老人与海硬汉形象分析

An Analysis on Code HeroIn the Old Man and the SeaA Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Binhai School of Foreign Affairs Tianjin Foreign Studies UniversityIn Partial Fulfillmentof the Requirements for the DegreeBachelor of ArtsbyYu AixinMay，2013ContentsAbstract (in Chinese) …........................................................................................I Abstract (in English) ..........................................….............................................III. Introduction1.1 The introduction to Hemingway (1)1.2 The introduction to The Old Man and the Sea (3)II. Literature review............................................................................................. III. Reflection of Santiago’s Characteristics3.1 Facing the failure optimistically (5)3.2 Strong will in the long fighting (6)3.3 The confidence and courage to overcome difficulties (7)3.4 To defend the dignity of human being (8)IV. Analysis of Santiago is a Code Hero4.1 The formation of Code Hero (10)4.2 Typical characters of Code Hero (12)4.3 Typical behaviors of Code Hero (12)V. The significance of Code Hero to modern society (13)Conclusion (14)References (16)摘要欧内斯特·海明威是美国著名的小说家之一。

《老人与海》是他众多作品中影响最深远的小说，1954年为他赢得了诺贝尔文学奖。

小说描写了老渔夫桑迪亚哥孤身一人出海捕鱼的故事。

经过两天两夜的生死搏斗，终于捕到了一条大马林鱼。

然而大马林鱼却遭到了鲨鱼的袭击，最后只剩下一付巨大的鱼骨架。

桑迪亚哥在巨大困难面前，所表现出得勇气和力量，以及履行使命时所体现的超人才智，无不说明他是一位英雄。

论文浅析了桑迪亚哥的特殊性格和行为，倡导顽强，坚韧，永不服输的精神。

通过对桑迪亚哥的分析，塑造了硬汉形象，深刻体会硬汉精神的现代意义。

关键词：欧内斯特·海明威；《老人与海》；桑迪亚哥；硬汉AbstractErnest Hemingway is one of the most famous novelists in America. The Old Man and the Sea is the most far-reaching novel in his works, and won Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954. The novel describes an old fisherman, Santiago, sets out to sea alone. After two days and nights’struggle, he catches a huge marlin finally. But the captured marlin is later destroyed by sharks, and leaves nothing but the bones of the fish. Santiago’s courage and strength in the face of tremendous obstacles, as well as wisdom with which he executes his task, make him a hero. The paper will analyze the typical characters and behaviors of Santiago, advocate the spirit of firmness, persistency, and never giving up. Through the careful study on Santiago’s characters, reflection on the image of Code Hero will be made, moreover, the significance of Code Hero to modern society is also revealed.Key words: Ernest Hemingway; The Old Man and the Sea; Santiago; Code HeroI. Introduction1.1 The introduction to HemingwayErnest Hemingway (1899-1961) was born in Oak Park, Illinois, a conservative upper-middle class suburb of Chicago. He was one of the most famous novelists in America. His works have an important influence on development of other writings. As a boy he liked football, fishing, and hunting. It is necessary part in his life as important as his writing. He was the son of a doctor and a music teacher. He portrayed his middle-class parents rather harshly for their values and their morality.He began his writing career as a reporter for the Kansas City Star. At the age of eighteen, he severed as a Red Cross ambulance driver during the First World War, and was sent to Italy, where he was badly injured by shrapnel and experienced at least twelve operations. He recovered in hospital of Milan, where he fell in love with a nurse, Agnes von Kurowsky. Later, Hemingway created his individual experience in Italy into the great novel, A Farewell to Arms. So many critics generally agree that A Farewell to Arms is Hemingway’s most accomplished novel.Hemingway returned home in 1919, his parents didn’t understand the psychological pain he had suffered during the war, and persuaded him to find a job. He had difficulties in coping with his parents and his friends. The short novel Soldier’s Home reflects this conflict.In 1921, Hemingway married his first wife, Hadley Richardson. Then he moved to Paris and was involved with literature and artistic circle. He made valuable connection with a group of American and English expatriate writers like F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound,and Gertrude Stein. As the journalist and a famous author, he had the high reputation. With the publication of The Sun Also Rises (1962), which describes the disillusionment for a generation of youth whose early adulthood was consumed by the First World War, he was known as the representative of “the Lost Generation.”Hemingway’s marriage began to fall apart, and divorced in 1927. He quickly married the second wife, Pauline Pfeiffer. Hemingway’s father, Clarence Hemingway, committed suicide in 1928 after developing serious health and financial problems, and Hemingway engaged in an affair with a woman Martha Gel horn in 1940. Hemingway began to cover the Spanish Civil War for North American Newspaper Alliance in 1937. His novel For whom Bell Tolls, based on his experience in Spain, was published in 1940. The novel For whom Bell Tolls is successful, but he did not publish another novel for ten year. Meanwhile, he and Gel horn divorced, and then married Mary Welsh after the Second World War.His writing began to fizzle with his physical health declined. Hemingway did enough energy to write The Old Man and the Sea, which is one of the most famous works of him. A famous writer ever praised The Old Man and the Sea as “the most excellent simple article in this generation.” His novel The Old Man and the Sea was published in 1952, and won Nobel Prize for Literature in 1954. Hemingway would like to focus on the image of Code Hero who fights with tragic surrounding life in his novels. The Old Man and the Sea is the last novel in his lifetime. The description of “Code Hero” always appears in his works.Hemingway had four marriages in his whole life. He experienced miserable and emotional pain so that his works lacked the sense of reality about women. Later, he didn’t have strength and courage in fighting with the existence. His heavydrinking increased his health problems. He was more and more depressed and lost confidence to meaningless world. He committed suicide in 1961 in Ketchum, Idaho.1.2 The introduction to The Old Man and the SeaThe Old Man and the Sea is the story of an old fisherman who undertakes a fierce struggle with a huge marlin— the greatest catch in life. In a period of time, Santiago has set out to sea alone and returned without a fish for eighty-four days. At the beginning, a boy called Manolin sets out together with Santiago. Later his parents force the boy to leave Santiago in order to fish in a more prosperous boat. On eighty-fifth days of his unlucky stream, the greatest marlin which Santiago has never seen takes the bait in the water. Because of the marlin’s great size, Santiago is unable to pull the fish in, and the two are engaged in a struggle. Santiago fights the huge marlin with his rich fishing experience and skills and endures pain from the fishing line.After two days and two nights’ struggle, ultimately the big fish is attached to the boat. As Santia go sails on the water, the marlin’s blood leaves a trial in the water and attracts sharks. In order to prevent sharks’ attack, Santiago does his best. Although Santiago kills several sharks by the time night falls, his struggle against the scavengers is us eless. They devour the marlin’s precious meat, leaving only skeleton, head, and tail. Santiago arrives home before daybreak and sleeps very deeply. He dreams his usual dream of lions at play on the beaches of Africa.The Old Man and the Sea ends on a rather optimistic note, and describes the depth of Sant iago’s tragic fate. Santiago, a representative of Code Hero, suffers terribly throughout The Old Man and the Sea. The author portrays Code Hero’sgrace under pressure through the struggle with the huge marlin and sharks. It can be read on more than one meaning. Hemingway describes this technique as the “iceberg principle”, the simplest writing can hint the greatest human truths. He achieves his effort by relying on symbolisms to many readers. These symboli sms reveal Hemingway’s moral ideal that glory depends on one should have the pride to see a struggle through to the end, regardless of the outcome.Hemingway believes death and destruction are unavoidable in the natural order. Because Santiago struggles against huge marlin and sharks, the creatures of the sea; some readers consider the tale as man’s battle against the natural world, more actually, a story of man’s place in nature. No matter man or marlin is subject to the same rule, they must kill or be killed. The novel suggests it is impossible to escape the natural struggle.It proves Santiago’s the image of Code Hero through the effort to struggle the inevitable law. Santiago’s character motives him to change the destructive forces of nature, and enables him to defend his dignified destiny. The most attracting way is that Hemingway creates these images to link Santiago to Christ, who exemplifies transcendence by turning loss into gain, defeat into triumph, and even death into life. Santiago chooses endurance, and his determination is nearly Christ-like in proportion.Hemingway’s creation not only originate s from real life, but is superior to his life. The spirit of Code Hero actually reflects the author’s own life attitude. As one of the greatest works of Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea attracts great attentions in study from different perspectives. The usage of symbolism and the iceberg principle help the readers have a good understanding from different aspects. So readers should try to understand the truths under the water in The Old Man and the Sea.II. Literary reviewAs one of the greatest works of Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea attracts great critical attentions in study from different perspectives. Such as the image of Code Hero , the Iceberg Principle, the usage of symbolism and so on. These researches help the readers have a good understanding of Hemingway and the old man and the sea.Baker believes that Hemingway learns to get the most from the least, how to prune language, how to multiply intensities, and how to tell nothing but the truth in a way that allowed for telling more than the truth"(Baker, 1969).Santiago is the last tragic hero that Hemingway portrays. Being poor and unlucky, his fate is sad, but he is not a man being e asily defeated. Hemingway’s unyielding character is attached to the old man , which is the symbol of Hemingway’s unyielding character, which is regarded as an embodiment of Hemingway’s iceberg principle(Berman, Ronald,2003).Many other scholars such as Linda Wagner-Martin, Scott Donaldson, Wendy Martin, John W. Aldridge also give their thoughts and opinions on Hemingway's works. Chinese criticism also pay much attention to the Old Man and the Sea.Hu Tiesheng once mentions that The Old Man and the Sea has made the Code Hero to its climax. The clear sign of Code Hero is: “The world wants to strike down every one in the world, but most of them are staunch; and the world eagerly wants to kill the brave, the kindhearted and the merciful. The “Code Hero” is one who stands up to the hardship”. (Hu Tiesheng, 1994: 84 )The Interpretation of Dreams in The Old Man and the Sea by Gao Hongqin studies the novel from a new perspective by analyzing the dreams in the story. It begins from Freud's dream theory that dreams are the satisfaction of suppressed and inhibited desires in the form of camouflage. And then this paper interprets the Africa and lions. (Gao Hongqin , 2009 )Yuan Xianquan's A General Talk on Hemingway's Writing Style of Iceberg has a comprehensive analysis of the Iceberg Principle. It begins from the formation of Hemingway's particular writing style, namely the author's various experiences and his carefulness in writing. Then it has a vivid description of the Iceberg theory. (Yuan Xianquan,1995)Another scholar Wu Ran thinks that the tragedy of the Old Man and the Sea doesn’t depend on the old man’s sacrifice to fishing, but for that individual strength is doomed to fail. (Wu Ran ,1989: 61)As the climax of Hemingway’s literary creation and hi s best work in his lifetime, The Old Man and the Sea enjoys high reputation in the world literary. Certainly the work itself has great profound meaning in many aspects. This paper will make further study on the Old Man and the Sea through the analysis of Code Hero.III. Reflection of Santiago’s Characteristics3.1 Facing the failure optimisticallyThe old man’s magnificence and honor with which he executes his task, makes his struggle reach transcendent level. Santiago copes with difficulties that lifethrows at him in an optimistic way. His spirit of optimism supports him to fight with marlin, sharks, and himself. Santiago is not depressed with his poor surroundings, and is undefeated by the loneliness. Under the pressure of bad luck, he says that every day is a new day. Although he fails at last, he reflects the strong voice from the heart that he is not defeated. His spirit of optimism expresses the theme of the novel.Having been made fun by many fishermen and catching with nothing for eighty-four days, Santiago still talks about the newspapers with the small boy, and discusses the latest developments in American baseball. In the three days’ struggle at sea, Santiago tries to reassure himself of his own strength, his thought returns to a baseball player DiMaggio who represents a kind of triumphant survival. After suffering a bone spur in the heel, DiMaggio returns to baseball again, and becomes the great player in eyes of many people. He considers him as a model of strength and commitment.Besides, in order to improve his confidence and strength, the old man recalls the great all-night arms wrestling match he won as a young man and tries to find the triumph and a renewed life from the destruction. Moreover, Santiago makes stars and huge marlin as his friends. He considers he is so lucky that his life doesn’t involve anything so great as the stars or the moon.Santiago dreams his pleasant dream of the lions at play on the beaches of Africa three times. The first time is the night before his three-day fishing experience, the second time is he sleeps on the boat for a few hours in the middle of his struggle with the huge marlin, and the third time is at the end of this story. The lion is associated with strength, hope, triumph, even the pursuit of Santiago’s ideal life. From the above mentioned, we may safely reach a conclusion that Santiago can face the failure optimistically.3.2 Strong will in the fightingIn his life, fighting with marlin for three days may be the greatest challenge. Throughout the novel, no matter how difficult the circumstances become, Santiago exhibits the determination of strong will to catch this huge marlin and brings it to shore. Even his left hand crams and his right hand is cut by the line, he still persists fighting.At that time, the old man can extricate himself from the situation only if he cuts the lines and sets the big fish free. The old man doesn’t do that because it means failure to him.He wants to know how many fishes the marlin kills and promises to fight with sharks until he dies. He believes nothing can defeat his will, and believes strongly he will catch a big fish finally. In order to catch the marlin and battle sharks, Santiago is willing to die. When he is thirsty, he drinks some water; when he is sleepy, he lies forward cramming himself against the line with all of his body, putting all his weight onto his right hand. He believes that he can achieve his target with wisdom, confidence, and strong will. Santiago beats the evils of the world—hunger, poverty, the laugh of his fellow men by strong will. Although Santiago’s battle is based on physical struggle, the strong will determines the success or failure. Looking at the damaged hand, he says that, “I’ll stay with you until I am dead.” (Ernest Hemingway, 2005: 28) Santiago’s wounds remind him that it is real to experience these, and not a dream. He eats another flying fish in hopes of building up his strength. He feels faint and dizzy and sees black spots before his eyes. Then he says to himse lf, “A man can be destroyed but not be defeated.”(Ernest Hemingway,2005: 57) He makes himself cheerful, thinking that it is a big silly, if he stops fighting and hoping. Santiago repeatedly reminds himself that physical pain does not a big thing to a man, and he urges himself to keep his head clear and to know how to suffer like a man.Santiago is filled with hope which is the important part of long fighting.The novel seems to suggest that the strong will be found when you face the pain and difficulties. Without strong will, Santiago has reason neither to fight the sharks nor to return home. Although Santiago loses the battle in life, he can achieve a moral significance after his strong will to endure the struggle. Santiago’s strong will originate from h is desires for the victory and strength. He doesn’t only has strong will, he also proves his strength by his action.3.3 The confidence and courage to overcome difficultiesIn the novel, Santiago behaves honorably to overcome difficulties with great courage and confidence.He always experiences all kinds of challenges and sufferings, but he can endure them silently. He has a brave heart to face the old age, physical pain and poor surroundings. He is self-confident of catching a big fish for the long time of eighty-four days. The confidence and strong belief encourage him to persist in going fishing. In order to get rid of bad fortune and catch a huge marlin, Santiago decides to sail out farther than other fishermen. Santiago’s confidence and courage enabl e him to achieve his value.Santiago begins to sail alone on the black sea in the early morning of the following day. He enjoys the beauty of nature, does not consider the disappointment and depression of previous days. The dangers of darkness, geography, fierce sharks may destroy him at any moment, he sails his boat on the sea for two days and two nights, not using modern tools, neither a map nor a compass. Santiago has those characteristics, just as Hemingway describes: “I may not be as strong as I think.” The old man sa ys, “But I know many tricks and I have resolution” (Ernest Hemingway, 2005: 10)In the beginning of the story, we can know that everything about him is old except his eyes. His eyes are the same color as the sea, and are cheerful as well as undefeated. We can not only know Santiago’s appearance from the above vivid description, but alsoknow Santiago’s character. His confidence and hopeless are shown from his eyes.On the returning voyage, the old man suffers a greater challenge: the Marli n’s blood attracts many sharks. Moreover, when they are hungry, they bite at an oar or the rudder of a boat, even they hit a man in the water. During the struggle with sharks, Santiago keeps the incredible calm and relaxed, and doesn’t show any anxious. Those sharks are so powerful and fearful that he can’t escape his defeat, but he fights them fiercely with the courage. Santiago shows strength through the entire process of killing the marlin and sharks. His confidence and courage are gradually presented during conflicts that when he goes to sea, catches a marlin and struggles against sharks. Santiago’s spirit encourages him to overcome all situations which may appear.3.4 To defend the dignity of human beingSantiago has a constant time of returning home without a fish, and will pass his record of eighty-seven days. Eighty-four-day’s bad luck of Santiago is a shame to a masterful fisherman, and has destroyed his dignity. The sail of his skiff which resembles the flag of permanent defeat reveals his struggle. He catches a huge marlin, and breaks his record of eighty-seven days after his tired fighting for three days. Because the huge marlin is not strong minded as Santiago himself, he begins to love and respect it. Both Santiago and marlin display qualities of pride, honor, and bravery. He admires these opponents from love and respect to a equation with death, because only their destruction can confirm Santiago’s heroic qualities. He reminds himself that he doesn’t kill marlin simply for food, even to defend the dignity of human being.What’s more, he needs to ward off sharks from stealing his prey, even though heknows the battle is useless. Although he returns the shore only with the bone of the huge marlin, he returns with the knowledge and the spirit of defending the dignity of human being. He realizes that everything kills everything else in some way. The damage of marlin is not a defeat for Santiago; rather, it makes those fishermen who laughs at him respect him so much. Santiago believes that the dignity is important for a man that he wants to defend the dignity of human being, no matter what the expense is. Man can lose the battle in life, but he achieves a moral significance with his dignity.The experience of fighting with the huge marlin and sharks shows the spirit of his dignity and grace under pressure. He wants to regain his power, and to defend the dignity of human being. If Santiago returns shore with intact huge marlin, the glory will disappear immediately. Santiago is a winner, because he brings out his strength, courage, love and respect. Although Santiago destroys at the end of the novel, but he is never defeated. Santiago loses the giant fish, the marlin is also his greatest victory. When the old man is young, his spirit of daring to be the number one has been accumulated. From the novel, readers can see that the old man is so eager to regain the power, although he is not stronger than ever before. He pursues what is called an eternal thing—dignity of the human.IV. Analysis of Santiago i s a Code Hero4.1 The formation of Code HeroHemingway’s life is filled with violent war, physical illness, loneliness and poorness. With the kind of life, Hemingway often uses the image of Code Heroto replace himself. The First Wor ld War totally destroys people’s dream as well as traditional religious belief. At that time, the whole world of America experienced a dramatic social change, a transformation from order to disorder. The war only brings violence, destruction, blood and death, not peace and democracy. Some intellectuals lose the direction, and do n’t know what to do at the beginning of the 20th century.During the First World War, Hemingway and some advanced intellectuals joined in the war with the ideal of safeguarding the world with peace. Hemingway realizes the cruelty of the war, and steppes out from the destruction and war. Hemingway tries to discover the new meaning to guide their diving direction and advocates that men should have the spirit of Code Hero to struggle against the violent society.The formation of Code Hero always originates the shadow of ruin. At beginning Code Hero doesn’t present a mature image in front of readers, it has a developmental process. The sun also rises is the first novel of Hemingway. This novel describes the life of a group of British and American youth. Jack is an American veteran of the First World War working as a journalist in Paris, where he and his friends engage in an endless round of decadent drinking and parties. Although Jack is the most stable of his friends, he struggles with anguish over his love for Lady Brett Ashley, his impotence, and the moral vacuum those results from the war. Jack’s character represents the Lost Generation and its unfortunate position. In some important ways, Jack differs those around him. He seems aware of the fruitlessness of the Lost Generation’s way of life. Moreover, he recognizes the frequent cruelty of the behavior in which he and his friends engage. Most important, he acknowledges the pain that his war injury and his unrequited love for Brett cause him. However, though Jack does perceive the problems in his life, he seems either unwilling or unable to remedy them. Though he understands the dilemma of the Lost Generation, he remains trapped within it. Jack is mostly passive to bear the damage of the war and the pressure of life.The publication of A Farewell to Arms makes Hemingway win the great success.A Farewell to Arms concerns itself primarily with war, namely the process by which Frederic Henry removes himself from it and leaves it behind. A young American ambulance driver in the Italian army during The First World War, Henry meets his military duties with quiet stoicism. He displays courage in battle, but his selfish motivations undermine all sense of glory and heroism, abstract terms for which Henry have little patience. His life lacks real passion, but the reaction to Catherine Barkley is rather astonishing. In that time, Henry doesn’t show the image of Code Hero.The novel For Whom the bell Tolls reflects Spanish Civil War. The hero Jordan is different from previous heroes, and his death embodies the spirit of being willing to sacrifice for democracy. In fact, his struggle is doomed to failure. But the tragic fate can’t defeat him, instead, it evokes his strong opposition. The image of Jordan marks that Code Hero trends to be mature. The old man and the sea is the summary of Code Hero, it comprehensively portrays the image of Code Hero. Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea reaches the summit of the Code Hero.4.2 Typical characters of Code HeroHemingway creates a group of people with distinct characteristics, which combines the strong spirit in Hemingway himself with the characters of tough guys. This is what we called the Code Hero. Code Heroes share the following common typical characteristics and similar attitudes towards world. They all have strong will to endure physical and emotional pain, and face failure with dignity. They show the spirit of confidence, courage, and wisdom, no matter how hard they fight against the trouble. The trait of typical characters of heroes reflect outlook and faith of life in pessimistic world.Code Hero is not only related to individual, but also groups. They often with the specialized skills, such as fishing, bull fighting, and hunting. The characters of the Code Hero fully express Hemingway’s personality. According to Hemingway, the characters of Code Hero can always rise from the failure. He successfully demonstrates how man defends their dignity by struggling with life, and how man shows the image of Code Hero by confronting his destruction. The old fisherman Santiago in The Old Man and the Sea is the representative of Hemingway’s Code Hero. The most important thing about Santiago is that he behaves perfectly honorably with their dignity as human beings even after being destroyed. Readers are made to identify the outstanding personality in Code Heroes and are encouraged to discover all that is implied in society.4.3 Typical behaviors of Code HeroCode Heroes have something in common that they prove their power and spirit by the typical actions. These behaviors all originate from characters of Code Heroes who desire to get the victory, and achieve their goal. Code Heroes behave and struggle the battle without complaint, and most importantly they have maximum self-control. The certain principles and rules dominate their inner conflicts, and their life. They never speak of beliefs, they act rather than argue. Although these Code Heroes have different life experience, different ideal of life, but share the typical behaviors to adventure.Hemingway and Henry, in A Farewell to Arms, have the same experience. Henry thinks that war can bring the peace to people, so he takes care of wounded soldiers and brings the food to the driver. When others talks about the war, he finds it is meaningless, and feels in love with Catherinek Barley. When he reaches Sweden, he doesn’t read newspapers, and not pay attention to the。