2014职称英语(卫生类A)

Good or Bad?Saccharin(糖精) is the only truly man-made sweetener. It was discovered b y accident 100 years ago in an experiment with coal tar(煤焦油). In the experi ment, a scientist got some substance (which later he knew was saccharin) on his finger. “Later, at dinner, he put his finger into his mouth and noticed the sweet taste,”says Eric Walters, professor of biochemistry at the Chicago Me dical School.Containing no calories, saccharin is not absorbed by the human body. It began to be disliked by people during the late 1970s and early 1980s when one set of studies showed that it caused cancer in laboratory animals. Accord ing to Walters, it is not fair to saccharin because the studies were not perfec t.More recent testing with other animals with small amounts of saccharin h as not repeated the same results. Even with these experimental results, sacch arin labels are still required to carry a warning saying it has been shown to c ause cancer in laboratory animals. In 1990, saccharin was allowed to be sold i n the market again.Because it is hundreds of times sweeter than table sugar, only a small a mount of saccharin is used at home, in restaurants or in the food-making ind ustry.Another sweetener we commonly use is aspartame(甜味剂). It is not so sw eet as saccharin, but much sweeter than table sugar. Unlike saccharin, howev er, aspartame can be absorbed into the body. It contains 4 calories per gram, the same as table sugar. But aspartame is 180 times sweeter than sugar.Although aspartame is found in thousands of products, its safety, like sac charin, has still been uncertain. Nevertheless, people allow its use in all foods and drinks.“In my opinion, aspartame is as safe as sugar—but then there are those who think white sugar is dangerous,”says Walters. “Between aspartame and saccharin, I would pick aspartame. But at normal use levels, I think saccharin is safe too.”1. When talking about saccharin and aspartame, Eric Walters most probab ly thinks that aspartame is safer than saccharin.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: A2. After doing many experiments, Walters finally found saccharin at dinne r.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: B3. Aspartame is sweeter than saccharin when in hot drinks.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: C4. Because saccharin was reported to have caused cancer in lab animals, i t got a bad name.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: A5. Saccharin and aspartame are quite safe at normal use levels, but cause cancer in rats.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: B6. Saccharin can be absorbed into the body but has no calories.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: B7. White sugar is considered dangerous if taken in excess.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: CLearning Disorder—DyslexiaAs many as 20% of all children in the United States suffer from some for m of the learning disorder called dyslexia.Experts on dyslexia say that the problem is not a disease. They say that persons with dyslexia use information in a different way. One of the world s great thinkers and scientists Albert Einstein was dyslexic. Einstein said that h e never thought in words the way that most people do. He said that he tho ught in pictures instead. The American inventor Thomas Edison was also dysle xic. Dyslexia first was recognized in Europe and the United States more than 80 years ago. Many years passed before doctors discovered that persons with the disorder were not mentally slow or disabled. The doctors found that the brains of persons with dyslexia are different. In most people, the left side ofthe brain—the part that controls language—is larger than the right side. In persons with dyslexia, the right side of the brain is bigger. Doctors are not s ure what causes this difference. However, research has shown that dyslexia is more common in males than in females, and it is found more often in perso ns who are left-handed. No one knows the cause of dyslexia, but some scien tists believe that it may result from chemical changes in a baby's body long before it is born. They are trying to find ways to teach persons with dyslexia Dyslexic persons think differently and need special kinds of teaching help. Aft er they have solved their problems with language, they often show themselve s to be especially intelligent or creative.1.One out of five American children suffers from dyslexia.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: A2. Many great thinkers and scientists in the world are dyslexic.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: C3. The first cases of dyslexia in Europe were discovered less than a centur y ago.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: A4. The left side of the brain in a dyslexic person is bigger than the right side.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: B5. Generally speaking, dyslexia is more common in left handed males th an in right handed females.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: A6. It is believed that dyslexia is related to the bad habits of a baby's mot her.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: C7. Dyslexic people often turn out to be intelligent or creative once they h ave learned to handle language properly.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: AThe Fat Problem that Men FaceIt is a pleasure to see men of a certain age worrying about their weight. Listening to them is not such a pleasure. Because the men are new at the ga me, they don’t hesitate to discuss the fat problem incessantly. However wom en of the same age do not discuss the fat problem, especially not in mixed c ompany. They prefer to face the problem with quiet dignity. Discussing the p roblem might only draw attention to some stray body part that may be succ essfully tucked away under an article of clothing.The age at which a man begins to explore the fat problem can vary. The actual problem can manifest itself in the early 30’s, but broad-range discuss ion usually starts later. There are early nonverbal symptoms. I’ve watched therugged journalist who shares my apartment sneak by with a Diet Coke. His shirts are no longer neatly tucked in to display a trim waist. Recently he has begun to verbalize his anxiety. He tells me, with a sheepish grin, that he is ta king his suits to Chinatown to have them “tailored”.Still-older men have lost their dignity and rattle on unabashedly. Often wi ves and children play important roles in their fat-inspection rituals. Take my o ldest brother, a former college football player. His daughter says that several times a day he will stand at attention and call out, “Fat, medium or thin?”She knows the correct answer:medium. Thin would be an obvious stretch, and fat may not get her that new video. According to his wife, he stands in fron t of the mirror in the morning(before the day’s meals take their toll), puts hi s hands behind his head and lurches into a side bend, then clutches the roll that has developed and says, “am I getting fatter?”His wife is expected to a nswer, “you look like you may have lost a few pounds”.职称英语考试And then there are the ex-husbands a pitiful group. They are extremely v ocal. When I go to the movies with one, he confides that he is suffering fro m great hunger because he is dieting. He hasn’t eaten since the pancakes a nd sausages he wolfed down that morning. He pauses in his monologue whil e he buys his popcorn. After the movie, we sprint to a restaurant, where he again pauses to devour a basket of bread. Before he orders his chaste salad and soup, he grows plaintive. Do I think he’s fat?1. Men of a certain age are always ready to talk about their fat problem.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: A2. Women of a certain age do not discuss the fat problem, especially in t he presence of men.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: A3. Men usually begin to worry about their weight when they are nearly 40.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: B4. The journalist used to drink Diet Coke and tuck his shirts in order to k eep trim.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: B5. Men older than the journalist never hesitate to talk about their fat pro blem yet would be displeased if their family members tell them the truth.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: A6. My oldest brother’s daughter would not tell her father he is fat becau se she loves him so much that she cannot bear to upset him.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: B7. The ex-husbands are pitiful because they have got no wives to sympat hize with their fat problem.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: CFactors Influencing MarriageThe common view in social science of love relationships is not that oppo sites attract each other but that like attracts like. People fall in love with othe rs who share their interests and tastes and whose personalities are similar. Hil l, Rubin, and Peplau (176) found only slight support for this view. On a great many characteristics, couples were not alike. On others, couples were only so mewhat alike. Couples did tend to be about the same age, to be equally goo d-looking, to have similar IQ scores, to be of the same religion, and to want the same number of children. But on each of these things, quite a few coupl es differed from one another. In fact, on only one question did most agree o n:whether they were “in love”.The early interviews failed to find that being alike was very important in bringing couples together. The follow up interviews found that similarities wer e much more important in keeping couples together. Those who were togeth er after two years were much more closely matched than couples who broke up, especially in terms of age, IQ, college plans, and looks. Thus, couples wer e much more likely to break up if one person was a lot smarter, better looki ng, or older. It is easy to imagine why these differences would matter. If one person is much smarter or more mature than the other, this could cause co nflicts. If one person is much better looking, he or she will have more chance s for other relationships.Yet other things that would seem as important turned out not to matter. Those who stayed together differed not at all from those who broke up in how alike they were on religion, sex role ideas, beliefs about sex, idealism, or the number of children they wanted. Surely, one might suppose that marked differences in sex role attitudes could cause friction or that religious differen ces might lead to breakups. But there was no evidence of this.In fact, conflict was not one of the main reasons people gave for breakin g up. Most said they broke up because they got bored with the other perso n. Often this caused one of the pair to become interested in someone else, t hus prompting the split. Perhaps surprisingly, the woman got involved with s omeone else far more often than the man. Also, women were much more lik ely to suggest a breakup than men, regardless of the grounds. However, peo ple were more likely to remain friends after the breakup if the man asked for the split. This suggests that the male ego is more sensitive to rejection.1. Most couples are about the same age, to be equally goodlooking, to h ave similar IQ scores and so on.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: A2. Similarities within couples were most important in keeping couples tog ether.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: A3. In a marriage, conflicts are often caused by the diversity of intelligence.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: A4. The religious differences are usually a big reason for breakups.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: B5. When one of the pair becomes interested in someone else, the marria ge is most likely to break up.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: B6. If a couple divorce without much conflict, they are more likely to rema in friends after the breakup.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: C7. Most people hold the view not that opposites attract each other but t hat like attracts like.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: BFood and HealthThe food we eat seems to have profound effects on our health. Although science has made enormous steps in making food more fit to eat, it has at the same time, made many foods unfit to eat. Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human illnesses are related to the diet as well, especially cancer of the colon (结肠).Different cultures are more likely to develop certain illnesses because of the food that is characteristic in these cultur es. That food is related to illness is not a new discovery. In 1945, governmen t researchers realized that nitrates (硝酸盐) commonly used to preserve color i n meats, and other food additives, accused cancer. Yet, these additives remai n in our food, and it becomes more difficult all the time to know which thin gs on the packaging labels of processed food are helpful or harmful. The ad ditives which we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin(青霉素) to beef and poultry(家禽)，and because of this, penicillin has been found in t he milk of treated cows, Sometimes similar dugs are administered to animals not for medicinal purposes, but for financial reasons, The farmers are simply t rying to fatten the animals in order to obtain a higher price on the market. Although the Food and Drug Administration(FDA) has tried repeatedly to cont rol these procedures, the practices continue.1. As a result of scientific intervention (介入)，some harmful substances ha ve been added to our food.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: A2. Nitrates are usually used for keeping the smell of food.A. RightC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: B3. “FDA”means Food and Drug Administration.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: A4. All the drugs given to the living animals are for the health of the living animals.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: B5. Food may cause forty percent of cancer in the world.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: C6. The FDA has tried to control the process of food.B. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: B7. Eighty percent of all animal illnesses are related to food.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: CThe Origin of the Air MailAt Blackpool Holt Thomas and Graham White agreed to make a practical experiment in carrying mails by aeroplane.The idea,as it was first worked out, was for the aeroplane to fly from Blackpool airport across to Southport airpo rt,and for the mails to be taken over by the Post Office there.But the progra mme had to be changed owing to a series of high winds.What happened in the end was that Graham White took a mail bag in his plane ,and made a fli ght with it across country for a distance of about seven miles,returning to th e airport.This experiment gave Graham White the honour of being the first ai rman in England to carry a bag of mail across country in an aeroplane.Letters and postcards which were carried in this test,and which had a special stamp recording the fact,soon became much sought after by collectors.The second and more important experiment in British air mail transport t ook place in September 1911,and was the first of its kind in this country to obtain the official permission of the Postmaster general.It was indeed one of the historical events in our airmail development.In this case as many as 130,0 00 letter and postcards were carried by aeroplane between London and Wind sor.One of the airmen engaged in this pioneer service was the famous Gustav Hamel,flying a monoplane.I remember going out one afternoon to see him s tart off with one of the bags of mail.It was an extremely bad day for flying , and just before the time due for the start,the wind was blowing at nearly 50 miles an hour.None of the other pilots would have thought of going up,but Hamel—one of the finest of all pilots of the British monoplane—was not to b e stopped.He jumped into his machine and fairly shot off the ground .The m onoplane,so long as it was near the earth,was thrown about like a small boat on an angry sea.But Hamel gave a splendid exhibition of airmanship;as soon as he reached a great height,conditions became much steadier ,and her finis hed his journey without accident.This was an early demonstration that an airplane was more than a fine w eather machine,and that it could fight its way successfully through violent win ds.This fact impressed the postal authorities a good deal,and helped those w ho believed that the airplane had a great commercial future.1. Holt Thomas and Graham White were the first airmen to carry the air mail in England.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: B2. Graham White carried in the aeroplane letters and postcards that later became special collections.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: A3. It was after much discussion that the Postmastergeneral approved the second airmail transport.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: C4. The writer described Hamel as the best pilot but criticized his assistant for his carelessness in the flight.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: B5. It was an unfavorable weather for flying an aeroplane but Hamel displa yed excellent airmanship and succeeded in the second air mail flight.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: A6. The writer must be about 80 years old.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: B7. The postal authorities helped in developing the commercial use of aero planes.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: CEruptions of Mount Saint HelensOn March 27, the U. S. Government scientists made a decision after the y predicted the eruption of Mount Saint Helens. They telephoned all states a nd local officials in the area and told them that a serious eruption was poss ible at any time. Roads were closed to every one except scientists and forest keepers struggled to keep curious visitors away from the mountain.Shortly after noon on March 27, Mount Saint Helens erupted for the firs t time in 123 years. People living north of the mountain heard a loud boom that shook their windows, and airline pilots flying near the volcano soon aft erwards described a thick black column of ash and steam shooting more tha n 2, 100 meters into the sky.Later, scientists found that the explosion had made a new crater(大坑) in the top of the mountain, not far from the old crater. The north side of the peak now had a huge bulge(凸出部分) where rock and ice had been pushed out by the eruption.A second eruption shook the mountain on March 28. It, too, sent up a column of black ash high into the sky. By March 29, scientists flying over th e mountain saw that a second crater formed about 9 meters from the first one. Strange blue flames flickered(闪烁) inside the crater and sometimes jum ped from one crater to the other.By April 1 the mountain had erupted several more times and the snow on the north slope of the peak was black with ash. Ash carried by the windhad fallen on towns as far as 240 kilometers away from Mount Saint Helen s.During the first week of April, Mount Saint Helens gave scientists somet hing new to worry about harmonic tremors(震动) recorded by scientists show ed a big eruption would happen. All during April and into May Mount Saint Helens continued to shudder(震动) and shoot out ash. By April 8, the two c raters had merged to form a vast hole nearly a half of a kilometer wide and 250 meters deep.Scientists main worry during this time was the growing bulge of rock and ice on the north face of the mountain. By May 7 scientists feared the w orst. Their warnings led Washington Governor to set up safety zones around the mountain. The inner “red ”zone was open to scientists only. The out er “blue”zone was open only to people who got special permits. But in s pite of these warnings, some people got past the road barriers and risked t heir lives trying to get close to the volcano.1. American scientists predicted that Mount Saint Helens was to erupt so on.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: A2. Pilots flying at the height of more than 2, 100 meters saw a thick bla ck column of ash and steam shooting up into the air from the crater.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: C3. A new crater, which was to the south of the old one, was formed aft er the second eruption.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: C4. The quakes recorded during the first week of April in the area of Mo unt Saint Helens warned scientists of a new eruption.A. Right职称英语B. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: A5. Two scientists lost their lives during the second eruption of Mount Sai nt Helens.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: C6. Most of the dreadful eruptions of Mount Saint Helens took place in e arly May.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: A7. The eruption of Mount Saint Helens attracted a large number of forei gn tourists.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: CFactors Influencing MarriageThe common view in social science of love relationships is not that oppo sites attract each other but that like attracts like. People fall in love with othe rs who share their interests and tastes and whose personalities are similar. Hill, Rubin, and Peplau (176) found only slight support for this view. On a great many characteristics, couples were not alike. On others, couples were only so mewhat alike. Couples did tend to be about the same age, to be equally goo d looking, to have similar IQ scores, to be of the same religion, and to wan t the same number of children. But on each of these things, quite a few cou ples differed from one another. In fact, on only one question did most agree on:whether they were “in love”.The early interviews failed to find that being alike was very important in bringing couples together. The follow up interviews found that similarities w ere much more important in keeping couples together. Those who were toge ther after two years were much more closely matched than couples who brok e up, especially in terms of age, IQ, college plans, and looks. Thus, couples w ere much more likely to break up if one person was a lot smarter, better loo king, or older. It is easy to imagine why these differences would matter. If on e person is much smarter or more mature than the other, this could cause c onflicts. If one person is much better looking, he or she will have more chan ces for other relationships.Yet other things that would seem as important turned out not to matter. Those who stayed together differed not at all from those who broke up in how alike they were on religion, sex role ideas, beliefs about sex, idealism, or the number of children they wanted. Surely, one might suppose that markeddifferences in sex role attitudes could cause friction or that religious differen ces might lead to breakups. But there was no evidence of this.In fact, conflict was not one of the main reasons people gave for breakin g up. Most said they broke up because they got bored with the other perso n. Often this caused one of the pair to become interested in someone else, t hus prompting the split. Perhaps surprisingly, the woman got involved with s omeone else far more often than the man. Also, women were much more lik ely to suggest a breakup than men, regardless of the grounds. However, peo ple were more likely to remain friends after the breakup if the man asked for the split. This suggests that the male ego is more sensitive to rejection.1. Most couples are about the same age, to be equally goodlooking, to h ave similar IQ scores and so on.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: A2. Similarities within couples were most important in keeping couples tog ether.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: A3. In a marriage, conflicts are often caused by the diversity of intelligence.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: A4. The religious differences are usually a big reason for breakups.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: B5. When one of the pair becomes interested in someone else, the marria ge is most likely to break up.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: B6. If a couple divorce without much conflict, they are more likely to rema in friends after the breakup.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: C7. Most people hold the view not that opposites attract each other but t hat like attracts like.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned正确的答案是: BSleepingPeople who sleep for more than eight hours a night do not live as long as those who sleep for six hours，according to the biggest study yet into slee p patterns and mortality(死亡率).Scientists have no explanation for the findings and do not know if they mean people who like a lie.in(睡懒觉)Can extend their lives by sleeping less. .Although it is a common belief that sleeping for at least eight hours a ni ght is vital for health and well—being.the six.year study involving more than 1.1 million Americans older than 30 found that those who slept for 1ess than eight hours were far from doing themselves any long—term harm。