park. I can already smell the fresh grass and hear the children laughing. I should definitely invite some friends over this weekend.I stopped by the coffee shop on my way to work. The barista gave me my usual, a cappuccino with extra foam.It's just the right amount of sweetness to start the day. I can't imagine how I'd function without my morning coffee.At the bookstore, I found this new novel thateveryone's been talking about. The cover is so intriguing, and the reviews are all rave. I think I'll give it a try, maybe even take it on my next vacation.My phone's been buzzing with notifications all day.It's my friend asking if I'm free for dinner tonight. I haven't seen her in a while, so I think I'll say yes. We could catch up over some good food and laughs.---。
作文题目principles of paragraph
作文题目principles of paragraphA paragraph may be well described as a group of several well organized，complete，correct，and concise sentences combined together focusing on one subject，theme，or central idea。
It can be an independent short composition written on certain central idea or it may also be a part of lengthy composition like essay，story or any kind of prose/poetry work。
In lengthy composition paragraphs are made to make the long write—ups easily com prehendible。
As far as length of a paragraph is concerned there is no set rule for it。
They may be from one to many lines long。
Be it an independent paragraph or a part of a lengthy composition the Principle of paragraph structure remains the same。
The first and foremost principle to be followed while constructing a good paragraph is the Unity。
Paragraphs should be so framed that it must deal with one topic or idea。
托福写作备考：议论文段落写作三部曲
托福写作备考：议论文段落写作三部曲朗阁托福考试研究中心在英语学习过程中，大家能够尝试着用英文来谢谢日记其实是锻炼英语文笔的一个不错的方法，但是像托福雅思这种应试型的议论文写作中就与我们平常写的方式就有所不同了，通常这些文章都遵循introduction- body-conclusion（引言段-主体段-结论段）的“三步曲”，但我们平常的练笔就显得有些随意性了。
一般来说，一篇议论文必须包含至少两个主体段。
每个主体段都必须有明确的主题句“topic sentence”和若干支持句“supporting sentences”。
他们共同组成文章的理由段，对全文的论点提供理由支持。
下面我们就来分析一下这三部曲的各部分注意要点，相信一定会对你的托福议论文写作有一定的帮助的哦！我们首先要说的是Body（主体）段落，这个部分的内容提供了论证观点的理由，是整个文章的主体，在评分中占有很大的比重。
例如一篇满分的雅思作文（9分）必须“presents a fully developed position in answer to the question with relevant, fully extended and well supported ideas”。
这里的“fully extended / well supported”，必须通过主体段来体现。
新托福的满分作文（5分）也要求“is well organized and well developed, using clearly appropriate explanations, exemplifications, and/or details”，同样必须通过主体段落发展来实现。
朗阁托福考试研究中心建议初学者在练习议论文写作时，必须遵循理由段发展的几个简单原则，这对迅速完成理由段、构建连贯和理由充分的议论文大有帮助。
这几个简单原则包括：1. Write a topic sentence for each paragraph you plan to write. Each topic sentenceshould relate to your thesis statement and introduce what the paragraph will be about.If you find that the topics you want to discuss do not support the thesis statement you have written, revise your thesis statement or reconsider your topic sentences.（每个主体段都必须有一个明确的主题句）2. Write ideas that support your topic sentences. The topic sentence for eachHobbies are important for many reasons. First, a hobby can be educational. Forexample, if the hobby is stamp collecting, the person can learn about the countries of the world and even some of their history. Second, engaging in a hobby can lead to meeting other people with the same interests. A person can also meet other people by going to the school. Third, a person's free time is being used in a positive way. The person has no time to be bored or get into mischief while engaged in the hobby.Finally, some hobbies can lead to a future job. A person who enjoys a hobby-related job is more satisfied with life.这段话的topic sentence很明显-“Hobbies are important for many reasons”，之后的支持句从三方面阐述hobby的重要性（first, second, third），但段中这句话"A person can also meet other people by going the school"与hobby重要的原因没有关系，因此削弱了整个段落的连贯性与统一性，应该被去掉。
写作教程Unit2
PART II DEVELOPMENT BY TIME
• Ordering ideas chronologically is one of the commonest ways we have of arranging ideas in a paragraph. We live in a society in which time is a very important concept and it would be almost impossible to get through a day without once describing “what happened.” Ordering information by time is especially useful in explaining a process, writing about historical events, or telling a story. Arranging details in time order is quite natural in such paragraphs and a very easy pattern of organization, for you simply tell what happened according to the sequence in which they actually occurred.
CHINESE-STYLE WEDDING CEREMONIES
1. Comb of age ceremony （上头） 2. 2. Receive bride 3. 3. Change nvelope 5. 5. 3-bows (bride and groom) bow to Heaven and Earth; to
英文段落写作进修学院二技应外四甲
Unit 4 (cont’)
• Writing topic sentences Use each word or phrase below to write a topic sentence with a
controlling idea. 1. Pets. 2. A first date 3. A terrible teacher 4. Tennis
Unit 4
• The topic sentence is usually the first or second sentence in a paragraph. It introduces a new idea. It presents the topic and explains what the writer will say about the topic. This explanation is called the controlling idea.
Unit 2 (cont’)
--- Title A paragraph by itself usually has a title. This is one word or a group of words that tells what the topic is.
专四作文各段落模板范文
专四作文各段落模板范文英文回答：Paragraph 1: Introduction。
Begin with a broad statement that introduces the topic of the essay.State your thesis statement clearly and concisely.Provide a brief overview of the essay's structure.Paragraph 2: Body Paragraph 1。
Start with a topic sentence that introduces the main idea of the paragraph.Provide evidence to support your topic sentence.Explain the significance of the evidence and how itrelates to the overall thesis.Conclude the paragraph by restating the main idea in different words.Paragraph 3: Body Paragraph 2。
Follow the same structure as Paragraph 2, but with a different supporting argument.Provide specific examples and details to illustrate your points.Discuss the implications or consequences of the evidence presented.Paragraph 4: Body Paragraph 3 (Optional)。
If necessary, provide an additional supporting argument for your thesis.Use this paragraph to further develop your ideas or toaddress counterarguments.Conclude the paragraph by highlighting the importance of this argument in relation to your overall thesis.Paragraph 5: Conclusion。
基础英语写作(三)
I have never had to cook before, and usually the results are discouraging.
Mostly I am embarrassed as I sit in the Laundromat with all the women, and so I wait until all my clothes are dirty before I do this terrible task.
The controlling idea:
Since I began living in an apartment and going to school, my biggest problem has been the housework.
一．Cooking my food is a bigger problem.
Exerciseⅲ:
Listed below are a controlling idea and nine sentences that develop the controlling idea. Renumber the sentences to arrange them in what you think is the best order; then compose a paragraph, using the controlling idea as your first sentence.
The Paragraph
Part Three
A paragraph is a unit of thought; it is at once a unity in itself and part of a larger whole, that is, the essay.
英语第二篇作文模板
英语第二篇作文模板## Essay Template for English Composition ##。
I. Introduction。
Begin with a compelling hook sentence that captures the reader's attention.State the thesis statement, which clearly articulates the main argument or position of the essay.Provide a brief overview of the essay's structure and main points.II. Body Paragraph 1。
Introduce the first main point that supports the thesis statement.Provide evidence from a credible source or personalexperience to support the point.Analyze the evidence and explain its relevance to the thesis.III. Body Paragraph 2。
Introduce a second main point that supports the thesis statement.Provide specific examples or anecdotes to illustrate the point.Explain how this evidence supports the overall argument.IV. Body Paragraph 3 (Optional)。
Introduce a third main point that further develops the thesis statement.Present a counterargument or opposing viewpoint andrefute it with evidence.Show how this counterargument strengthens the main argument.V. Body Paragraph 4 (Optional)。
新世纪实用英语写作Chapter 2
The bright child is patient. He can tolerate uncertainty and failure, and will keep trying until he gets an answer. When all his experiments fail, he can even admit to himself and others that for the time being he is not going to get an answer. This may annoy him, but he can wait. Very often, he does not want to be told how to do the problem or solve the puzzle he has struggled with, because he does not want to be cheated out of the chance to figure it out for himself in the future. Not so the dull child. He cannot stand uncertainty or failure. To him, an unanswered question is not a challenge or an opportunity, but a threat. If he can't find the answer quickly, it must be given to him, and quickly; and he must have answers for everything. Such are the children of whom a secondgrade teacher once said, "But my children like to have questions for which there is only one answer." They did; and by a mysterious coincidence, so did she.
写作教程第二版(邹申)-unit_2_Events-_Development_by_Time
phone is not only a communication tool but also an
entertainment facility. In a time of science and technology,
Task 6 P16 The New Year celebration was so unforgettable for me when I was a child. Weeks before the New Year’s Day, my mother would let me send out New Year’s cards and go shopping with her. In the crowded markets I bought firecrackers, like all the other kids. Then beginning on New Year’s Eve, the sound of exploding firecrackers was everywhere, day and night. On New Year’s Day, I watch the huge parades go in the middle of the streets. People wearing lion dances and dragon dances. Afterwards, we worshiped our ancestors in a temple and visited friends and relatives to wish them Happy New Year.
写作教程2 课后答案
写作教程2 课后题答案提示：页码有部分错误，但答案内容正确。
P2 . PART1Advantages : It is very convenient . You can make a call whenever and wherever you want to.It is especially helpful in an emergency . It saves time .You don't have to search for or await the turn for the public phone.You can always be reached when you are needed by others.In an information age ,it can help you to get the information you want in the quickest way.It may help you to grasp any chance to succeed.You can play games and surf the net through the phone........Disadvantages : It is quite expensiveIts radiation is harmful to healthAnswering calls in public places such as on a bus is embarrassingMaking or answering calls while driving is dangerousYou can always be reached by your parents or your bossIt may ring at the moment when you least want it toYou may receive calls from strangers or advertising companies and have to pay for them ..........P3. PART2have become increasingly violentis more and more important for young peopleis the kindest neighbour I have ever knownhas a profound effect on our healthP4. specificBritish English is different from American English in spellingis not a sentence, but a fragmentDifferent countries have different customsgeneral,too emotionalThe local food is tasteless and greasyP7. Approach 1: For one thing, they should balance science and non-science courses so that they do not have too many time-consuming labs.Approach 2:They should also try to get a mixture between subjects they find fairly easy and those that are difficult for them.Example 1: For instance,the student who dose well in history but expects to have a terrible time with calculus might plan on taking both in the same semester to balance the work load.Example 2: The student who dose not plan carefully and takes five tough courses the first term may wind up on scholastic probation.P11. 4 . Paragraph 1:All invention are either basic inventions or improvement on earlier inventions.Paragraph 2:There was a serious accident in the chemistry lab yesterday.Paragraph 3: Nutritional deficiency is a major problem of the elderly.5. Paragraph 1 : Topic sentence: 第一句无关句：Many people .....to each other. 和And nowadays,....more convenience.Paragraph 2: T S : 第一句无关句：I didn't st night 和 I heard that .... own children.排序： 2（1）First of all . (2) secondly (3)By and by (4) In addition (5)In shortP18 Paragraph B : Jack should not have taken the gymnastics course.he fell off the uneven bars and got a concussion.he sprained his ankle,after a bad landing off the balance beam.he broken the support beam in the basement of his parent's home,showing them his skills. he broke his thumb when he caught it on the bar the pommel horse.he fails the final exam in his gymnastics course.he failed to graduate due to the lack of two hours of physical education creditP19 T S: Some historians mark the course of the American Revolutionary War in three major periods.1. During the first phase of the conflict ,New English was the battleground,1)The Minutemen and the Redcoats fired the opening shots of the war at Lexington at dawn of April 19,1775 2) Shortly afterwards ,the New England colonists laid siege to Boston .the location of the British headquarters.the second phase of the war ,which began after the signing of the Declaration ,both the British and the American made important military gains.1)The British soldiers captured New York in the fall of 1776,and a year later they occupied Philadelphia.2)Meanwhile the Americans were able to seize New Jersey and Saratoga.fighting moved to the west and south during the lastphase.1) In 1778 and 1779 several battles occurred in Kentucky and Tennessee.2)Then two years later ,the final battle of the war was fought at Yorktown ,Virginia.P22 . 4: 排序：4 10 5 12 3 7 15 9 14 2 11 8 13 6 1T S： My family spent two fun-filled days at Disney World last year.P23. 5.(1)Then (2) morning (3)afternoon (4)Then (5)After that (6)when (7)already (8)afterP33. 3. 排序： 3614752 Relationship : Primarily, the organization of the paragraph represents movement in geographical space.P34 5. (1)into (2) crosses (3) In the center of (4) Outside (5)inside (6) On the front (7)over (8)down (9)lined with (10) At the rearP46 4. (1)with (2)while (3)slowly (4)Gradually (5)with (6)By this time (7)Suddenly (8)final (9) ending (10) applause5. Prepare and lay out food;make the special lanternsKeep dancing and singing overnightThrow the food and lanterns into a river or sea Watch the lanterns drifting wayP52 . T S : Working as a cook at the Venture Inn is the best job i have ever had.Reasons: 1. I have a steady fort-hour workweek ,along with a chance for overtime if i want it.can eat whatever i like ,and i get a chance to take steak and sometimes lobster home to my wife. don't have any big hassle with my boss;if i have to report late or skip a day now and then,all she asks is that i call her in advance4. They pay is very good ,averaging close to $200 the weeks that i work overtime5. The job is seasonal.P57. 3. T S : Working in an apple plant was the worst job i ever had.Examples :1: First of all,the work was physically hardSpecific details:1)For ten hours a night ,i took cartons that rolled down a metal track and stacked them onto wooden skids in a tractor trailer.2)Each carton contained twelve 32-ounce cans or bottles of apple juice,and they were heavy2: The second bad feature of the job was the paySpecific details:I was getting the minimum wage at that time ,$ hour,plus a minimum of a nickel extra for working the night shift.3: The worst feature of the apple plant jobwas the working conditions.Specific details:1) During work we were limited to two 10-minute breaks and an unpaid half-hour for lunch2)The steel floors of the trucks were like ice ;the quickly penetrating cold made my feet feel like stone.Concluding S : I felt humiliated by the poverty that forced me to do such a bitter job.P58 4. 排序：Pattern : It follows Pattern 1 and uses many examples to illustrate the controlling idea.5. (1) For example (2)Furthermore (3)In still another instance (4)Even (5)his (6)these (7)contemporaryP59 7. 1) I've never seen a girl as lazy as Arena 2) English teachers are applying differentmeans to teach the English language3)Americans have been decreasing their working hours since early 1900s4)My father has been a generous man to his childrenP70 5. 排序： 213546explain a Spanish word which has no exact English equivalentcourageous behaviour earthy sexualityP76 Cause: 1. Over a million cars are abandoned on the streetscity governments or governmental agencies have financial headachesEffect: lack of parking in citiesP78 Cause: the terrorist strikesEffects: 1. The Americans feel very anxious andpanicky3. The public would wind up ignoring the one warning that really matters.P82 2) Cause : (1) got drunk at the party(2)had taken the drug of Accutane(3)adolescent depressionEffect : Bart Jr.'s suicide4. 排序：241365 Pattern of cause and effect: single effect and multiple causesP88 sample 1 subject: the time most students spend studying for a testTopic sentence: The time most students spend studying for a test can be divided into three distinct phases.Division；1）Phase One runs from the day the test is announced to approximately forty-eight hours before the exam is passed out.2)Phase two is entered two days prior to the test.3)Phase three ,the final phase ,is entered twelve hours before “Zero Hour.”Sample 2 : subject: students in our schoolTopic sentence: students in our school fall into three groups according to their different intentions of taking part in sports.Division :1) students who go to the playground when they feel tired after study.2) real sports lovers who even put aside their studies for a game.P93 3. 1) T S: University students' entertainment can be divided into three categories according to where it takes placeDivision: a) entertainment at homeb) entertainment on campusc) entertainment elsewhere2)T S: The average young married woman in today's society has her life divided into three different roles.Division: a)the role of wifeb)the role of motherc)the role of self3) T S : Neighbours fall into three categories according to their different attitudes towards you Division:a)those who are friendlyb)those who are indifferentc)those who hate youP94 5: 排序：7 3 10 9 1 5 8 4 2 11 6Subject: Christmas giftsT S : Christmas gifts can be divided into three groups ,according to their after-Christmas fateDivision: a)those that are welcomed and put into use very soonb)those that are halfway between being hated and lovedc)those that you banish as soon as possibleConcluding S : By New Year's Day, you have either used ,stored or disposed of each of your Christmas gifts6. (1)types (2)Though (3) Finally (4)however(5)Even though (6)Before (7)third (8)If(9)Then (10)theseP106 4.排序：Pattern of comparison and contrast: subject by subjectP107 5. (1)similar (2)although (3)difference (4)identical (5)again (6)while (7)But (8)difference (9)consistency (10)completelyP114 paragraph B: First statement :The invention of movable type made the mass media possible.Supporting details: Large numbers of people could have access to learning.Second statement :Television brought a second revolution by means of the media .Supporting details: Television made experiences available to massive numbers of people.Millions could watch a president being sworn in or buried ,a spaceship launched .An Olympic race run ,comedies or talk shows at the same time .Third statement :You ,through the medium of television ,will be a member of a “global villages”. Supporting details ；In the future , this revolution in both information and experiences will spread to the far reaches of the world and even to outer space. Ultimately, you will be able to see and talk instantly to anyone else in the world.General statement : Technology will take a leading role in the media future as it always has in the past.P118 3. The enormous importance of television news had started the process of change in the printed pressP119 5 .A : Programs on TV tend to have a high level of maturity(1) fostering maturity at early age or hindering maturity(2)misleading children to imitating scenes on TVB: TV serials or dramas may oversimplify complex social and psychological problems.(1)enjoying simple-minded soap operas and stereotyped characters(2)giving a false picture of reality C:Informative and cultural programs are frequently interrupted by vulgar advertising.(1)too many commercials(2)an insult even to the intelligence ofa moronP120 6.(1)Thus (2)When (3)also (4)however (5)Moreover (6)indeed (7)also (8)Yet (9) and (10)Thus P139 sample 2P145 3. Gambling is the root cause of many social problemsThe future of education lies in the innovation of educational technologyViolence on television has a negative impact on children's view of societyWomen should be given equal opportunities in education and career developmentEfforts should be made to preserve natural beauty in developing local tourismP147 6. (1)usually (2)often (3)Since (4)on the other hand (5)also (6)but (7)AlthoughP158 5.排序：8 3 7 1 5 9 13 2 6 12 4 11 106: the morning 3. in the evening six o'clock soon as 's more next morning 15. Luckily lastP172 5.排序：P173 6: (1)cozy (2)soft (3)On one side of the room (4)Next to (5)muted (6)On the other side of (7)nap (8)orange(9)lighted (10)sizzlingP183 3. T S: If blind people can sense color differences ,then perhaps we, too,are affected by colors unconsciouslyParagraph 1 : (Introduction/thesis statement)Paragraph 2: (Supporting paragraph) Topic:discoveries of manufacturers Examples: sugar,foods and cosmeticsParagraph 3:(Supporting paragraph) Topic: discoveries of experiments Examples: red,blue,yellowParagraph 4: (Conclusion:result of the discoveries)P184 5 . (1)confirmed (2)findings (3)than (4)whereas (5)as (6)if (7)together (8)lead to (9)where (10)adultsP185 :to inform drivers that they should keep the four-second rule instead of the two second rule on highways in order to avoid collision or pileupsTopic speeds over 55miles per hour 3) keep two seconds ahead when drivingTopic 2. On highways drivers should use the four-second rule ,not the two second rule 1) The distance needed to stop a car shouldTopic over the last half of the stopping distance 2)Some practical examples are given 3)For greater details the reader may refer to the attached table to determine the right time allowed to avoid accidentsP199 4.(1)However (2)open (3)too (4)because (5)asa result (6)Secondly (7)unless (8)even(9)prolong(10)delays (11)benefitsMain proposition: I am not completely satisfied with the family doctor systemMinor propositions: 1. Doctors' office hours are inconvenientare delays in seeing a doctorSolution: prolong doctors' surgery hoursdoctors to share patients。
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1. Logical Order of a Paragraph
A fourth way to achieve coherence is to arrange your sentences in some kind of logical order. Your choice of one kind of logical order over another will, of course, depend on your topic and on your purpose. You may even combine two or more different logical orders in the same paragraph. The important point to remember is to arrange your ideas in some kind of order that is logical to a reader accustomed to the English way of writing.
Part One Paragraph Writing
Chapter Two Means of Paragraph Development
I. Logical Order of Paragraph II. Development by Examples III. Development by Time Order
II. Development by Examples
Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal communication, or “body language”, is communication by facial expression, head or eye movements, hand signals, and body postures. It can be just as important to understanding as words are. Misunderstandings—often amusing but sometimes serious— can arise between people from different cultures if they misinterpret nonverbal signals. Take, for example, the difference in meanings of a gesture very common in the United States. A circle made with thumb and index finger. To an American, it mans that every thing is OK.
II. Development by Examples
2. Examples There are two cautions you should keep in mind: First, use personal examples sparingly in formal academic writing because they are considered weak support. Second, be sure that your examples really prove your point. Study the following model to see how examples and extended examples can be used to support a topic sentence. Knowledge often results only after persistent investigation. Albert Einstein, after a lengthy examination of the characteristics of matter and energy, formulated his famous Theory of Relativity, which
1. Pretest Read the two groups of sentences below. Then rearrange them in logical order. Use the transition words and phrases and other clues to help you. Finally, rewrite the sentences as a paragraph. Group 1: F，G，B，A，D，C，E Group 2: D，E，A，C，F，B
II. Development by Examples
Examples and extended examples, which are anecdotes or short stories, are perhaps the easiest king of supporting details to use. You don’t have to search in the library for information; you can often take examples from your own knowledge and personal experiences. Furthermore, examples are usually interesting and make your writing enjoyable to read. Finally, since it is easy to remember a striking example or a good story, your reader is more likely to remember your point. 1. Pretest Read the paragraph on page 32 and page 33 and answer the questions.
IV. Development by Process
V. Development By Spatial Order Ⅵ. Development by Cause and Effect VII. Development by Classification VIII. Comparison /Contrast IX. Development by Combination of Methods
chronological order first, next, after that, finally, before the last war, after 1990, since then, in 2010, while working on the project, etc. showing difference or contrast the most noticeable difference, larger than, unlike, on the other hand, in contrast, differ from, etc. showing similarities or comparison similarity, similarly, as expensive as, just as, just like, compare with, in comparison, etc. analysis Ideas are put into groups, and each group is discussed one after the other. first, second, third, etc.
II. Development by Examples
now acts as a basis for further research in nuclear physics. Using plaster casts of footprints, fingerprints, and stray strands of hair, a detective pertinaciously pursues the criminal. After years of work Annie Jump Cannon perfected the classification of the spectra of some 350,000 stars. Investigations into the causes of polio have provided us with the means fபைடு நூலகம்r prevention and cure of this dreaded disease only after many years of research. As students, we too are determined in our investigation to find, retain, and contribute to the store of human knowledge.
2.Logical Developments
Some common kinds of logical order in English are chronological order– development by time or process; analysis-- logical division of ideas; comparison or contrast; cause and effect, etc. Each kind of order has its own special words and phrases to show the relationships among the ideas. For example,
EXERCISES Read the following paragraphs and decide which kind of logical order is used in each one. Give the reasons for your choice. Circle all transition signals. Paragraph 1 Kinds of logical order: Contrast Transitional signals: for example, Furthermore, on the other hand, and, in contrast, but, In addition, whereas, however Paragraph 2 Kinds of logical order: Chronological order Transitional signals: and so, Then in 46 B.C.E., and, not only…but also…, but, so in 1582, but