%8e公务员公共服务能力提升的关系探析
较完整的汉字转拼音(全拼)_gb2312C#
} return rtnSb.ToString(); } }
if (_Allhz[j][1].IndexOf(charary[i]) != -1) {
rtnSb.Append(_Allhz[j][0]); isFind = true; break; } } if (!isFind) rtnSb.Append(charary[i]);
} else
rtnSb.Append(charary[i]);
较完整的汉字转拼音(全拼) _gb2312C#
bAry = ed.GetBytes(charary[i].ToString()); if (bAry.Length == 1) {
rtnSb.Append(charary[i]); continue; } bh = bAry[0] - 0xA0; if (0x10 <= bh && bh <= 0x57)//是gb2312汉字 { bool isFind = false; for (int j = 0; j < _Allhz.Length; j++) {
公共英语一级-57 (1)
鍏叡鑻辫涓€绾?57(鎬诲垎锛?3.00锛屽仛棰樻椂闂达細90鍒嗛挓)涓€銆亄{B}}绗竴閮ㄥ垎鍚姏鐞嗚В{{/B}}(鎬婚鏁帮細2锛屽垎鏁帮細10.00){{B}}绗竴鑺?鍥剧墖鍒ゆ柇{{/B}}鍦ㄦ湰鑺備腑锛屼綘灏嗗惉鍒?0涓彞瀛愶紝姣忓彞璇濋厤鏈塠A]銆乕B]銆乕C]涓夊箙鍥剧墖锛岃閫夋嫨涓庡彞瀛愬唴瀹圭浉绗﹀悎鐨勪竴骞呭浘鐗囷紝骞舵爣鍦ㄨ瘯鍗风殑鐩稿簲浣嶇疆銆傛瘡鍙ヨ瘽鍚庢湁15绉掗挓鐨勫仠椤匡紝浠ヤ究閫夋嫨鍥剧墖骞剁湅涓嬩竴缁勫浘鐗囥€傛瘡鍙ヨ瘽璇讳袱閬嶃€?BR> 涓嬮潰锛岃鍚繖浜涘彞瀛愩€?BR>{{B}}绗竴鑺?鍥剧墖鍒ゆ柇{{/B}}鍦ㄦ湰鑺備腑锛屼綘灏嗗惉鍒?0涓彞瀛愶紝姣忓彞璇濋厤鏈塠A]銆乕B]銆乕C]涓夊箙鍥剧墖锛岃閫夋嫨涓庡彞瀛愬唴瀹圭浉绗﹀悎鐨勪竴骞呭浘鐗囷紝骞舵爣鍦ㄨ瘯鍗风殑鐩稿簲浣嶇疆銆傛瘡鍙ヨ瘽鍚庢湁15绉掗挓鐨勫仠椤匡紝浠ヤ究閫夋嫨鍥剧墖骞剁湅涓嬩竴缁勫浘鐗囥€傛瘡鍙ヨ瘽璇讳袱閬嶃€?BR> 涓嬮潰锛岃鍚繖浜涘彞瀛愩€?BR>锛堝垎鏁帮細5.00锛?/div>(1).锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C. 鈭?/span>瑙f瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] I visited America last year.(2).锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A. 鈭?/span>B.C.瑙f瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] The train is coming.(3).锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A. 鈭?/span>B.C.瑙f瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] Put on your coot. It is very cold outside.(4).锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A. 鈭?/span>B.C.瑙f瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] He is waiting for the No. 4 bus.(5).锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B. 鈭?/span>C.瑙f瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] Lucy is drinking water.锛堝垎鏁帮細5.00锛?/div>(1).锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C. 鈭?/span>瑙f瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] She always remembers to give food to her dog on time.(2).锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A. 鈭?/span>B.C.瑙f瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] The cat is on the box.(3).锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B. 鈭?/span>C.瑙f瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] The shirt is on the next counter on your left.(4).锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A. 鈭?/span>B.C.瑙f瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] The pencil is on the book.(5).锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C. 鈭?/span>瑙f瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] The nurse is examining his back.浜屻€亄{B}}绗簩鑺?瀵硅瘽鐞嗚В{{/B}}(鎬婚鏁帮細3锛屽垎鏁帮細15.00)鍦ㄦ湰鑺備腑锛屼綘灏嗗惉鍒?5涓璇濓紝姣忎釜瀵硅瘽鏈変竴涓棶棰樸€傝浠嶽A]銆乕B]銆乕C]涓変釜閫夐」涓€夊嚭绛旀锛屽苟鏍囧湪璇曞嵎鐨勭浉搴斾綅缃€傛瘡娈靛璇濆悗鏈?5绉掗挓鐨勫仠椤匡紝浠ヤ究鍥炵瓟闂鍜岄槄璇讳笅涓€闂鍙婂叾閫夐」銆傛瘡娈靛璇濊涓ら亶銆?BR> 涓嬮潰锛岃鍚繖浜涘璇濄€?BR>鍦ㄦ湰鑺備腑锛屼綘灏嗗惉鍒?5涓璇濓紝姣忎釜瀵硅瘽鏈変竴涓棶棰樸€傝浠嶽A]銆乕B]銆乕C]涓変釜閫夐」涓€夊嚭绛旀锛屽苟鏍囧湪璇曞嵎鐨勭浉搴斾綅缃€傛瘡娈靛璇濆悗鏈?5绉掗挓鐨勫仠椤匡紝浠ヤ究鍥炵瓟闂鍜岄槄璇讳笅涓€闂鍙婂叾閫夐」銆傛瘡娈靛璇濊涓ら亶銆?BR> 涓嬮潰锛岃鍚繖浜涘璇濄€?BR>锛堝垎鏁帮細5.00锛?/div>(1).Who is ill in hospital?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Mary.B.[B]Mary's mother.鈭?/span>C.[C]Mary's father.瑙f瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] M: Excuse me, can I speak to Mary? F: Sorry, she isn't in. She has gone to the hospital with her father because her mother is ill in the hospital.(2).What did the man NOT drink?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Coffee.B.[B]Beer.C.[C]Tea.鈭?/span>瑙f瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] F: Would you like something to drink? M: Coffee and beer, please. (3).What will happen? [A]The man will pick the woman up at 8 o'clock. [B]There will be a party at 8 o'clock. [C]There will be a meeting at 8 o'clock.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B. 鈭?/span>C.瑙f瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] F: Uh... When does the party start? M: Come any time after eight,all right?(4).Is the brown horse stronger than the white one?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]No, it isn't.鈭?/span>B.[B]Yes, it is.C.[C]It's not clear.瑙f瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] M: I think the white horse is stronger than the brown one. F: Yes, I think se, too.(5).What did Goege do to the lady?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Borrowed her book.鈭?/span>B.[B]Bought her a book.C.[C]Lent her a book.瑙f瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] F: George, have you brought my book? M: Yes, here you are. Thank you.锛堝垎鏁帮細5.00锛?/div>(1).When are they going to meet?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]At 6:40.B.[B]At 7:20.鈭?/span>C.[C]At 7:00.瑙f瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] M: Linda, shall I meet you at 7:00 at the park? F: Let's make it 20 minutes later.(2).How does the man usually come to school?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]By bus.B.[B]On foot.C.[C]By bike.鈭?/span>瑙f瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] F: How do you usually come to school, by bus? M: No, I usually come to school by bike.(3).Why can't the man lend his bike?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]No, I don't want it.B.[B]His hike is not here.鈭?/span>C.[C]I want to lend it to you.瑙f瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] F: Can I borrow your bike? M: Mine is at home, but I can borrow one for you.(4).What does the man mean?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]He has a good idea.B.[B]He does not know what to do.鈭?/span>C.[C]He does not know what to say.瑙f瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] F: What shall we do now? M: Sony. I have no idea.(5).Where is Dick's uncle?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Maybe he is in the classroom.B.[B]Maybe he is in his office.C.[C]Maybe he is in a hospital.鈭?/span>瑙f瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] F: Where are you going, Dick? M: I'm going to see my uncle. He is badly ill.锛堝垎鏁帮細5.00锛?/div>(1).How soon will the sports meeting begin?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]In two hours.B.[B]In eight hours.C.[C]In one hour.鈭?/span>瑙f瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] M: Is the sports meeting going to start at eight, Susan? F: Yes, Jack. It is already seven now.(2).Who will the man meet at nine o'clock?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Mr. Green.鈭?/span>B.[B]Mrs. Green.C.[C]His sister.瑙f瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] F: Can you come and see me at nine o'clock? M: I'm afraid not. I'll be meeting Mr. Green at that time.(3).Where are they talking?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]On the first floor.鈭?/span>B.[B]On the second floor.C.[C]On the third floor.瑙f瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] M: Excuse me. Where's the manager's office, please? F: Er. Upstairs on the second floor, first door on the left.(4).Why hasn't their mother bought the tickets?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]She has no time to buy them.鈭?/span>B.[B]The ticket is expensive.C.[C]She has no money.瑙f瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] M: Has mother bought the tickets for us yet? F: No, she hasn't. She was too busy.(5).What did the man drink?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Tea.鈭?/span>B.[B]Coffee.C.[C]Water.瑙f瀽锛歔鍚姏鍘熸枃] F: What would you like, tea or coffee? M: Tea, please.涓夈€亄{B}}绗簩閮ㄥ垎鑻辫鐭ヨ瘑杩愮敤{{/B}}(鎬婚鏁帮細15锛屽垎鏁帮細15.00)1.Xiao Zhang ______ in that factory for five years.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]is workingB.[B]worksC.[C]has worked鈭?/span>瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] for鍚庨潰鍔犳椂闂存鏄幇鍦ㄥ畬鎴愭椂鐨勬爣蹇楋紝甯哥敤鏉ュ紩瀵肩幇鍦ㄥ畬鎴愭椂銆?/div>2.The nurse looked after the patient carefully ______ he recovered quickly.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]in caseB.[B]as soon asC.[C]so that鈭?/span>瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负锛氶偅涓姢澹緢璁ょ湡鍦扮収椤剧梾浜猴紝鍥犳浠栨仮澶嶅緱寰堝揩銆俰n case鐨勬剰鎬濇槸鈥滀互闃诧紝涓囦竴鈥濓紱as soon as鐨勬剰鎬濇槸鈥滀竴鈥﹀氨鈥︹€濓紱鏄剧劧杩欎袱椤逛笉绗﹀悎棰樻剰銆俿o that鍦ㄥ彞瀛愪腑锛屼笉鍔犻€楀彿鐨勬椂鍊欙紝寮曞鐨勬槸缁撴灉鐘惰浠庡彞锛涘姞閫楀彿鐨勬椂鍊欙紝寮曞鐨勬槸鐩殑鐘惰浠庡彞銆傛牴鎹彞鎰忥紝鍙煡鏈彞涓虹粨鏋滅姸璇粠鍙ャ€?/div>3.Is that your ______ ?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]a bikeB.[B]bike鈭?/span>C.[C]bikes瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 杩欐槸涓€鑸枒闂彞锛屽叾璋撹鏄痠s锛屾墍浠ュ叾瀹捐搴斾负鍗曟暟銆?/div>4.He drives much ______ than he did three years ago.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]more carefully鈭?/span>B.[B]carefullyC.[C]more careful瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 鍙ヤ腑鏈塼han锛屽彲鐭ユ鍙ヤ腑鎵€娑夊強鐨勬槸姣旇緝绾х殑鐭ヨ瘑锛岄鍏堝彲浠ユ帓闄锛涘悓鏃舵湰鍙ヤ腑鐨勮皳璇槸瀹炰箟鍔ㄨ瘝锛屽簲璇ョ敤鍓瘝鏉ヤ慨楗般€?/div>5.______ he is running!锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]What quicklyB.[B]How quickC.[C]How quickly鈭?/span>瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 瀵逛簬鎰熷徆鍙ュ瀷鏉ヨ锛宧ow鍚庨潰鍔犲舰瀹硅瘝鎴栬€呭壇璇嶏紱what鍚庨潰鍔犲悕璇嶏紝鎺掗櫎A銆傚張鍥犱负run涓哄姩璇嶏紝淇グ鍔ㄨ瘝鐨勫簲璇ヤ负鍓瘝銆?/div> 6.One of my ______ came to see me on Sunday morning.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]classmateB.[B]classmates鈭?/span>C.[C]the classmates瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滄垜鐨勪竴涓悓鐝悓瀛﹀湪鏄熸湡澶╃殑鏃╂櫒鏉ョ湅鎴戜簡鈥濄€傝繖閲岄潰鏈夊浐瀹氳瘝缁勨€渙ne+of+澶嶆暟鍚嶈瘝鈥濄€?/div>7.Many books and newspapers in the world are written ______ English language.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]inB.[B]in the鈭?/span>C.[C]with瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 鐢ㄢ€﹁瑷€鏃剁敤鈥渋n+璇█鈥濓紝鍙堝洜涓鸿繖鍙ヨ瘽鐗规寚鐨勬槸鑻辫銆?/div>8.鈥擧appy birthday to you!鈥?______ .锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]The same to youB.[B]Thank you very much鈭?/span>C.[C]OK瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 瀵规柟绁濅綘鐢熸棩蹇箰锛屽簲璇ヨ〃绀烘劅璋€?/div>9.We decided not to climb the mountain because it was raining ______ .锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]hardlyB.[B]stronglyC.[C]heavily鈭?/span>瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滃洜涓洪洦涓嬪緱澶ぇ锛屾墍浠ユ垜浠笉鑳界埇灞变簡鈥濓紝褰㈠闆ㄤ笅寰楀ぇ锛屽父鐢╤eavily鏉ヤ慨楗般€?/div>10.I was listening to the music ______ there was a knock at the door.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]when鈭?/span>B.[B]whileC.[C]because瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滃綋鏁查棬澹板搷璧风殑鏃跺€欙紝鎴戞鍦ㄥ惉闊充箰鈥濓紝鏄椂闂寸姸璇粠鍙ャ€倃hile鐨勭敤娉曟槸鈥滃綋鈥︽鍦ㄥ彂鐢熺殑鏃跺€欙紝鏌愪汉(鏌愮墿)鍦ㄥ仛浠€涔堚€濄€俠ecause寮曞鍘熷洜鐘惰浠庡彞锛屼笉绗﹂鎰忋€?/div>11.He gave orders that the prisoners ______ free.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]are setB.[B]were setC.[C]be set鈭?/span>瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 瀵逛簬澶嶅悎鍙ユ潵璇达紝濡傛灉涓诲彞涓惈鏈塷rder, suggest, advice绛夎瘝鏃讹紝浠庡彞甯哥敤铏氭嫙璇皵(should)+be(do)鐨勭粨鏋勶紝鍏朵腑should鍙互鐪佺暐銆?/div> 12.Two and a half months ______ too long, I think.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]areB.[B]is鈭?/span>C.[C]will be瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 褰揳nd杩炴帴涓や釜鏁拌瘝鐨勬椂鍊欙紝鍏惰皳璇伒寰氨杩戝師鍒欍€?/div> 13.There ______ many apples on the table.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]are鈭?/span>B.[B]isC.[C]have瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] There+be鏄竴绉嶅緢鍏稿瀷鐨勫€掕缁撴瀯锛屾湰鍙ヤ腑鐪熸鐨勪富璇槸many apples锛屾墍浠ュ叾璋撹搴旇涓哄鏁般€?/div>14.Mrs. Jones ______ in this school since she came to the city.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]workedB.[B]has worked鈭?/span>C.[C]works瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] since, for绛夎瘝鏄幇鍦ㄥ畬鎴愭椂鐨勬爣蹇椼€?/div>15.My brother asked me ______ shopping with him.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]goB.[B]goingC.[C]to go鈭?/span>瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滄垜鍝ュ摜璁╂垜鍜屼粬涓€璧峰幓鍟嗗簵鈥濄€俛sk sb. to do sth.鏄浐瀹氳瘝缁勩€?/div>鍥涖€亄{B}}绗簩鑺?瀹屽瀷濉┖{{/B}}(鎬婚鏁帮細1锛屽垎鏁帮細10.00)闃呰涓嬮潰鐭枃锛屼粠鐭枃鍚庢墍缁欑殑[A]銆乕B]銆乕C]涓変釜閫夐」涓€夊嚭鑳藉~鍏ョ浉搴旂┖鐧藉鐨勬渶浣抽€夐」銆?BR>The American expression" burning your bridges' means acting in such a way which you de stroy any chance of turning back or changing your actions. It gets its name from war. An army that is forced back across a river may decide to burn the bridge{{U}} 41 {{/U}}crossing it. In this way, the army{{U}} 42 {{/U}}its enemy from using the bridge.{{U}} 43 {{/U}}, the army also destroys its own chance to{{U}} 44 {{/U}}back across the river. Most people who" burn their bridges today don't{{U}} 45 {{/U}}the army. But{{U}} 46 {{/U}}those armies, they move in a different direction with{{U}} 47 {{/U}}chance of turning back. There is one other{{U}} 48 {{/U}}that all bridge burners should not forget. It is a warning. "Don't cross yourbridges{{U}} 49 {{/U}}you come to them. "The meaning is clear: wait until the right time before you{{U}} 50 {{/U}}.锛堝垎鏁帮細10.00锛?/div>A.[A]beforeB.[B]after鈭?/span>C.[C]while瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 鏈枃鏄burning your bridges杩欎釜璇嶈鐨勬晠浜嬨€傚畠鏉ユ簮浜庢垬浜夛紝涓€涓啗闃熻繃瀹屼竴搴фˉ鍚庯紝鐑ф帀浜嗚繖搴фˉ锛岃繖鏍峰彲浠ラ樆姝㈡晫浜虹敤杩欏骇妗ワ紝鎸′綇浠栦滑鐨勬潵璺紝鍚屾椂涔熸瘉鎺変簡鑷繁鍥炲幓鐨勮矾銆傜敤涓浗鐨勮瘽鏉ヨ锛屽嵆鈥滅疆姝诲湴鑰屽悗鐢熲€濄€?/div>A.[A]prevents鈭?/span>B.[B]avoidsC.[C]separates瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] prevent sb. from doing sth. 鏄浐瀹氳瘝缁勶紝鎰忔€濇槸鈥滈樆姝㈡煇浜哄仛鏌愪簨鈥濄€?/div>A.[A]InsteadB.[B]However鈭?/span>C.[C]Therefore瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滀粬浠樆鏂簡鏁屼汉鐨勬潵璺紝鐒惰€岃繖鏍峰仛涔熼樆鏂簡鑷繁鐨勯€€璺€濓紝寰堟槑鏄撅紝杩欓噷闇€瑕佸叿鏈夎浆鎶樻剰涔夌殑杩炶瘝銆?/div>A.[A]go鈭?/span>B.[B]returnC.[C]take瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] go back鏄€滃洖鍘烩€濈殑鎰忔€濓紱return, take涓嶈兘鍜宐ack杩炵敤銆?/div>A.[A]joinB.[B]belong to鈭?/span>C.[C]leave瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滀粖澶╅偅浜涘ぇ閮ㄥ垎鐨勨€樿嚧姝诲湴鑰屽悗鐢熲€欑殑浜哄苟涓嶅畬鍏ㄥ睘浜庡啗闃熲€濄€?/div>A.[A]unlikeB.[B]like鈭?/span>C.[C]similar瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] like, be similar to鐨勬剰鎬濇槸鈥滃儚鈥︼紝涓庘€︾浉浼尖€濄€?/div>A.[A]no鈭?/span>B.[B]anyC.[C]not瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滀絾鏄繕鍍忔垬浜夋椂鏈熶竴鏍凤紝閭d簺鈥樼疆姝诲湴鑰屽悗鐢熲€欑殑浜轰粛鐒舵槸涓嶇粰鑷繁鐣欎换浣曞悗閫€鐨勬満浼氱殑鈥濄€?/div>A.[A]expression鈭?/span>B.[B]lessonC.[C]word瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滆繖閲岄潰杩樻湁鍙︿竴绉嶆€濇兂鍜屾剰涔夆€濄€?/div>A.[A]afterB.[B]until鈭?/span>C.[C]when瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滅洿鍒颁綘璧板悜瀹冧滑鐨勬椂鍊欙紝浣犳墠鑳介€氳繃妗モ€濄€?/div>A.[A]leave鈭?/span>B.[B]comeC.[C]go瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滃湪浣犵寮€涔嬪墠锛岃绛夊埌鏈€濂界殑鏈轰細鈥濄€?/div>浜斻€亄{B}}绗笁閮ㄥ垎闃呰鐞嗚В{{/B}}(鎬婚鏁帮細4锛屽垎鏁帮細20.00){{B}}绗竴鑺?璇嶈閰嶄紞{{/B}}浠庝笂鏍忔墍缁欓€夐」涓€夊嚭涓庝笅鏍忓悇椤规剰涔夌浉绗︾殑閫夐」銆?BR>[A]twice[B]winter[C]fish[D]sleep[E]cool[F]uncle[G]talk锛堝垎鏁帮細5.00锛?/div>(1).go to bed锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細D锛?/div>瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 鏍规嵁鍙ユ剰鈥滀笂搴婄潯瑙夆€濓紝鍗硈leep銆?/div>(2).say something with another person锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細G锛?/div>瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 鏍规嵁鍙ユ剰鈥滃悓鍙﹀涓€浜涗汉璇翠簺浠€涔堚€濓紝鍗硉alk銆?/div> (3).father's brother锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細F锛?/div>瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 鏍规嵁鍙ユ剰鈥滅埗浜茬殑寮熷紵鈥濓紝鍗硊ncle銆?/div>(4).two times锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細A锛?/div>瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 鏍规嵁鍙ユ剰鈥滀袱娆♀€濓紝鍗硉wice銆?/div>(5).the last season of a year锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細B锛?/div>瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 鏍规嵁鍙ユ剰鈥滀竴骞翠腑鐨勬渶鍚庝竴涓鑺傗€濓紝鍗硍inter銆?/div> {{B}}绗簩鑺?鐭枃鐞嗚В 1{{/B}}闃呰涓嬮潰鐭枃锛屼粠[A](Right)銆乕B](Wrong)銆乕C](Doesn't Say)涓変釜鍒ゆ柇涓€夋嫨涓€涓纭€夐」銆?BR>Children's stories such as" Little Red Riding Hood" and "The Three Little Pigs" have depicted wolves. as frightening animals. In reality, these animals are social, nurturing creatures. They often spend the better part of their day playing with and tending to their young.There are two recognized species of wolves: the gray wolf and the red wolf. The grey wolf, is the largest member of the wolf family.The grey wolf had one of the widest distributions of all mammals on the planet. It once roamed North America, Europe, and Asia, but years of persecution have reduced its numbers significantly, especially in Europe.In Alaska, the northwest territories, and the former Soviet Union, the grey wolf has a thriving population. In the Northwest United States, however, the grey wolf is almost extinct, with a population of perhaps 30. Farther south in the United States the grey has disappeared completely. In Mexico, researchers estimated that fewer than 10 greys survive.The grey wolf became extinct in England about 1486; it disappeared from Scotland in 1743 and from Ireland in 1770.锛堝垎鏁帮細5.00锛?/div>(1).People knew the nature of wolf very well.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Right.B.[B]Wrong.鈭?/span>C.[C]Doesn't say.瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 鏂囦腑绗竴娈靛彲浠ョ湅鍑猴紝浜虹被骞舵病鏈夊緢濂藉湴璁よ瘑鐙硷紝涓€鐩存妸瀹冨綋鍋氫竴绉嶅緢鍑剁嫚鐨勫姩鐗╋紝瀹為檯涓婂畠浠篃鍜屼汉绫讳竴鏍锋湁鐖卞績銆傚彲鐭ユ湰鍙ョ殑璇存硶鏄笉姝g‘鐨勩€?/div>(2).Once grey wolf could be found in many parts of the earth.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Right.鈭?/span>B.[B]Wrong.C.[C]Doesn't say.瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 浠庢湰鏂囩殑绗簩銆佺涓夋鍙互鐭ラ亾杩欑鐏拌壊鐨勭嫾鏄嫾绫讳腑鏁伴噺鏈€澶氱殑涓€绫伙紝瀹冨箍娉涘瓨鍦ㄤ簬鍖楃編銆佹娲插拰浜氭床绛夊湴锛屾墍浠ュ彞涓殑璇存硶鏄纭殑銆?/div>(3).We can find more and more grey wolf in Alaska.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Right.鈭?/span>B.[B]Wrong.C.[C]Doesn't say.瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 浠庢枃涓鍥涙鐨勭涓€鍙ヨ瘽鍙煡姝ゅ彞璇濈殑璇存硶鏄纭殑銆?/div>(4).There are less grey wolf in Europe than in the United States.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Right.B.[B]Wrong.C.[C]Doesn't say.鈭?/span>瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 杩欑瘒鏂囩珷骞舵病鏈夎鍦ㄦ娲插拰缇庢床鍝釜鍦版柟鐏扮嫾鏇村銆?/div>(5).Grey wolves take good care of the young.锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Right.鈭?/span>B.[B]Wrong.C.[C]Doesn't say.瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 浠庢枃涓涓€娈靛彲浠ョ煡閬擄紝鐙肩粡甯歌姳澶ч儴鍒嗙殑鏃堕棿鍜屽畠浠殑瀛╁瓙鍦ㄤ竴璧枫€?/div>{{B}}绗笁鑺?鐭枃鐞嗚В 2{{/B}}闃呰涓嬪垪鐭枃锛屼粠[A]銆乕B]銆乕C]涓変釜閫夐」涓€夋嫨鈥斾釜姝g‘绛旀銆?BR> Betty is a fourth-year student. She is good at jumping. The school sports meeting will be held on May 4th and she entered(鎶ュ悕鐧昏)her name for the high jump and the long jump. But two days later she fell from a ladder and hurt her right foot. Her parents sent her to the nearest hospital. The first word she asked the doctor was, "Can I jump in seven days, doctor? I don't like to miss our school sports meeting. "Without a word, the doctor looked her over carefully and said, "Don't worry. It's not badly hurt, your foot will be much better by the end of April. On May 4th you are able to run and jump at sports. "锛堝垎鏁帮細5.00锛?/div>(1).Betty is ______ .锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]in Grade Four鈭?/span>B.[B]a four year studentC.[C]Grade Four瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 鐢辨湰鏂囩殑绗竴鍙ヨ瘽鍙煡銆?/div>(2).She entered her name for the high jump and the long jump because she ______ .锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]does well in jumping鈭?/span>B.[B]likes sportsC.[C]runs fast瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] she is good at jumping.鐨勬剰鎬濇槸鈥滃ス闈炲父鎿呴暱浜庤烦楂樺拰璺宠繙鈥濄€俠e good at鍜宒o well in閮芥槸鈥滄搮闀库€︹€濈殑鎰忔€濄€?/div>(3).Her parents took her to the doctor because ______ . [A]their ladder was broken [B]the hospital was near their home [C]something was wrong with Betty's foot锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C. 鈭?/span>瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 鏂囦腑璇粹€滀袱澶╁悗锛屽ス浠庢瀛愪笂鎽斾笅锛屼激浜嗗ス鐨勫彸鑴氣€濄€?/div>(4).The doctor said that ______ . [A]her foot was badly hurt [B]the wound(浼?in her foot was not serious [C]She'd better stay in bed锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B. 鈭?/span>C.瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 鏂囦腑鏈夊彞璇滵on't worry. It's not badly hurt銆?/div>(5).Which is not true?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>[A]Betty would get better soon.B.[B]She likes sports.C.[C]She won the first place.鈭?/span>瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 鏂囦腑鍙槸璇村ス鐨勮吙鍙椾激锛屽苟娌℃湁鏄剧ず濂规槸鍚﹁耽寰椾簡姣旇禌銆?/div>One day Nasreddin bought a donkey(椹?in the market, but while he was taking it home, two thieves followed him. One of them took the rope from the donkey's neck and tied(鎹?it round his friend's neck. Then he went away with the donkey.When Nasreddin got home, he turned and saw the young man. He was very surprised. "Where is my donkey?" he said angrily."I'm very sorry, "said the thief. "Once I said some very bad things to my mother and she changed me into a donkey. Now because a good man has bought me, she changed me back to a man again. Thank you. " Nasreddin untied the man and said, "Go. And never say, bad things to your mother again. "The next day, Nasreddin saw the same donkey in the market again. The other thief was selling it.Nasreddin went to it and said into its ear, "Young man, some people will never learn. "锛堝垎鏁帮細5.00锛?/div>(1).Nasreddin was surprised because he ______ . [A]knew the young man was a thief [B]saw his donkey was gone [C]saw a young man behind him instead of his donkey锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.B.C. 鈭?/span>瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] Nasreddin鐪嬪埌鑷繁鍚庨潰鐨勯┐鍙樻垚浜嗕竴涓汉锛屾墍浠ユ劅鍒板緢鎯婂銆?/div>(2).Where was his donkey?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]It had gone home.B.[B]It had been sold.C.[C]It had been stolen.鈭?/span>瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 鏍规嵁绗竴娈电殑鎰忔€濆彲鐭ワ紝椹磋璐煎伔鍥炲浜嗐€?/div>(3).How did the young man treat his mother?锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]Badly.B.[B]With care.[C]We don't know.鈭?/span>瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 杩欎釜骞磋交浜烘€庢牱瀵瑰緟浠栫殑姣嶄翰锛屾湰鏂囧苟娌℃湁娑夊強銆?/div>(4).In the last sentence, "some people" means ______ .锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]some personB.[B]the thief who was tied鈭?/span>C.[C]the other thief瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滃勾杞讳汉锛屼竴浜涗汉姘歌繙涓嶄細瀛︿範锛屼笉浼氬惛鍙栨暀璁€濄€傛槸Nasreddin鐩镐俊浜嗚醇鍓嶄竴澶╄鐨勮瘽锛屼互涓轰粬鍙堝彉鎴愪簡椹达紝鎵€浠ヨ浠栦笉鍚稿彇鏁欒銆?/div>(5).From this passage we can see that Nasreddin was ______ .锛堝垎鏁帮細1.00锛?/div>A.[A]really a fool鈭?/span>B.[B]a farmerC.[C]kind and clever瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 浠庡叏鏂囨潵鐪嬶紝涓讳汉鍏叾瀹炲苟涓嶈仾鏄庯紝浠栧苟涓嶇煡閬撻偅浜烘槸璐硷紝骞剁浉淇′簡浠栫殑璋庤█锛屾妸浠栨斁浜嗭紝鐢辨鍙煡浠栧緢锠€?/div>鍏€亄{B}}绗洓閮ㄥ垎鍐欎綔{{/B}}(鎬婚鏁帮細4锛屽垎鏁帮細13.00)16.Judy arrived in Boston and wrote to her parents at once. Judy wrote to her parents 1 she arrived in Boston.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細as soon as锛?/div>瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥淛udy涓€鍒版尝澹】锛屽氨缁欏ス鐨勭埗姣嶄翰鍐欎俊鈥濓紝and寮曞鐨勬槸涓や釜鍚屾椂杩涜鐨勫姩浣溿€傚彲鐢╝s soon as鍙栦唬锛屽彧鏄痑s soon as寮曞鐨勬槸鏃堕棿鐘惰浠庡彞锛屽悗闈㈠簲璇ュ姞涓婁富璇€?/div>17.Listen to the teacher carefully and you will soon understand. 1 the teacher carefully, you will soon understand.锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細If you listen to锛?/div>瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滆鐪熷惉鑰佸笀鐨勮锛屼綘寰堝揩灏变細鏄庣櫧鐨勨€濄€傚墠鍗婂彞鏄悗鍗婂彞鐨勬潯浠躲€傚彲鐢╥f杞崲鎴愭潯浠剁姸璇粠鍙ャ€?/div>18.We didn't go to Shanghai. We went to Hangzhou. We went to Hangzhou 1 . Shanghai,锛堝垎鏁帮細2.00锛?/div>濉┖椤?:__________________ 锛堟纭瓟妗堬細instead of锛?/div>瑙f瀽锛歔瑙f瀽] 鏈彞鎰忎负鈥滄垜浠病鏈夊幓涓婃捣锛屽幓浜嗘澀宸炩€濓紝in-stead of鐨勬剰鎬濇槸鈥滃彇浠o紝浠f浛鈥濄€?/div>19.浣犵殑鏈嬪弸Peter鏉ュ寳浜窡浣犱竴璧峰害鏆戝亣锛屼綇鍦ㄤ綘(Li Ming)瀹躲€?浠诲姟锛?璇蜂綘缁欎粬鐖舵瘝鍐欏皝鐭俊锛屽憡璇変粬浠細路Peter宸茬粡瀹夊叏鍒拌揪锛屼綘鍘绘満鍦烘帴浠栵紱路Peter鍠滄涓浗椋熷搧锛?路浣犱滑宸茬粡鍙傝浜嗗ぉ瀹夐棬鍜岄暱鍩庯紱路涓嬪懆鍘昏タ瀹夊弬瑙傦紝灏嗕細鐜╁緱寰堝揩娲伙紱路甯屾湜浠栦滑鏈夋満浼氭潵涓浗銆?Dear Mr. and Mrs.Smith, How are you? Yours, Li Ming锛堝垎鏁帮細7.00锛?/div>__________________________________________________________________________________________ 姝g‘绛旀锛?)瑙f瀽锛歔鑼冩枃] Dear Mr. and Mrs. Smith. How are you? I'm glad to tell you that Peter has already arrived safely. I met him at the airport and took him back home. Peter likes the Chinese food very much. We have been to Tian' anmen Square and the Great wall. We are going to Xi' an next week. We are sure we'll have a good time. I hope you Will have the chance to come to China锛? Yours, Li Ming。
二 格律诗八首
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浜烘暀鐗堜簲骞寸骇璇枃涓嬪唽2019骞存湡鏈
第一部分:基础知识积累与运用(35分)一、读拼音,写字、词。
(5分)rǎn xiââyuán jǐlianɡ渲( ) ( ) 煤( ) 耗支( ) ( )二、下列各组词语中,带点字读音全部正确的一组是( )。
(2分)A.船艄(xiāo)咆(páo)哮抽噎(yē)B.胆怯(qiâ) 狞(nínɡ)笑妒忌(jì)C.调(diào)度莞(ɡuǎn)尔一笑低吟(yín)D.破绽(zhàn)咀嚼(jiáo)襟(jīn)飘带舞三、下列各组成语中,没有错字的一组是()(2分)A.面不改色精神抖擞美仑美奂杯水车薪B.雪中送炭严阵已待神机妙算同心胁力C.迫不急待完璧归赵敛声屏气深情厚谊D.目不暇接手疾眼快负荆请罪奄奄一息四、用“心”字组词,然后填空。
(4分)我们青少年应该向社会献一片(),对自己的父母应有(),对朋友要(),学习上要()。
五、下列句子中,没有语病的是()(2分)A. 河南省的人口是我国最多的省份。
B. 我们尽管要学好课本上的知识,还要进行课外阅读,拓宽知识面。
C.我这次考试的成绩不是很理想。
D.火车缓缓地慢慢驶出车站。
六、判断正误,对的在括号里打“√”,错的打“×”。
(4分)1.《冬阳•童年•骆驼队》是小说《城南旧事》的序言。
()2.“九曲黄河万里沙,浪淘风簸自天涯。
”出自宋朝刘禹锡写的词《浪淘沙》。
()3.丝绸之路是古代横贯亚欧的通道。
()4.《水浒传》描写了一百零八位梁山好汉,他们个性鲜明,有及时雨宋江、智多星林冲、黑旋风李逵等。
()七、本学期我们积累了很多描写人物的词语,请按要求填写各写两个。
(6分)描写人物动作的:、;描写人物外貌的:、;描写人物心理活动的:、。
八、根据提示,写句子,完成填空。
(6分)1.张鹏沉迷于网络世界,一回到家就上网玩游戏,导致学习成绩下降。
看到同学退步,请你用一句名言警句劝劝他。
三年级语文知识点整理:汉字的结构
三年级语文知识点整理:汉字的结构涓夊勾绾ц姹夊瓧鐨勬瀯閫犲崟浣嶏細(1)?(2)鍋忔梺涓眽瀛楃殑鍩烘湰鍗曚綅锛涘瓧鍏哥紪绾傛椂鎶婄浉鍚屽亸鏃佺殑瀛楃紪鍦ㄤ竴?鐨勩€?姹夊瓧绗旈『锛?т竴瀹氱殑绗旈『鏉ュ啓鐨勶紝绗旈『鏄啓椤哄簭鐨勯棶棰樸€?闂存灦缁撴瀯鍚堢悊鐨勬眽瀛楁潵銆?锛涘厛璧板悗鍙炽€€锛涘厛閲屽ご鍚庡皝鍙??銆?姹夊€?姹夊瓧鐨勯棿鏋剁粨鏋勬槸鎸囧亸鏃併€佺瑪椤虹殑缁勫悎鏂瑰紡锛屼富瑕?锛?锛変笂涓嬬粨鏋勶細鎬濄€€鍏?锛?撴瀯锛氳崏銆€绔?锛?锛夊乏鍙崇粨鏋勶細銆€濂姐€€鍜?锛?缁撴瀯锛氳阿銆€鏍?锛?锛変笂涓夊寘鍥寸粨鏋勶細鍚屻€侀棶銆侀椆銆佸懆锛?锛変笅涓夊寘鍥寸粨鏋勶細鍑汇€佸嚩銆佸嚱銆佺敾锛?锛夊搧瀛楀舰缁撴瀯锛氬搧銆€妫?锛?锛夊崟涓€缁撴瀯锛?鏃?鏈?锛?锛夌┛鎻掔粨鏋勶細鐖?鍣?锛?0锛夊彸涓婂寘鍥寸粨鏋勶細鍙ャ€佸彲銆佸徃銆佸紡锛?1锛夊乏涓婂寘鍥寸粨鏋勶細搴欍€佺梾銆佹埧銆佸凹锛?2锛夊乏涓嬪寘鍥寸粨鏋勶細寤恒锛?3锛夊彸涓嬪寘鍥寸粨鏋勶細鏂?锛?4锛夊叏鍖呭洿缁撴瀯锛氬洜銆佸浌鐗规畩缁撴瀯锛氬潗銆佺埥銆佸す銆佸櫓鎵€鏈夋眽瀛楃?姹夊瓧鐨勭粨鏋勭粡鍏镐緥棰?閫夊嚭涓嬪垪鍙ュ瓙椤哄簭鎺掑垪姝g‘鐨勪竴椤广€?鈶村敖绠♀€滄湅鈥濃€滃弸鈥濅袱瀛楀悇鏈夋墍鎸囷紝鍚庢潵浜轰滑稿皧閲嶃€佷簰鐩稿府鍔╃殑浜恒€?€濄€?簡銆?嗗?A锛庘懙鈶粹懚鈶?B锛庘懛鈶碘懚鈶?C锛庘懙鈶粹懛鈶?D锛庘懛鈶碘懘鈶?: D? ) 鎴戜滑鐨勯噸鐐瑰ぇ瀛︼紝蹇呴』鎵€銆?A锛庡?B锛庡惁鍒欏氨涓嶄粎鑰屼笖C锛庢墍浠D?: B庣殑缁嗚妭锛岄偅浜涚儹鐖辩敓娲荤殑浜猴紝浠栦滑甯哥敤涓€绉嶇編濂界殑鐪煎厜鍘荤湅涓栫晫锛岀敤涓€棰椻€曗€曠殑蹇冨幓鎰熸偀鐢熸椿锛屽嵆浣挎湁鎵€鎬ㄣ€佹湁鎵€蹇э紝涔熼兘鑳藉寲瑙c€傛€€鐫€涓€棰楁劅鎭╃殑蹇冿紝鈥曗€曟墍缁忓巻鐨勭偣鐐规淮婊达紝浣犱細鍙戠幇鐢熸椿涓€鐩村緢缇庛€?A锛庡煿鑲茬粏鑷存敹钘?B锛庡瓡鑲茬粏鑵绘敹钘?C锛庡瓡鑲茬粏鑷存悳绱?D锛庡煿鑲茬粏鑵绘悳绱?: B?A B锛庝笉绠″嵆浣挎垨鑰呴兘C D: B?A锛庤€佹枒缇氬嚟鐫€濞寸啛鐨勮烦璺冩妧宸э紝鍦ㄥ崐澶ф枒缇氫粠鏈€楂樼偣濞寸啛锛氱啛缁冦€傦級B锛庢槸灞堣颈鐨勫績鐏靛湪鎶芥悙鍚楋紵锛堟娊鎼愶細杩欓噷鎸囧績鐏靛洜鐥涜嫤鑰岄ⅳ鎶栥€?锛?C甸瓊/鎺犺繃鎴戠殑澶撮《锛堜笉缇侊細涓嶅彈鎷樻潫銆傦級D锛庢墍浠ラ偅浜?锛?: D 涓嬪垪鍙ヤ腑鍔犵偣呰壊褰╂病鏈夊彂鐢熷彉鍖栫殑涓€椤规槸锛堬級(2鍒嗭級A锛庨笩鍎垮皢宸銆?Bф溅銆?C?D紝鎴戣瘉瀹烇紝鍙戠敓浜嗕竴娆″伔绐冿紝鏈変袱鍚嶇獌璐笺€傚厛鐢燂紝浠?: C 锛?鍒嗭級姹夊瓧鐨勭粨鏋勮瘯棰??A锛庤€佹枒缇氬嚟鐫€濞寸啛鐨勮烦璺冩妧宸э紝鍦ㄥ崐澶ф練鐨勮箘涓嬨€傦紙濞寸啛锛氱啛缁冦€傦級B锛庢槸灞堣颈鐨勫績鐏靛湪鎶芥悙鍚楋紵锛堟娊鎼愶細杩欓噷鎸囧績鐏靛洜鐥涜嫤鑰岄ⅳ鎶栥€?锛?C锛庢湁/鎺犺繃鎴戠殑澶撮《锛堜笉缇侊細涓嶅彈鎷樻潫銆傦級D?锛?棰樺瀷:惧害锛氬亸鏄?栫殑涓€椤规槸锛堬級(2鍒嗭級A?Bф嗕粬缁堜簬璁插畾浜嗕环閽憋紱灏遍€佹垜涓婅溅銆?C锛庣埗浜茶€佸疄鍘氶?D浗鐨勫叏閮ㄨ禐瑾夈€?棰樺瀷: ?4鍒嗭級鈶犱俊瀹㈡矇绋冲湴鐐圭偣澶达紝浠栫湅寰楀お澶氾紝瀵硅繖涓€鍒囧叏鑳界悊瑙c€傞兘甯傞噷鐨勫崌娌夎崳杈憋紝闇囬ⅳ鐫€闀挎湡杩焏霉n锛堛€€銆€銆€锛夌殑鍐滄潙绁sh膩o( )銆?鈶′腑鏂囨眽瀛楋紝闆嗗舰浣撱€佸0闊冲拰鎰忎箟浜庝竴浣擄紝瀹冪嫭鍏穖猫i()ц鐨刧u墨()瀹跺洯銆?棰樺瀷: В?鍒嗭級鈶犱腑鏂扮綉鍖椾含绔?011骞?2鏈?1О呮瘨鐨勪富瑕佺殑浼犳挱銆?鏄?鍏跺啗浜嬫€с€佹垬鏂楁€с€?槸閭d簺闈炰弗鏍兼剰涔夌殑鍚屼箟璇嶏紝鍥犱负瀹冧滑鍚屼腑鏈夊紓锛屼娇鐢ㄧ殑鏃跺€欏氨蹇呴』鏈夋墍銆?A锛庡獟浠嬫帺楗板尯鍒?B锛庡獟浣撴帺楗板垎鍒?C锛庡獟浠嬫帺鐩栧垎鍒?D锛庡獟浣撴帺楗板尯鍒?棰樺瀷:闅惧害锛氬亸鏄?€鎭板綋鐨勪竴椤规槸锛堬級锛?鍒嗭級_________________侊紝澶氫簡涓€浠藉畞闈欙紱灏戜簡涓€浠藉焊淇楋紝澶氫簡涓€浠介泤鑷达紱灏戜簡涓€浠戒笘鏁咃紝澶氫簡涓€浠界函鐪熴€?A锛庢竻鍐藉菇棣欓唶鍘?B锛庢竻鍐介唶鍘氬菇棣?C锛庨唶鍘氭竻鍐藉菇棣?D锛庨唶鍘氬菇棣欐竻鍐?棰樺瀷: ?閫夊嚭?3鍒? (1)澶╄竟鐨勪簯褰╀笉鍋滃湴鐫€锛屾椂Н?(2)閭i粍浜嗙殑绋昏崏锛屼篃灏辨槸涓婂勾鐨勭Ё鑻楋紝杩欑豢鑹茬殑绉ц嫍锛屽張浼氬彉鎴愭潵骞寸殑绋昏崏锛岀ɑ鑽変笌绉ц?(3)鏄ュぉ锛?A浉鏄犳垚瓒?B锛庡彉骞讳紶鎵胯祻蹇冩偊鐩?C锛庡彉骞讳紶閫掔浉鏄犳垚瓒?D?棰樺瀷: ?。
七年级下册《平方根》第二课时教案
七年级下册《平方根》第二课时教案涓冨勾绾т?1锛庡唴瀹?---鐢ㄦ湁鐞嗘暟浼扮畻銆佺敤璁$畻鍣ㄦ眰鍊硷紟2锛庡唴瀹硅В鏋?锛?()鏃犵悊鏁扮殑澶ц渶瑕佺殑涓€绉嶈兘鍔涳紟浣跨敤璁$畻鍣ㄥ彲浠ユ眰浠讳綍姝f暟鐨勫钩鏂规牴锛屼絾涓嶅悓鍝佺墝鐨?及璁′竴涓??鏃犵悊鏁扮殑澶ц嚧鑼冨洿锛?瀽1锛庢暀瀛︾洰鏍?锛?锛?В琚(鎴栫缉灏?(鎴栫缉灏?鐨勮2锛庣洰鏍囪В鏋?锛?氬埄鐢ㄤ及绠楁瘮杈冨ぇ灏忥紱浜嗚В澶归€兼硶锛岄噰鐢ㄤ笉瓒宠繎浼煎€煎拰杩囧墿杩戜技鍊兼潵锛?圭殑绋嬪簭(鎸夐敭鐨勯『搴?В琚2浣嶏紝瀹冪殑绠楁湳骞虫柟鏍瑰氨鐩稿簲鍦板悜鍙虫垨鍚戝乏绉诲姩1浣嶏紝鍗宠?鎴栫缉灏?100鍊嶏紝瀹冪殑绠楁湳骞虫柟鏍瑰氨鎵╁ぇ(鎴栫缉灏?10鍊嶏紟???鏃犵悊鏁扮殑澶цц滃す閫兼硶鈥濊繘琛屼及璁★紝鍗冲埄鐢ㄥ叾涓€绯诲垪涓嶈冻杩戜技鍊煎拰у€涓??鏃犵悊鏁扮殑澶ц嚧鑼冨洿鐨勮繃绋嬶紝??11 锛?锛変粈涔堟槸绠楁湳骞虫柟鏍?鎬庢牱琛ㄧず?锛?锛夎礋鏁版湁绠楁湳骞虫柟鏍瑰悧锛?甯堢敓娲诲姩銆€瀛︾敓鍥炵瓟锛屾?4锛涗絾瀹為??2锛庨棶棰樻帰绌讹紝瀛︿範鏂扮煡21dm2dm堝睍绀哄壀鎷兼柟娉曪紟杩介棶锛?锛?2dm鐨勫ぇ姝f柟褰㈢殑杈归暱搴旇?В绛旓紝鏁欏笀瀵硅В熻繘琛屾寚瀵硷紟杩介棶锛?锛??dm锛?檯鐢熸Н鏋佹€э紝杩介棶锛?锛変富瑕佷负鍚庨潰浠嬬粛鐢ㄦ暟杞翠笂鐨勭偣琛ㄧず浣滃噯澶囷紟3у?фэ紝鐢辩洿瑙傚彲鐭ュぇ浜?鑰屽皬浜?欏笀鏉夸功鎺ㄧ悊杩囩▼锛?杩介棶锛?锛?閭d箞鏄?鍥达紵?涓旀渶鎺ヨ繎鐨?浣嶅皬鏁版槸1锛?锛岃€屽钩鏂规暟澶т簬2涓旀渶鎺ヨ繎鐨?浣嶅皬鏁版槸1锛?锛屾墍浠ュぇ浜?锛?鑰屽皬浜?锛??杩介棶锛?锛?у皬鐨勬柟娉曪?у皬鐨勬柟娉2锛変富瑕佷负鍙婃椂宸╁浐浼扮畻鏂规硶锛?3渚?锛?锛夛紱锛?锛?绮剧‘鍒?锛?01)В绛斿畬锛?у屼綋浼氬す閫兼硶鐨勫彲琛屾€э??锛夛紟?缁冧範44椤电粌涔?锛???4?鐜板湪鎴戜滑鏉ヨВ?4銆€锛?锛変綘浼氳〃绀哄嚭, 鍚楋紵锛?锛夌敤璁$畻鍣ㄦ眰, 锛??屼唬鍏ワ紝鍒╃敤璁$畻鍣ㄦ眰鍑? 锛?旂敤锛?5鈥?鈥?鈥?鈥?杩介棶锛?锛?暟鐨勫皬鏁扮偣鍚戝彸鎴栧悜宸︾Щ鍔?浣嶏紝瀹冪殑绠楁湳骞虫柟鏍圭殑灏忔暟鐐瑰氨鐩稿簲鍦板悜鍙虫垨鍚戝乏绉诲姩1浣嶏紟杩介棶锛?锛?浣犺兘璇村嚭鍏朵腑鐨勯亾鐞嗗悧锛?规暟鎵╁ぇ鐨勫€嶆暟涓庡叾绠楁湳骞虫柟鏍规墿澶х殑鍊嶆暟鎬濊€冨洖绛(鎴栫缉灏?100鍊嶏紝10000鍊嶁€︽椂锛屽叾绠楁湳骞虫柟鏍圭浉搴斿湴鎵╁ぇ(鎴栫缉灏?10鍊嶏紝100鍊嶁€︼紟杩介棶锛?锛?(绮剧‘鍒?锛?01)锛屽苟鍒╃敤鍒氭墠鐨勫緱锛岀殑杩戜技鍊硷紟杩介棶锛?锛?30涓??渚? 400cm鐨勯暱鏂瑰舰绾哥墖锛屾部鐫€杈300cm鐨勯暱鏂瑰舰绾哥墖锛屼娇瀹冪殑涓?:2槑瑙佷簡璇?甯堢敓娲诲姩锛氭暀甯堝嚭绀洪棶棰橈紝瀛︾敓鐞嗚В: 锛??锛??锛?锛夐暱鏂瑰舰鐨勯暱鍜у皬鍏崇郴鏈€鍚庣粰鍑哄畬鏁寸殑瑙g瓟杩囩▼锛?5锛庡綊绾冲皬缁擄細?锛?涔堬紵锛?浼煎€煎悧锛?锛?(鎴栫缉灏?(鎴栫缉灏?鎬庢牱鐨勫憿锛?锛??6?锛?绗?銆?銆?0棰橈紟?1锛庢眰鐨勬暣鏁伴儴鍒嗭紟2锛庢瘮杈冧笅鍒楀悇缁勬暟鐨勫ぇ灏忥紟锛?锛変笌锛涳紙2锛変笌12锛涳紙3锛変笌锛?у皬鐨勮兘鍔涳紟3锛庤嫢锛岋紝閭d箞_______锛沖______锛?鏈夊叧瑙勫緥鐨勭悊瑙o紟4锛庡浗闄呮瘮璧涚殑瓒崇悆鍦虹殑闀垮湪100m鍒?10m涔嬮棿, 瀹藉湪64m鍒?5m涔嬮棿, ?锛?鍊? 闈㈢Н涓?560m,В鍐冲疄闄呴棶棰樼殑鑳藉姏锛?。
PEP四年级英语上册四会单词表汇总
PEP四年级英语上册四会单词表汇总PEP鍥涘勾绾ц?Unit 1window(绐楁埛) board(鏉? light(鐏? picture(鍥剧墖) door(闂? floor(鍦版澘) classroom () computer(鐢佃剳) teacher鈥檚desk(璁插彴) wall(澧? fan(鎵囧瓙)Unit 2bag(鍖? pencil(閾呯瑪) pen(閽㈢瑪) book (涔? ruler(灏哄瓙) pencil-case(閾呯瑪鐩? Unit 3teacher(鏁欏笀) student(瀛︾敓) boy() girl() friend(鏈嬪弸)Unit 4home(瀹? room(鎴块棿) school(瀛︽牎) classroom() window(绐楁埛)desk(? door(闂? chair(妞呭瓙) bed(搴?Unit 5rice(绫抽キ) beef(鐗涜倝) bread(闈㈠寘) milk(鐗涘ザ) egg(铔? water(姘? chicken(楦¤倝) fish(楸?Unit 6sister() brother(鍏勫紵) father(鐖朵翰锛涚埜鐖? mother(? driver(鍙告満) doctor(鍖荤敓) farmer(鍐滄皯) nurse(鎶ゅ+)鍥涘勾绾т笂鍐岀殑閲嶇偣鍙ュ瓙Unit 1 My classroomThis is my classroom. It鈥檚big. ?The door is green. The windows are yellow.茬殑銆?Let鈥檚go and have a look. э紒We have 6 new lights. ?Where鈥檚your seat? It鈥檚near the door. 浣犵殑搴т綅鍦ㄥ摢閲岋紵鍦ㄩ棬闄勮繎銆?Let鈥檚/ let me clean the board. 璁╂垜浠?璁╂垜鎿﹂粦鏉裤€?Open the door. 鎵撳紑闂ㄣ€?Sweep the floor. ?Turn on the light.鎵撳紑?Put up the picture.鎸傚浘鐢汇€?Clean the board.鎿﹂粦鏉裤€?Clean the 鎿︾獥鎴枫€?Unit 2 My schoolbagI have a new schoolbag. ?What colour is it? It鈥檚black and white.粦鐧界浉闂寸殑銆?My schoolbag is heavy. What鈥檚in it? 鎴戠殑涔﹀寘寰堥噸銆傞噷闈㈡湁浠€涔堬紵Put your notebook in your bag. 鎶婁綘鐨勭瑪璁版湰鏀捐繘涔﹀寘銆?How many English books do you have?I have 6. ?How many Chinese books can you see? ?I can see 20. ?Unit 3 my friendsMy friend is strong. He has short hair. He likes sports.?I like music. She likes painting. 鎴戝枩娆㈤煶涔愶紝濂瑰枩娆㈢粯鐢汇€?What鈥檚his name? His name is Zhang Peng. 浠栧彨浠€涔堝悕瀛楋紵浠栧彨寮犻箯銆?Unit 4 my homeWelcome to my home 娆㈣繋鏉ユ垜瀹躲€?This is my house. It鈥檚big. 杩欐槸鎴戠殑鎴垮瓙锛屽畠寰堝ぇ銆?Where are the keys? They are in the door. 閽ュ寵鍦ㄥ摢閲岋紵鍦ㄩ棬涓娿€? Are they near the table? ?Yes, they are. /No, they aren鈥檛. /涓嶆槸銆?Is it on the shelf? Yes, it is. /No, it isn鈥檛. /涓嶅湪銆? Unit 5 what would you like?What would you like for lunch? I鈥檇like some beef.浣犱腑椁愭兂鍚冧粈涔堬紵鎴戞兂鍚冧簺鐗涜倝銆?What鈥檚for dinner?Can I help? Sure, pass me a plate.?Help yourself. 璇疯嚜渚裤€?I can use chopsticks. ?Unit 6 meet my familyThis is my uncle. He鈥檚a baseball player. He looks strong.哄.銆?How many people are there in your family? 浣犱滑瀹舵湁鍑犲彛浜猴紵Who are they? ?What鈥檚your father? He is a driver.?PEP鍥涘勾绾т笅鍐屽洓浼氬崟璇嶈瘝姹囪〃Unit 1computer(璁$畻鏈? board(鍐欏瓧鏉? fan(椋庢墖) light(鐏? this(杩欙紱杩欎釜)is(鏄?my(鎴戠殑) that(閭o紱閭d釜) your(浣犵殑) teacher鈥檚desk(璁插彴)picture(鍥剧敾锛涚収鐗? wall() floor(鍦版澘) yes() it(瀹?Unit 2one(涓€) two(浜? three(涓? four(鍥? five(浜? six(鍏? seven(涓? eight(鍏? nine(涔? ten(鍗? what(浠€涔? time(鏃堕棿) it鈥檚=it is lock(鈥︾偣閽? math(鏁) Chinese() English() P.E.(浣撹偛) music(闊充箰) for(涓猴紱缁? class(璇剧▼)Unit 3jacket(澶瑰厠琛? shirt() skirt() dress(杩炶。
2018年人教版新目标八年级英语上册全册词汇表整理
2018年人教版新目标八年级英语上册全册词汇表整理2018骞翠汉鏁欑増鏂扮洰鏍囧叓骞寸骇鑻辫涓婂唽鍏ㄥ唽璇嶆眹琛ㄦ暣鐞? Unit1 Where did you go on vacation?anyone ['eniwn] pron.浠讳綍浜?anywhere ['eniwe(r)] adv.浠讳綍鍦版柟n.浠讳綍(涓€涓?鍦版柟wonderful ['wndfl] adj.绮惧僵鐨勶紱鏋佸ソ鐨?few [fju] adj.寰堝皯鐨勶紱n.灏戦噺quite a few鐩稿綋澶氾紱涓嶅皯(鍚庢帴鍙暟鍚嶈瘝)most [mst] adj.鏈€澶氱殑锛涘ぇ澶氭暟鐨勶紱something ['sm胃] pron.鏌愪簨鐗╋紱nothing(=not鈥nything) ['n胃] pron.娌℃湁浠€涔坣.娌℃湁everyone ['evriwn] pron.姣忎汉锛涗汉浜?of course [vks] 褰撶劧myself [ma'self] pron.鎴戣嚜宸?yourself [j'self] pron.浣犺嚜宸憋紱浣犱翰鑷?hen [hen] n.姣嶉浮锛涢泴绂?pig n.鐚?seem [sim] vi.浼间箮锛涘ソ鍍?bored [bd] adj.鏃犺亰鐨勶紱鍘岀儲鐨勶紱閮侀椃鐨?someone ['smwn] pron.鏌愪汉锛涙湁浜?diary ['dari] n.鏃ヨ锛涙棩璁扮翱(keep a diary)activity [忙k'tvti] n.娲诲姩锛涙椿璺?decide [d'sad] v.鍐冲畾锛涢€夊畾(decide to do sth.)try [tra] v.灏濊瘯锛涜娉曪紱鍔姏(try to do sth. /try doing sth.) paragliding ['p忙rlad] n.绌轰腑婊戠繑璺充紴feel like(doing sth.)鎯宠bird [bd] n.楦燂紱绂?bicycle ['baskl] n.鑷杞?building ['bld] n.寤虹瓚鐗?trader ['tred(r)] n.鍟嗕汉锛涘晢鑸?wonder ['wnd(r)] v.鎯婂锛涙兂鐭ラ亾锛涙€€鐤?difference ['dfrns] n.宸紓锛涗笉鍚?top [tp] n.椤堕儴锛涢《wait [wet] v.绛夛紱绛夊緟(wait for)umbrella [m'brel] n.浼烇紱闆ㄤ紴wet [wet] adj.婀跨殑锛涢洦澶╃殑because of鍥犱负锛涚敱浜?below [b'l] prep.浣庝簬锛涘湪...涓嬮潰adv.鍦ㄤ笅闈?enough ['nf] adj.瓒冲鐨刟dv.瓒冲鍦帮紱鍏呭垎鍦?hungry(鍙峟ull) ['hri] adj.楗ラタ鐨勶紱娓存湜鐨?as [z] conj.濡傚悓锛涘儚...涓€鏍?hill缇嶽hl] n. 灏忓北锛涗笜闄碉紱鏂滃潯锛涘北鍐?duck [dk] n.楦倝锛涢腑dislike [ds'lak] v.涓嶅枩娆紱鍘屾伓n.涓嶅枩鐖憋紱鍘屾伓锛涘弽鎰?have a good time=enjoy oneself=have fun(doing sth.)鐜╁緱鐥涘揩Central Park 涓ぎ鍏洯Huangguoshu waterfall 榛勬灉鏍戠€戝竷Hangkong H.K. 棣欐腐Malaysia 椹潵瑗夸簹Georgetown 鍦簹閭d箶娌绘暒娓彛锛岀編鍥戒箶娌诲煄澶уWeld Quay琛?(娴蜂咕琛?鐮佸ご) 浣嶄簬椹潵瑗夸簹妲熷煄宀?宸?,涔旀不甯? Penang Hill 椹潵瑗夸簹妲熸灞憋紙鍗囨棗灞憋級tian'anmen square 澶╁畨闂ㄥ箍鍦?the Palace Museum 鏁呭鍗氱墿闄?Unit2 How often do you exercise?housework ['haswk] n.瀹跺姟鍔冲姩hardly ['hdli] adv.鍑犱箮涓嶏紱绠€鐩翠笉锛涘垰鍒?ever ['ev(r)] adv.鏇剧粡锛涘湪浠讳綍鏃跺€?hardly ever寰堝皯锛涘嚑涔庝粠涓嶏紱闅惧緱once [wns] adv.涓€娆★紱鏇剧粡twice [twas] adv.涓ゅ€嶏紱涓ゆInternet ['ntnet] n.鍥犵壒缃?program ['prr忙m] n.鑺傜洰锛涚▼搴忥紱璇剧▼锛涜妭鐩崟full [fl] adj.婊$殑锛涘厖婊$殑锛涘畬鍏ㄧ殑swing [sw] n.鎽囨憜锛涚鍗僾.鎽囨憜锛涙棆杞?swing dance鎽囨憜鑸?maybe ['mebi] adv.鎴栬锛涗篃璁革紱鍙兘least [list] adj.鏈€灏忕殑锛涙渶灏戠殑at least鑷冲皯junk n.鍨冨溇锛涘簾鏃ф潅鐗?junk food n.鍨冨溇椋熷搧锛涙棤钀ュ吇椋熷搧coffee ['kfi] n.鍜栧暋锛涘挅鍟¤壊health [hel胃] n.鍋ュ悍锛涗汉鐨勮韩浣撴垨绮剧鐘舵€? result [r'zlt] .缁撴灉锛涘悗鏋?percent [p'sent] adj.鐧惧垎涔?..鐨?online [n'lan] adj.鍦ㄧ嚎鐨刟dv.鍦ㄧ嚎鍦?television ['telvn] n.鐢佃鏈猴紱鐢佃鑺傜洰although [l'冒] conj.铏界劧锛涘敖绠★紱鐒惰€岋紱鍙槸through [胃ru] prep.绌胯繃锛涘嚟鍊燂紱涓€鐩村埌mind [mand] .澶磋剳锛涙兂娉曪紱鎰忚锛涘績鎬?body ['bdi] n.韬綋such [st] adj.杩欐牱鐨勶紱濡傛鐨?such as渚嬪锛涜濡?together [t'e冒(r)] adv.鍏卞悓锛涗竴璧?die [da] v.姝伙紱鏋锛涙秷澶?writer ['rat(r)] n.浣滆€咃紱浣滃dentist ['dentst] n.鐗欑鍖荤敓magazine ['m忙zin] n.鏉傚織however [ha'ev(r)] adv.鐒惰€岋紱鏃犺濡備綍锛涗笉绠″涔?than [冒n] conj.姣?more than瓒呰繃锛涘浜庯紱涓嶄粎浠咃紱闈炲父almost ['lmst] adv.鍑犱箮锛涘樊涓嶅none [nn] pron.娌℃湁浜猴紱娌℃湁浠讳綍涓滆タ锛屾鏃?less [les] adj.鏇村皯鐨勶紱杈冨皯鐨?less than涓嶅埌锛涘皯浜?point [pnt] n.鐪嬫硶锛涜鐐癸紱閲嶇偣锛涘皬鏁扮偣锛涚洰鏍囷紱鍒嗘暟Unit3 I'm more outgoing than my sister.outgoing ['at] adj.澶栧悜鐨?better ['bet(r)] adj.鏇村ソ鐨勶紱杈冨ソ鐨?adv.鏇村ソ鍦?loudly ['ladli] adv.澶у0鍦帮紱楂樺0鍦帮紱鑺变繌鍦?quietly ['kwatli] adv.瀹夐潤鍦帮紱鎮勬倓鍦帮紱骞抽潤鍦?hard-working [hd'wk] adj.鍕ゅ媺鐨勶紱鍔姏宸ヤ綔鐨?competition [kmp'tn] n.绔炰簤锛涙瘮璧?fantastic [f忙n't忙stk] adj.鏋佸ソ鐨勶紱浜嗕笉璧风殑which adj.鍝竴涓紱鍝竴浜沺ron.鍝竴涓紱鍝簺clearly ['klli] adv.娓呮鍦帮紱鏄剧劧鍦?win [wn] v.璧紱璧㈠緱锛涜幏鑳滐紱鑾峰緱n.鑳滃埄though conj.铏界劧锛涘敖绠★紱adv.涓嶈繃talented ['t忙lntd] adj.鏈夋墠鑳界殑锛涙湁澶╄祴鐨?truly ['truli] adv.鐪熷疄鍦帮紱鐪熻瘹鍦帮紱姝g‘鍦?care [ke(r)] v.鍏冲績锛涙媴蹇э紱鐓ч【锛涘湪涔?care about鍏冲績serious ['sris] adj.涓ヨ們鐨勶紱涓ラ噸鐨勶紱搴勯噸鐨?mirror ['mr(r)] n.闀滃瓙锛涘弽鏄?kid n. 瀛╁瓙锛屽皬瀛?as long as鍙necessary ['nessri] adj.蹇呰鐨勶紱蹇呯劧鐨?be different from鍜?..涓嶅悓both [b胃] adj.涓よ€呴兘pron.涓よ€?bring out鎷垮嚭锛涙帹鍑?grade n. 鎴愮哗should [d] aux.搴旇锛涘彲鑳斤紱搴斿綋锛涘皢瑕?the same as涓?..鍚屾牱鐨?saying n. 鍚嶈█reach [rit] v.鍒拌揪锛涗几鍑猴紱杈炬垚锛涘彇寰楄仈绯伙紱寤朵几锛?浼告墜)鍘诲hand n.鎻存墜touch [tt] vt.瑙︽懜锛涙劅鍔?heart [ht] n.蹇冭剰锛涘唴蹇?fact [f忙kt] n.浜嬪疄锛涚湡鐩革紱瀹為檯in fact浜嬪疄涓婏紱瀹為檯涓婏紱纭垏鍦拌break [brek] v.鎵撶锛涙姌鏂紱杩濊儗锛涜В鍐筹紱涓柇arm n. 鑳宠唺laugh [lf] v.鍙戠瑧锛涚瑧锛涘槻绗?n.绗戝0锛涚瑧锛涚瑧鏂? share [e(r)] vt.鍒嗕韩锛屽叡浜紱鍒嗛厤锛涘叡鏈?loud [lad] adj.澶у0鐨勶紱adv.澶у0鍦帮紱鍝嶄寒鍦? similar ['sml(r)] adj.绫讳技鐨?be similar to绫讳技浜庯紱涓?..鐩镐技primary ['pramri] adj.鏈€鍒濈殑锛屾渶鏃╃殑primary school 灏忓information [nf'men] n.淇℃伅锛涙儏鎶ワ紱璧勬枡锛涢€氱煡Unit4 What's the best movie theater?theater ['胃t] n.鍓у満锛涚數褰遍櫌锛涙垙闄?comfortable ['kmftbl] adj.鑸掗€傜殑锛涘厖瑁曠殑seat [sit] n.搴т綅锛?screen [skrin] n.灞忓箷锛涢摱骞?close [kls] v.鍏筹紱鍚堟嫝锛涗笉寮€鏀撅紱鍋滀笟ticket n. 绁?worst [wst] adj.鏈€鍧忕殑锛涙渶宸殑cheaply ['tipli] adv.寤変环鍦帮紱绮椾織鍦?song [s] n.姝屾洸锛涙瓕鍞?choose [tuz] v.閫夋嫨锛涘喅瀹?carefully ['kefli] adv.灏忓績鍦帮紝璁ょ湡鍦?reporter [r'pt(r)] n.璁拌€?so far鍒扮洰鍓嶄负姝紱杩勪粖涓烘fresh [fre] adj.鏂伴矞鐨勶紱娓呮柊鐨?comfortably ['kmftbli] adv.鑸掓湇鍦帮紱瀹规槗鍦帮紱鍏呰鍦? worse [ws] adj.鏇村潖鐨勶紱鏇村樊鐨?service ['svs] n.鏈嶅姟pretty ['prti] adv.鐩稿綋鍦癮dj.婕備寒鐨?menu ['menju] n.鑿滃崟act [忙kt] v.琛屽姩锛涜〃婕?meal [mil] n.涓€椁愶紱鑶抽creative [kri'etv] adj.鍒涢€犵殑锛屽垱閫犳€х殑锛? performer [p'fm(r)] n.琛ㄦ紨鑰咃紱鎵ц鑰?talent ['t忙lnt] n.澶╄祴锛涙墠鑳斤紝鎵嶈壓锛?common ['kmn] adj.甯歌鐨勶紱鍏卞悓鐨勶紱鏅€氱殑have鈥n common鏈夌浉鍚岀壒寰?magician [m'dn] n.榄旀湳甯堬紱鏈+all kinds of鍚勭鍚勬牱锛涘悇绉嶇被鍨?beautifully ['bjutfli] adv.缇庝附鍦帮紱瀹岀編鍦帮紱be up to鏄€︹€?鐨勮亴璐o紱鐢扁€︹€?鍐冲畾role [rl] n.浣滅敤锛涜鑹?play a role鍙戞尌浣滅敤锛涙湁褰卞搷winner ['wn(r)] n.鑾疯儨鑰?prize [praz] n.濂栧搧锛涘閲?everybody ['evribdi] pron.姣忎汉锛涗汉浜?make up缂栭€?example ['zmpl] n.渚嬪瓙锛涙鏍?for example渚嬪poor [p(r)] adj.鍙€滅殑锛涜传绌风殑seriously ['srisli] 涓ラ噸鍦帮紝涓ヨ們鍦?take鈥eriously璁ょ湡瀵瑰緟give [v] v.缁欙紱璧犱簣锛涢€?crowded ['kradd] adj.鎷ユ尋鐨?Unit5 Do you want to watch a game show?sitcom ['stkm] n.锛坰ituation comedy) 鎯呮櫙鍠滃墽news [njuz] n.鏂伴椈锛涙秷鎭?soap [sp] n. 鑲ョ殏锛?soap opera 鑲ョ殏鍓?educational [edu'kenl] adj.鏁欒偛鐨勶紱鏈夋暀鑲叉剰涔夌殑plan [pl忙n] n.璁″垝锛涙柟娉晇.鎵撶畻锛涜鍒?hope [hp] .甯屾湜锛涙湡鏈涳紱鐩兼湜n.甯屾湜find out鏌ユ槑銆佸紕娓?discussion [d'skn] n.璁ㄨ锛涜皥璁?stand [st忙nd] v.绔欑珛锛涘繊鍙?happen ['h忙pn] vi.鍙戠敓锛涚宸э紱鍑虹幇锛涘伓閬? may [me] aux.鍙互锛岃兘澶燂紱鍙兘锛屼篃璁? expect [k'spekt] v.棰勬湡锛涙湡寰咃紱鐩兼湜joke [dk] n.绗戣瘽锛涚帺绗憊.璇寸瑧璇濓紱寮€鐜╃瑧comedy ['kmdi] n.鍠滃墽锛涙粦绋斤紱骞介粯浜嬩欢meaningless ['minls] adj.鏃犳剰涔夌殑锛涗笉閲嶈鐨? action ['忙kn] n.琛屼负锛涙椿鍔?action movie鍔ㄤ綔鐗?cartoon [k'tun] n.鍗¢€氾紱婕敾culture ['klt(r)] n.鏍藉煿锛涙枃鍖栵紱鏁欏吇famous ['fems] adj.钁楀悕鐨勶紱鏈夊悕鐨?appear ['p(r)] vi.鍑虹幇锛涘嚭鐗堬紱鏄惧緱become [b'km] v.鍙樻垚锛涙垚涓?rich [rt] adj.瀵屾湁鐨勶紱瀵岄ザ鐨勶紱涓板瘜鐨?successful [sk'sesfl] adj.鎴愬姛鐨勶紱鍦嗘弧鐨?might [mat] aux.鍙兘锛涗篃璁革紱may鐨勮繃鍘诲紡main [men] adj.涓昏鐨勶紱鏈€閲嶈鐨?reason ['rizn] n.鍘熷洜锛涚悊鐢?comedy ['kmdi] n.鍠滃墽film [flm] n.鐢靛奖unlucky [n'lki] adj.鍊掗湁鐨勶紱涓嶅垢鐨勶紱涓嶅悏鍒╃殑lose [luz] vt.涓㈠け锛涘け璐i.澶辫触girlfriend ['lfrnd] n.濂虫湅鍙?ready ['redi] adj.鍑嗗濂界殑锛涗箰鎰忕殑be ready to鎰挎剰杩呴€熷仛鏌愪簨character ['k忙rkt(r)] n.涓€э紱鍝佽川锛涗汉鐗╋紱simple ['smpl] adj.绠€鍗曠殑锛涙湸绱犵殑锛涘崟绾殑锛涚鐨? dress up瑁呮壆锛涗箶瑁呮墦鎵?take sb.鈥檚place浠f浛锛涙浛鎹?army ['mi] n.鍐涢槦锛涢檰鍐涳紱涓€澶ф壒do a good job宸ヤ綔骞插緱濂斤紱鍋氬緱濂?Unit6 I'm going to study computer science.grow up 闀垮ぇ鎴愰暱computer programmer 璁$畻鏈虹鐞嗗憳cook [kk] vt. 鐑硅皟锛岀叜锛岀儳锛屽仛(楗?锛歷i. 鐑归オ锛屽仛楗紝鐑ц彍锛涘姞鐑鐞嗛鐗?doctor ['dkt(r)]鍖荤敓engineer [end'nr] 宸ョ▼甯?violinist [va'lnst]灏忔彁鐞存墜driver ['drav] n. 椹鹃┒鍛橈紱椹卞姩绋嬪簭锛涜捣瀛愶紱浼犲姩鍣?pilot ['palt] 椋炶鍛?pianist ['pnst] 閽㈢惔瀹?scientist['santst]绉戝瀹?be sure about 纭俊make sure 纭繚college ['kld] 澶уeducation [edu'ken] 鏁欒偛medicine ['medsn]鑽紝鍖诲university [jun'vrsti] 澶у锛岄珮绛夊搴?London 'lndn] n.浼︽暒article ['rtkl]鏂囩珷锛岃鏂?send [send] 閭瘎锛屽彂閫?resolution [rez'lun] 鍐冲績锛屽喅瀹?team [tim] (涓€)闃?浜?锛?涓€)缁?浜?foreign ['frn] 澶栧浗鐨?able [ebl] 鑳藉be able to 鑳藉鍋氭煇浜?question ['kwstn] n.闂meaning ['min] n. 鎰忎箟锛涳紱adj. 鎰忓懗娣遍暱鐨剉. 鎰忓懗锛涙剰鎬濇槸discuss [dsks] 璁ㄨ锛屽晢閲?promise [prms] 鎵胯锛岃瑷€beginning [bn] 寮€澶达紝寮€绔?at the beginning of 璧峰垵improve [mpruv] 鏀硅繘锛屾敼鍠?write down 鍐欎笅physical ['fzkl]韬綋鐨?themselves [冒m'slvz] 浠栦滑鑷繁have to do with鍏充簬;涓庘€︹€︽湁鍏崇郴selfimprovement [selfmp'ruvmnt]鑷垜鏀硅繘锛岃嚜鎴戞彁楂?take up瀛︾潃鍋氾紱寮€濮嬪仛hobby ['hbi] 涓氫綑鐖卞ソweekly ['wikli] adj. 姣忓懆鐨勶紱锛?n. 鍛ㄥ垔adv. 姣忓懆涓€娆★紱閫愬懆[ 澶嶆暟weeklies ]school work 瀛︽牎浣滀笟agree ['ri] vt. 鍚屾剰锛涜禐鎴愶紱鎵胯vi. 鍚屾剰锛涙剰瑙佷竴鑷?agree with 鍚屾剰own [on] 銆€鑷繁鐨勶紝鏈汉鐨勶紝鎷ユ湁personal ['prsnl]涓汉鐨勶紝绉佷汉鐨?relationship [r'lenp] 鍏崇郴Unit 7 Will people have robots?paper['pepr] 绾搞€€pollution [p'lun] 姹℃煋锛涙薄鏌撶墿prediction[pr'dkn]棰勬祴future ['fjutr] 鏈潵銆€pollute[p'lut] 姹℃煋environment [n'varnmnt] 鐜銆€planet ['pl忙nt] 琛屾槦earth[r胃] 銆€n.鍦扮悆锛涙偿鍦?plant [pl忙nt] 銆€绉嶆锛屾鐗?part [prt] 鍙傚姞锛岄儴鍒?play a park 鍙備笌锛堟煇浜嬶級銆€peace [pis]鍜屽钩sea [si] n. 娴凤紱娴锋磱锛涜澶氾紱澶ч噺sky[ska] 澶╃┖astronaut['忙strnt] 銆€瀹囪埅鍛?apartment['prtmnt] 鍏瘬鎴块棿rocket ['rkt] 鐏锛?space[spes] .绌洪棿锛涘お绌?space station 澶┖绔?human ['hjumn] 浜虹殑锛?n.浜猴紱浜虹被servant['srvnt] 浠嗕汉dangerous ['dendrs] 鍗遍櫓鐨?already[l'redi]宸茬粡factory['f忙ktri] 宸ュ巶over and over again 澶氭锛涘弽澶嶅湴believe [b'liv] 鐩镐俊disagree [ds'ri]涓嶅悓鎰?even['ivn] 鐢氳嚦锛涙剤鍔?hundreds of 璁稿锛涘ぇ閲忥紱鎴愮櫨涓婂崈shape [ep] 褰㈢姸fall [fl] 鍊掑锛涜穼鍊?fall dow n 绐佺劧鍊掍笅锛涜穼鍊掞紱鍊掑inside ['n'sad]n. 閲岄潰锛涘唴閮紱鍐呮儏锛涘唴鑴廰dj. 閲岄潰鐨勶紱鍐呴儴鐨勶紱绉樺瘑鐨刟dv. 鍦ㄩ噷闈rep. 灏戜簬锛涘湪鈥︿箣鍐?look for 瀵绘壘锛涘姹?possible ['psbl] 鍙兘鐨?impossible [m'psbl]adj. 涓嶅彲鑳界殑锛涗笉鍙兘瀛樺湪鐨勶紱闅句互蹇嶅彈鐨勶紱涓嶇湡瀹炵殑n. 涓嶅彲鑳斤紱涓嶅彲鑳界殑浜?side [sad]n. 鏂归潰锛涗晶闈紱鏃佽竟vi. 鏀寔锛涜禐鍔╋紱鍋忚adj. 鏃佺殑锛屼晶鐨剉t. 鍚屾剰锛屾敮鎸?probably ['prbbli] 澶ф锛涙垨璁革紱寰堝彲鑳?during ['dr] prep. 鍦ㄢ€︾殑鏃跺€欙紝鍦ㄢ€︾殑鏈熼棿holiday ['hlde] 鍋囨棩word銆€[wrd] 鍗曡瘝锛?Unit 8 How do you make a banana milk shake?shake [ek] vt. 鍔ㄦ憞锛涙憞鍔紱闇囧姩vi. 鍔ㄦ憞锛涙憞鍔紱鍙戞姈n. 鎽囧姩锛涘搯鍡?milk shake濂舵様锛堢墰濂跺拰鍐版穱娣嬬瓑鐨勬贩鍚堥ギ鏂欙級blender['blendr] 鎼呮媽鍣紱鏋滄眮鏈?turn on 鎺ラ€?姘淬€佺叅姘斻€佺數绛夊紑鍏?鎵撳紑peel [pil] vt.鍓ヨ惤锛涘墛鐨?pour [pr] pour[pr] 鍊掞紱鍊惧€?yogurt ['jort] 閰稿ザ锛?honey ['hni]铚傝湝watermelon ['wtrmeln]瑗跨摐spoon [spun] 鍕猴紝璋冪竟pot [pt] n. 澹讹紱鐩嗭紱缃恦t. 鎶娾€﹁缃愶紱灏勫嚮锛涜妭鐣i. 闅忔墜灏勫嚮add [忙d] 澧炲姞finally ['fanli] 鏈€鍚庯紝鏈€缁?salt[slt] 鐩?sugar['r] 绯?cheese[tiz] 骞查叒锛屽ザ閰?popcorn ['ppkrn] 鐖嗙背鑺?corn [krn] 鐜夌背锛岃胺鐗?machine[m'in] 鏈哄櫒dig [d] vt. 鎸栵紝鎺橈紱鎺㈢┒vi. 鎸栨帢n. 鎴筹紝鍒猴紱鎸栬嫤hole [hol] n. 娲烇紝瀛旓紱娲炵┐锛岀┐锛涚獊鐮村彛vi.绌垮瓟锛涳紙楂樺皵澶悆绛夛級杩涙礊vt. 鍑挎礊sandwich['s忙nwt] 涓夋槑娌?butter['btr] 銆€榛勬补锛屽ザ娌?turkey ['trki]鐏浮lettuce ['lets] 鑾磋嫞锛岀敓鑿?piece[pis] 浠讹紱绡囷紱鐗囷紱鍧楋紱Thanksgiving [,胃忙ks'v] n. 鎰熸仼鑺?traditional [tr'dnl] 浼犵粺鐨?autumn ['tm] n. 绉嬪ぉ锛涙垚鐔熸湡锛涙笎琛版湡锛屽噵钀芥湡adj. 绉嬪ぉ鐨勶紝绉嬪鐨?traveler ['tr忙vl] 鏃呰鑰?England['lnd] 鑻辨牸鍏帮紱鑻卞浗celebrate ['selbret] 搴嗙锛涘簡璐?mix [mks] vt. 閰嶅埗锛涙贩娣嗭紱浣挎贩鍜岋紱浣跨粨浜?vi. 鍙備笌锛涚浉娣峰悎锛涗氦寰€n. 娣峰悎锛涙贩鍚堢墿锛涙贩涔?pepper ['pepr] 鑳℃绮夛紱杈ffill [fl] vt. 瑁呮弧锛屼娇鍏呮弧锛涙弧瓒筹紱鍫靛锛涗换鑱?vi. 琚厖婊★紝鑶ㄨ儉n. 婊¤冻锛涘~婊$殑閲忥紱瑁呭~鐗?oven['vn] 鐑ょ锛涚儰鐐?plate [plet]鈥?n. 纰燂紱閲戝睘鏉匡紱閲戝睘鐗岋紱鎰熷厜搴曠墖鈥t. 鐢甸晙锛涚粰鈥﹁鐢?cover['kvr] 閬洊锛岀洊瀛愶紝gravy['revi] 鑲夋眮锛涜倝姹?serve[srv] 銆€鎺ュ緟锛屾湇鍔?temperature ['temprtr] 娓╁害锛屾皵鍊?Unit 9 Can you come to my party?prepare [pr'per]v.棰勫锛涘噯澶?prepare for 涓衡€︹€﹀噯澶?exam['z忙m] 鑰冭瘯flu [flu] n. 娴佹劅available['velbl] 鍙緱鍒扮殑锛涙湁绌虹殑锛?another time 鍏朵粬鏃堕棿锛屽埆鐨勬椂闂?until [n'tl]conj. 鍦ㄢ€︿互鍓嶏紱鐩村埌鈥︽椂prep. 鍦ㄢ€︿互鍓嶏紱鍒扳€︿负姝?hang [h忙] 鎮寕锛?浣?浣庡瀭hang out 甯稿幓鏌愬锛涙场鍦ㄦ煇澶?catch[k忙t] 璧朵笂锛涙姄浣忥紱鎹曟崏invite [n'vat] 閭€璇?accept[k'sept] 鎺ュ彈锛?refuse [r'fjuz] 鎷掔粷the day before yesterday 鍓嶅ぉthe day after tomorrow 鍚庡ぉweekday ['wikde] n. 骞虫棩锛屽伐浣滄棩look after 鐓ч【锛岀収鏂?invitation [nv'ten]銆€閭€璇凤紱閭€璇峰嚱turn down鍑忓皬锛屽叧灏忥紝璋冧綆reply [r'pla] 鍥炵瓟锛屽洖澶?forward['frwrd] 杞氦锛涘彂閫侊紝鍚戝墠鐨?delete [d'lit] 鍒犻櫎print [prnt] n. 鍗板埛涓氾紱鍗拌姳甯冿紱锛涘嵃绔狅紱鍗拌vt. 鍗板埛锛涙墦鍗帮紱鍒婅浇锛?vi. 鍗板埛锛?sad [s忙d] adj. 闅捐繃鐨勶紱鎮插搥鐨勶紝浠や汉鎮茬棝鐨勶紱鍑勬儴鐨勶紝闃撮儊鐨勶紙褰㈠棰滆壊锛?goodbye [gd'ba] int. 鍐嶈take a trip 鍘绘梾琛?glad [l忙d] adj. 楂樺叴鐨勶紱涔愭剰鐨勶紱浠や汉楂樺叴鐨勶紱鐏跨儌缇庝附鐨剉t. 浣块珮鍏?preparation [prep'ren]鍑嗗锛屽噯澶囧伐浣?glue [lu]vt. 绮樺悎锛涗技鑳惰埇鍥虹潃浜巒. 鑳讹紱鍚勭鑳跺悎鐗? without [w'胃at] prep. 娌℃湁锛涜秴杩囷紱鍦ㄢ€﹀闈?adv. 鎴峰锛涘湪澶栭潰锛涙病鏈夋垨涓嶆樉绀烘煇浜嬬墿n. 澶栭儴锛涘闈?surprised [s'prazd] adj. 鎰熷埌鎯婅鐨勶紝鍑轰汉鎰忔枡鐨?v. 浣挎儕濂囷紙surprise鐨勮繃鍘诲垎璇嶅舰寮忥級look forward to 鐩兼湜锛屾湡寰?hear from 鏀跺埌......鏉ヤ俊housewarming ['has,wrm] n. 涔旇縼搴嗗opening['opn]寮€骞曞紡锛岃惤鎴愬吀绀?concert ['knsrt] 闊充箰浼?headmaster[hed'm忙str] 鏍¢暱event['vent]澶т簨锛屽叕寮€娲诲姩guest[est] 瀹汉calendar['k忙lndr] 鏃ュ巻锛屾棩绋嬭〃daytime ['detam] n. 鏃ラ棿锛岀櫧澶?Unit10 If you go to the party,you 'll have a great time!meeting ['mit] n. 浼氳锛涗細瑙侊紱闆嗕細锛涙眹鍚堢偣v. 浼氶潰锛涗細鍚堬紙meet鐨刬ng褰㈠紡锛?video ['vdio] 褰曞儚锛屽綍鍍忓甫potato chips椹搩钖墖锛涙补鐐歌柉鐗?chocolate銆€['tklt]宸у厠鍔?upset[p'set]闅捐繃锛屽け鏈?taxi ['t忙ksi] vi. 涔樺嚭绉熻溅锛涙粦琛寁t. 浣挎粦琛岋紱鐢ㄥ嚭绉熻溅閫乶. 鍑虹姹借溅advice[d'vas]鍔濆憡锛屽缓璁?travel['tr忙vl] 鏃呰agent['ednt] 浠g悊浜猴紝缁忕邯浜?expert ['eksprt]涓撳锛岃兘鎵?keep鈥o oneself 淇濆畧绉樺瘑teenager ['tined] 闈掑皯骞?normal['nrml]姝e父鐨?unless[n'les] 闄ら潪锛屽鏋滀笉certainly ['srtnli] 褰撶劧锛岃偗瀹?wallet['wlt] 銆€鐨す锛岄挶鍖?mile [mal] n. 鑻遍噷锛涗竴鑻遍噷璧涜窇锛涜緝澶х殑璺濈angry ['忙ri] 鐢熸皵鐨勶紝鍙戞€掔殑understanding [ndr'st忙nd]鍠勮В浜烘剰鐨勶紝浣撹皡浜虹殑careless銆€['kerls] 绮楀績鐨勶紝涓嶅皬蹇冪殑mistake[m'stek] 閿欒锛屽け璇?himself [hm'slf] pron. 浠栬嚜宸憋紱浠栦翰鑷紝浠栨湰浜?careful['kerfl] 灏忓績鐨勶紝缁嗚嚧鐨?advise [d'vaz] v鍔濆憡锛屽缓璁?solve [slv] 瑙e喅锛涜В绛?step [stp] n. 姝ワ紝鑴氭锛涙楠わ紱姝ヤ紣锛涙绾i. 韪忥紝韪╋紱璧皏t. 璧帮紝杩堟trust[trst] 鐩镐俊锛屼俊浠?experience [k'sprins] 淇′换锛?缁忓巻in half 鍒嗘垚涓ゅ崐,涓€鍗?halfway [h忙f'we] 涓€旂殑adv.鍗婅矾鍦?else[els] 鍒殑锛屽叾浠栫殑。
七年级英语下册Unit 3单词表(冀教版)
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《前沿》2007年第9期激励机制与公务员公共服务能力提升的关系探析郑凤娇+(湘潭大学管理学院湖南湘潭411105)[提要]激励机制是提升公务员公共服务能力的重要手段。
公务员在提供公共服务中突显出不同的个性需求,依赖于薪酬、声誉、晋升、奖惩等激励因素发挥效用。
同时,激励机制的引入能对公务员公共服务能力的各个要素产生重要的引导、保持、强化和规范作用。
t[关键词]激励机制公务员公共服务能力[中图分类号]D63[文献标识码]A[文章编号]1009m8267[2007]9m0146--03公务员是一个代表公共利益的政治团体,为公众提供优质高效的公共服务是国家赋予公务员的责任。
同时,公务员也是一个有着各种利益需求的社会群体,如果其正当需求得不到满足,就可能缺乏服务群众的积极性和提升公共服务能力的责任感。
有效的激励机制不仅能满足公务员的正当物质利益需求,更能引导和发展其高级需要,激发公务员tl觉增强服务意识、培育服务技能、改进服务方式和提高服务品质。
因此,激励机制是提升公务员公共服务能力的重要手段。
一、激励机制与公务员公共服务能力的定位激励机制和公务员公共服务能力是两个相互独立的系统,各有其深刻的内涵和基本要素。
所谓激励机制,是指组织引导成员的行为方式和价值观念以实现组织目标的过程。
[1]激励机制作为各激励因素之间相互作用的有机系统,主要由以下要素构成:(1)薪酬激励,薪酬是工资、福利、奖金、津贴等组织成员职业收入的总称,它不仅是成员生存和发展的前提,还代表了成员身份地位、工作绩效和发展前景等。
薪酬激励是最基本物质激励方式,是其他激励要素发挥作用的基础。
(2)声誉激励,声誉一般是指名誉、声望、社会评价和社会地位,它是组织成员积极向上的内在动力。
声誉激励是通过尊重成员的个性和人格、给予成员荣誉和信赖、肯定成员的努力和业绩等,达到增强成员自信力、创造力和向心力的目的。
(3)晋升激励,在组织呈“金字塔”式的职业阶梯中,更高的层级代表更高的报酬、地位和声望,也体现更高的自我价值。
晋升属于满足人的自我实现需要的范畴,晋升激励的本质就是通过自我价值的实现来激发人的能动性。
(4)奖惩激励,奖励是通过晋升工资、发给奖品、授予荣誉等方式,公开承认成员的贡献;惩罚是对落后者、犯错者行为的负强化,并给予其他成员以警示。
奖惩激励综合运用奖励和惩罚措施,以达到鼓励先进、鞭策后进的效果。
公务员的公共服务能力是指公务员为社会和公众提供公共服务,满足公共需求的本领。
公共服务能力是一项整合的系统能力,其基本要素主要包括:(1)公共服务意识,即公务员以维护和实现公共利益为基本职责,具有愿意扮演好服务者角色,主动为社会和公众提供良好服务并承担服务责任的认知和理念。
公务员在公共服务中应牢固树立宗旨观念和公仆意识,强化责任心、爱民情和亲和力。
(2)*[基金项目]湖南省教育厅重点项目“国家公务员职业能力建设研究”(06A078)。
[作者简介]郑凤娇(1983一),女,湖南宁乡人,湘潭大学管理学院硕士研究生,研究方向为行政管理理论与实践。
・146・ 万方数据公共服务态度,服务态度是服务意识的外在表现,也是服务行为的导向,服务态度的好坏直接影响着服务的质量和效果。
公务员应树立和保持诚信热情、敬业奉献、细心耐心、稳定务实的服务态度。
(3)公共服务技能,精湛的公共服务技能是公务员提供优质高效公共服务的技术保障。
公务员应具备丰富的基础知识和过硬的专业工作能力,掌握使用高科技手段和设备的技能。
(4)公共服务方式,即公务员提供公共服务的具体手段和方法。
信息技术和电子政务的发展迫切需要公务员简化服务流程,推行多样便捷的服务方式,以推进服务社会化、网络化,为群众提供方便、快捷和满意的服务。
二、提升公务员公共服务能力对激励机制的需求公务员是一个复杂而特殊的社会群体,随着时间、地位、环境等的变迁,凸现出不同的人性特征和个性需求,因此需要因入、因时、因不同情况采取有差异的激励方式,以调动广大公务员提升公共服务能力的积极性。
(一)提升“经济人”角色的公务员公共服务能力对薪酬激励的需求所谓“经济人”,就是指会计算、有创造性,能寻求自身利益最大化的理性人。
[23经济人行为是现实社会中一种普遍存在,“政客也罢,商人也罢,利己主义也好,利他主义也好,各种人的各种行为目的只有一个,那就是追求效用最大,而不管这些人的职业或活动是否具有商业性质。
”r3]这即是说,“经济人”假设同样适合于公务员,它不会因公务员职位、头衔、身份的改变而改变。
[|]经济人本性决定公务员的个人目标首先不是纯粹的公共利益最大化,而是包括了更高的薪金、福利和更多的闲暇等自利性动机,在无约束的情况下,公务员会把个人利益引入公务行为的考虑之中。
因此,要突显公务员作为“公共人”的价值诉求,增强其公共服务意识,就应当承认公务员也同样有“经济人”的物质利益需求,并给予其有激励性的奖酬和福利。
只有制定公平适度的薪酬标准,设计科学合理的薪酬结构,实施严格规范的薪酬管理以保证薪酬激励持续有效,才能使公务员在满足自身物质需求和解除后顾之忧的基础上,把民本意识和公仆精神体现在为社会和公众提供优质便捷、廉洁高效的公共服务之上。
(二)提升“社会人”角色的公务员公共服务能力对声誉激励的需求人际关系学派认为,人是社会的人,不仅为了生活而工作,而且渴望从工作中得到组织的尊重和关怀,褥到上级和同事的信任和良好评价。
公务员作为特殊的社会群体,既具有“经济人”的利益需求,也具有“社会人”的价值追求,这种价值追求集中体现为良好的职业声望和较高的社会地位。
公共服务活动是一种直接面对社会和公众的服务行为,公众对公务员群体的认可和支持程度将直接影响着公务员的职业声望和社会地位。
在提供公共服务过程中,公务员也更关注公众的反馈和满意度,关注自己在公众心中的地位和形象。
因此,要提升公务员的公共服务水平,除了要提高公务员的待遇,行之有效的声誉激励也不可或缺。
一方面要纠正公众对公务员职业的认知偏向,使公务员群体在公众心中树立起“勤政为民、公正无私”的满意形象,另一方面要建立健全信息公开披露制度,使公务员的公共服务行为立于公众和媒体强有力的监督之下。
(三)提升“自动人”角色的公务员公共服务能力对晋升激励的需求自动人假设认为,人都期望发挥自己的潜力和才能,只要人的潜力能充分发挥出来,就会产生最大的满足感。
[5]需要层次理论中的自我实现需要与自动人假设异曲同工。
晋升属于满足人的自我实现需要的范畴,晋升意味着给予组织成员实现自我价值、增长工作才干的机会和条件。
在公共组织中,公务员晋升分为职务晋升和级别晋升,适当提高优秀公务员的职务和级别,会使公务员获得信任感、尊重感和成就感的满足,从而最大限度地激励其积极性和主动性。
公务员公共服务能力的提升同样离不开晋升激励的强化,业绩突出的公务员只有被及时地予以提拔任用,才能有提供更优质公共服务的平台和动力。
要使晋升激励形成提升公共服务能力的长效机制,首先应当消除晋升中人情、金钱、权力等非正当人为因素的干扰;其次要按照职位类别设置晋升序列,让有管理才能的人和有技术特色的人按自己的兴趣和特长走不同的晋升路径;再次要充分发挥职务职级“双阶梯”晋升制的激励作用,拓宽公务员职业发展的途径。
(四)提升“复杂人”角色的公务员公共服务能力对奖惩激励的需求埃德加・沙因等认为人是复杂多变的,人的需要各不相同,且随时间、环境和工作的变迁而发生改变,因此激励方式也应审时度势、因时而异、因事而别。
奖惩激励是一种权变型的激励方式,它针对“复杂人”的不同个性和需求,因时、因事采取不同的强化措施。
奖惩既包括物质待遇、工作条件的改善或下降,也包括荣誉、权力、职业地位、信任感等非物质因素的增加或减弱。
公务员是公共权力的实际执行者,其职业特性决定了公务员人性的政治特色和行为的公共取向,也决定了公务员除追求个人利益之外,还要把公共利益放在绝对崇高的位置。
公务员的公共服务意识、态度和行为必须置于公共组织和公众的监督之下。
对于那些既具有强烈的公仆意识和责任意识,又掌握扎实的服务技能的亲民型和实于型公务员,组织应根据其实际情况和正当需求,给予适度的物质或精神奖励;而当公务员服务意识淡泊、服务态度冷漠、服务行为失范时,应受到社会舆论、规章制度甚至法律的惩处。
三、激励机制对提升公务员公共服务能力的价值目前,公务员的公共服务水平与公众的服务需求仍存在很大的差距,激励机制的引入能引导公务员转变服务意识、端正服务态度、提高服务技能和改善服务方式,进而・】47・ 万方数据为公众提供满意的公共服务。
(一)引导公务员树立勤政为民的公共服务意识“勤政为民”是公务员公共服务意识的重要标准,它包括“诚信为民、工作勤恳、责任心强、密切联系群众和乐于接受群众监督蚍63等多方面的内容。
“勤政为民”要求公务员在公共服务中树立“亲民、为民”的公仆意识。
但实际中,一些“公仆”的公共服务行为却往往给群众留下“官味十足”的印象:一些领导脱离群众,把“让民做主”变成“为民做主”;一些公务员“吃、拿、卡、要”,把。
为人民服务”变成“人民为我服务”。
出现这种状况的根本原因是公务员受“官本位、官即管”等传统观念的影响,尚未树立“以民为本、以客为尊”的服务理念。
而激励机制,尤其是道德激励、荣誉激励、榜样激励等内在激励方式,对公务员的服务意识和行为具有一种无形的引导、规范和约束力量。
例如,开展“人民满意的公务员、优秀服务月”等公务员服务行为的规范教育活动,能提高公务员廉洁自律、勤政敬业的思想意识;对服务热情、服务到位的公务员给予奖励的榜样激励,能引发其他公务员的“内省”与共鸣,[7]感召他们自觉倾听人民的呼声,做人民“忠实的服务员”。
(二)鼓励公务员保持积极热情的公共服务态度公务员的公共服务态度是公众了解公共组织服务行为和服务水平的重要窗口,良好的公共服务态度有助子公共组织和公务员在公众心中树立崇高和满意的形象。
但事实上,公众期待的积极热情、细心耐心的服务态度并未在公务员中普遍树立,散漫冷漠、傲慢轻视的不良态度仍随处可见:一些公务员办事拖拉、不负责任、工作独断、官僚作风严重;机关“门难进、脸难看、话难听、事难办”的现象更是比比皆是。
究其原因,公务员缺少竞争压力和职业危机感,缺乏奖励和惩罚的有力措施,干好干坏一个样,也就没有了为人民服务的积极性。
科学的激励机制内涵着优胜劣汰的竞争精神和奖优罚劣的公平精神,薪酬、晋升、奖惩、声誉等激励方式有针对性的运用,能适当拉开公务员在待遇、职务、荣誉、社会地位等方面的差距,使后进公务员产生危机感和羞耻感,从而自觉将差距和压力转化为端正服务态度、切实服务于民的决心和动力。
(三)激发公务员培养精湛过硬的公共服务技能公共服务要实现优质高效,必然要求公务员以丰富的知识和过硬的专业技能为基础。