液压助力转向翻译
转向器基础知识中英文
转向器基本原理介绍Fundamental Principles of Steering Gear 目录Contents一、汽车液压动力转向系统的组成I . Hydraulic power steering system二、循环球动力转向器基本原理II . Recirculating Ball Steering Gear三、齿轮齿条转向器基本原理III .R&P Power Steering Gear四、转向系统发展的先进技术IV . Advanced Technology of Steering System五、我厂的技术优势及特点V . Our Advantages for developing Technology六、先进驾驶辅助系统ADAS Advanced Driver Assistant System汽车液压转向系统的组成Hydraulic Power Steering System汽车转向系统的组成Steering System汽车的跑、转、停是它的基本性能，他们中的一个重要机能则由转向装置来承担。
Basic capability of vehicle is to run, turn or stop. Turning device assumes this responsibility.机械转向系统Manual Steering Gear 动力转向系统Power Steering Gear汽车液压动力转向系统的组成Hydraulic Power Steering System方向盘及管柱、中间轴Steering Wheel, Column and Intermediate Shaft转向器及摇臂Steering Gear and Pitman Arm 油泵Pump 油罐Reservoir 油管Pipe支架及其它附件Bracket and Other Accessories 拉杆系统Linkage 主销及车轮Pin and Wheels1-方向盘Steering Wheel 2-中间传动轴Intermediate Shaft 3-进油管Inlet Pipe4-回油管Outlet Pipe 5-油罐Reservoir 6-油泵Pump 7-转向器Steering Gear8-摇臂Pitman Arm 泵与油管组件Pump and Pipe Assembly 油泵Pump高、低压油管High and low Pressure Pipes 油箱Reservoir 回油管Outlet Pipe 油泵Pump循环油管Recycle Pipes 进油管Inlet Pipe R&P式油压动力转向器R&P Power Steering Gear转阀式循环球动力转向器基本原理Recirculating Ball Power Steering Gear转阀式动力转向器简介General Overview转向器是构成汽车转向系统的主要部件之一，由于特殊的作用，在性能和可靠性方面要求苛刻。
转向系翻译资料
THE STEERING SYSTEMThe steering system enables the driver to guide the automobile or wheeled tractor down the road and turn right or left,as desired,by turning wheels，There are two types of steering systems.These are manual and power.1.Power SteeringThere are a couple of key components in power steering in addition to the rack-and-pinion or recirculating-ball mechanism.2.PumpThe hydraulic power for the steering is provided by a rotary-vane pump(see diagram below).This pump is driven by the car's engine via a belt and pulley.It contains a set of retractable vanes that spin inside an oval chamber.As the vanes spin,they pull hydraulic fluid from the return line at low pressure and force it into the outlet at high pressure.The amount of flow provided by the pump depends on the car's engine speed.The pump must be designed to provide adequateflow when the engine is idling.As a result,the pump moves much more fluid than necessary when the engine is running at faster speeds.The pump contains a pressure-relief valve to make sure that the pressure does not get too high,especially at high engine speeds when so much fluid is being pumped.3.Rotary ValveA power-steering system should assist the driver only when he is exerting force on the steering wheel(such as when starting a turn).When the driver is not exerting force(such as when driving in a straight line),the system shouldn't provide any assist. The device that senses the force on the steering wheel is called the rotary valve.The key to the rotary valve is a torsion bar.The torsion bar is a thin rod of metal that twists when torque is applied to it.The top of the bar is connected to the steering wheel,and the bottom of the bar is connected to the pinion or worm gear(which turns the wheels),so the amount of torque in the torsion bar is equal to the amount of torque the driver is using to turn the wheels.The more torque the driver uses to turn the wheels,the more the bar twists.The input from the steering shaft forms the inner part of a spool-valve assembly. It also connects to the top end of the torsion bar.The bottom of the torsion bar connects to the outer part of the spool valve.The torsion bar also turns the output of the steering gear,connecting to either the pinion gear or the worm gear depending on which type of steering the car has.As the bar twists,it rotates the inside of the spool valve relative to the outside. Since the inner part of the spool valve is also connected to the steering shaft(and therefore to the steering wheel),the amount of rotation between the inner and outer parts of the spool valve depends on how much torque the driver applies to the steering wheel.Animation showing what happens inside the rotary valve when you first start to turn the steering wheelWhen the steering wheel is not being turned,both hydraulic lines provide the same amount of pressure to the steering gear.But if the spool valve is turned one wayor the other,ports open up to provide high-pressure fluid to the appropriate line.It turns out that this type of power-steering system is pretty inefficient.Let's takea look at some advances we'll see in coming years that will help improve efficiency.4.The Future of Power SteeringSince the power-steering pump on most cars today runs constantly,pumping fluid all the time,it wastes horsepower.This wasted power translates into wasted fuel.You can expect to see several innovations that will improve fuel economy.One of the coolest ideas on the drawing board is the"steer-by-wire"or"drive-by-wire" system.These systems would completely eliminate the mechanical connection between the steering wheel and the steering,replacing it with a purely electronic control system.Essentially,the steering wheel would work like the one you can buy for your home computer to play games.It would contain sensors that tell the car what the driver is doing with the wheel,and have some motors in it to provide the driver with feedback on what the car is doing.The output of these sensors would be used to control a motorized steering system.This would free up space in the engine compartment by eliminating the steering shaft.It would also reduce vibration inside the car.General Motors has introduced a concept car,the Hy-wire,that features this type of driving system.One of the most exciting things about the drive-by-wire system in the GM Hy-wire is that you can fine-tune vehicle handling without changing anything in the car's mechanical components--all it takes to adjust the steering is some new computer software.In future drive-by-wire vehicles,you will most likely be able to configure the controls exactly to your liking by pressing a few buttons,just like you might adjust the seat position in a car today.It would also be possible in this sort of system to store distinct control preferences for each driver in the family.In the past fifty years,car steering systems haven't changed much.But in the next decade,we'll see advances in car steering that will result in more efficient cars and a more comfortable ride.5.The Honda Insight uses a variable-assist rack and pinion electric power steering(EPS)system rather than a typical hydraulic power steering system.A typical hydraulic power steering system is continually placing a small load on the engine,even when no steering assist is required.Because the EPS system only needs to draw electric power when steering assist is required,no extra energy is needed when cruising,improving fuel efficiency.Electric power steering(EPS)is mechanically simpler than a hydraulic system, meaning that it should be more reliable.The EPS system is also designed to provide good road feel and responsiveness.The Insight's EPS system shares parts with the Honda S2000steering system.The system's compactness and simplicity offer more design freedom in terms of placement within the chassis.The steering rack,electric drive and forged-aluminum tie rods are all mounted high on the bulkhead,and steer the wheels via steering links on each front suspension strut.This location was chosen in order to achieve a more compact engine compartment,while improving safety.The system is also smoother operating,more responsive to driver input,and has minimal steering kickback.The overall steering ratio is16.4to1,and3.32turns lock-to-lock.EPS OperationThe operating principle of the EPS is basically the same as hydraulic power steering except for the following:•A torque sensor is used in place of the valve body unit•An electric assist motor is used in place of the hydraulic power cylinder•An EPS control unit is addedMechanical ConstructionThe rack is unusual in that it is mounted high on the rear engine bulkhead,and that the tie rods engage the rack in the center.The high mount location is used for crash safety,as it keeps these components out of the Insight's crumple zone.The tie rods are aluminum,and they connect to an ackerman arm that is mounted to the struts just below the spring seat.The EPS control unit is mounted inside the car on the right side bulkhead, underneath the dash.It receives input from the vehicle speed sensor and torque sensor mounted on the steering pinion shaft.The torque sensor is identical in construction to the unit on the S2000.The pinion shaft engages the pinion gear via a torsion bar,which twists slightly when there is a high amount of steering resistance.The amount of twist is in proportion to both the amount of resistance to wheel turning,and to the steering force applied.A pin on the torsion bar engages a diagonal slot in the sensor core,which moves up or down depending on the amount of torsion bar twist,and the direction of rotation.Two coils surrounding the core detect both the amount,and the direction of movement.Using this information,the EPS control unit determines both the amount of steering assist required,and the direction.It then supplies current to the motor for steering assist.The amount of assist is also modified in proportion to vehicle speed to maintain good steering feel.Torque SensorThe torque sensor is a device to detect steering turning direction and read resistance.The sensing section of the torque sensor consists of two coils and a core (slider).The steering input shaft and pinion gear are connected via a torsion bar.The slider is engaged with the pinion gear in a way that it turns together with the pinion gear but can move vertically.A guide pin is provided on the input shaft and the pin is in a slant groove on the slider.When road resistance is low,the steering input shaft,pinion gear and slider turn together without the slider's vertical movement.When road resistance is high,the torsion bar twists and causes a difference of steering angle between the input shaft and pinion gear.In other words,the turning angle of the guide pin and slider differ,and the guide pin forces the slider to move upward or downward.Steering SystemThe steering system must deliver precise directional control.And it must do so requiring little driver effort at the steering wheel.Truck steering systems are either manual or power assisted,with power assist units using either hydraulic or air assist setups to make steering effort easier.In addition to its vital role in vehicle control,the steering system is closely related to front suspension,axle,and wheel/tire components.Improper steering adjustment can lead to alignment and tire wear problems.Suspension,axle,and wheel problem can affect steering and handing.The key components that make up the steering system are the steering wheel, steering column,steering shaft,steering gear,pitman arm,drag link,steering arm,ball joints,and tie-rod assembly.Ball JointsThis ball-and-socket assembly consists of a forged steel ball with a threaded stud attached to it.A socket shell grips the ball.The ball stud moves around to provide the freedom of movement needed for various steering links to accommodate relative motion between the axle and the frame rail when the front axle springs flex.A ball stud is mounted in the end of each steering arm and provides the link between the drag link and the steering arm.Tie-Rod aseemblyThe steering arm or lever controls the movement of the driver’s side steering knuckle.There must be some method of transferring this steering motion to the opposite,passenger side steering knuckle.This is done through the use of a tie-rod assembly that links the two steering knuckles together and forces them to act in unison.The tie-rod assembly is also ealled a cross tube.Steering gearsThe steering gear converts the rotary motion of the steering wheel into straight-line motion.This moves the linkage to the steering arms on the steering knuckles,swinging the front wheels left to right.There are two basic types of steering gears.One type has a pitman arm attached to a shaft from the steering box.The second type is the rack-and-pinion steering gear.The pitman-arm steering gear has two essential part.They are a worm gear on the end of the steering shaft and a matching sector gear or toothed roller attached to the sector shaft.As the steering shaft and worm gear rotate,the sector gear must follow the worm gear.The sector gear is moved toward one end of the worm or the other,as the ball nutmoves up and down on it.The sector-gear movement causes the pitman arm to swing one way or the other.Friction is kept low by using balls between the major moving parts.The balls roll between the worm teeth and the grooves cut in the hole in the ball nut.As the worm turns, the balls roll in worm teeth.The balls must also roll in the grooves inside the ball nut. As the worm rotates,the balls cause the nut to move up or down along the worm. This motion is carried by the teeth on the outside of the ball nut to the teeth on the sector gear.The sector gear must move.This movement rotates the sector shaft which swings the pitman arm.The steering gear is called a worm-and-roller steering gear.The roller move from one end of the worm gear to the other.When the roller reaches the end,they enter roller-return guides,which take them back into the roller nut.The rack-and-pinion steering gear is used mostly on smaller cars.This system has a pinion gear on the end of the lower steering shaft.The pinion is meshed with a rack of gear teeth cut on the underside of the major cross member of the steering linkage. When the steering wheel is turned,the pinion turns.This moves the rack to the left or right.The movement is carried through the rods to the steering arms at the from wheels.Power rack-and-pinion steering assemblies are hydraulic mechanical unit with an integral piston and rack assembly.An integral rotary valve directs power steering fluid flow and controls pressure to reduce steering effort.The rack and pinion is used to steer the car in the event of power steering power failure,or if the engine(which drives the pump)stalls.When the steering wheel is turned,the resistance is created by the weight of the car and tire-to-road friction,causing a torsion bar in rotary valve to defect.This changes the position of the valve spool and sleeve,thereby directing fluid under pressure to the proper end of the power cylinder.The difference in pressure on either side of the piston (which is attached to the rack)helps move the rack to reduce turning effort.The fluid in the other end of the power cylinder is forced to control valve and back to the pump reservoir.When the steering effort stops,control valve is centered by the twisting force of the torsion bar,the pressure is equalized on both sided of the piston,and the front wheels return to a straight ahead position.转向系统转向系确保驾驶员能够通过转向盘驾驶汽车或者拖拉机按照自己的意愿沿着公路向左或者向右转动。
汽车转向系术语和定义
汽车转向系术语和定义
汽车转向系术语和定义是关于汽车转向系统的专业术语和其对应的解释或定义。
转向系统是汽车的重要组成部分，负责控制车辆的方向。
以下是一些汽车转向系的术语和定义：
1.转向盘（Steering Wheel）：驾驶员用来操作转向器的部件，通常位于驾
驶员的左手边。
2.转向柱（Steering Column）：连接转向器和转向盘的柱状结构，可以调
整长度和倾斜角度。
3.转向器（Steering Gear）：将转向盘的转动转化为转向轴的转动，从而控
制车轮转向的装置。
4.转向节（Steering Knuckle）：车轮连接处的金属部件，包含转向轴，使
车轮能够围绕它进行转向。
5.转向拉杆（Steering Linkage）：连接转向节和转向器的金属杆，通过其
长度调整可以改变车辆的转向半径。
6.助力转向（Power Steering）：一种系统，通过增加驾驶员在转向盘上的
力来减小转向力，通常由液压或电动马达提供动力。
7.主动转向（Active Steering）：一种系统，可以通过电子控制改变转向比，
以提供更好的操控性和稳定性。
总结来说，汽车转向系术语和定义是关于汽车转向系统的专业术语和其对应的解释或定义。
这些术语和定义有助于人们更好地理解汽车转向系统的结构和功能。
液压专业必备英文对照
液压专业词汇流体传动hydraulic power液压技术hydraulics液力技术hydrodynamics气液技术hydropneumatics运行工况operating conditions额定工况rated conditions极限工况limited conditions瞬态工况instantaneous conditions稳态工况steady-state conditions许用工况acceptable conditions连续工况continuous working conditions 实际工况actual conditions效率efficiency旋转方向direction of rotation公称压力nominal pressure工作压力working pressure进口压力inlet pressure出口压力outlet pressure压降pressure drop；differential pressure 背压back pressure启动压力breakout pressure充油压力charge pressure开启压力cracking pressure峰值压力peak pressure运行压力operating pressure耐压试验压力proof pressure冲击压力surge pressure静压力static pressure系统压力system pressure控制压力pilot pressure充气压力pre-charge pressure吸入压力suction pressure调压偏差override pressure额定压力rated pressure耗气量air consumption泄漏leakage内泄漏internal leakage外泄漏external leakage层流laminar flow紊流turbulent flow气穴cavitation流量flow rate排量displacement 额定流量rated flow供给流量supply flow流量系数flower factor滞环hysteresis图形符号graphical symbol液压气动元件图形符号symbols for hydraulic and pneumatic components流体逻辑元件图形符号symbols for fluid logic devices逻辑功能图形符号symbols for logic functions回路图circuit diagram压力－时间图pressure time diagram功能图function diagram循环circle自动循环automatic cycle工作循环working cycle循环速度cycling speed工步phase停止工步dwell phase工作工步working phase快进工步rapid advance phase快退工步rapid return phase频率响应frequency response重复性repeat ability复现性reproducibility漂移drift波动ripple线性度linearity线性区linear region液压锁紧hydraulic lock液压卡紧sticking变量泵variable displacement pump泵的控制control of pump齿轮泵gear pump叶片泵vane pump柱塞泵piston pump轴向柱塞泵axial piston pump法兰安装flange mounting底座安装foot mounting液压马达hydraulic motor刚度stiffness中位neutral position零位zero position自由位free position缸cylinder有杆端rod end无杆端rear end外伸行程extend stroke内缩行程retract stroke缓冲cushioning工作行程working stroke负载压力induced pressure输出力force实际输出力actual force单作用缸single-acting cylinder双作用缸double-acting cylinder差动缸differential cylinder伸缩缸telescopic cylinder阀valve底板sub-plate油路块manifold block板式阀sub-plate valve叠加阀sandwich valve插装阀cartridge valve滑阀slide valve锥阀poppet valve阀芯valve element阀芯位置valve element position单向阀check valve液控单向阀pilot-controlled check valve 梭阀shuttle valve压力控制阀pressure relief valve溢流阀pressure relief valve顺序阀sequence valve减压阀pressure reducing valve平衡阀counterbalance valve卸荷阀unloading valve直动式directly operated type先导式pilot-operated type机械控制式mechanically controlled type 手动式manually operated type液控式hydraulic controlled type流量控制阀flow control valve固定节流阀fixed restrictive valve可调节流阀adjustable restrictive valve 单向节流阀one-way restrictive valve调速阀speed regulator valve分流阀flow divider valve 集流阀flow-combining valve截止阀shut-off valve球阀global(ball) valve针阀needle valve闸阀gate valve膜片阀diaphragm valve蝶阀butterfly valve噪声等级noise level放大器amplifier模拟放大器analogue amplifier数字放大器digital amplifier传感器sensor阈值threshold伺服阀servo-valve四通阀four-way valve喷嘴挡板nozzle flapper液压放大器hydraulic amplifier颤振dither阀极性valve polarity流量增益flow gain对称度symmetry流量极限flow limit零位内泄漏null(quiescent) leakage 遮盖lap零遮盖zero lap正遮盖over lap负遮盖under lap开口opening零偏null bias零漂null drift阀压降valve pressure drop分辨率resolution频率响应frequency response幅值比amplitude ratio相位移phase lag传递函数transfer function管路flow line硬管rigid tube软管flexible hose工作管路working line回油管路return line补液管路replenishing line控制管路pilot line泄油管路drain line放气管路bleed line接头fitting；connection焊接式接头welded fitting扩口式接头flared fitting快换接头quick release coupling法兰接头flange connection弯头elbow异径接头reducer fitting流道flow pass油口port闭式油箱sealed reservoir油箱容量reservoir fluid capacity气囊式蓄能器bladder accumulator空气污染air contamination固体颗粒污染solid contamination液体污染liquid contamination空气过滤器air filter油雾气lubricator热交换器heat exchanger冷却器cooler加热器heater温度控制器thermostat消声器silencer双筒过滤器duplex filter过滤器压降filter pressure drop有效过滤面积effective filtration area公称过滤精度nominal filtration rating压溃压力collapse pressure填料密封packing seal机械密封mechanical seal径向密封radial seal旋转密封rotary seal活塞密封piston seal活塞杆密封rod seal防尘圈密封wiper seal；scraper组合垫圈bonded washer复合密封件composite seal弹性密封件elastomer seal丁腈橡胶nitrile butadiene rubber；NBR 聚四氟乙烯polytetrafluoroethene；PTFE 优先控制override control压力表pressure gauge压力传感器electrical pressure transducer 压差计differential pressure instrument液位计liquid level measuring instrument 流量计flow meter 压力开关pressure switch脉冲发生器pulse generator液压泵站power station空气处理单元air conditioner unit压力控制回路pressure control circuit安全回路safety circuit差动回路differential circuit调速回路flow control circuit进口节流回路meter-in circuit出口节流回路meter-out circuit同步回路synchronizing circuit开式回路open circuit闭式回路closed circuit管路布置pipe-work管卡clamper联轴器drive shaft coupling操作台control console控制屏control panel避震喉compensator粘度viscosity运动粘度kinematic viscosity密度density含水量water content闪点flash point防锈性rust protection抗腐蚀性anti-corrosive quality便携式颗粒检测仪portable particle counter Solenoid valve 电磁阀Check valve 单向阀Cartridge valve 插装阀Sandwich plate valve 叠加阀Pilot valve 先导阀Pilot operated check valve 液控单向阀Sub-plate mount 板式安装Manifold block 集成块Pressure relief valve 压力溢流阀Flow valve 流量阀Throttle valve 节流阀Double throttle check valve 双单向节流阀Rotary knob 旋钮Rectifier plate 节流板Servo valve 伺服阀Proportional valve 比例阀Position feedback 位置反馈Progressive flow 渐增流量De-energizing of solenoid 电磁铁释放二、介质类Phosphate ester (HFD-R) 磷酸甘油酯Water-glycol (HFC) 水-乙二醇Emulsion 乳化液Inhibitor缓蚀剂Synthetic lubricating oil 合成油三、液压安装工程Contamination 污染Grout 灌浆Failure 失效Jog 点动Creep爬行Abrasion 摩擦Retract（活塞杆）伸出Extension （活塞杆）缩回Malfunction 误动作Pickling 酸洗Flushing 冲洗Dipping process 槽式酸洗Re-circulation 循环Passivity 钝化Nitric acid 柠檬酸Argon 氩气Butt welding 对接焊Socket welding 套管焊Inert gas welding 惰性气体焊四、管接头Bite type fittings 卡套式管接头Tube to tube fittings 接管接头union 直通接管接头union elbow 直角管接头union tee 三通管接头union cross 四通管接头Mal stud fittings 端直通管接头Bulkhead fittings 长直通管接头Weld fittings 焊接式管接头Female connector fittings 接头螺母Reducers extenders 变径管接头Banjo fittings 铰接式管接头Adjustable fittings/swivel nut 旋转接头五、伺服阀及伺服系统性能参数Dynamic response 动态频响DDV-direct drive valve 直动式伺服阀NFPA-National Fluid Power Association 美国流体控制学会Phase lag 相位滞后Nozzle flapper valve 喷嘴挡板阀Servo-jet pilot valve 射流管阀Dither 颤振电流Coil impedance 线圈阻抗Flow saturation 流量饱和Linearity 线形度Symmetry 对称性Hysterics 滞环Threshold 灵敏度Lap 滞后Pressure gain 压力增益Null 零位Null bias 零偏Null shift 零飘Frequency response 频率响应Slope 曲线斜坡液压系统（hydraulic system）执行元件（actuator）液压缸（cylinder）液压马达（motor）液压回路（circuit）压力控制回路（pressure control）流量（速度）控制回路（speed control）方向控制回路（directional valve control）安全回路（security control）定位回路（position control）同步回路（synchronise circuit）顺序动作回路（sequeunt circuit）液压泵（pump）阀（valve）压力控制阀（pressure valve）、流量控制阀（flow valve）方向控制阀（directional valve）液压辅件（accessory）普通阀（common valve）插装阀（cartridge valve）叠加阀（superimposed valve。
液压专业中英文对照
液压专业词汇流体传动hydraulic power液压技术hydraulics液力技术hydrodynamics气液技术hydropneumatics运行工况operating conditions额定工况rated conditions极限工况limited conditions瞬态工况instantaneous conditions稳态工况steady-state conditions许用工况acceptable conditions连续工况continuous working conditions 实际工况actual conditions效率efficiency旋转方向direction of rotation公称压力nominal pressure工作压力working pressure进口压力inlet pressure出口压力outlet pressure压降pressure drop；differential pressure 背压back pressure启动压力breakout pressure充油压力charge pressure开启压力cracking pressure峰值压力peak pressure运行压力operating pressure耐压试验压力proof pressure冲击压力surge pressure静压力static pressure系统压力system pressure控制压力pilot pressure充气压力pre—charge pressure吸入压力suction pressure调压偏差override pressure额定压力rated pressure耗气量air consumption泄漏leakage内泄漏internal leakage外泄漏external leakage层流laminar flow紊流turbulent flow气穴cavitation流量flow rate排量displacement额定流量rated flow供给流量supply flow流量系数flower factor滞环hysteresis图形符号graphical symbol液压气动元件图形符号symbols for hydraulic and pneumatic components 流体逻辑元件图形符号symbols for fluid logic devices逻辑功能图形符号symbols for logic functions回路图circuit diagram压力－时间图pressure time diagram功能图function diagram循环circle自动循环automatic cycle工作循环working cycle循环速度cycling speed工步phase停止工步dwell phase工作工步working phase快进工步rapid advance phase快退工步rapid return phase频率响应frequency response重复性repeat ability复现性reproducibility漂移drift波动ripple线性度linearity线性区linear region液压锁紧hydraulic lock液压卡紧sticking变量泵variable displacement pump泵的控制control of pump齿轮泵gear pump叶片泵vane pump柱塞泵piston pump轴向柱塞泵axial piston pump法兰安装flange mounting底座安装foot mounting液压马达hydraulic motor刚度stiffness中位neutral position零位zero position自由位free position缸cylinder有杆端rod end无杆端rear end外伸行程extend stroke内缩行程retract stroke缓冲cushioning工作行程working stroke负载压力induced pressure输出力force实际输出力actual force单作用缸single—acting cylinder双作用缸double—acting cylinder差动缸differential cylinder伸缩缸telescopic cylinder阀valve底板sub—plate油路块manifold block板式阀sub—plate valve叠加阀sandwich valve插装阀cartridge valve滑阀slide valve锥阀poppet valve阀芯valve element阀芯位置valve element position单向阀check valve液控单向阀pilot—controlled check valve 梭阀shuttle valve压力控制阀pressure relief valve溢流阀pressure relief valve顺序阀sequence valve减压阀pressure reducing valve平衡阀counterbalance valve卸荷阀unloading valve直动式directly operated type先导式pilot—operated type机械控制式mechanically controlled type 手动式manually operated type液控式hydraulic controlled type流量控制阀flow control valve固定节流阀fixed restrictive valve可调节流阀adjustable restrictive valve 单向节流阀one-way restrictive valve 调速阀speed regulator valve分流阀flow divider valve集流阀flow—combining valve截止阀shut-off valve球阀global（ball) valve针阀needle valve闸阀gate valve膜片阀diaphragm valve蝶阀butterfly valve噪声等级noise level放大器amplifier模拟放大器analogue amplifier数字放大器digital amplifier传感器sensor阈值threshold伺服阀servo—valve四通阀four-way valve喷嘴挡板nozzle flapper液压放大器hydraulic amplifier颤振dither阀极性valve polarity流量增益flow gain对称度symmetry流量极限flow limit零位内泄漏null(quiescent）leakage 遮盖lap零遮盖zero lap正遮盖over lap负遮盖under lap开口opening零偏null bias零漂null drift阀压降valve pressure drop分辨率resolution频率响应frequency response幅值比amplitude ratio相位移phase lag传递函数transfer function管路flow line硬管rigid tube软管flexible hose工作管路working line回油管路return line补液管路replenishing line控制管路pilot line泄油管路drain line放气管路bleed line接头fitting；connection焊接式接头welded fitting扩口式接头flared fitting快换接头quick release coupling法兰接头flange connection弯头elbow异径接头reducer fitting流道flow pass油口port闭式油箱sealed reservoir油箱容量reservoir fluid capacity气囊式蓄能器bladder accumulator空气污染air contamination固体颗粒污染solid contamination液体污染liquid contamination空气过滤器air filter油雾气lubricator热交换器heat exchanger冷却器cooler加热器heater温度控制器thermostat消声器silencer双筒过滤器duplex filter过滤器压降filter pressure drop有效过滤面积effective filtration area 公称过滤精度nominal filtration rating 压溃压力collapse pressure填料密封packing seal机械密封mechanical seal径向密封radial seal旋转密封rotary seal活塞密封piston seal活塞杆密封rod seal防尘圈密封wiper seal；scraper组合垫圈bonded washer复合密封件composite seal弹性密封件elastomer seal丁腈橡胶nitrile butadiene rubber；NBR聚四氟乙烯polytetrafluoroethene;PTFE优先控制override control压力表pressure gauge压力传感器electrical pressure transducer 压差计differential pressure instrument液位计liquid level measuring instrument流量计flow meter压力开关pressure switch脉冲发生器pulse generator液压泵站power station空气处理单元air conditioner unit压力控制回路pressure control circuit安全回路safety circuit差动回路differential circuit调速回路flow control circuit进口节流回路meter-in circuit出口节流回路meter-out circuit同步回路synchronizing circuit开式回路open circuit闭式回路closed circuit管路布置pipe-work管卡clamper联轴器drive shaft coupling操作台control console控制屏control panel避震喉compensator粘度viscosity运动粘度kinematic viscosity密度density含水量water content闪点flash point防锈性rust protection抗腐蚀性anti-corrosive quality便携式颗粒检测仪portable particle counter Solenoid valve 电磁阀Check valve 单向阀Cartridge valve 插装阀Sandwich plate valve 叠加阀Pilot valve 先导阀Pilot operated check valve 液控单向阀Sub—plate mount 板式安装Manifold block 集成块Pressure relief valve 压力溢流阀Flow valve 流量阀Throttle valve 节流阀Double throttle check valve 双单向节流阀Rotary knob 旋钮Rectifier plate 节流板Servo valve 伺服阀Proportional valve 比例阀Position feedback 位置反馈Progressive flow 渐增流量De—energizing of solenoid 电磁铁释放二、介质类Phosphate ester （HFD—R) 磷酸甘油酯Water—glycol （HFC）水-乙二醇Emulsion 乳化液Inhibitor缓蚀剂Synthetic lubricating oil 合成油三、液压安装工程Contamination 污染Grout 灌浆Failure 失效Jog 点动Creep爬行Abrasion 摩擦Retract（活塞杆）伸出Extension （活塞杆）缩回Malfunction 误动作Pickling 酸洗Flushing 冲洗Dipping process 槽式酸洗Re-circulation 循环Passivity 钝化Nitric acid 柠檬酸Argon 氩气Butt welding 对接焊Socket welding 套管焊Inert gas welding 惰性气体焊四、管接头Bite type fittings 卡套式管接头Tube to tube fittings 接管接头union 直通接管接头union elbow 直角管接头union tee 三通管接头union cross 四通管接头Mal stud fittings 端直通管接头Bulkhead fittings 长直通管接头Weld fittings 焊接式管接头Female connector fittings 接头螺母Reducers extenders 变径管接头Banjo fittings 铰接式管接头Adjustable fittings/swivel nut 旋转接头五、伺服阀及伺服系统性能参数Dynamic response 动态频响DDV-direct drive valve 直动式伺服阀NFPA—National Fluid Power Association 美国流体控制学会Phase lag 相位滞后Nozzle flapper valve 喷嘴挡板阀Servo-jet pilot valve 射流管阀Dither 颤振电流Coil impedance 线圈阻抗Flow saturation 流量饱和Linearity 线形度Symmetry 对称性Hysterics 滞环Threshold 灵敏度Lap 滞后Pressure gain 压力增益Null 零位Null bias 零偏Null shift 零飘Frequency response 频率响应Slope 曲线斜坡液压系统（hydraulic system）执行元件（actuator)液压缸（cylinder）液压马达（motor）液压回路（circuit）压力控制回路（pressure control)流量（速度）控制回路（speed control)方向控制回路（directional valve control）安全回路（security control)定位回路（position control）同步回路（synchronise circuit）顺序动作回路（sequeunt circuit）液压泵（pump）阀（valve）压力控制阀（pressure valve）、流量控制阀（flow valve）方向控制阀（directional valve）液压辅件（accessory）普通阀（common valve）插装阀（cartridge valve）叠加阀（superimposed valve液压专业词汇流体传动hydraulic power液压技术hydraulics液力技术hydrodynamics气液技术hydropneumatics运行工况operating conditions额定工况rated conditions极限工况limited conditions瞬态工况instantaneous conditions稳态工况steady—state conditions许用工况acceptable conditions连续工况continuous working conditions实际工况actual conditions效率efficiency旋转方向direction of rotation公称压力nominal pressure工作压力working pressure进口压力inlet pressure出口压力outlet pressure压降pressure drop；differential pressure背压back pressure启动压力breakout pressure充油压力charge pressure开启压力cracking pressure峰值压力peak pressure运行压力operating pressure耐压试验压力proof pressure冲击压力surge pressure静压力static pressure系统压力system pressure控制压力pilot pressure充气压力pre-charge pressure吸入压力suction pressure调压偏差override pressure额定压力rated pressure耗气量air consumption泄漏leakage内泄漏internal leakage外泄漏external leakage层流laminar flow紊流turbulent flow气穴cavitation流量flow rate排量displacement额定流量rated flow供给流量supply flow流量系数flower factor滞环hysteresis图形符号graphical symbol液压气动元件图形符号symbols for hydraulic and pneumatic components 流体逻辑元件图形符号symbols for fluid logic devices逻辑功能图形符号symbols for logic functions回路图circuit diagram压力－时间图pressure time diagram功能图function diagram循环circle自动循环automatic cycle工作循环working cycle循环速度cycling speed工步phase停止工步dwell phase工作工步working phase快进工步rapid advance phase快退工步rapid return phase频率响应frequency response重复性repeat ability复现性reproducibility漂移drift波动ripple线性度linearity线性区linear region液压锁紧hydraulic lock液压卡紧sticking变量泵variable displacement pump泵的控制control of pump齿轮泵gear pump叶片泵vane pump柱塞泵piston pump轴向柱塞泵axial piston pump法兰安装flange mounting底座安装foot mounting液压马达hydraulic motor刚度stiffness中位neutral position零位zero position自由位free position缸cylinder有杆端rod end无杆端rear end外伸行程extend stroke内缩行程retract stroke缓冲cushioning工作行程working stroke负载压力induced pressure输出力force实际输出力actual force单作用缸single—acting cylinder双作用缸double-acting cylinder差动缸differential cylinder伸缩缸telescopic cylinder阀valve底板sub—plate油路块manifold block板式阀sub—plate valve叠加阀sandwich valve插装阀cartridge valve滑阀slide valve锥阀poppet valve阀芯valve element阀芯位置valve element position单向阀check valve液控单向阀pilot—controlled check valve 梭阀shuttle valve压力控制阀pressure relief valve溢流阀pressure relief valve顺序阀sequence valve减压阀pressure reducing valve平衡阀counterbalance valve卸荷阀unloading valve直动式directly operated type先导式pilot-operated type机械控制式mechanically controlled type 手动式manually operated type液控式hydraulic controlled type流量控制阀flow control valve固定节流阀fixed restrictive valve可调节流阀adjustable restrictive valve 单向节流阀one—way restrictive valve 调速阀speed regulator valve分流阀flow divider valve集流阀flow—combining valve截止阀shut—off valve球阀global(ball）valve针阀needle valve闸阀gate valve膜片阀diaphragm valve蝶阀butterfly valve噪声等级noise level放大器amplifier模拟放大器analogue amplifier数字放大器digital amplifier传感器sensor阈值threshold伺服阀servo—valve四通阀four—way valve喷嘴挡板nozzle flapper液压放大器hydraulic amplifier颤振dither阀极性valve polarity流量增益flow gain对称度symmetry流量极限flow limit零位内泄漏null(quiescent）leakage遮盖lap零遮盖zero lap正遮盖over lap负遮盖under lap开口opening零偏null bias零漂null drift阀压降valve pressure drop分辨率resolution频率响应frequency response幅值比amplitude ratio相位移phase lag传递函数transfer function管路flow line硬管rigid tube软管flexible hose工作管路working line回油管路return line补液管路replenishing line控制管路pilot line泄油管路drain line放气管路bleed line接头fitting；connection焊接式接头welded fitting扩口式接头flared fitting快换接头quick release coupling 法兰接头flange connection弯头elbow异径接头reducer fitting流道flow pass油口port闭式油箱sealed reservoir油箱容量reservoir fluid capacity 气囊式蓄能器bladder accumulator 空气污染air contamination固体颗粒污染solid contamination 液体污染liquid contamination空气过滤器air filter油雾气lubricator热交换器heat exchanger冷却器cooler加热器heater温度控制器thermostat消声器silencer双筒过滤器duplex filter过滤器压降filter pressure drop有效过滤面积effective filtration area公称过滤精度nominal filtration rating压溃压力collapse pressure填料密封packing seal机械密封mechanical seal径向密封radial seal旋转密封rotary seal活塞密封piston seal活塞杆密封rod seal防尘圈密封wiper seal;scraper组合垫圈bonded washer复合密封件composite seal弹性密封件elastomer seal丁腈橡胶nitrile butadiene rubber；NBR 聚四氟乙烯polytetrafluoroethene；PTFE 优先控制override control压力表pressure gauge压力传感器electrical pressure transducer 压差计differential pressure instrument液位计liquid level measuring instrument 流量计flow meter压力开关pressure switch脉冲发生器pulse generator液压泵站power station空气处理单元air conditioner unit压力控制回路pressure control circuit安全回路safety circuit差动回路differential circuit调速回路flow control circuit进口节流回路meter—in circuit出口节流回路meter—out circuit同步回路synchronizing circuit开式回路open circuit闭式回路closed circuit管路布置pipe—work管卡clamper联轴器drive shaft coupling操作台control console控制屏control panel避震喉compensator粘度viscosity运动粘度kinematic viscosity密度density含水量water content闪点flash point防锈性rust protection抗腐蚀性anti-corrosive quality便携式颗粒检测仪portable particle counter Solenoid valve 电磁阀Check valve 单向阀Cartridge valve 插装阀Sandwich plate valve 叠加阀Pilot valve 先导阀Pilot operated check valve 液控单向阀Sub-plate mount 板式安装Manifold block 集成块Pressure relief valve 压力溢流阀Flow valve 流量阀Throttle valve 节流阀Double throttle check valve 双单向节流阀Rotary knob 旋钮Rectifier plate 节流板Servo valve 伺服阀Proportional valve 比例阀Position feedback 位置反馈Progressive flow 渐增流量De—energizing of solenoid 电磁铁释放二、介质类Phosphate ester (HFD—R）磷酸甘油酯Water—glycol (HFC）水—乙二醇Emulsion 乳化液Inhibitor缓蚀剂Synthetic lubricating oil 合成油三、液压安装工程Contamination 污染Grout 灌浆Failure 失效Jog 点动Creep爬行Abrasion 摩擦Retract（活塞杆）伸出Extension (活塞杆）缩回Malfunction 误动作Pickling 酸洗Flushing 冲洗Dipping process 槽式酸洗Re-circulation 循环Passivity 钝化Nitric acid 柠檬酸Argon 氩气Butt welding 对接焊Socket welding 套管焊Inert gas welding 惰性气体焊四、管接头Bite type fittings 卡套式管接头Tube to tube fittings 接管接头union 直通接管接头union elbow 直角管接头union tee 三通管接头union cross 四通管接头Mal stud fittings 端直通管接头Bulkhead fittings 长直通管接头Weld fittings 焊接式管接头Female connector fittings 接头螺母Reducers extenders 变径管接头Banjo fittings 铰接式管接头Adjustable fittings/swivel nut 旋转接头五、伺服阀及伺服系统性能参数Dynamic response 动态频响DDV-direct drive valve 直动式伺服阀NFPA—National Fluid Power Association 美国流体控制学会Phase lag 相位滞后Nozzle flapper valve 喷嘴挡板阀Servo—jet pilot valve 射流管阀Dither 颤振电流Coil impedance 线圈阻抗Flow saturation 流量饱和Linearity 线形度Symmetry 对称性Hysterics 滞环Threshold 灵敏度Lap 滞后Pressure gain 压力增益Null 零位Null bias 零偏Null shift 零飘Frequency response 频率响应Slope 曲线斜坡液压系统(hydraulic system)执行元件（actuator）液压缸（cylinder）液压马达（motor）液压回路（circuit）压力控制回路（pressure control）流量(速度）控制回路（speed control)方向控制回路（directional valve control）安全回路（security control）定位回路（position control)同步回路（synchronise circuit)顺序动作回路(sequeunt circuit）液压泵（pump）阀（valve)压力控制阀（pressure valve)、流量控制阀(flow valve）方向控制阀（directional valve)液压辅件（accessory）普通阀（common valve）插装阀（cartridge valve）叠加阀（superimposed valve。
汽车转向系统英语词汇
转向系统（system）英语词汇蜗杆指销式转向器worm and peg steering gear吸能式转向管柱energy-absorbing steering column循环球齿条齿扇式转向器recirculating ball-rack and sector steeri ng gear循环球和螺母式转向器recirculating ball and nut steering gear 循环球-曲柄销式转向器recirculating ball-lever and peg steering gear循环球式转向器recirculating ball steering gear压缩弹簧compression spring摇臂轴pitman arm shaft液压常流式动力转向hydraulic constant flow type power steerin g液压储能式动力转向hydraulic accumulator power steering液压式动力转向hydraulic power steerig折叠式转向管柱collapsible steering column整体式动力转向机构integral type power steering整体式动力转向器integral power steering gear整体式转向梯形杆系ackerman steering linkdage直列式转向器in-line steering gear指销stud中间转向杆intermediate steering rod中间转向联杆center steering linkdage转阀式转向控制阀rotary valve type转向不足understeering转向操纵机构steering control mechanism转向齿轮steering pinion转向齿条steering rack转向传动杆系steering linkage转向传动轴steering inner articulated shaft转向动力缸power cylinder转向管柱steering column转向横拉杆steering tie rod转向横轴cross shaft转向控制阀steering control valve转向力矩steering mometn转向螺杆steering screw转向螺母steering nut转向盘steering wheel转向盘自由行程free play of steering wheel转向器盖cover of steering gear转向器转动力矩rotating torque of steering gear 转向万向节steering universal joint转向蜗杆steering worm转向系steering system转向系刚度steering system stiffness转向摇臂pitman arm转向油泵power steerig pump转向油罐oil reservoir转向直拉杆steering drag link转向轴steering shaft转向阻力矩steering resisting torque总成和部件assemblies and parts摆臂swing arm变传动比转向器steering gear with variable ratio侧盖side cover常流式液压动力转向器constant flow hydraulic power steering g ear常压式液压动力转向器constant pressure hydraulic power steeri ng gear齿轮齿条式转向器rack and pinion steering gear动力转向power steering动力转向器power steering stgear动力转向系power steering system动力转向系布置power steering system layout端部螺塞end plug阀体valve housing反作用阀reactive valve分段式梯形机构split tie rod type tie rod linkage分段式转向梯形杆系divided ackerman steering linkage 钢球ball滚轮roller滚轮轴roller shaft过度转向oversteering横拉杆端接头tie rod end滑阀valve spool滑阀式转向控制器spool valve type机构转向器manual steering gear机械转向系manual steering system接头socket壳体housing可伸缩式转向管柱telescopic steering column快速转向fast steering (quick steering)类型type螺杆螺线式转向器screw and nut steering gear慢速转向slow steeirng扭杆torsion bar气压式动力转向air-power steering倾斜和缩进式转向管柱tilt and telescopic steering column 倾斜式方向盘tilt steering wheel球头销ball stud球头座ball cup球轴承套管式转向管柱tube and ball type steering column 四边联杆式转向机构parallelogram linkage steering梯形臂tie rod arm梯形机构tie rod linkage梯形转向机构ackerman steering网络状转向柱管net type steering column蜗杆滚轮式转向器worm and roller steering gear蜗杆指销式转向器worm and peg steering gear。
汽车电动助力转向系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
汽车电动助力转向系统中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：The auto electric power steering system researchAlong with automobile electronic technology swift and violent development, the people also day by day enhance to the motor turning handling quality request. The motor turning system hanged, the hydraulic pressure boost from the traditional machinery changes (Hydraulic Power Steering, is called HPS), the electrically controlled hydraulic pressure boost changes (Electronic Hydraulic Power Steering, is called EHPS), develops the electrically operated boost steering system (Electronic Power Steering, is called EPS), finally also will transit to the line controls the steering system (Steer By Wire, will be called SBW).The machinery steering system is refers by pilot's physical strength achievement changes the energy, in which all power transmission all is mechanical, the automobile changes the movement is operates the steering wheel by the pilot, transmits through the diverter and a series of members changes the wheel to realize. The mechanical steering system by changes the control mechanism, the diverter and major part changes the gearing 3 to be composed.Usually may divide into according to the mechanical diverter form: The gear rack type, follows round the world -like, the worm bearing adjuster hoop type, the worm bearing adjusterrefers sells the type. Is the gear rack type and follows using the broadest two kinds round the world -like (uses in needing time big steering force).In follows round the world -like in the diverter, the input changes the circle and the output steering arm pivot angle is proportional; In the gear rack type diverter, the input changes the turn and the output rack displacement is proportional. Follows round the world -like the diverter because is the rolling friction form, thus the transmission efficiency is very high, the ease of operation also the service life are long, moreover bearing capacity, therefore widely applies on the truck. The gear rack type diverter with follows round the world -like compares, the most major characteristic is the rigidity is big, the structure compact weight is light, also the cost is low. Because this way passes on easily by the wheel the reacting force to the steering wheel, therefore has to the pavement behavior response keen merit, but simultaneously also easy to have phenomena and so on goon and oscillation, also its load bearing efficiency relative weak, therefore mainly applies on the compact car and the pickup truck, at present the majority of low end passenger vehicle uses is the gear rack type machinery steering system.Along with the vehicles carrying capacity increase as well as the people to the vehicles handling quality request enhancement, the simple mechanical type steering system were already unable to meet the needs, the power steering system arise at the historic moment, it could rotate the steering wheel while the pilot to provide the boost, the power steering system divides into the hydraulic pressure steering system and the electrically operated steering system 2kinds.Hydraulic pressure steering system is at present uses the most widespread steering system.The hydraulic pressure steering system increased the hydraulic system in the mechanical system foundation, including hydraulic pump, V shape band pulley, drill tubing, feed installment, boost installment and control valve. It with the aid of in the motor car engine power actuation hydraulic pump, the air compressor and the generator and so on, by the fluid strength, the physical strength or the electric power increases the pilot to operate the strength which the front wheel changes, enables the pilot to be possible nimbly to operate motor turning facilely, reduced the labor intensity, enhanced the travel security.The hydraulic pressure boost steering system from invented already had about half century history to the present, might say was one kind of more perfect system, because its work reliable, the technology mature still widely is applied until now. It takes the power supply by the hydraulic pump, after oil pipe-line control valves to power hydraulic cylinder feed, through the connecting rod impetus rotation gear movement, may changes the boost through the change cylinder bore and the flowing tubing head pressure size the size, from this achieved changes the boost the function. The traditional hydraulic pressure type power steering system may divide into generally according to the liquid flow form: Ordinary flow type and atmospheric pressure type 2 kind of types, also may divide into according to the control valve form transfers the valve type and the slide-valve type.Along with hydraulic pressure power steering system on automobile daily popularization, the people to operates when the portability and the road feeling request also day by day enhance, however the hydraulic pressure power steering system has many shortcomings actually: ①Because its itself structure had decided it is unable to guarantee vehicles rotates the steering wheel when any operating mode, all has the ideal operation stability, namely is unable simultaneously to guarantee time the low speed changes the portability and the high speed time operation stability;②The automobile changes the characteristic to drive the pilot technical the influence to be serious;③The steering ratio is fixed, causes the motor turning response characteristic along with changes and so on vehicle speed, transverse acceleration to change, the pilot must aim at the motor turning characteristic peak-to-peak value and the phase change ahead of time carries on certain operation compensation, thus controls the automobile according to its wish travel. Like this increased pilot's operation burden, also causes in the motor turning travel not to have the security hidden danger; But hereafter appeared the electrically controlled hydraulic booster system, it increases the velocity generator in the traditional hydraulic pressure power steering system foundation, enables the automobile along with the vehicle speed change automatic control force size, has to a certain extent relaxed the traditional hydraulic pressure steering system existence question.At present our country produces on the commercial vehicle and the passenger vehicle uses mostly is the electrically controlled hydraulic pressure boost steering system, it is quite mature and the application widespread steering system. Although the electrically controlled hydraulic servo alleviated the traditional hydraulic pressure from certain degree to change between the portability and the road feeling contradiction, however it did not have fundamentally to solve the HPS system existence insufficiency, along with automobile microelectronic technology development, automobile fuel oil energy conservation request as well as global initiative environmental protection, it in aspect and so on arrangement, installment, leak-proof quality, control sensitivity, energy consumption, attrition and noise insufficiencies already more and more obvious, the steering system turned towards the electrically operated boost steering system development.The electrically operated boost steering system is the present motor turning system development direction, its principle of work is: EPS system ECU after comes from the steering wheel torque sensor and the vehicle speed sensor signal carries on analysis processing, controls the electrical machinery to have the suitable boost torque, assists the pilot to complete changes the operation. In the last few years, along with the electronic technology development, reduces EPS the cost to become large scale possibly, Japan sends the car company, Mitsubishi Car company, this field car company, US's Delphi automobile system company, TRW Corporation and Germany's ZF Corporation greatly all one after another develops EPS.Mercedes2Benz Siemens Automotive Two big companies invested 65,000,000 pounds to use in developing EPS, the goal are together load a car to 2002, yearly produce 300 ten thousand sets, became the global EPS manufacturer. So far, the EPS system in the slight passenger vehicle, on the theater box typevehicle obtains the widespread application, and every year by 300 ten thousand speed development.Steering is the term applied to the collection of components, linkages, etc. which allow for a vessel (ship, boat) or vehicle (car) to follow the desired course. An exception is the case of rail transport by which rail tracks combined together with railroad switches provide the steering function.The most conventional steering arrangement is to turn the front wheels using ahand–operated steering wheel which is positioned in front of the driver, via the steering column, which may contain universal joints to allow it to deviate somewhat from a straight line. Other arrangements are sometimes found on different types of vehicles, for example, a tiller orrear–wheel steering. Tracked vehicles such as tanks usually employ differential steering — that is, the tracks are made to move at different speeds or even in opposite directions to bring about a change of course.Many modern cars use rack and pinion steering mechanisms, where the steering wheel turns the pinion gear; the pinion moves the rack, which is a sort of linear gear which meshes with the pinion, from side to side. This motion applies steering torque to the kingpins of the steered wheels via tie rods and a short lever arm called the steering arm.Older designs often use the recirculating ball mechanism, which is still found on trucks and utility vehicles. This is a variation on the older worm and sector design; the steering column turns a large screw (the "worm gear") which meshes with a sector of a gear, causing it to rotate about its axis as the worm gear is turned; an arm attached to the axis of the sector moves the pitman arm, which is connected to the steering linkage and thus steers the wheels. The recirculating ball version of this apparatus reduces the considerable friction by placing large ball bearings between the teeth of the worm and those of the screw; at either end of the apparatus the balls exit from between the two pieces into a channel internal to the box which connects them with the other end of the apparatus, thus they are "recirculated".The rack and pinion design has the advantages of a large degree of feedback and direct steering "feel"; it also does not normally have any backlash, or slack. A disadvantage is that it is not adjustable, so that when it does wear and develop lash, the only cure is replacement.The recirculating ball mechanism has the advantage of a much greater mechanical advantage, so that it was found on larger, heavier vehicles while the rack and pinion was originally limited to smaller and lighter ones; due to the almost universal adoption of power steering, however, this is no longer an important advantage, leading to the increasing use of rack and pinion on newer cars. The recirculating ball design also has a perceptible lash, or "dead spot" on center, where a minute turn of the steering wheel in either direction does not move the steering apparatus; this is easily adjustable via a screw on the end of the steering box to account for wear, but it cannot be entirely eliminated or the mechanism begins to wear very rapidly. This design is still in use in trucks andother large vehicles, where rapidity of steering and direct feel are less important than robustness, maintainability, and mechanical advantage. The much smaller degree of feedback with this design can also sometimes be an advantage; drivers of vehicles with rack and pinion steering can have their thumbs broken when a front wheel hits a bump, causing the steering wheel to kick to one side suddenly (leading to driving instructors telling students to keep their thumbs on the front of the steering wheel, rather than wrapping around the inside of the rim). This effect is even stronger with a heavy vehicle like a truck; recirculating ball steering prevents this degree of feedback, just as it prevents desirable feedback under normal circumstances.The steering linkage connecting the steering box and the wheels usually conforms to a variation of Ackermann steering geometry, to account for the fact that in a turn, the inner wheel is actually traveling a path of smaller radius than the outer wheel, so that the degree of toe suitable for driving in a straight path is not suitable for turns.As vehicles have become heavier and switched to front wheel drive, the effort to turn the steering wheel manually has increased - often to the point where major physical exertion is required. To alleviate this, auto makers have developed power steering systems. There are two types of power steering systems—hydraulic and electric/electronic. There is also ahydraulic-electric hybrid system possible.A hydraulic power steering (HPS) uses hydraulic pressure supplied by an engine-driven pump to assist the motion of turning the steering wheel. Electric power steering (EPS) is more efficient than the hydraulic power steering, since the electric power steering motor only needs to provide assist when the steering wheel is turned, whereas the hydraulic pump must run constantly. In EPS the assist level is easily tunable to the vehicle type, road speed, and even driver preference. An added benefit is the elimination of environmental hazard posed by leakage and disposal of hydraulic power steering fluid.An outgrowth of power steering is speed adjustable steering, where the steering is heavily assisted at low speed and lightly assisted at high speed. The auto makers perceive that motorists might need to make large steering inputs while manoeuvering for parking, but not while traveling at high speed. The first vehicle with this feature was the Citroën SM with its Diravi layout, although rather than altering the amount of assistance as in modern power steering systems, it altered the pressure on a centring cam which made the steering wheel try to "spring" back to the straight-ahead position. Modern speed-adjustable power steering systems reduce the pressure fed to the ram as the speed increases, giving a more direct feel. This feature is gradually becoming commonplace across all new vehicles.Four-wheel steering (or all wheel steering) is a system employed by some vehicles to increase vehicle stability while maneuvering at high speed, or to decrease turning radius at low speed.In most four-wheel steering systems, the rear wheels are steered by a computer and actuators. The rear wheels generally cannot turn as far as the Alternatively, several systems, including Delphi's Quadrasteer and the system in Honda's Prelude line, allow for the rear wheels to be steered in the opposite direction as the front wheels during low speeds. This allows the vehicle to turn in a significantly smaller radius — sometimes critical for large trucks or vehicles with trailers.Electronic power steering systemWhat it isElectrically powered steering uses an electric motor to drive either the power steering hydraulic pump or the steering linkage directly. The power steering function is therefore independent of engine speed, resulting in significant energy savings.How it works :Conventional power steering systems use an engine accessory belt to drive the pump, providing pressurized fluid that operates a piston in the power steering gear or actuator to assist the driver.In electro-hydraulic steering, one electrically powered steering concept uses a high efficiency pump driven by an electric motor. Pump speed is regulated by an electric controller to vary pump pressure and flow, providing steering efforts tailored for different driving situations. The pump can be run at low speed or shut off to provide energy savings during straight ahead driving (which is most of the time in most world markets).Direct electric steering uses an electric motor attached to the steering rack via a gear mechanism (no pump or fluid). A variety of motor types and gear drives is possible. A microprocessor controls steering dynamics and driver effort. Inputs include vehicle speed and steering, wheel torque, angular position and turning rate.Working In Detail:A "steering sensor" is located on the input shaft where it enters the gearbox housing.The steering sensor is actually two sensors in one: a "torque sensor" that converts steeringtorque input and its direction into voltage signals, and a "rotation sensor" that converts the rotation speed and direction into voltage signals. An "interface" circuit that shares the same housingconverts the signals from the torque sensor and rotation sensor into signals the control electronics can process.Inputs from the steering sensor are digested by a microprocessor control unit that also monitors input from the vehicle's speed sensor. The sensor inputs are then compared to determine how much power assist is required according to a preprogrammed "force map" in the control unit's memory. The control unit then sends out the appropriate command to the "power unit" which then supplies the electric motor with current. The motor pushes the rack to the right or left depending on which way the voltage flows (reversing the current reverses the direction the motor spins). Increasing the current to the motor increases the amount of power assist.The system has three operating modes: a "normal" control mode in which left or right power assist is provided in response to input from the steering torque and rotation sensor's inputs; a "return" control mode which is used to assist steering return after completing a turn; and a "damper" control mode that changes with vehicle speed to improve road feel and dampen kickback.If the steering wheel is turned and held in the full-lock position and steering assist reaches a maximum, the control unit reduces current to the electric motor to prevent an overload situation that might damage the motor. The control unit is also designed to protect the motor against voltage surges from a faulty alternator or charging problem.The electronic steering control unit is capable of self-diagnosing faults by monitoring the system's inputs and outputs, and the driving current of the electric motor. If a problem occurs, the control unit turns the system off by actuating a fail-safe relay in the power unit. This eliminates all power assist, causing the system to revert back to manual steering. A dash EPS warning light is also illuminated to alert the driver. To diagnose the problem, a technician jumps the terminals on the service check connector and reads out the trouble codes.Electric power steering systems promise weight reduction, fuel savings and package flexibility, at no cost penalty.Europe's high fuel prices and smaller vehicles make a fertile testbed for electric steering, a technology that promises automakers weight savings and fuel economy gains. And in a short time, electric steering will make it to the U.S., too. "It's just just a matter of time," says Aly Badawy, director of research and development for Delphi Saginaw Steering Systems in Saginaw, Mich. "The issue was cost and that's behind us now. By 2002 here in the U.S. the cost of electric power steering will absolutely be a wash over hydraulic."Today, electric and hybrid-powered vehicles (EV), including Toyota's Prius and GM's EV-1, are the perfect domain for electric steering. But by 2010, a TRW Inc. internal study estimates that one out of every three cars produced in the world will be equipped with some form of electrically-assisted steering. The Cleveland-based supplier claims its new steering systems could improve fuel economy by up to 2 mpg, while enhancing handling. There are true bottom-line benefits as well for automakers by reducing overall costs and decreasing assembly time, since there's no need for pumps, hoses and fluids.Another claimed advantage is shortened development time. For instance, a Delphi group developed E-TUNE, a ride-and-handling software package that can be run off a laptop computer. "They can take that computer and plug it in, attach it to the controller and change all the handling parameters -- effort level, returnability, damping -- on the fly," Badawy says. "It used to take months." Delphi has one OEM customer that should start low-volume production in '99.Electric steering units are normally placed in one of three positions: column-drive, pinion-drive and rack-drive. Which system will become the norm is still unclear. Short term, OEMs will choose the steering system that is easiest to integrate into an existing platform. Obviously, greater potentialcomes from designing the system into an all-new platform."We have all three designs under consideration," says Dr. Herman Strecker, group vice president of steering systems division at ZF in Schwaebisch Gmuend, Germany. "It's up to the market and OEMs which version finally will be used and manufactured.""The large manufacturers have all grabbed hold of what they consider a core technology," explains James Handysides, TRW vice president, electrically assisted steering in Sterling Heights, Mich. His company offers a portfolio of electric steering systems (hybrid electric, rack-, pinion-, and column-drive). TRW originally concentrated on what it still believes is the purest engineering solution for electric steering--the rack-drive system. The system is sometimes refered to as direct drive or ball/nut drive.Still, this winter TRW hedged its bet, forming a joint venture with LucasVarity. The British supplier received $50 million in exchange for its electric column-drive steering technology and as sets. Initial production of the column and pinion drive electric steering systems is expected to begin in Birmingham, England, in 2000."What we lack is the credibility in the steering market," says Brendan Conner, managing director, TRW/LucasVarity Electric Steering Ltd. "The combination with TRW provides us with a good opportunity for us to bridge that gap." LucasVarity currently has experimental systems on 11 different vehicle types, mostly European. TRW is currently supplying its EAS systems for Ford and Chrysler EVs in North America and for GM's new Opel Astra.In 1995, according to Delphi, traditional hydraulic power steering systems were on 7596 of all vehicles sold globally. That 37-million vehicle pool consumes about 10 million gallons in hydraulic fluid that could be superfluous, if electric steering really takes off.The present invention relates to an electrically powered drive mechamsm for providing powered assistance to a vehicle steering mechanism. According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided an electrically powered driven mechanism for providing powered assistance to a vehicle steering mechanism having a manually rotatable member for operating the steering mechanism, the drive mechanism including a torque sensor operable to sense torque being manually applied to the rotatable member, an electrically powered drive motor drivingly connected to the rotatable member and a controller which is arranged to control the speed and direction of rotation of the drive motor in response to signals received from the torque sensor, the torque sensor including a sensor shaft adapted for connection to the rotatable member to form an extension thereof so that torque is transmitted through said sensor shaft when the rotatable member is manually rotated and a strain gauge mounted on the sensor shaft for producing a signal indicative of the amount of torque being transmitted through said shaft.Preferably the sensor shaft is non-rotatably mounted at one axial end in a first coupling member and is non-rotatably mounted at its opposite axial end in a second coupling member, the first and second coupling members being inter-engaged to permit limited rotation therebetween so that torque under a predetermined limit is transmitted by the sensor shaft only and so that torque above said predetermined limit is transmitted through the first and second coupling members.The first and second couplingmembers are preferably arranged to act as a bridge for drivingly connecting first and second portions of the rotating member to one another.Preferably the sensor shaft is of generally rectangular cross-section throughout the majority of its length.Preferably the strain gauge includes one or more SAW resonators secured to the sensor shaft.Preferably the motor is drivingly connected to the rotatable member via a clutch.Preferably the motor includes a gear box and is concentrically arranged relative to the rotatable member.Various aspects of the present invention will hereafter be described, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which :Figure 1 is a diagrammatic view of a vehicle steering mechanism including an electrically powered drive mechanism according to the present invention,Figure 2 is a flow diagram illustrating interaction between various components of the drive mechanism shown in Figure 1 ,Figure 3 is an axial section through the drive mechanism shown in Figure 1, Figure 4 is a sectional view taken along lines IV-IV in Figure 3,Figure 5 is a more detailed exploded view of the input drives coupling shown in Figure 3, andFigure 6 is a more detailed exploded view of the clutch showing in Figure 3. Referring initially to Figure 1 , there is shown a vehicle steering mechanism 10 drivingly connected to a pair of steerable road wheels The steering mechanism 10 shown includes a rack and pinion assembly 14 connected to the road wheels 12 via joints 15. The pinion(not shown) of assembly 14 is rotatably driven by a manually rotatable member in the form of a steering column 18 which is manually rotated by a steering wheel 19.The steering column 18 includes an electric powered drive mechanism 30 which includes an electric drive motor (not shown in Figure 1) for driving the pinion in response to torque loadings in the steering column 18 in order to provide power assistance for the operative when rotating the steering wheel 19.As schematically illustrated in Figure 2, the electric powered drive mechanism includes a torque sensor20 which measures the torque applied by the steering column 18 when driving the pinion and supplies a signal to a controller 40. The controller 40 is connected to a drive motor 50 and controls the electric current supplied to the motor 50 to control the amount of torque generated by the motor 50 and the direction of its rotation.The motor 50 is drivingly connected to the steering column 18 preferably via a gear box 60, preferably an epicyclic gear box, and a clutch 70. The clutch 70 is preferably permanently engaged during normal operation and is operative under certain conditions to isolate drive from the motor 50 to enable the pinion to be driven manually through the drive mechanism 30. This is a safety feature to enable the mechanism to function in the event of the motor 50 attempting to drive the steering column too fast and/or in the wrong direction or in the case where the motor and/or gear box have seized.The torque sensor 20 is preferably an assembly including a short sensor shaft on which is mounted a strain gauge capable of accurately measuring strain in the sensor shaft brought about by the application of torque within a predetermined range.Preferably the predetermined range of torque which is measured is 0-lONm; more preferably is about l-5Nm.Preferably the range of measured torque corresponds to about 0-1000 microstrain and the construction of the sensor shaft。
助力转向系统解读
助力转向系统解读助力转向，顾名思义，就是通过增加外力来抵抗转向阻力，让驾驶者只需更少的力就能够完成转向，也称动力转向，英文为power steering，最初是为了让一些自重较重的大型车辆能够更轻松的操作，但是现在已经非常普及，它让驾驶变得更加简单和轻松，并且让车辆反应更加敏捷，一定程度上提高了安全性。
助力转向按照助力的来源不同，可以分为两大类---液压助力和电动助力。
机械液压助力液压动力转向的由来最早要追溯到1902年的2月，英国的Frederick W. Lanchester发明了“cause the steering mechanism to be actuated by hydraulic power”即液力驱动转向机构。
之后类似的发明分别有美国和加拿大的发明家相继注册专利。
而在汽车生产厂商中，克莱斯勒率先实现了液压助力转向系统的商业化生产，将其命名为Hydraguide油压转向系统，并于1951年将其搭载在克莱斯勒的第六代Imperial（译为帝王）车型上。
随着技术的发展，出现了以电子泵代替机械泵的电子液压助力转向系统，所以目前液压助力的主要分为机械式液压助力和电子液压助力两类，另外，在机械式液压助力的基础上还派生出了电子伺服的液压助力转向系统。
我们来看机械式液压助力转向的主要原理，它是基于机械式的齿轮齿条转向机构而来，增加了一整套液力系统，包括储液罐、液压助力泵、与转向柱相连的机械阀、转向机构上的液压缸和能够推动转向拉杆的活塞等等。
机械式助力转向提供液压的液压泵由发动机通过皮带驱动，也就是说只有发动机运转，转向泵才能够运转，这就是为什么发动机熄火后方向盘助力消失的原因。
在转向机上，有一个能够随转向柱转动的机械阀，当方向盘未左右转动时，活塞两侧腔室内压力一一致，处于平衡状态。
当方向盘转动时，连接在转向柱上的机械阀就会相应的打开或关闭，一侧油液不再经过液压缸而直接回流至储油罐，另一侧油液继续注入液压缸内，活塞两侧产生压差，便会在液力的作用下被推动，进而产生辅助力度推动转向拉杆，让车轮转向，使我们转动方向盘所需的力度大大减小。
外文翻译--汽车转向系统
附录A译文随着汽车电子技术的迅猛发展,人们对汽车转向操纵性能的要求也日益提高。
汽车转向系统已从传统机械转向、液压助力转向(Hydraulic Power Steering ,简称HPS) 、电控液压助力转向( Elect ric Hydraulic PowerSteering ,简称EHPS) , 发展到电动助力转向系统(Elect ric Power Steering ,简称EPS) ,最终还将过渡到线控转向系统(Steer By Wire ,简称SBW)。
机械转向系统是指以驾驶员的体力作为转向能源,其中所有传力件都是机械的,汽车的转向运动是由驾驶员操纵方向盘,通过转向器和一系列的杆件传递到转向车轮而实现的。
机械转向系由转向操纵机构、转向器和转向传动机械3大部分组成。
通常根据机械式转向器形式可以分为:齿轮齿条式、循环球式、蜗杆滚轮式、蜗杆指销式。
应用最广的两种是齿轮齿条式和循环球式(用于需要较大的转向力时) 。
在循环球式转向器中,输入转向圈与输出的转向摇臂摆角是成正比的;在齿轮齿条式转向器中,输入转向圈数与输出的齿条位移是成正比的。
循环球式转向器由于是滚动摩擦形式,因而正传动效率很高,操作方便且使用寿命长,而且承载能力强,故广泛应用于载货汽车上。
齿轮齿条式转向器与循环球式相比,最大特点是刚性大,结构紧凑重量轻,且成本低。
由于这种方式容易由车轮将反作用力传至转向盘,所以具有对路面状态反应灵敏的优点,但同时也容易产生打手和摆振等现象,且其承载效率相对较弱,故主要应用于小汽车及轻型货车上,目前大部分低端轿车采用的就是齿轮齿条式机械转向系统。
随着车辆载重的增加以及人们对车辆操纵性能要求的提高,简单的机械式转向系统已经无法满足需要,动力转向系统应运而生,它能在驾驶员转动方向盘的同时提供助力,动力转向系统分为液压转向系统和电动转向系统2 种。
其中液压转向系统是目前使用最为广泛的转向系统。
液压转向系统在机械系统的基础上增加了液压系统,包括液压泵、V 形带轮、油管、供油装置、助力装置和控制阀。
液压英语词汇
液压英语词汇第一篇：液压英语词汇Hydraulic Words hydrotrencher 液压挖沟机hydrostatic bearing 流体静压轴承hydrostatic dual packer 水力式双管封隔器hydrostatic extrusion machine 静液力挤压机 hydrostatic extrusion press 液体静压挤压机hydrostatic gasoline gauge 静液压式汽油量表hydrostatic gauge 静液压压力计hydrostatic level gauge 流体静压水准仪 hydrostatic machine 水压机 hydrostatic oiler 静压加油器 hydrostatic press 水压机hydrostatic pressure gauge 静液压力计hydrostatic release unit 静水压力释放器 hydrostatic test press 水压试验机hydrostatic testing machine 水压试验机hydrostatic transmitter 静压变送器 hydrostone-flat grinder 水磨机hydrosuction wringing machine 吸水榨干机 hydroplane 水上飞机hydropneumatic accumulator 气水蓄力器hydropneumatic punch 液压气动打孔机hydropneumatic punching machine 液压气动打孔机hydroprednisone 氢化泼尼松hydropress cold-chamber diecasting machine 水压冷室压铸机 hydropress 水压机hydropueumatic broaching machine 液压气动式拉床hydropulper 水力碎纸机 hydropyrometer 水测高温计 hydromation filter 液压过滤器 hydrometer 液体比重计hydrocone gyratory crusher 液压锥罩式环动破碎机hydro former 水压式成形器hydro governor 液压调节器hydro manometer 流体压力计hydro reciprocator 液压式往复运动机 hydro turbine 水力涡轮机 hydro-amplifier 液压放大器 hydro-barker 水力剥皮机hydro-boom jumbo 带液压钻架的钻车 hydro-cone crusher 液压圆锥破碎机 hydro-cylinder 液压缸hydro-disperser 水力分散器 hydro-drill jumbo 液压钻车hydro-dynamic gauge 动水压力计hydro-dynamic molding press 液压模压机hydro-dynamic press 液压机 hydro-exhauster 抽水机hydro-extract dryer 脱水烘燥机 hydro-monitor 水力测功器hydro-monoplane 单翼水上飞机 hydro-motor 喷水发动机hydro-power pump 液压动力泵 hydro-screw chuck 液压丝扣卡盘 hydraulic bucket 液压抓斗 hydraulic drill 水力凿岩机hydraulic 3-deck cycle tyre vulcanizing press 液压三层自行车胎硫化机 hydraulic accumulator 蓄液器hydraulic actuated excavator 液压挖土机 hydraulic actuated governor 液压调速器hydraulic actuator 液压致动器hydraulic agitator 液力搅拌器 hydraulic amplifier 液压放大器hydraulic and electronic swing arm cutting machine 液压电子摇臂式裁切机 hydraulic arc sawing machine 液压弓锯床 hydraulic arm 液压臂hydraulic auto jack 汽车用液压千斤顶hydraulic auto-balanced sole attaching machine 液压式自动平衡上底机 hydraulic automatic control machine 水压自控机hydraulic automatic mortising machine 液压自动榫槽机hydraulic back-pressure valve 液压止回阀 hydraulic bale loader 液压包捆装载机 hydraulic baling press 液压打包机 hydraulic ballast tamper 液压捣固机 hydraulic barker 水力剥皮机hydraulic bell hoist 液压料钟卷扬机 hydraulic bench drill 液压台钻 hydraulic bench vice 液压台虎钳 hydraulic bender 水力弯折机hydraulic bending machine 液压式折弯机 hydraulic bending press 液压折弯机hydraulic boom machine 液压支臂切削掘进机hydraulic booster 液压升压器hydraulic boring lathe 液压镗车床hydraulic boring unit 液压镗床hydraulic bottle jack 立式液压千斤顶 hydraulic brake fluid 液压制动液hydraulic brake operating valve 液力制动操纵阀hydraulic brake shaft 液压制动轴 hydraulic brake 液压制动器hydraulic broaching machine 液压拉床 hydraulic bronze 耐水浸蚀铅青铜 hydraulic buffer 液压缓冲器hydraulic bulldozer with rippers 液压推松土机hydraulic bulldozer 液压推土机 hydraulic bumper 液压减震器hydraulic bundling press 液压压包机hydraulic cable jointing machine 油压接线机hydraulic calibrating press 水力定型机 hydraulic capstan 水力绞盘hydraulic car jack 小车用液压千斤顶 hydraulic cargo winch 液压起货机 hydraulic cell 液力测压计 hydraulic cement 水凝水泥hydraulic cementing material 水凝性胶结材料hydraulic chock-shield support 支承掩护式液压支架 hydraulic chuck 液压卡盘hydraulic circular sawing machine 液动圆锯床hydraulic clamp cutter 液压切纸机 hydraulic clamp 液动压板hydraulic clamping multiple cutter semi-automatic contour lathe 液压卡盘多刀半自动仿形车床hydraulic clamping multiple cutter semi-automatic lathe 液压卡盘多刀半自动车床 hydraulic classifier 水力分级机hydraulic claw type last releasing machine 液压爪式拔揎机hydraulic cloth baling press 布锭打包液压机 hydraulic clutch 液压离合器hydraulic combined punching & shearing machine 液压联合冲剪机 hydraulic compacting press for magnetic material 磁性材料制品液压机hydraulic compressor 液力压缩机hydrauliccomputer 液压计算机hydraulic cone crusher 液压锥形破碎机hydraulic contour shaping machine 液压仿形牛头刨床hydraulic control box 液力控制箱hydraulic control one-way valve 液控单向阀hydraulic conveyor 液压输送机hydraulic copper pipe bending press 水力弯铜管机hydraulic counter moulding machine 液压式鞋后帮成型机hydraulic coupling 液压联轴节 hydraulic crane 液压吊车hydraulic crawler excavator 履带式液压挖掘机hydraulic crawler loader 液压履带装载机 hydraulic crawler scraper 液压履带铲运机 hydraulic cupola hoist 化铁炉用液压起重机 hydraulic curb jack 液压抑制千斤顶 hydraulic cutter 液压切割机hydraulic cutter-suction dredger 液压绞吸式挖泥船 hydraulic cyclone elutriator 液压旋流淘析器hydraulic cyclone 液压旋流器hydraulic cylinder 液压缸 hydraulic damper 液压阻尼器hydraulic deep-drawing press 液压深抽压床hydraulic die press 模锻水压机hydraulic die cutting machine 液压冲切机 hydraulic digger 液压式挖掘机hydraulic double-action jack 液压双动千斤顶hydraulic double-cage press 液力双笼式榨汁机hydraulic double-chuck spindle veneer lathe 液压双卡轴木旋切机hydraulic down-stroke press 下压式水压机hydraulic doze-scarifier 液压推松土机 hydraulic drawbench 液压拉拔机 hydraulic drawing press 拉伸液压机 hydraulic dredge 疏浚机 hydraulic drill rig 液压钻机hydraulic drive motor 液压驱动马达hydraulic driven spread hopper 液压传动散布漏斗hydraulic duplex pumping engine 水力双泵发动机 hydraulic dynamometer水力测功计hydraulic elevator platform 液压升降台hydraulic elevator 液压升降机hydraulic elongator car 液压拉伸器小车hydraulic elongator 液压拉伸器 hydraulic engine 水力发电机 hydraulic excavator 水力挖土机hydraulic external cylindrical grinder 液压外圆磨床 hydraulic extrusion press 液压挤压机hydraulic fatigue machine 液压疲劳试验机 hydraulic feeder 液压给料机hydraulic feeding machine 液压式下料机 hydraulic filter press 油压压滤机 hydraulic filter 液压过滤器hydraulic fine blanking press 精密冲裁液压机 hydraulic fixed rivetter 固定式水力铆机 hydraulic fixture pump station 液压夹具泵站 hydraulic fleshing machine 液压去肉机 hydraulic floor jack 液压落地千斤顶 hydraulic flour mill 液压磨粉机hydraulic fluid filter 液压流体过滤器hydraulic follow-up steering apparatus 液压式随动操舵仪hydraulic forepart lasting machine 液压上鞋尖机hydraulic gait-model all-auger drilling machine 液压步履式螺旋钻孔机 hydraulic gauge 水压计hydraulic gear pump 液压齿轮泵 hydraulic generator 水轮发电机hydraulic giant 水力冲矿机hydraulic governor 液压调节器hydraulic grab 液压抓岩机 hydraulic grease gun 黄油枪hydraulic guillotine shears 液压剪板机hydraulic gun shifter 液压传动移炮机 hydraulic head 液压头hydraulic high-pressure insole forming machine 液压式高压内底定型机 hydraulic hole caliper 水力井径仪 hydraulic hose 液压软管hydraulic indicator 水压指示器hydraulic insole shaping machine 液压式内底成形机 hydraulicintensifier 液力增压器hydraulic jack set 液压起重器组hydraulic jack 液压千斤顶 hydraulic jar 水力震击器hydraulic jet barker 水力冲击剥皮机 hydraulic jet mixer 水力喷射搅拌器 hydraulic jet pump 水力喷射泵 hydraulic lift 液压起重机hydraulic lift piler 液压提升堆垛机hydraulic lifter 液力挺杆hydraulic loader 液压装载机hydraulic locomotive 液压机车hydraulic loom 喷水织机hydraulic machine 水压机hydraulic machinery 液压机械hydraulic matrix moulding press 压纸型机hydraulic meat cutter 液压切肉机hydraulic metal extrusion press 液压金属挤压机hydraulic mining machinery 水力采矿机械 hydraulic molding press 液压压型机 hydraulic motor 液压电动机hydraulic moulding machine 液压造型机 hydraulic mucker 液压装岩机 hydraulic multi-tool semi automatic lathe 液压多刀半自动车床hydraulic nozzle 水压喷嘴hydraulic oil jar 油压震击器hydraulic oil mill 液压榨油机 hydraulic oil press 液压榨油机hydraulic oil pump flexible tube 液压油泵软管 hydraulic oil 液压油hydraulic open-die forging press 开口模锻水压机hydraulic packer 水力式封隔器 hydraulic panel 液压操纵板hydraulic paper cutter 液压切纸机 hydraulic part 液压件hydraulic pendulum plate shears 液压摆式剪板机hydraulic perforating gun 液压穿孔器hydraulic piercing press 液压冲孔机hydraulic pipe bender 液压弯管机 hydraulic pipe cutter 液压切管机hydraulic pipe line dredge 吸泥式挖掘船hydraulic pipe testing machine 管材水压试验机 hydraulic pipe 液压管hydraulic piston pump 水力活塞泵hydraulic plane cutting machine平台式液压裁切机 hydraulic planer for wood-work 木工液压刨床 hydraulic planer 液压刨床hydraulic plate bender 液压弯板机hydraulic plate bending press 液压弯板机hydraulic plate cutting machine 液压切板机 hydraulic plate shears 液压剪板机hydraulic plate-bending tube press 液压板料弯管机 hydraulic plunger elevator 液压柱塞升降机 hydraulic plywood press 胶合板液压机 hydraulic portable rivetter 移动式水力铆机 hydraulic power meter 水力测功器 hydraulic power tongs 液压动力大钳 hydraulic press brake 液压折弯机hydraulic press for powder products 粉末制品液压机hydraulic press with manometer 带压力计的水压机 hydraulic press 液压机hydraulic pressure equalizer 水压均衡器hydraulic pressure gauge 水压表hydraulic pressure moving platform 液压滑台hydraulic pressure pumping tester 水压泵试验机hydraulic pressure stand tube 液压支架管hydraulic pressure stand 液压支架hydraulic pulling-over and forepart lasting machine 液压套帮和鞋尖粘固机hydraulic pump 液压泵hydraulic pumping engine 水力泵发动机hydraulic punching and shearing machine 水力冲剪机hydraulic punching machine 水力冲压机 hydraulic push-rod brake 液压推杆制动器hydraulic radial drilling machine 液压摇臂钻床 hydraulic rail pulling device 液压拉轨器 hydraulic ram 水力夯锤hydraulic rear end loader 后置式液力装载机hydraulic reel winch 液压鼓轮绞车hydraulic regulator 水力调节器hydraulic retarder 液力阻尼器hydraulic right angle injection moulder 液压直角注模机hydraulic riveter 液压铆钉机hydraulic riveting machine 水力钉铆机hydraulic rod-type pusher 油压推杆机 hydraulic roller 液压压路机hydraulic rope excavator 液压绳索挖掘机 hydraulic rotary drill 液压旋转钻机 hydraulic rubber cutter 液压切胶机 hydraulic rudder 液压舵机hydraulic samming machine 液压式均湿机 hydraulic saw 液压锯 hydraulic scale 液压秤hydraulic scrap baling press 金属碎屑打包液压机hydraulic scraper 液压铲运机hydraulic semi-auto heel nailing machine 液压式半自动钉跟机hydraulic semi-automatic special lathe for gas valve of automobile 液压半自动汽车气门专用车床hydraulic semicontinuous casting machine 液压半连续铸造机hydraulic sensor 液压传感器 hydraulic separator 水力分离器hydraulic sequence valve 液压顺序阀 hydraulic servo-motor 液压伺服电动机 hydraulic shaper 液压牛头刨床hydraulic shaving machine 液压式剃齿机 hydraulic shearer 液压剪床hydraulic shearing machine 液压剪切机hydraulic sheet metal drawing press 薄板拉伸液压机 hydraulic sheet metal forming press 板材成型液压机hydraulic sheet-metal bending press 液压金属板料折弯机hydraulic shield support 掩护式液压支架hydraulic shock-absorber 液压减震器 hydraulic shovel 液压挖掘机hydraulic side-wall coring tool 水力井壁取芯器hydraulic single column bench press 单柱台式液压机hydraulic single column press 单柱液压机hydraulic single column straightening and assembling press 单柱拉直组装液压机hydraulic single-bucket loader 液压单斗装载机 hydraulic slab debarker 水力剥皮机hydraulic slewing crane 水力旋臂起重机hydraulic slipping machine 液压拔楦机 hydraulic snubber 油压式防振器hydraulic sole pressing machine 液压压底机 hydraulic speed governor 液压调速器 hydraulic stacker 液压堆垛机hydraulic steering booster 液压转向助力器 hydraulic steering gear 液压舵机 hydraulic steering pump 液压转向泵hydraulic straight-sided press 液压直边压力机hydraulic straightening and bending press 水力拉直折弯机hydraulic surface grinding machine 液压平面磨床hydraulic suspension system oil cylinder 液压悬挂系统油缸hydraulic swing arm cutting machine 液压摇臂式裁切机 hydraulic swing beam guillotine shears 液压摆式剪板机hydraulic swing beam shears 液压摆式剪板机 hydraulic swivel head 液压旋转水龙头 hydraulic system assembly 液压系统总成 hydraulic system oil pump 液压系统油泵hydraulic tamping machine 液压捣固机hydraulic tappet 液力挺杆hydraulic telemeter 液压遥测计hydraulic telescopic excavator 伸缩式液压挖土机hydraulic tension regulator 液力张紧调整器 hydraulic test pump 试压泵hydraulic three-dimensional tube bending machine 液压立体弯管机 hydraulic three-roll ink mill 液压三滚筒轧墨机hydraulic through feed embossing and ironing machine 液压通过式压花熨平机hydraulic through feed vibration staking machine 液压通过式振动刮软机hydraulic thrust boring machine 水压钻探机 hydraulic tilt-up table 液压倾斜台hydraulic tire chiselling machine 油压磨胎机 hydraulic toggle press 液压肘杆式冲床hydraulic tong positioner 液压大钳定位器hydraulic tongs 液压钳hydraulic tool rest 液压刀架hydraulic top-type pump 液压顶泵hydraulic torque converter 液压变矩器 hydraulic torque meter 液压扭矩计 hydraulic tower crane 液压塔式吊 hydraulic track jack 液压起道机hydraulic transmission device 液力传动器hydraulic transmission oil heat exchanger 液压传动油热交换器 hydraulic transmisson box 液力变速箱hydraulic travelling head cutting machine 液压移动头式裁切机 hydraulic trawl winch 液压拖网绞车 hydraulic trencher 液压挖沟机hydraulic trolley jack 手推车式液压千斤顶hydraulic truck crane 液压汽车起重机hydraulic tube bending machine 液压弯管机 hydraulic turbine generator 水力涡轮发电机 hydraulic turbine 水轮机hydraulic type pulling medical treatment apparatus 液压式牵引医疗装置 hydraulic universal grinding machine 液动万能磨床hydraulic universal material testing machine 液压式万能材料试验机hydraulic universal testing machine 液压万能试验机hydraulic univesal grinder 液压通用磨床 hydraulic up-stroke press 上压水压机 hydraulic valve 液压阀hydraulic vamp-crimping machine 液压鞋面卷边机 hydraulic vane pump 水轮泵hydraulic variable speed motor 液压变速马达hydraulic vertical borer 立式液压镗床 hydraulic wall scraper 液压井壁刮削器hydraulic watchcase threading lathe 液压表壳螺纹车床hydraulic wheel excavator 轮胎式液压挖掘机hydraulic wheel scraper 液压轮式铲运机 hydraulic wheeled loader 液压轮胎式装载机 hydraulic winch 液力绞车 hydraulic windlass 液压绞盘hydraulic wireline winch 液压绞车hydraulic wirerope inserting and looping machine 液压钢丝绳插套联合机 hydraulic-lift scraper 液压提升式铲运机hydraulic-set dual hanger 水力坐封双管悬挂器hydraulical testing machine 液压式试验机 hydraulically operated clutch 液动离合器hydraulically operated friction clutch 液压摩擦式离合器hydraulically operated small dumper 液压式小翻斗车 hydraulically operated valve 液压操纵阀hydraulically-loaded pre-stressed rolling mill 液压加载预应力轧机 hydro former 水压式成形器 hydro governor 液压调节器 hydro jet cleaner 喷水除锈器hydro jet dredger 喷射式挖泥船hydro manometer 流体压力计hydro reciprocator 液压式往复运动机 hydro turbine 水力涡轮机 hydro-amplifier 液压放大器 hydro-barker 水力剥皮机hydro-boom jumbo 带液压钻架的钻车 hydro-cone crusher 液压圆锥破碎机 hydro-cylinder 液压缸hydro-disperser 水力分散器 hydro-drill jumbo 液压钻车hydro-dynamic gauge 动水压力计hydro-dynamic molding press 液压模压机hydro-dynamic press 液压机 hydro-exhauster 抽水机hydro-extract dryer 脱水烘燥机 hydro-monitor 水力测功器hydro-monoplane 单翼水上飞机 hydro-motor 喷水发动机hydro-power pump 液压动力泵 hydro-screw chuck 液压丝扣卡盘第二篇：常用英语词汇pragmatic务实 surgery手术 close call 千钧一发surgeon 医生veterinarian兽医 split 分裂clap 拍手pitch 间距democrat民主主义mature 成熟的moan呻吟 screw up搞砸了 hothead 性急的bait诱饵drew猛推 chock笨人patronize赞助，光顾clockwise 顺时针balsamic香醋drizzle细雨hyperactive活跃的 fidgety烦躁 sweat汗水 homicide 杀人 heritage遗产 ballistic弹道导弹 porn色情 sherlock 福尔摩斯sore 疮 subtle 微妙的indeed确实punchline 点睛之笔ridicule嘲笑wack 调侃peachy桃色diverse各种obligation义务benign良性resist抵御insist坚持persist坚持, crawls，爬quitter懒人armpit腋窝diaper尿布respiration呼吸cellular 蜂窝sponger寄生虫sponge海绵numb麻木puke呕吐circumstance情况,环境;情势prsto瞬间语法标注解释curiosity好奇心nipple奶嘴乳头chump木头片，木瓜呆瓜trash垃圾decompose 腐烂skeleton骷髅clue线索clueless无知的horn角触须，paw爪子mascot吉祥物rhyme [ra?m]n.1.韵,韵脚,押韵crowd人群拥挤hindsight事后诸葛亮elbow手肘snout鼻孔prank开玩笑，恶作剧，戏谑clown小丑buck美元combination结合联盟对号密码密码锁mink貂皮shoplifter偷窃商店货物的扒手perpendicular垂直的,成直角的, yell 叫嚷fraternize亲近doormat门垫鞋擦wrestler摔跤选手coriander香菜puke呕吐物口水parsley香芹glitch干扰，小故障scar伤疤jelly果冻bossy飞扬跋扈truce休战negotiator 磋商者;交涉者 2.出售者;交易者;转让者stink发臭hogwash废话feud [fjud]n.1.(部落或家属间的)世仇2.(个人或团体间的)仇恨;长期不和;争吵clench捏紧loophole漏洞barfbag呕吐袋子tentacle 触须触手dabble嬉水，涉足浅尝，quail鹌鹑hilarious可笑的anchor主播burp打嗝[corruption 贪污pollute污染语法标注解释delicate英音：1.脆的,易碎的;娇贵的Take care with these delicate flowers.当心这些娇嫩的鲜花。
Electro-hydraulic power steering(EHPS)电动液压助力转向机
Electro-hydraulic power steeringOne essential feature of this steering system is that the conventional steering pump is replaced by a pressure supply unit，or “Power pack,” in which the electric motor and control unit, the hydraulic pump, the oil reservoir and its holding bracket are all combined into one component. The pressure supply unit operates independently of the vehicle’s en gine, eliminating the need for a conventional drive via a belt. This results in benefits for both the car manufacturer and the driver.The “Powerpack” is a modularized and ex tremely compact unit, simplifying not only the delivery logistics from the system manufacturer to the automobile manufacturer, but its installation too. Space and weight have also been optimized. Thanks to the electric drive of the pump, the “Powerpack” can also be mounted in the vehicle independently of the combustion engine, making the installation procedure much more flexible. Being independent of the internal combustion engine also means that full servo assistance is available - even with the engine switched off - and steering assistance is maintained.The control electronics allow optimum matching of the servo assistance to the vehicle model and driving condition. This means not only that the hydraulic pump can work with different volumetric flows, but also that the control unit can be programmed with control strategies that address factors such as steering speed, driving speed and the power consumption of the electric motor in the regu-lation of steering effort assistance, depending on the needs of the automobile manufacturer. This permits energy savings of up to 70 percent compared to conventional systems. The electro-hydraulic servo assistance system can also be combined with conventional hydraulic rack-and-pinion and ball-nut hydraulic steering systems.电动液压助力转向系统这个转向系统的一个基本特征是常规的转向助力泵取而代之的是一个压力供应单位，或"Powerpack"，电动马达和控制单元、液压泵、油储层和其控股的支架都合并到一个组件。
液压助力转向中英版
中文一、历史已知最早的专利有关的动力转向系统是由弗雷德里克兰彻斯特在英国，在1902年2月。
他的发明是“导致转向驱动机制，由液压动力”。
接下来的设计提出由美国专利局记录1932年8月30日在克拉拉盖利斯，从贝尔蒙，马萨诸塞州。
有与动力转向由查尔斯F哈蒙德在底特律的美国，谁提出了类似的专利，其中被提交由加拿大知识产权局录得的第一个出生的，名字记入另一位发明家发明。
克莱斯勒公司推出了第一款商业化的动力转向在1951年克莱斯勒帝国的名义Hydraguide 系统。
现在大部分新车的动力转向，由于对前轮驱动的趋势，更多的车辆质量，和更广泛的轮胎，所有增加必要的指导工作。
在一些国家，共同将很难在低速行驶机动车辆较重，而重量轻的车辆可能不需要辅助转向的一切权力。
二、液压助力转向大多数动力转向系统工作，通过使用液压系统把车辆的车轮。
液压通常由一gerotor或旋片泵的汽车引擎驱动。
双作用液压缸适用于一队的舵机，从而适用于一扭矩对负重轮转向轴。
到汽缸流控制的方向盘操作阀，扭矩更适用于驾驶方向盘，它是连接轴，更流体阀允许通过在气缸，所以更多的力量适用于在适当的引导方向的车轮。
衡量一个适用于方向盘上的扭矩设计用于修复扭杆的督导轴端。
随着方向盘转动，因此没有附加的转向轴，所以也所附扭杆高端。
由于扭杆比较薄，灵活，低端不完全自由旋转，酒吧将吸收一些的扭矩;底部的结束将不会旋转尽可能的最高端。
在之间扭杆的顶部和底部旋转的差异，可以用来控制阀，使流体流向汽缸提供指导帮助，在更大的“扭曲的扭力杆”，更将转向援助提供。
由于该泵采用容积式类型，流速它们提供成正比的发动机转速。
这意味着，在发动机转速高，督导工作自然会比在低转速更快。
因为这将是不好的，限制口和流量控制阀是用来直接泵的输出部分回到高发动机转速液压水库。
阿泄压阀也可以用来防止危险的累积压力，液压缸的活塞到达气缸结束。
一些现代的实现还包括一个电子泄压阀，可以减少在舵机作为车辆的速度增加线路功率液压（这是可变动力转向协助已知）。
EHPS汽车电动液压助力转向
第1章绪论1.1 汽车转向系统简介汽车转向系统可以分为无助力转向系统和有助力转向系统。
随着科技发展和新技术的采用，有助力转向系统逐渐由传统的液压助力转向(HPS) (Hydraulic Power Steering)系统向电动液压助力转向(EHPS) (Electronic Hydrautic Power Steering)系统和电动助力转向(EPS)(Etectronic Power Steering)系统发展。
汽车在转向的时候，由于车轮与地面的摩擦，前桥载荷可以高达几千牛顿，在没有助力的情况下用手臂转动转向盘会感觉到比较沉重，所以，需要采取助力转向来解决转向轻便性问题。
而随着车速的增加，车轮与地面的摩擦力减小，在提供相同助力的情况下，高速时会令人感觉到转向盘发飘，另外，转向盘高速转动的时候，助力容易出现严重滞后，因此需要采用助力调节来解决转向盘发飘和助力跟随性问题。
传统的液压助力转向系统是利用发动机带动转向油泵工作，油泵的流量和压力随发动机的转速升高而增加当转向的时候，液压油流入其中的一个缸，而另外的一缸则有一部分油回流。
这样两缸之间产生了压力差，从而产生助力。
如果油泵的流量和压力越高，那么产生的助力就越大。
对于汽车来说，车速越高，发动机的转速越快，这样油泵的流量和压力就会越大，相应的产生的助力也就越大，导致高速时转向盘发飘，为了解决这个问题，液压助力转向系统使用控制阀控制进入油缸的流速，让流速不要随着泵的转速改变而改变，这样解决了发飘的部分问题。
电动液压助力转向系统是在传统液压系统的基础上增设了电控单元(ECU)而组成的，它使用电机代替发动机带动转向油泵工作。
通过ECU控制电机转速，电机转速越高，转向油泵的流量和压力越大，相应产生的助力也就越大。
通过调节电机转速，就可以实现助力可变。
电动助力转向系统是由独立于发动机的蓄电池提供动力带动电机，用扭矩传感器测出施加于转向轴的扭矩，根据不同行驶条件通过ECU传送给电动机一个合适的电流以产生适合工况的转向助力。
汽车转向系统英语词汇
转向系统（system）英语词汇蜗杆指销式转向器worm and peg steering gear吸能式转向管柱energy-absorbing steering column循环球齿条齿扇式转向器recirculating ball-rack and sector steeri ng gear循环球和螺母式转向器recirculating ball and nut steering gear 循环球-曲柄销式转向器recirculating ball-lever and peg steering gear循环球式转向器recirculating ball steering gear压缩弹簧compression spring摇臂轴pitman arm shaft液压常流式动力转向hydraulic constant flow type power steerin g液压储能式动力转向hydraulic accumulator power steering液压式动力转向hydraulic power steerig折叠式转向管柱collapsible steering column整体式动力转向机构integral type power steering整体式动力转向器integral power steering gear整体式转向梯形杆系ackerman steering linkdage直列式转向器in-line steering gear指销stud中间转向杆intermediate steering rod中间转向联杆center steering linkdage转阀式转向控制阀rotary valve type转向不足understeering转向操纵机构steering control mechanism转向齿轮steering pinion转向齿条steering rack转向传动杆系steering linkage转向传动轴steering inner articulated shaft转向动力缸power cylinder转向管柱steering column转向横拉杆steering tie rod转向横轴cross shaft转向控制阀steering control valve转向力矩steering mometn转向螺杆steering screw转向螺母steering nut转向盘steering wheel转向盘自由行程free play of steering wheel转向器盖cover of steering gear转向器转动力矩rotating torque of steering gear 转向万向节steering universal joint转向蜗杆steering worm转向系steering system转向系刚度steering system stiffness转向摇臂pitman arm转向油泵power steerig pump转向油罐oil reservoir转向直拉杆steering drag link转向轴steering shaft转向阻力矩steering resisting torque总成和部件assemblies and parts摆臂swing arm变传动比转向器steering gear with variable ratio侧盖side cover常流式液压动力转向器constant flow hydraulic power steering g ear常压式液压动力转向器constant pressure hydraulic power steeri ng gear齿轮齿条式转向器rack and pinion steering gear动力转向power steering动力转向器power steering stgear动力转向系power steering system动力转向系布置power steering system layout端部螺塞end plug阀体valve housing反作用阀reactive valve分段式梯形机构split tie rod type tie rod linkage分段式转向梯形杆系divided ackerman steering linkage 钢球ball滚轮roller滚轮轴roller shaft过度转向oversteering横拉杆端接头tie rod end滑阀valve spool滑阀式转向控制器spool valve type机构转向器manual steering gear机械转向系manual steering system接头socket壳体housing可伸缩式转向管柱telescopic steering column快速转向fast steering (quick steering)类型type螺杆螺线式转向器screw and nut steering gear慢速转向slow steeirng扭杆torsion bar气压式动力转向air-power steering倾斜和缩进式转向管柱tilt and telescopic steering column 倾斜式方向盘tilt steering wheel球头销ball stud球头座ball cup球轴承套管式转向管柱tube and ball type steering column 四边联杆式转向机构parallelogram linkage steering梯形臂tie rod arm梯形机构tie rod linkage梯形转向机构ackerman steering网络状转向柱管net type steering column蜗杆滚轮式转向器worm and roller steering gear蜗杆指销式转向器worm and peg steering gear。
动力转向系统的分类
动力转向系统的分类动力转向系统主要分为以下几种类型：1. 液压助力转向系统（Hydraulic Power Steering, HPS）：这是最常见的动力转向类型，它通过一个液压泵产生的压力来辅助驾驶员转动方向盘。
当驾驶员转动方向盘时，泵会增加转向系统中的压力，从而减轻驾驶员所需施加的力量。
液压助力转向系统需要一个液压泵，通常由发动机驱动，并且依赖于转向液来传递压力。
2. 电动助力转向系统（Electric Power Steering, EPS）：这种系统使用电动机来提供转向助力，而不是液压泵。
EPS 系统可以根据车速调整助力水平，通常更加高效且对环境友好，因为它们减少了能量消耗和液体泄漏的可能性。
电动助力转向系统也允许更精确的控制，并且可以集成到车辆的其他电子系统中。
3. 电动液压助力转向系统（Electro-Hydraulic Power Steering, EHPS）：这种系统结合了液压和电动助力的特点。
它使用电动机来驱动液压泵，从而减少了对发动机的依赖并提高了能效。
EHPS系统可以在不同的驾驶条件下提供优化的助力。
4. 电动助力随速转向系统（Speed-Sensitive Electric Power Steering, S-EPS）：这是电动助力转向系统的一种，它能够根据车速自动调整助力的大小。
在低速行驶时提供更多的助力，以减轻驾驶员在倒车或停车时的负担；在高速行驶时减少助力，以确保稳定的操控性能。
每种系统都有其独特的优点和应用场景，选择哪一种系统取决于车辆设计、成本考量、性能需求以及对环境影响的关注程度。
随着技术的发展，电动助力转向系统因其高效、节能和易于集成的特点而越来越受到青睐。
液压专业英语(液压专业英语词汇)
液压专业英语词汇流体传动 hydraulic power液压技术 hydraulics液力技术 hydrodynamics气液技术 hydropneumatics运行工况 operating conditions额定工况 rated conditions极限工况 limited conditions瞬态工况 instantaneous conditions稳态工况 steady-state conditions许用工况 acceptable conditions连续工况 continuous working conditions实际工况 actual conditions效率 efficiency旋转方向 direction of rotation公称压力 nominal pressure工作压力 working pressure进口压力 inlet pressure出口压力 outlet pressure压降 pressure drop；differential pressure 背压 back pressure启动压力 breakout pressure充油压力 charge pressure开启压力 cracking pressure峰值压力 peak pressure运行压力 operating pressure耐压试验压力 proof pressure冲击压力 surge pressure静压力 static pressure系统压力 system pressure控制压力 pilot pressure充气压力 pre-charge pressure吸入压力 suction pressure调压偏差 override pressure额定压力 rated pressure耗气量 air consumption泄漏 leakage内泄漏 internal leakage外泄漏 external leakage层流 laminar flow紊流 turbulent flow气穴 cavitation流量 flow rate排量 displacement额定流量 rated flow供给流量 supply flow流量系数 flower factor滞环 hysteresis图形符号 graphical symbol液压气动元件图形符号 symbols for hydraulic and pneumatic components流体逻辑元件图形符号 symbols for fluid logic devices逻辑功能图形符号 symbols for logic functions回路图 circuit diagram压力－时间图 pressure time diagram功能图 function diagram循环 circle自动循环 automatic cycle工作循环 working cycle循环速度 cycling speed工步 phase停止工步 dwell phase工作工步 working phase快进工步 rapid advance phase快退工步 rapid return phase频率响应 frequency response重复性 repeat ability复现性 reproducibility漂移 drift波动 ripple线性度 linearity线性区 linear region液压锁紧 hydraulic lock液压卡紧 sticking变量泵 variable displacement pump泵的控制 control of pump齿轮泵 gear pump叶片泵 vane pump柱塞泵 piston pump轴向柱塞泵 axial piston pump法兰安装 flange mounting底座安装 foot mounting液压马达 hydraulic motor刚度 stiffness中位 neutral position零位 zero position自由位 free position缸 cylinder有杆端 rod end无杆端 rear end外伸行程 extend stroke内缩行程 retract stroke缓冲 cushioning工作行程 working stroke负载压力 induced pressure输出力 force实际输出力 actual force单作用缸 single-acting cylinder双作用缸 double-acting cylinder差动缸 differential cylinder伸缩缸 telescopic cylinder阀 valve底板 sub-plate油路块 manifold block板式阀 sub-plate valve叠加阀 sandwich valve插装阀 cartridge valve滑阀 slide valve锥阀 poppet valve阀芯 valve element阀芯位置 valve element position单向阀 check valve液控单向阀 pilot-controlled check valve 梭阀 shuttle valve压力控制阀 pressure relief valve溢流阀 pressure relief valve顺序阀 sequence valve减压阀 pressure reducing valve平衡阀 counterbalance valve卸荷阀 unloading valve直动式 directly operated type先导式 pilot-operated type机械控制式 mechanically controlled type 手动式 manually operated type液控式 hydraulic controlled type流量控制阀 flow control valve固定节流阀 fixed restrictive valve可调节流阀 adjustable restrictive valve 单向节流阀 one-way restrictive valve调速阀 speed regulator valve分流阀 flow divider valve集流阀 flow-combining valve截止阀 shut-off valve球阀 global(ball) valve针阀 needle valve闸阀 gate valve膜片阀 diaphragm valve蝶阀 butterfly valve噪声等级noise level放大器 amplifier模拟放大器 analogue amplifier数字放大器 digital amplifier传感器 sensor阈值 threshold伺服阀 servo-valve四通阀 four-way valve喷嘴挡板 nozzle flapper液压放大器 hydraulic amplifier颤振 dither阀极性 valve polarity流量增益 flow gain对称度 symmetry流量极限 flow limit零位内泄漏 null(quiescent) leakage 遮盖 lap零遮盖 zero lap正遮盖 over lap负遮盖 under lap开口 opening零偏 null bias零漂 null drift阀压降 valve pressure drop分辨率 resolution频率响应 frequency response幅值比 amplitude ratio相位移 phase lag传递函数 transfer function管路 flow line硬管 rigid tube软管 flexible hose工作管路 working line回油管路 return line补液管路 replenishing line控制管路 pilot line泄油管路 drain line放气管路 bleed line接头 fitting；connection焊接式接头 welded fitting扩口式接头 flared fitting快换接头 quick release coupling法兰接头 flange connection弯头 elbow异径接头 reducer fitting流道 flow pass油口 port闭式油箱 sealed reservoir油箱容量 reservoir fluid capacity气囊式蓄能器bladder accumulator空气污染 air contamination固体颗粒污染 solid contamination液体污染 liquid contamination空气过滤器 air filter油雾气 lubricator热交换器 heat exchanger冷却器 cooler加热器 heater温度控制器 thermostat消声器 silencer双筒过滤器 duplex filter过滤器压降 filter pressure drop有效过滤面积 effective filtration area公称过滤精度 nominal filtration rating压溃压力 collapse pressure填料密封 packing seal机械密封 mechanical seal径向密封 radial seal旋转密封 rotary seal活塞密封 piston seal活塞杆密封 rod seal防尘圈密封 wiper seal；scraper组合垫圈 bonded washer复合密封件 composite seal弹性密封件 elastomer seal丁腈橡胶 nitrile butadiene rubber；NBR聚四氟乙烯 polytetrafluoroethene；PTFE优先控制 override control压力表 pressure gauge压力传感器 electrical pressure transducer 压差计 differential pressure instrument液位计 liquid level measuring instrument 流量计 flow meter压力开关 pressure switch脉冲发生器 pulse generator液压泵站 power station空气处理单元 air conditioner unit压力控制回路 pressure control circuit安全回路 safety circuit差动回路 differential circuit调速回路 flow control circuit进口节流回路 meter-in circuit出口节流回路 meter-out circuit同步回路 synchronizing circuit开式回路 open circuit闭式回路 closed circuit管路布置 pipe-work管卡 clamper联轴器 drive shaft coupling操作台 control console控制屏 control panel避震喉 compensator粘度 viscosity运动粘度 kinematic viscosity密度 density含水量 water content闪点 flash point防锈性 rust protection抗腐蚀性 anti-corrosive quality便携式颗粒检测仪 portable particle counter Solenoid valve 电磁阀Check valve 单向阀Cartridge valve 插装阀Sandwich plate valve 叠加阀Pilot valve 先导阀Pilot operated check valve 液控单向阀Sub-plate mount 板式安装Manifold block 集成块Pressure relief valve 压力溢流阀Flow valve 流量阀Throttle valve 节流阀Double throttle check valve 双单向节流阀Rotary knob 旋钮Rectifier plate 节流板Servo valve 伺服阀Proportional valve 比例阀Position feedback 位置反馈Progressive flow 渐增流量De-energizing of solenoid 电磁铁释放二、介质类Phosphate ester (HFD-R) 磷酸甘油酯Water-glycol (HFC) 水-乙二醇Emulsion 乳化液Inhibitor缓蚀剂Synthetic lubricating oil 合成油三、液压安装工程Contamination 污染Grout 灌浆Failure 失效Jog 点动Creep爬行Abrasion 摩擦Retract（活塞杆）伸出Extension （活塞杆）缩回Malfunction 误动作Pickling 酸洗Flushing 冲洗Dipping process 槽式酸洗Re-circulation 循环Passivity 钝化Nitric acid 柠檬酸Argon 氩气Butt welding 对接焊Socket welding 套管焊Inert gas welding 惰性气体焊四、管接头Bite type fittings 卡套式管接头Tube to tube fittings 接管接头union 直通接管接头union elbow 直角管接头union tee 三通管接头union cross 四通管接头Mal stud fittings 端直通管接头Bulkhead fittings 长直通管接头Weld fittings 焊接式管接头Female connector fittings 接头螺母Reducers extenders 变径管接头Banjo fittings 铰接式管接头Adjustable fittings/swivel nut 旋转接头五、伺服阀及伺服系统性能参数Dynamic response 动态频响DDV-direct drive valve 直动式伺服阀NFPA-National Fluid Power Association 美国流体控制学会Phase lag 相位滞后Nozzle flapper valve 喷嘴挡板阀Servo-jet pilot valve 射流管阀Dither 颤振电流Coil impedance 线圈阻抗Flow saturation 流量饱和Linearity 线形度Symmetry 对称性Hysterics 滞环Threshold 灵敏度Lap 滞后Pressure gain 压力增益Null 零位Null bias 零偏Null shift 零飘Frequency response 频率响应Slope 曲线斜坡液压系统（hydraulic system）执行元件（actuator）液压缸（cylinder）液压马达（motor）液压回路（circuit）压力控制回路（pressure control）流量（速度）控制回路（speed control）方向控制回路（directional valve control）安全回路（security control）定位回路（position control）同步回路（synchronise circuit）顺序动作回路（sequeunt circuit）液压泵（pump）阀（valve）压力控制阀（pressure valve）、流量控制阀（flow valve）方向控制阀（directional valve）液压辅件（accessory）普通阀（common valve）插装阀（cartridge valve）叠加阀（superimposed valve液压英文资料流体传动hydraulic power液压技术hydraulics液力技术hydrodynamics气液技术hydropneumatics运行工况operatingconditions额定工况ratedconditions极限工况limitedconditions瞬态工况instantaneous conditions稳态工况steady-state conditions许用工况acceptableconditions连续工况continuousworking conditions实际工况actualconditions效率 efficiency旋转方向directionof rotation公称压力nominalpressure工作压力workingpressure进口压力inletpressure出口压力outletpressure压降 pressure drop；differentialpressure 背压 back pressure启动压力breakoutpressure充油压力chargepressure开启压力crackingpressure峰值压力peakpressure运行压力operatingpressure耐压试验压力proofpressure冲击压力surgepressure静压力staticpressure系统压力systempressure控制压力pilotpressure充气压力pre-chargepressure吸入压力suctionpressure调压偏差overridepressure额定压力ratedpressure耗气量 air consumption泄漏 leakage内泄漏 internal leakage外泄漏 external leakage层流 laminar flow紊流 turbulent flow气穴 cavitation流量 flow rate排量 displacement额定流量rated flow供给流量supply flow流量系数flower factor滞环 hysteresis图形符号graphical symbol液压气动元件图形符号symbols for hydraulic and pneumaticcomponents流体逻辑元件图形符号symbols for fluid logic devices 逻辑功能图形符号 symbols for logic functions回路图 circuit diagram压力－时间图pressure time diagram功能图 function diagram循环 circle自动循环automatic cycle工作循环working cycle循环速度cycling speed工步 phase停止工步dwell phase工作工步working phase快进工步rapid advance phase快退工步rapid return phase 频率响应frequency responseHysterics 滞环Threshold 灵敏度Lap 滞后Pressure gain 压力增益Null 零位Null bias 零偏Null shift 零飘Frequency response 频率响应Slope 曲线斜坡液压系统（hydraulic system）执行元件（actuator）液压缸（cylinder）液压马达（motor）液压回路（circuit）压力控制回路（pressurecontrol）流量（速度）控制回路（speedcontrol）方向控制回路（directionalvalve control）安全回路（securitycontrol）定位回路（positioncontrol）同步回路（synchronisecircuit）顺序动作回路（sequeuntcircuit）液压泵（pump）阀（valve）压力控制阀（pressurevalve）、流量控制阀（flow valve）方向控制阀（directionalvalve）液压辅件（accessory）普通阀（commonvalve）插装阀（cartridge valve）叠加阀（superimposedvalve四、管接头Bite type fittings 卡套式管接头Tube to tube fittings 接管接头union 直通接管接头union elbow 直角管接头union tee 三通管接头union cross 四通管接头Mal stud fittings 端直通管接头Bulkhead fittings 长直通管接头Weld fittings 焊接式管接头Female connector fittings 接头螺母Reducers extenders 变径管接头Banjo fittings 铰接式管接头Adjustable fittings/swivel nut 旋转接头五、伺服阀及伺服系统性能参数Dynamic response 动态频响DDV-direct drive valve 直动式伺服阀NFPA-National Fluid Power Association 美国流体控制学会Phase lag 相位滞后Nozzle flapper valve 喷嘴挡板阀Servo-jet pilot valve 射流管阀Dither 颤振电流Coil impedance 线圈阻抗Flow saturation 流量饱和Linearity 线形度Symmetry 对称性Throttle valve 节流阀Double throttle check valve 双单向节流阀Rotary knob 旋钮Rectifier plate 节流板Servo valve 伺服阀Proportional valve 比例阀Position feedback 位置反馈Progressive flow 渐增流量De-energizing of solenoid 电磁铁释放二、介质类Phosphate ester (HFD-R) 磷酸甘油酯Water-glycol (HFC) 水-乙二醇Emulsion 乳化液Inhibitor缓蚀剂Synthetic lubricating oil 合成油三、液压安装工程Contamination 污染Grout 灌浆Failure 失效Jog 点动Creep爬行Abrasion 摩擦Retract（活塞杆）伸出Extension （活塞杆）缩回Malfunction 误动作Pickling 酸洗Flushing 冲洗Dipping process 槽式酸洗Re-circulation 循环Passivity 钝化Nitric acid 柠檬酸Argon 氩气Butt welding 对接焊Socket welding 套管焊Inert gas welding 惰性气体焊空气处理单元 air conditioner unit压力控制回路 pressurecontrol circuit 安全回路 safety circuit差动回路differential circuit调速回路 flowcontrol circuit进口节流回路 meter-incircuit出口节流回路 meter-outcircuit同步回路synchronizing circuit开式回路 opencircuit闭式回路 closedcircuit管路布置 pipe-work管卡clamper联轴器drive shaft coupling 操作台control console控制屏control panel避震喉compensator粘度viscosity运动粘度 kinematicviscosity密度density含水量water content闪点flash point防锈性rust protection 抗腐蚀性anti-corrosive quality便携式颗粒检测仪 portableparticle counter Solenoid valve 电磁阀Check valve 单向阀Cartridge valve 插装阀Sandwich plate valve 叠加阀Pilot valve 先导阀Pilot operated check valve 液控单向阀Sub-plate mount 板式安装Manifold block 集成块Pressure relief valve 压力溢流阀Flow valve 流量阀冷却器cooler加热器heater温度控制器 thermostat消声器silencer双筒过滤器 duplexfilter过滤器压降 filterpressure drop有效过滤面积 effectivefiltration area公称过滤精度 nominalfiltration rating压溃压力 collapsepressure填料密封 packingseal机械密封 mechanicalseal径向密封 radialseal旋转密封 rotaryseal活塞密封 pistonseal活塞杆密封 rod seal防尘圈密封 wiper seal；scraper组合垫圈 bondedwasher复合密封件 compositeseal弹性密封件 elastomerseal丁腈橡胶 nitrilebutadiene rubber；NBR聚四氟乙烯polytetrafluoroethene；PTFE优先控制 overridecontrol压力表pressure gauge压力传感器 electricalpressure transducer压差计differential pressure instrument 液位计liquid level measuring instrument 流量计flow meter压力开关 pressure switch脉冲发生器 pulse generator液压泵站 power station遮盖lap零遮盖zero lap正遮盖over lap负遮盖under lap开口opening零偏null bias零漂null drift阀压降valve pressure drop 分辨率resolution频率响应 frequencyresponse 幅值比amplitude ratio 相位移phase lag传递函数 transferfunction管路flow line硬管rigid tube软管flexible hose工作管路 workingline回油管路 returnline补液管路replenishing line 控制管路 pilot line泄油管路 drain line放气管路 bleed line接头fitting；connection 焊接式接头 welded fitting扩口式接头 flared fitting快换接头 quick release coupling 法兰接头 flange connection弯头elbow异径接头 reducer fitting流道flow pass油口port闭式油箱 sealed reservoir油箱容量 reservoir fluid capacity 气囊式蓄能器bladder accumulator 空气污染 air contamination固体颗粒污染 solid contamination 液体污染 liquid contamination 空气过滤器 air filter油雾气lubricator热交换器 heat exchanger分流阀flow divider valve 集流阀flow-combining valve截止阀shut-off valve球阀global(ball) valve针阀needle valve闸阀gate valve膜片阀 diaphragm valve蝶阀butterfly valve噪声等级noise level放大器amplifier模拟放大器 analogue amplifier数字放大器 digital amplifier传感器sensor阈值threshold伺服阀servo-valve四通阀four-way valve喷嘴挡板 nozzle flapper 液压放大器 hydraulic amplifier颤振dither阀极性valve polarity流量增益 flow gain对称度symmetry流量极限 flow limit零位内泄漏 null(quiescent) leakage重复性repeat ability复现性reproducibility漂移drift波动ripple线性度linearity线性区linear region液压锁紧 hydrauliclock液压卡紧 sticking变量泵variable displacement pump 泵的控制 control ofpump齿轮泵gear pump叶片泵vane pump柱塞泵piston pump轴向柱塞泵 axialpiston pump法兰安装 flangemounting底座安装 footmounting液压马达 hydraulicmotor刚度stiffness中位neutral position零位zero position自由位free position缸 cylinder有杆端rod end无杆端rear end外伸行程 extend stroke内缩行程 retract stroke缓冲cushioning工作行程 working stroke负载压力 induced pressure输出力force实际输出力 actual force单作用缸 single-acting cylinder 双作用缸 double-acting cylinder 差动缸differential cylinder 伸缩缸telescopic cylinder阀valve底板sub-plate油路块manifold block板式阀sub-plate valve叠加阀sandwich valve插装阀cartridge valve滑阀slide valve锥阀poppet valve阀芯valve element阀芯位置 valve element position单向阀check valve液控单向阀 pilot-controlled check valve 梭阀shuttle valve压力控制阀 pressure relief valve溢流阀pressure relief valve顺序阀sequence valve 减压阀pressure reducing valve平衡阀counterbalance valve卸荷阀unloading valve 直动式directly operated type先导式pilot-operated type机械控制式 mechanically controlled type 手动式manually operated type液控式hydraulic controlled type 流量控制阀 flow control valve 固定节流阀 fixed restrictive valve可调节流阀 adjustable restrictive valve 单向节流阀 one-way restrictive valve调速阀speed regulator valveSolenoid valve电磁阀Check valve单向阀Cartridge valve插装阀Sandwich plate valve叠加阀Pilot valve先导阀Pilot operated check valve液控单向阀Sub-plate mount板式安装Manifold block集成块Pressure relief valve压力溢流阀Flow valve流量阀Throttle valve节流阀Double throttle check valve双单向节流阀Rotary knob旋钮Rectifier plate节流板Servo valve伺服阀Proportional valve比例阀Position feedback位置反馈Progressive flow渐增流量De-energizing of solenoid电磁铁释放Phosphate ester(HFD-R)磷酸甘油酯Water-glycol(HFC)水-乙二醇Emulsion乳化液Inhibitor缓蚀剂Synthetic lubricating oil合成油Contamination污染Grout灌浆Failure失效Jog点动Creep爬行Abrasion摩擦Retract（活塞杆）伸出Extension（活塞杆）缩回Malfunction误动作Pickling酸洗Flushing冲洗Dipping process槽式酸洗Re-circulation循环Passivity钝化Nitric acid柠檬酸 Argon氩气Butt welding对接焊Socket welding套管焊Inert gas welding惰性气体焊四、管接头Bite type fittings卡套式管接头Tube to tube fittings接管接头union直通接管接头union elbow直角管接头union tee三通管接头union cross四通管接头Mal stud fittings端直通管接头Bulk head fittings长直通管接头Weld fittings焊接式管接头Female connector fittings接头螺母Reducers extenders变径管接头Banjo fittings铰接式管接头Adjustable fittings/swivel nut旋转接头五、伺服阀及伺服系统性能参数Dynamic response动态频响DDV-direct drive valve直动式伺服阀NFPA-National Fluid Power Association美国流体控制学会Phase lag相位滞后Nozzle flapper valve喷嘴挡板阀Servo-jet pilot valve射流管阀Dither颤振电流Coil impedance线圈阻抗Flow saturation流量饱和Linearity线形度Symmetry对称性Hysterics滞环Threshold灵敏度Lap滞后Pressure gain压力增益Null零位Null bias零偏Null shift零飘Frequency response频率响应Slope曲线斜坡Aability 性能；能力load-carrying ability 承载能力absorber 吸收器；吸收剂；过滤器；减震器accessories 辅件，附件，配件hydraulic accessories 液压辅件accumulate 储存；蓄能；累积accumulator 蓄能器；蓄电池；累加器accuracy 准确性；精度action 作用；动作；作用力；行程actuated 操纵，控制directly actuated 直接操纵的，直接控制的pilot actuated 先导控制的，液控的actuator 执行元件；液压缸；马达adapter 接头；衬套；压环；连接件pipe adapter 管接头admission 供给，供油，供气alignment 找正，定心，对中amplifier 放大器differential pressure amplifier 压差放大器flow amplifier 流量放大器assembly 组合，组件，机组axis 轴Bback-flow 回流back-up 支撑hydrostatic back-up 静压支撑barrel 桶，缸体base 底座；支座bearing 支承；轴承；方位radial ball bearing 径向球轴承rolling bearing 滚动轴承sliding bearing 滑动轴承thrust bearing 止推轴承bed 台pump test bed 泵试验台behavior 性能；工况bend 弯头；弯管blade 叶片flat blade 平面叶片forward inclined blade 前倾叶片guide blade 导叶radial blade 径向叶片bleed 排气air bleed 排气阀bleeder 排气孔block 块；封闭；块体cartridge valve block 插装阀块体choke block 节流板directional control block 多路阀，方向控制阀组panel block 阀板组body 体；缸筒；阀体，壳体pump body 泵体tank body 箱体valve body 阀体bolt 螺栓；插销；螺杆boss 轮毂bottom 底；底部cylinder bottom 缸底；缸后盖bracket 支架pump bracket 泵架bubble-tight 气密的buffer 缓冲器，阻尼器bush(ing) 套，导向套；衬套Ccap 帽,盖,罩,塞cylinder end cap 缸端盖cylinder head cap 缸前盖capacity 容量;功率;排量;流量effective capacity 有效排量,实际排量geometric capacity 几何排量,理论排量casing 套,壳,罩gear casing 齿轮箱，变速箱pump casing 泵体cavitation 气蚀cavity 腔centering 中心调整，定心chamber 腔，室；容积；油腔；气腔chamfer 槽；倒角changement 换向机构characteristic 特性曲线；特征线charger 加载装置charging 充液；充压choke 节流；节流口chord 弦circlip 弹性挡圈circuit 回路clearance 间隙clog 阻塞；堵塞cock 龙头collar 圈；法兰盘cushion collar 缓冲套locating collar 定位凸缘套loose collar 轴肩挡圈thrust collar 止推环connection 连接；连接管路；接头consumption 消耗量cylinder 缸；液压缸Ddebugging 排除故障；调试deflation 排气delivery 流量differential 差动的；微分的displacement 压出；排出；排量；位移dowel 定位销drained 泄油的duty 负载，功率；工况Eeffect 作用;效应cavitate effect 气蚀效应choking effect 节流作用elbow 弯头electro-hydraulic 电液的entrap 困油escape 泄漏,逸出,排出etching 蚀刻;腐蚀gas etching 气蚀exhaust 排泄;回油;Ffailure 故障;事故;损坏,失效fastener 紧固件fatigue 疲劳feedback 反馈filler 加油口,注油口;填料;垫片filter 滤油器flow 流;液流;流程;流束;流量;流动nominal flow 公称流量rated flow 额定流量stationary flow 定常流,定常流动streamline flow 层流turbulent flow 紊流volume flow 体积流量flowline 管路;流线flow-regulator 流量调节阀fluctuation 脉动fluid 流体,液体;射流hydraulic operating fluid 液压油incompressible fluid 不可压缩流体frame 座,架Ggain 增益flow gain 流量增益feedback gain 反馈增益gap 间隙,缝隙gear 齿轮,装置,机构governing 调节,控制Hhead 缸头,头部;盖;水头;扬程cylinder head 缸头static head 静压头theoretic head 理论能头total head 总能头water head 水头hole 孔,洞air hole 气孔blind hole 盲孔bolt hole 螺栓孔bose 胶管,软管housing 壳体;槽hub 毂;衬套hydrostatics 液压技术,液体静力学Iidling 空转impact 冲击,撞击impeller 叶轮closed impeller 闭式叶轮open impeller 开式叶轮pump impeller 泵叶轮incidence 入射;入射角blade incidence 叶片安装角incompressible 不可压缩的inlet 进口;吸入intensifier 增压器intensity 强度Jjack (柱塞)缸;千斤顶joint 接头;关节cross joint 十字接头flange joint 法兰式接头screwed joint 螺纹接头journal 轴颈jump 跳动;振动pressure jump 压力突变Kkeyway 键槽Llag 滞后;延迟servovalve phase lag 伺服阀相位滞后laminar 层流的latch 插销;锁紧装置;锁定leak 漏;漏油;渗漏处;漏出物line 管路;线路liner 衬套;导向套;内层胶liquid 液体(的);液力的load 负载;载荷location 位置;定位;安装lock 锁;闭锁;液压卡紧loop 环;环路;回路;循环control loop 控制回路,调节回路main loop 主回路servo loop 伺服回路loss 损失bend loss 弯头损失blade loss 叶片损失line loss 管路损失local pressure loss 局部压力损失partial loss 局部损失lubricate 润滑lug 耳轴lifting lug 吊环Mmandrel 心轴;芯棒manometer 压力机,压力表meter 米;仪表;计量;节制;控制(流量);流量计meter-in 进口节流meter-out 出口节流motion 动作alternative motion 往复运动lost motion 空转synchronized motion 同步运动motor 发动机,液压马达axial piston motor 轴向柱塞马达bent axis piston motor 斜轴式轴向柱塞马达cam plate type axial piston motor 斜盘式轴向柱塞马达constant displacement motor 定量马达radial motor 径向马达sliding vane motor 叶片马达swing motor 摆动马达Nnominal 额定的,公称的notch 凹槽relief notch 卸荷槽null 零位Ooff-load 卸荷oil 油oiler 注油器olive 球面卡套grooved olive 迷宫密封环operation 运行;操作;运算orifice 小孔;节流孔O-ring O型密封圈output 输出;排量;流量overload 过载Ppack 包,捆;组合件,部件,单元power pack 液压泵站package包,捆;组件,单元hydraulic package 液压泵站power package 泵站packing 密封;密封装置;填料密封pad 衬垫;底座asbestos pad 石棉垫valve pad 阀垫parameter 参数part 部分;零件;部件partition 隔板passage 流道;通道;通过pedestal 支座,底座motor pedestal 电动机座phenomenon 现象stick-alip phenomenon 爬行现象trapping phenomenon 困油现象piece 零件,部件pilot(-actuate,-operate) 先导控制;液控piloted 先导控制的pin 销;插头alignment pin 定位销cottar pin 开口销locking pin 锁紧销piston pin 活塞销straight pin 圆柱销pipe 管子,管道(尤指铸铁管和钢管) piston 活塞;柱塞;阀芯double acting piston 双作用活塞double rod piston 双杆活塞hollow piston 空心活塞single-rod piston 单杆活塞pit 坑;槽pitch 节距pitting 凹痕;锈斑;点蚀plug 堵塞;阻塞;堵头air release plug 排气塞plug-in 插入式的,组合式的poppet 提动阀芯,座阀芯,锥阀芯,碟形阀芯pore 孔;孔隙port 油口;连接口position 位置;状态;定位center valve position 阀的中间位置neutral position 中位;零位three position 三位two position 二位pressure 压力,压强;气压pulsation 脉动,波动pump 泵bent axis axial piston pump 斜轴式轴向柱塞泵booster pump 辅助泵,充液泵cam plate type axial piston pump 斜盘式轴向柱塞泵centrifugal pump 离心泵constant delivery pump 定量泵cycloid rotor pump 摆线转子泵double action vane pump 双作用叶片泵gear pump 齿轮泵multi-stage pump 多级泵single action vane pump 单作用叶片泵vane pump 叶片泵variable capacity pump 变量泵Rrabbet 球铰rack 齿条;机架racing 空转radian 弧度radius 半径range 范围,量程rated 额定的regulation 调节,调整regulator 调节器,调压阀differential pressure regulator 定差减压阀proportional pressure regulator 定比减压阀relay 继电器relief 释压;溢流;卸荷reset 复位restriction 节流;阻尼,节流口,阻尼孔restrictor 节流阀;节流口;阻尼孔reversal 反转,倒转revolution 旋转;转数rider 导向套ring 环,圈anti-extrusion ring 密封挡圈,挡圈back support ring 后支承环back-up ring 挡圈bearing ring 导向套dust ring 防尘圈retainer ring 卡环seal ring 密封圈;密封环rod 杆;活塞杆Sscrew 螺杆,螺钉,丝杆,螺旋seal 密封;封口;密封件;密封装置seat 阀座,座seizure 卡死,咬住,擦伤selector 换向阀servo 伺服;伺服机构,伺服系统servomotor 伺服马达servopump 伺服泵servovalve 伺服阀set 组件;定位;集合shaft 轴pump shaft 泵轴sleeve 套;套管;卡套;阀套slot 缝,隙,槽spring 弹簧stroke 行程symbol 符号functional symbol 职能符号Ttank 箱,缸;油箱;容器tee 三通接头,三通throttle 节流;节流阀trapping 困油travel 位移;行程tube 管子(尤指有色金属和无缝钢管) tubeline 管路Uunion 中间接头;直通接头Vvalve 阀back pressure valve 背压阀bypass valve 旁通阀;溢流阀change valve 换向阀check valve 单向阀direct operated solenoid valve 电磁阀flow regulating valve 调速阀four port valve 四通阀four position valve 四位阀hand operated valve 手动阀hydraulic operated check valve 液控单向阀overflow valve 溢流阀overload relief valve 安全阀;过载溢流阀piloted valve 先导式阀vane 叶片diffusion vane 导叶vent 放气;排气孔volume 容积,体积displacement volume 排量Wwasher 垫圈;衬垫wiper 防尘圈Zzone 地带;区(域)dead zone 死区high pressure zone 高压区low pressure zone 低压区一、阀类Solenoid valve 电磁阀Check valve 单向阀Cartridge valve 插装阀Sandwich plate valve 叠加阀Pilot valve 先导阀Pilot operated check valve 液控单向阀Sub-plate mount 板式安装Manifold block 集成块Pressure relief valve 压力溢流阀Flow valve 流量阀Throttle valve 节流阀Double throttle check valve 双单向节流阀 Rotary knob 旋钮Rectifier plate 节流板Servo valve 伺服阀Proportional valve 比例阀Position feedback 位置反馈Progressive flow 渐增流量De-energizing of solenoid 电磁铁释放二、介质类Phosphate ester (HFD-R) 磷酸甘油酯Water-glycol (HFC) 水-乙二醇Emulsion 乳化液Inhibitor缓蚀剂Synthetic lubricating oil 合成油三、液压安装工程Contamination 污染Grout 灌浆Failure 失效Jog 点动Creep爬行Abrasion 摩擦Retract（活塞杆）伸出Extension （活塞杆）缩回Malfunction 误动作Pickling 酸洗Flushing 冲洗Dipping process 槽式酸洗Re-circulation 循环Passivity 钝化Nitric acid 柠檬酸Argon 氩气Butt welding 对接焊Socket welding 套管焊Inert gas welding 惰性气体焊四、管接头Bite type fittings 卡套式管接头 Tube to tube fittings 接管接头 union 直通接管接头union elbow 直角管接头union tee 三通管接头union cross 四通管接头Mal stud fittings 端直通管接头Bulkhead fittings 长直通管接头Weld fittings 焊接式管接头Female connector fittings 接头螺母Reducers extenders 变径管接头Banjo fittings 铰接式管接头Adjustable fittings/swivel nut 旋转接头五、伺服阀及伺服系统性能参数Dynamic response 动态频响DDV-direct drive valve 直动式伺服阀NFPA-National Fluid Power Association 美国流体控制学会 Phase lag 相位滞后Nozzle flapper valve 喷嘴挡板阀Servo-jet pilot valve 射流管阀Dither 颤振电流Coil impedance 线圈阻抗Flow saturation 流量饱和Linearity 线形度Symmetry 对称性Hysterics 滞环Threshold 灵敏度Lap 滞后Pressure gain 压力增益Null 零位Null bias 零偏Null shift 零飘Frequency response 频率响应 Slope 曲线斜坡。
转向器基础知识中英文
转向器基础知识中英文转向器基本原理介绍Fundamental Principles of Steering Gear 目录Contents一、汽车液压动力转向系统的组成I . Hydraulic power steering system二、循环球动力转向器基本原理II . Recirculating Ball Steering Gear三、齿轮齿条转向器基本原理III .R&P Power Steering Gear四、转向系统发展的先进技术IV . Advanced T echnology of Steering System五、我厂的技术优势及特点V . Our Advantages for developing Technology六、先进驾驶辅助系统ADAS Advanced Driver Assistant System汽车液压转向系统的组成Hydraulic Power Steering System汽车转向系统的组成Steering System汽车的跑、转、停是它的基本性能，他们中的一个重要机能则由转向装置来承担。
Basic capability of vehicle is to run, turn or stop. Turning device assumes this responsibility.机械转向系统Manual Steering Gear 动力转向系统Power Steering Gear汽车液压动力转向系统的组成Hydraulic Power Steering System 方向盘及管柱、中间轴Steering Wheel, Column and Intermediate Shaft转向器及摇臂Steering Gear and Pitman Arm 油泵Pump 油罐Reservoir 油管Pipe支架及其它附件Bracket and Other Accessories 拉杆系统Linkage 主销及车轮Pin and Wheels1-方向盘Steering Wheel 2-中间传动轴Intermediate Shaft 3-进油管Inlet Pipe4-回油管Outlet Pipe 5-油罐Reservoir 6-油泵Pump 7-转向器Steering Gear8-摇臂Pitman Arm 泵与油管组件Pump and Pipe Assembly 油泵Pump高、低压油管High and low Pressure Pipes 油箱Reservoir 回油管Outlet Pipe 油泵Pump循环油管Recycle Pipes 进油管Inlet Pipe R&P式油压动力转向器R&P Power Steering Gear转阀式循环球动力转向器基本原理Recirculating Ball Power Steering Gear转阀式动力转向器简介General Overview转向器是构成汽车转向系统的主要部件之一，由于特殊的作用，在性能和可靠性方面要求苛刻。
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毕业设计专业英语翻译
院系名称：机电学院
班级：车辆071
学号：200700374106
学生姓名：张超
指导教师：聂建军
液压助力转向系统
摘要：转向系看起来复杂，工作原理却很简单。
汽车直行时，转向器处于中间位置，转向传动机构也处于中间位置，车轮直行。
驾驶员转动方向盘，转向轴旋转，转向器向同侧转动，同时转向器底部的输出轴也会旋转。
输出轴转动时，会向一侧拉动拉杆，使得转向节绕其支点旋转。
这样，转向节、转向节轴端、车轮和轮胎都会向一侧旋转，汽车实现转向。
液压助力转向系统是由一个转向齿轮和一个液压油缸组成，液压油缸为驾驶员操纵的转向轮提供助力。
尤其在机动车上，此系统包括助力力矩发生器的部分，产生外力矩的这部分至少包括一个扭矩发生装置和一个安装在转向拉杆上的力矩传感器，转向拉杆连接车轮和转向齿轮。
技术领域
目前，这个设计是有关液压助力转向系统的，这系统是由一个转向齿轮和一个传动装置组成，驾驶员操作方向盘来驱动这个系统，进而增加一个额外的转向力矩。
设计的背景
现代汽车，特别是客车，基本上都装有下文所提到的液压或者电动助力转向系统，在下文中我们将设计液压助力转向系统。
这种助力装置就像驱动装置，例如：一个油缸被合理地安装在转向机构的中间。
这个驱动器产生力矩来驱动转向机构执行动作并驱动转向轮转向。
由于这个力矩的产生，驾驶员加在转向盘上的力在汽车转向过程中才能得以减小，从而减轻驾驶员的劳动强度。
在技术领域，设计一个助力系统或者转向助力系统是备受关注的。
汽车低速行驶的典型时刻是进出车位的时候，此时，一个能提供较大力矩并且操作方便的转向系统将倍受欢迎。
设计的简单概括
这个设计的主体是提供一个液压助力转向系统，这个系统能提供一个可变的力矩并且和转向系很好地配合并发挥作用。
这个主体有独立的特点。
这个术语——转向盘，就暗示着所有能发挥作用的汽车转向驱动装置，例如：方向盘，操纵杆或者控制杆。
灵活地地提供额外的转向力矩的装置被看做是一个至少包含一个额外助力
装置的单元、检测转向力以及把转向轴、它连接的转向齿轮和方向盘看做一个模块的设计理念在设计中是必要的。
这个设计中的助力装置包含一个和转向传动轴连接的电机。
此设计表明：能灵活地提供额外转向力矩的装置包含一个电动机、一个过大电压监控和控制单元（ECU）以及一个过多转向力矩传感器。
此设计表明：灵活提供额外转向力矩的装置包括一个和额外力矩发生装置配合的齿轮。
至于这项设计，这个齿轮带传动、涡轮蜗杆传动或者是直齿轮传动。
此设计表明：电子监控和控制单元（ECU）控制额外力矩发生装置产生一个适应汽车工况和道路状况的力矩。
因此，此处设计一个标准道路检测装置从检测到的或估量到的道路状况确定标准路况或者标准路况类型、一个检测真实路况的装置从检测到的或估量到的路况来确定一个真实的路况或路况类型、一个对比装置把真实的路况或路况类型与标准的进行比较和一个从比较结果中把控制方向盘的标准曲线的零点替换来达到控制方向盘的目的。
关于此设计，电子监控和控制单元（ECU）控制额外力矩发生装置产生一个适应汽车动力学的额外力矩，特别是要适应汽车的侧向加速度。
对于这个设计来说，这个助力装置是一个电动助力、电磁助力或者是液压助力装置。
此设计的主体是一个液压助力转向系统，它包括一个转向齿轮、一个液压助力装置，此装置是来驱动驾驶员所操纵的方向盘的。
尤其在机动上，此系统至少包括一个能产生外力矩的装置，这个装置被看做一个单元安装在转向轮的一边或者组成液压转向阀的一部分。
设计更精巧的是，这个额外力矩发生装置是一个安装在转向阀的输入轴上的齿轮装置。
此首选方案的详细描述
图1中的转向系统包括：转向盘1，转向柱2，两个转向万向节3、4。
转向柱2连接转向盘。
转向柱2连接在转向轴5上或者看作转向轴5的一部分。
转向轴5驱动转向拉杆8、9,8、9连接到转向横拉杆7上，由转向6和7组成转向齿条，从而，驱动转向轮10、11倾斜。
在齿轮齿条机构中，液压驱动力是靠汽车上的发动机驱动油泵13来实现的。
例如：通过带传动机构12，油泵13通过油管15传递压力油到转向阀14.压力油能通过回油管16流回油箱17.在转向盘的正前方位置，液压油可以推动中间位置的转向阀也可以通过回油管16流回油箱。
在转
向横拉杆7上有一个工作油缸，油缸两边的两个工作腔的压力是相等的。
双动的动力缸将施加的油压转换成助动力，作用在齿条上，加强了驾驶员施加的转向力。
动力缸通常安装在转向器中。
齿轮齿条转向器有两个主要部件－齿轮和齿条．齿轮安装在转向柱的末端．方向盘带动齿轮转动．齿条是一个一面有齿的长平杆．齿条与齿轮啮合．此时，没有转向。
在转向时，转向阀14压着液压油从一个腔到另一个腔这样整个转向装置被液压驱动。
很多新型小汽车和多数发动机横置的汽车都采用齿轮齿条式转向器。
这类转向器尺寸小、重量轻，而且转向轻便。
另外，转向器和转向传动机构所需的部件较少，便于维修。
齿轮齿条式转向器为驾驶员提供了较好的反馈和路感．
上面所描述的常规的液压助力转向系统包括一个产生额外力矩的单元22。
这个单元包括：额外力矩发生装置23（在这就是电动机23）、一个控制电动机的控制单元（ECU24）、和测量过大转矩的信号的传感器25以及电动机位置传感器26。
控制单元（ECU24）和力矩传感器25和蓄电池27连接。
最好是所有机构都正常工作此时传感器就暂不起作用。
单元22也包括控制单元24.然而，控制从这个设计来看，单元24也被独立设置。
更好地，单元22至少包括：力矩发生装置23、力矩传感器25和电动机位置传感器26（视情况而定）。
通过改变力矩的大小改变特性曲线在此设计中成为现实（图2）。
特性曲线是转向盘力矩或者这个流行的系统中产生力矩的驱动装置的的电动机产生力矩大小的依据。
上面提到的电动机产生一个额外力矩，此时，驾驶员作用子方向盘上的力矩会减小。
这表明驾驶员作用在方向盘上的力矩被扩大了很大。
通过液压助力装置（图3）、或电磁助力装置（图4）产生额外力矩都是可行的。
基本的液压转向助力系统和图1提到的是一致的，因此，这里就不再详细叙述。
但是，电动转向助力系统正逐步代替液力转向系统并在汽车制造业中很快成为主流．电动转向助力系统不需要发动机动力驱动．这样，装备电动转向助力系统的汽车可以比装液力转向系统的同类型车辆节约大约３％的燃油．在市内运输中低速行驶需要大的转向操作，使用电动机，方向盘转动较小角度就可以得到同样的转向力．高速行驶时，驾驶员不必再担心转向引起车辆失去控制．图6是图5单元中的力矩发生装置的分解图，图7是这装置的轴测图，此装置连接到转向阀上。
因此，此力矩发生装置在下面不再详细叙述，同样的部分有同样的尺寸和参数。
这图片表明特别精巧的结构是转向系统灵活地运作。
除了减小转向柱的尺寸外，往转向助力系统上安装电子装置不需要很高的技术。
力矩发生装置也不需要的技术。
此装置可以用代价低廉的加工方法进行加工。
这些图片的简单描述
图1是此设计的示意图，此设计是一个安装了电动机驱动的助力转向装置
图2是助力转向系统的特性曲线。
图3是液压助力转向系统设计的示意图。
图4是电磁助力转向系统设计的示意图。
图5是此设计中电动装置的剖面图。
图6是产生力矩电动装置的轴测图。
图7是产生力矩的电动装置单元的轴测图。