进化论英文介绍
进化论：历史及过程 英文
The Voyage of the Beagle
On
a cold winter day in 1831, HMS Beagle set sail on a voyage around the world. The main mission of the voyage was to chart poorly known stretches of the South American coast line. On the voyage was 22 year old college graduate Charles Darwin. His main interest was to study the geology, plants, and animals encountered on theixed, they do not change Earth was only 10,000 years old and relatively unchanged.
Darwin Developed a theory of evolution: Ideas from Darwin’s Time
Route of the Beagle
Darwin’s Observations
Darwin
spent most of his time on shore while the ship’s crew surveyed. There he observed and collected thousands of specimens from plants and animals. He studied the organisms and their adaptations from places as different as the Brazilian Jungle to the frigid lands near Antarctica.
《生物进化论》_英文课程介绍
课程代码课程名称生物进化论英文名称Biological Evolution学分：修读期：授课对象：本科生课程主任：李丽芳博士课程简介Biological Evolution is the biggest uniform theory of biology. Biological Evolution is the science to study the evolutional theory and how to use these theories. Biological complex phenomenon, e.g. morphological, physiological or behavioral adaptations, speciation and extinction, the relationship within species or between species, etc. only could find the uniform explanation from the base of the evolutionary theory, and find the immanent reasons and theory through the research of biological evolution. Evolutionary theory exists in every biological subject, so, “if there is no guidance of evolutionism, biology will not be scientific”.Biological Evolution is an abstract subject, which is related to many other subjects and very important in the research of biology or other natural science. It is also the required course of biological researchers and enthusiast. During study, students could know the origin and evolution of life, naissance and development of evolutionism, how to erect materialistic Weltanschauung and scientific idea of biological evolution, how to resist the spiritualism.This subject will explain Darwinism, morphological adaptation to genetic transformation, the origin of biological molecule to life, etc. and introduce the newest evolutionary method, results and goal based on the basic concept and theories.。
科学家的成就英语作文
科学家的成就英语作文英文回答：The scientific community has witnessed numerous remarkable achievements that have profoundly impacted our understanding of the world and transformed our lives. These groundbreaking discoveries have paved the way for advancements in various fields, pushing the boundaries of human knowledge and shaping the course of civilization.One of the most significant scientific achievements was the development of the theory of evolution by Charles Darwin. This groundbreaking work revolutionized our understanding of the diversity of life on Earth and provided a comprehensive explanation for the origin and evolution of species. Darwin's theory has had a profound impact on fields such as biology, genetics, and ecology, and continues to shape our understanding of the natural world.Another notable achievement was the discovery of the structure of DNA by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. This breakthrough provided fundamental insights into the genetic basis of life and paved the way for advances in genetics, biotechnology, and medicine. The discovery has led to the development of groundbreaking technologies such as genetic engineering and gene therapy, with immense potential for improving human health and well-being.The advent of modern medicine has also been marked by significant scientific achievements. The discovery of antibiotics in the 20th century transformed the treatment of infectious diseases, dramatically reducing mortality rates and improving global health outcomes. Advances in medical imaging technologies, such as X-rays, MRI, and CT scans, have greatly enhanced our ability to diagnose and treat a wide range of medical conditions.In the realm of technology, the invention of the transistor in the mid-20th century laid the foundation for the rapid development of electronics and computer technology. The advent of integrated circuits andmicroprocessors led to the creation of personal computers, smartphones, and other electronic devices that have become indispensable in our daily lives. These advancements have revolutionized the way we communicate, access information, and conduct business, transforming the global economy and our daily routines.The exploration of space has also been marked by historic scientific achievements. The launch of artificial satellites and human spaceflight missions has provided invaluable insights into our solar system and the wider universe, expanding our knowledge of astronomy, astrophysics, and planetary science. These missions have also paved the way for technological advancements such as satellite communications and remote sensing, which have practical applications in fields such as weather forecasting, navigation, and environmental monitoring.中文回答：科学界见证了众多杰出的成就，这些成就对我们对世界的理解产生了深远的影响，并改变了我们的生活。
达尔文和他的进化论英文
The theory of evolution
Darwin’s theory of evolution
❖ Brief introduction ❖ Three features of evolution ❖ Influence
Darwin’s theory of evolution is also called Darwinism. It is about the idea that all plants and animals develop gradually from simpler to more complicated forms by natural selection, which is the process by which only plants and animals that are naturally suitable for life in their environment will continue to live, while all others will die.
Three feathers
❖ The Premise ——all life is related and has descended from a common ancestor
❖ Natural selection—— acts to preserve and accumulate minor advantageous genetic mutations(变异）.
1882: died and buried in Westminster Abbey ,close to Newton , he was one of only five nineteenth-century non-royal personages from the United Kingdom to be honoured by a state funeral(国葬)
达尔文与进化论【英文】
The finches cinched it! different beaks are
Darwin found: The differences between species of finches were associated with the different food they ate.
Regents Biology
800 km west of Ecuador
Darwin found…many unique species
Many of Darwin’s observations made him wonder… Why? Darwin asked:
Why were these creatures found only on the Galapagos Islands? Regents Biology
South American coastline
Robert Fitzroy
Regents Biology
Voyage of the HMS Beagle Stopped in Galapagos Islands
500 miles off coast of Ecuador
Regents Biology
Darwin & Evolution by Natural Selection
Cactus eater Insect eaters
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Seed eaters
Bud eater Regents Biology
2006-2007
Charles Darwin Proposed a way how
evolution works
Voyage of the HMS Beagle Invited to travel around the world
进化论对社会发展的影响【英文】
2
Ideas Have Consequences
@ Dr. Heinz Lycklama
3
Quotes from Darwin
―To suppose that the eye … could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, absurd in the highest degree.‖
―A person‘s philosophy of origins will inevitably determine … what he believes concerning his destiny, and even what he believes about the meaning and purpose of his life and actions right now …‖ Morris (Creationist) ―Evolution has an impact on every aspect of man‘s thinking: his philosophy, his metaphysics, his ethics …‖ Ernst Mayr (Evolutionist) ―Evolutionary theory has been enshrined as the centerpiece of our educational system, and elaborate walls have been erected around it to protect it from unnecessary abuse.‖ Jeremy Rifkin (Evolutionist)
达尔文与进化论 英文
• Nach dem frühen Tod seiner Mutter 1817 wurde er von seinen beiden Schwestern aufgezogen.
11
Darwins Ausbildung in Edinburgh
• 1825 ging er auf Wunsch seines Vaters auf die Universität von Edinburgh, um dort Medizin zu studieren. • 1827 brach er das Studium ab.
– Heute 67.000 Einwohner
(Stand 2001)
© wikipedia
10
© wikipedia
Darwins Familie
• Er war das fünfte Kind einer wohlhabenden Landarztfamilie. • Sein väterlicher Großvater Erasmus Darwin war ein bekannter Naturwissenschaftler und sein Vorbild.
• In ihrem Erbgut
– Alle Lebewesen besitzen das gleiche genetische Material (DNS). – Der genetische Code ist universal. – Die Träger der Erbinformationen sind aus den gleichen vier Bausteinen zusammengesetzt. – Alle Organismen haben dieselben 20 Aminosäuren als Bausteine der Körpereiweiße.
人类起源英文作文
人类起源英文作文英文：The origin of human beings is a topic that has been debated for centuries. There are several theories regarding the origin of humans, and each theory has its own supporting evidence.One of the most widely accepted theories is the theory of evolution, which suggests that humans evolved from primates. This theory is based on the evidence of fossils and genetic studies. For example, the DNA of humans and chimpanzees is almost identical, which suggests that humans and chimpanzees share a common ancestor.Another theory is the theory of creationism, which suggests that humans were created by a higher power, such as God. This theory is based on religious beliefs and is not supported by scientific evidence.Personally, I believe in the theory of evolution. I think that the evidence supporting this theory is more convincing than the evidence supporting creationism. However, I respect the beliefs of those who believe in creationism.中文：人类起源是一个被争论了几个世纪的话题。
进化论英文介绍【精品】
Darwin stated this theory in his book On The Origin of Species (1859).
In another book called The Descent of Man (1871) he applied his theory to the evolution of man from a primitive monkey-like animal.
•Observed that human populations cannot keep growing indefinitely. •If the birth rate continued to exceed the death rate, eventually humans would run out of living space. •He believed that famine, disease, and war prevented endless population growth.
They concluded that the earth was very old and had changed its form slowly over time due to natural processes.
•Lyell was able to date the ages of rocks by using fossils embedded in the stone as time indicators. •Charles Darwin made use of Lyell's data on fossils for his theory of evolution.
•Each species came from less complex ones. •believed evolution was based on two principles: 1) ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS organs/ structures became stronger/weaker with use/disuse and are passed on to offspring.
进化论 英文介绍
Voyage of the Beagle
Voyage of Beagle
Dates: February 12th, 1831 Captain: Charles Darwin Ship: H.M.S. Beagle Destination: Voyage around the world. Findings: evidence to propose a revolutionary hypothesis about how life changes over time
In your own words, describe what YOU think the theory of evolution means…
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Evolution, or change over time, is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.
Why were there no kangaroos in England?
Living Organisms and Fossils
Darwin collected the preserved remains of ancient organisms, called fossils. Some of those fossils resembled organisms that were still alive today.
Patterns of Diversity
Darwin posed challenging questions. Why were there no rabbits in Australia, despite the presence of habitats that seemed perfect for them?
达尔文进化论 英文
Darwinian Natural Selection
1. Individuals within populations are variable. 2. The variations among individuals are, at least in part, passed from parents to offspring. 3. In every generation, some individuals are more successful at surviving and reproducing than others.
• The difference in flower color for the population of snapdragons was shown to be held at a single locus. • The dominant allele S expressed white flowers with two yellow spots, while the recessive trait ss is expressed as the yellow flower.
• Genotypes of the 48 plants were as follows
– SS = 12 – Ss = 24 – ss = 12
Experiment and Results
Poividuals
• ¾ of the plants had flowers that were almost pure white, with just two spots of yellow on the lower lip.
Darwinian Fitness
进化论英文介绍
Ways to determine ages of fossils.
• K-Ar dating
• Radiocarbon dating
– Living org. absorb12C and 14C. The ratio is constant. – When org. dies it no longer absorbs C. 14C (radioactive) begins to decay and decreases while 12C (non-radioactive) stays the same. – 14C half-life every 5600 years. Look at ratio of 14C to 12C and compare to living org. – Scientists looks at the age of rocks and fossils that are found near them are assumed to be the same age.
– Determined by remaining radioactive isotopes the fossil contains.
Radioactive Dating
• What is an isotope? • Scientists estimate the age of fossils by analyzing the isotope in the rock around fossils. • Some isotopes are radioactive and undergo radioactive decay.
He studied 13 different species and saw how they adapted to their environment.
人类起源.英文作文
人类起源.英文作文英文：The origin of human beings is a topic that has fascinated scientists, researchers, and the general public for centuries. There are various theories and hypotheses about the origins of humans, and it is a complex and multifaceted subject that continues to be studied and debated.One of the most widely accepted theories about human origins is the theory of evolution. According to this theory, humans and other primates share a common ancestor, and over millions of years, various evolutionary processes led to the development of modern humans. This theory is supported by a large body of evidence from fields such as paleontology, genetics, and anthropology.Another theory about human origins is the "out of Africa" theory, which suggests that modern humansoriginated in Africa and then migrated to other parts ofthe world. This theory is supported by genetic evidence, which indicates that the genetic diversity of modern humans is highest in African populations.There are also cultural and religious beliefs about the origins of humans. For example, many creation myths and religious texts offer explanations for how humans came to exist. These beliefs often vary widely between different cultures and can be a source of great debate and discussion.In addition to these theories and beliefs, there is ongoing research into the origins of humans, including the study of ancient hominin fossils, genetic analysis of modern and ancient human populations, and the investigation of early human behaviors and societies.Overall, the origins of humans are a complex and multifaceted subject, and our understanding of this topic continues to evolve as new evidence and research findings come to light.中文：人类起源是一个几个世纪以来一直吸引着科学家、研究人员和普通大众的话题。
人类的起源英文作文
人类的起源英文作文英文：The origin of humans is a fascinating topic that has been studied for centuries. There are various theories and hypotheses about how humans came to be, but the most widely accepted one is the theory of evolution.According to this theory, humans evolved from apes over millions of years. This process of evolution was driven by natural selection, which means that the individuals with the most advantageous traits were more likely to survive and reproduce. Over time, these advantageous traits became more common in the population, leading to the development of new species.One of the key pieces of evidence for evolution is the fossil record. Fossils are the remains of ancient organisms that have been preserved in rocks. By studying the fossils of our ancestors, scientists have been able to trace theevolution of humans back millions of years.Another piece of evidence for evolution is the genetic similarities between humans and other primates. For example, humans share over 98% of their DNA with chimpanzees. This suggests that humans and chimpanzees share a commonancestor that lived millions of years ago.Overall, the theory of evolution provides a compelling explanation for the origin of humans. While there are still many unanswered questions, the evidence suggests that humans evolved from apes over millions of years through the process of natural selection.中文：人类的起源是一个令人着迷的话题，已经被研究了几个世纪。
进化论的发展史【英文】
Natural Theology:
saw the adaptation of organisms to their environment as evidence that the creator had designed each and every species for a particular purpose (based on Judeo-Christian culture)
Naturalistic Evolution: 9%
Man has developed over millions of years from less advanced forms of life. God had no part in this process.
Four Factors that limited the development of theory of evolution
Plato (427-347 BC)
Saw variations in plant and animal populations as imperfect representations of ideal forms
Only the perfect forms of organisms were real: idealism, essentialism philosophy
Aristotle (384-322 BC) Plato’s student
all living forms could be arranged on a scale of increasing complexity “scala naturae” (scale of nature) no vacancies and no mobility in this ladder of life species are fixed, permanent, and do not evolve
达尔文进化论英文作文
达尔文进化论英文作文英文：Darwin's theory of evolution is one of the most important scientific theories in history. It proposes that all species of life have descended from a common ancestor through a process of natural selection. This means that the organisms that are best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their advantageous traits to their offspring. Over time, these advantageous traits accumulate and can lead to the development of new species.One of the key examples of natural selection in action is the peppered moth. Before the Industrial Revolution, most peppered moths had light-colored wings, which helped them blend in with the light-colored trees they lived on. However, as pollution from factories darkened the trees, the darker-colored moths became more difficult for predators to spot and began to thrive. This led to a shiftin the moth population, with the darker moths becoming more common.Another example is the evolution of the giraffe's long neck. It was once thought that giraffes evolved long necksin order to reach leaves on tall trees. However, recent research suggests that the long necks actually evolved as a result of sexual selection. Male giraffes with longer necks are better able to compete for mates, and their offspring inherit their longer necks.Overall, Darwin's theory of evolution has had aprofound impact on our understanding of the natural world.It has helped us to explain the diversity of life on Earth and has provided a framework for studying how species change over time.中文：达尔文的进化论是历史上最重要的科学理论之一。
生物进化过程的作文
生物进化过程的作文英文回答：Evolution is a fascinating process that has shaped the diversity of life on Earth over billions of years. It is driven by natural selection, a mechanism proposed by Charles Darwin in his theory of evolution. Through natural selection, certain traits become more or less common in a population over time, depending on their ability to enhance survival and reproduction.For example, let's consider the evolution of thegiraffe's long neck. In the past, giraffes with slightly longer necks were able to reach higher leaves on trees, giving them a better chance of survival and reproduction. As a result, their offspring inherited this advantageous trait and passed it on to future generations. Over time, this led to the evolution of giraffes with even longer necks, as those with shorter necks were less successful in finding food and mating partners.Another example is the evolution of the peppered mothin England during the industrial revolution. Prior to the industrial revolution, most peppered moths had a light coloration that helped them blend in with the lichen-covered tree bark. However, as pollution from factories darkened the tree bark, the lighter-colored moths became more visible to predators. In this case, the darker-colored moths had a higher chance of survival and reproduction, leading to an increase in their population. This is a classic example of how natural selection can drive the evolution of a species in response to changes in the environment.中文回答：进化是一个令人着迷的过程，它在地球上亿万年间塑造了生命的多样性。
ahaschool 给少年看的进化论
"ahaschool 给少年看的进化论" 可能是指一个针对少年的教育项目或课程，旨在以易于理解的方式介绍进化论的概念。
进化论是生物学中的一个重要理论，它解释了物种如何随着时间的推移而适应和变化。
针对少年的进化论教育可能会包括以下内容：自然选择的概念：介绍查尔斯·达尔文的自然选择理论，解释生物如何适应其环境，以及不适应环境的生物如何被淘汰。
遗传变异的来源：探讨生物体内遗传物质的变异如何产生，这些变异如何在自然选择中发挥作用。
物种的形成和灭绝：讨论新物种如何形成以及物种为何会灭绝。
进化的证据：展示支持进化论的科学证据，如化石记录、生物地理学和比较解剖学的研究结果。
进化论的意义：探讨进化论对我们理解生物世界的重要性，以及它如何影响我们对人类自身在自然界中位置的认识。
达尔文 进化论
达尔文进化论进化论（英文：theory of evolution），是以史为鉴，要找出生命生存规律和发展方向的系统性的科学理论，是对生命起源和发展的一种假说。
古希腊时期曾经出现一些零星的演化思想，包括现在“演化论”者的演化无方向存在即合理，都不是系统性的科学理论。
21世纪进化学绝大部分以“分子钟为基础、蛋白质pam矩阵和blosum的氨基酸矩阵为证据”的分子系统发生学和进化动力学为基础，由达尔文的进化论指导。
以埃尔温·薛定谔的《生命是什么》为主体方向，近中性突变为框架，已成为当代生物学的核心思想之一，解释了染色体平衡易位等基因变化。
而达尔文进化论主要特指进化论在达尔文时代的观点。
达尔文指出，生物之间存有着存活争斗，适应环境者存活下来，呼吸困难者则被出局，这就是自然的挑选。
生物正是通过遗传、变异和自然选择，从低级至高级，从直观至繁杂，种类由少至多地演化着、发展着。
以上三点，即是我们常听到的“物竞天择，适者生存”，现代基因学的诞生，为此提供了重要的证据，事实上，物竞天择，竞的是“基因”。
达尔文进化论主要包含四个子学说：一.进化论：物种是可变的，现有的物种是从别的物种变来的，一个物种可以变成新的物种。
这一点，如今早已被生物地理学、比较解剖学、比较胚胎学、古生物学和分子生物学等学科的观察、实验所证实，甚至在实验室、野外都可以直接观察到新物种的产生。
所以，这是一个科学事实，其可靠程度跟“地球是圆的”、“物质由原子组成”一样。
在今天，除了少数由于宗教信仰狂热而无视事实的人，实际上已无生物学家否认生物进化的事实。
二.共同祖先学说：所有的生物都源自共同的祖先。
分子生物学辨认出了所有的生物都采用同一套遗传密码，生物化学阐明了所有生物在分子水平上存有高度的一致性，最终证实了达尔文这一远见卓识。
所以，这也就是一个被广泛拒绝接受的科学事实。
三.自然选择学说：自然选择是进化的主要机制。
自然选择的存在，是已被无数观察和实验所证实的，这也是一个科学事实。
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▪ layers of rock take time to form
▪ processes such as volcanoes and earthquakes shaped the earth and still occur today
6. Lamark
Theory of acquired characteristics
Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Sailed around the world 1831-1836
2. What did Darwin’s Travels reveal
▪ The diversity of living species was far greater than anyone had previously known!!
9. Artificial Selection
▪ nature provides variation, humans select variations that are useful.
▪ Example - a farmer breeds only his best livestock
10. Natural Selection
Descent with Modification
▪ Each living species has descended with changes from other species over time
Summary of Darwin’s Theory
1. Organisms differ; variation is inherited 2. Organisms produce more offspring than
8. Darwin
finally
published his
ideas in 1859
▪ Other naturalists were developing the same theory that Darwin did.
▪ Even though he was afraid of the Church’s reaction to his book he wanted to get credit for his work.
survive 3. Organisms compete for resources 4. Organisms with advantages survive to pass
those advantages to their children 5. Species alive today are descended with
▪ The traits that help an organism survive in a particular environment are “selected” in natural selection
11. Natural Selection and Species Fitness
▪ These observations led him to develop the theory of evolution!!
3.How did tortoises and birds
differ among the islands of
the Galapagos?
▪ Each island had its own type of tortoises and birds that were clearly different from other islands
▪ Overtime, natural selection results in changes in the inherited characteristics of a population.
▪ These changes increase a species fitness (survival rate)
5. Geologists:
Hutton and Lyell
Fundamentalists said that the earth was around 6000 years old
Hutton and Lyell argued that the earth is many millions of years old b/c
• Evolution is a well supported explanation of phenomena that have occurred in the natural world
• A theory in science is a well tested hypothesis, not just a guess
Galapagos Turtles
4. Evolution is when organisms change over time. So, modern organisms descended from ancient ones
7. Evolution is a Theory – Just like Gravity!
▪ Lamark said organisms acquired traits by using their bodies in new ways
▪ These new characteristics were passed to offspring
▪ Lamark was totally wrong!
7. Malthus
▪ Reasoned that if the human population continued to grow unchecked, sooner or later there would be insufficient living space and food for everyone