【精品模板】小清新创新PPT模板 (7)

Europe Took the Lead in the 1990s
Strong market incentives in Denmark, Germany and Spain led to a thriving turbine manufacturing industry
• Germany was the largest single market until 2008 • This European leadership made possible wind’s current
But Turning Vision to Reality was Tough
Harnessing the wind was tougher than it looks First California Wind Farms – 1981
• Poor performance - very low capacity factors • But provided a successful laboratory – some turbines
Late 70’s Policy Provided a Foundation
Federal Wind R&D Program Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act of 1978 (PURPA)
• Requires utilities to buy electricity from renewable and cogeneration facilities
Energy Tax Act of 1978
• Creates 15% Energy Investment Tax Credit (EITC) • Added to existing 10% ITC • Limited Partnership Structure -> Wind Farms
California policy
The Wind Industry: Past, Present, Future
Randall Swisher Power Test Conference
February 15, 2010
The Past: A Brief History of the Wind Industry
Growing a New Industry
A complex mix of technology, policy and business/economics must all work together
In the Beginning: A Vision
In the Beginning: A Vision
The context: 1973 was the first Arab oil embargo “It would not be foolish at all to state that this country could
be totally energized by solar energy and other renewable processes by the year 2000.” - William Heronemus, 1973, before a U.S. Senate subcommittee Heronemus founded the UMass alternative energy engineering program, was a pioneer of the wind farm concept and offshore wind power His vision: 300,000 wind turbines on the Great Plains providing 10-15% of the nation’s electricity
• Most U.S. turbine manufacturers went out of business
• In 1989, the domestic wind market was lifeless . . . And seven years later US Windpower was bankrupt
• Tax incentives • Strong regulatory support
Standardthe U.S. led the World in Wind Technology
The first successful windfarms were established in 1981 in California
worked, some didn’t
Building strong companies was a challenge –
• Engineering • Business acumen • Access to capital • Knowledge of the utility industry
We Turned our Backs on the Opportunity
The DOE Wind R&D budget was cut 90% through the 1980s
The wind investment tax credit was abruptly ended in 1986
Many U.S. turbine manufacturers were established in the early 80s
By 1989, the U.S. was home to 85% of the world’s installed wind capacity – almost all in California – and a leading manufacturer: US Windpower (founded in 1976)