Phonocardiography, External Pulse Recordings, and 心音描记法,外部脉冲记录,与

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USPIO增强MR黑血及白血成像序列检测兔动脉粥样硬化斑块的对比研究

断价值。法：康雄性新西兰大白兔３方健０只，机分为实验组２随０只，照组ｌ。验组采用球囊导管损伤腹主动脉内膜结合对０只实
高脂饮食的方法建立兔ＡＳ模型，照组不作干预。Ｉ查包括平扫、ＳＩ对ＭＲ检ＵＰＯ增强ＭＲ黑血和白血序列。比较两种成像方法显示斑块形态、目和成分的差异，病理结果行对照研究，做统计学分析。果：２例兔Ａ模型成功建立，ＳＩ数与并结１ＳＵＰＯ增强黑血序
ＭＲｌｃ－ｌｏｅｕｎｅａｄｗｈｔ－ｌｏｅｕｎｅｉｈｅｅｔｎｏｔｅｃｅｉｐａｕｓｉａｂｔ．Ｍｅｈｄ：ＴｉｙＩｂａｋｂｏｄｓｑｅｃｎｉｂｏｄｓｑｅｃｎｔｅｄｔｃｉｆａｈｍｓｌｍｔｅｏｅｌｑｅｎｒｂｉｓｔｏｓｈｒｔＮｗｅｌｎｌｅｒｂｉｅｉｉｅａｄｍｌｎｏｔｒｕｓ０ａｉｌｓｉｈｘｅｍｅｔｇｏｐ１ｎｍａｓｉｏｔｌｅＺａａｄｍａａｂｔｗｒｄｖｄｄｒｏｙｉｔｗｏｇｏｐ：２ｎｍａｎｔｅｅｐｒｎｒｕ，０ａｉｌｎｃｎｒｓｅｂｔｅＰＯｎａｃｄＭＲＩｂａｋｂｏｄｓｑｅｃｎｍａｉｏｔｄｅｗｅｎＵＳＩｅｈｎｅｌｃ－ｌｏｅｕｎｅａｄｗｈｔ — ｌｏｅｕｎｅｉｈｅｅｔｎｏｔｅｏｃｅｏｃｐａｕｓｉａｂｔｉｂｏｄｓｑｅｃｎｔｅｄｔｃｉｆａｈｒｓｌｒｆｌｑｅｎｒｂｉｅｏｉｓ

破骨细胞分化因子及其信号转导通路

破骨细胞分化因子及其信号转导通路破骨细胞负责骨吸收，来源于骨髓单核-巨噬细胞系，其分化需巨噬细胞发育必需集落刺激因子的参与。

破骨细胞形成和分化过程中所必须的细胞间信号转导则由骨保护蛋189白（OPG）以及核因子-κB（NF-κB）受体活化因子（RANK）及其配体（RANKL）系统介导。

RANKL-RANK-OPG信号转导通路在多种因子共同参与下，通过NF-κB、促丝裂原激活蛋白激酶和磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶-蛋白激酶B等信号转导通路实现信号转导。

肿瘤坏死因子-α可刺激成骨细胞产生粒细胞-巨噬细胞集落刺激因子和白细胞介素（IL）-6等因子，诱使破骨细胞前体分化为破骨细胞。

一氧化氮和雌激素影响破骨细胞前体的分化。

整联蛋白-αβ3在破骨细胞诱导酪氨酸磷酸化与富含脯氨酸的酪氨酸激酶2及非受体依赖型蛋白酪氨酸激酶Src家族中的衔接蛋白P130 Crk相关的底物蛋白激活中至关重要，使骨产生吸收作用。

在破骨细胞及其前体中，转化生长因子-β受体、类固醇家庭受体、G-蛋白偶联受体、IL-1和非酪氨酸激酶细胞因子等对于破骨细胞功能的影响十分重要。

标签：破骨细胞；细胞因子；信号转导骨吸收和骨生成的动态平衡维持着骨组织的不断更新，而破骨细胞则负责骨的吸收。

破骨细胞是高度专业化的细胞，来源于骨髓单核一巨噬细胞系。

当这些细胞贴附于骨表面时，在一定的微环境中形成抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶（tartrate-resistantacid phosphatase，TRAP）阳性的多核破骨细胞。

成熟的破骨细胞形态大多为不规则的圆形或卵圆形，大小不等，形状不一，直径20～100 μm，有伪足，含有2～50个核，核膜光滑，染色质颗粒微细，分布均匀。

破骨细胞在分化成熟过程中受到一系列细胞因子的影响。

1 集落刺激因子及其信号转导破骨细胞在分化过程中需要巨噬细胞发育必需的集落刺激因子（colony stimulating factor，CSF）-1和c-fms等要素。

超声医学词汇

【超声基础方面】超声成像ultrasonic imaging实时成像real-time imaging灰阶显示gray scale display彩阶显示color scale display经颅多普勒transcranial doppler彩色多普勒血流显像color doppler flow imaging彩色血流造影color flow angiography彩色多普勒能量图color doppler energy彩色能量图color power angio超声内镜ultrasound endoscope超声导管ultrasound catheter血管内超声intravascular ultrasound血管内超声显像intravascular ultrasonic imaging管腔内超声显像intraluminal ultrasonic imaging腔内超声显像endoluminal sonography心内超声显像intracardiac ultrasonic imaging内镜超声扫描endoscopic ultrasonography内镜超声技术endosonography膀胱镜超声技术cystosonography阴道镜超声技术vaginosonography经阴道彩色多普勒显像transvaginal color doppler imaging经直肠超声扫描transrectal ultrasonography直肠镜超声（技术）rectosonography经尿道扫查transurethral scanning介入性超声interventional ultrasound术中超声监视intraoperative ultrasonic monitoring超声引导经皮肝穿刺胆管造影ultrasound guided percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography 超声引导经皮穿刺注射乙醇US guided percutaneous alcohol injection超声引导经皮胆囊胆汁引流US guided percutaneous gallbladder bile drainage超声引导经皮抽吸US guided percutaneous aspiration超声引导胎儿组织活检US guided fetal tissue biopsy超声引导经皮肝穿刺门静脉造影US guided percutaneous transhepatic portography三维显示three dimensional display三维图像重建3D image reconstruction组织特性成像tissue specific imaging动态成像dynamic imaging数字成像digital image血管显像angiography声像图法echography sonography声像图sonogram echogram多用途探头multipurpose scanner宽频带探头wide-band probe环阵相控探头phased annular array probe术中探头intraoperative porbe穿刺探头ultrasound guided probe食管探头transesophagel probe经食管超声心动图探头transesophagel echocardiography probe 阴道探头transvaginal probe直肠探头transrectal probe尿道探头transurethral probe膀胱探头intervesical probe腔内探头intracavitary probe内腔探头endo-probe导管超声探头catheter-based US probe扫描方式scan mode线阵linear array凸阵convex array扇扫sector scanning传感器sensor换能器transducer放大器amplifier阻尼器buffer解调器、检波器demodulator触发器trigger零位调整zero adjustment定标、校正calibration快速时间常数电路fast time constant自动增益控制automatic gain control深度增益补偿depth gain compensation时间增益补偿time gain compensation对数压缩logarithmic compression灵敏度时间控制sensitivity time control动态范围dynamic range消除erase, eliminate变换shift倒置、反转invert消除clear注释annotation放大magnification , magnify , zoom写入write记录record聚焦focus帧率frame rate冻结freeze字符character抑制rejection, reject , suppression增益gain帧相关frame correlation回放rendering , play back彩色极性color polarity彩色边界color edge彩色增强color enhance菜单选择menu selection彩色余辉color persistence彩色捕获color capture彩色壁滤波color wall filter彩色速度显像color velocity imaging彩色转向color steering彩色消除color cut彩色锁定color lock成像数据imaging data预设置preset前处理pre process后处理post process重调、复原reset动态频率扫描dynamic frequency scanning焦距focal distance动态聚焦dynamic focusing滑动聚焦sliging focusing区域聚焦zone focusing连续聚焦sequential focusing电子聚焦electric focusing分段聚焦segment focusing多段聚焦multistage focusing全场连续聚焦confocusing图像均匀性image uniformity运动辨别力motion discrimination穿透深度penetration depth空间分辨力spatial resolution瞬时分辨力temporal resolution帧分辨力frame resolution图像线分辨力image-line resolution对比分辨力contrast resolution细节分辨力detail resolution多普勒取样容积doppler sample volume多普勒流速分布分辨力doppler flow-velocity distributive resolution 多普勒流向分辨力doppler flow-direction resolution多普勒最低流速分辨力doppler minimum flow-velocity resolution 彩色多普勒空间分辨力spatial resolution of color doppler彩色多普勒时间分辨力time resolution of color doppler彩色多普勒最低流速分辨力minimum flow-velocity of color doppler 彩色多普勒强度color doppler level彩色多普勒处理功能板CFM processing board彩色视频监视器color video monitor。

Non-InvasiveandInvasiveCardiacImagingIntroduction

Non-Invasive and Invasive Cardiac ImagingIntroduction:Coronary artery disease is the most common cause of patient hospitalization and mortality in many industrialized countries. The current standard of assessment is coronary angiography (CA) in conjunction with interventional therapeutic procedures. While CA and other invasive cardiac imaging procedures have become relatively safe, the inconvenience to the patient is extensive. This has caused a popularization throughout the past decades of potential, non-invasive cardiac imaging devices. Different devices such as magnetic resonance and electron beam computed tomography have been explored. In this monograph various imaging technologies are discussed.The Problem:The current cardiac imaging devices provide an inconvenience to the patient in many forms including hospitalization and higher economic burden. Various technologies have been developed to ease patient burden in the form of non-invasive cardiac imaging devices. However, these new technologies are not without their unique challenges. Such challenges as cardiac motion and calcium deposits often render scans inadequate. The characterization of atherosclerotic plaque is another major challenge for non-invasive imaging as the rupture of such plaques can cause acute vessel occlusion. There is a need to find a suitable procedure that minimizes or eliminates rupturing the plaque. In addition, conventional imaging techniques expose the patient to ionizing radiation. These are some of the various challenges surrounding the design of a non-invasive device.Invasive ImagingModern IVUS systems have presented some difficulties that necessitate further exploration. One such difficulty with IVUS is total obstruction when a transducer is brought in close proximity to a severely stenosed vessel. Volcano Corporation recently launched the VH ™ IVUS system. This is the first technology to enable real-time compositional assessment of atherosclerotic plaque in coronary arteries. It provides automated measurement tools to simplify image interpretation. It also uses a color key to better display plaque composition. This technology allows for colorized VH images of four plaque component types. This is the first IVUS system capable of providing information about plaque composition.Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is another popular technology used for cardiac imaging. This non-contact, light-based imaging modality providesin situ tissue images at near histological resolution. This technique allows for the identification of mural as well as luminal morphologies. When comparedto IVUS, studies showed that OCT provides additional morphologic information which is helpful in the characterization of plaque. Optical frequencydomain imaging (OFDI) is a new technology in this area of imaging. OFDI is used in the diagnosis and management of coronary artery disease. It uses infrared light delivered to the imaging site through a single optical fiber incorporated within a catheter. Advanced algorithms are used to remove thereflected signals from the infrared light. This provides the clinician with real-time cross sectional and 3-dimensional images.Non-invasive Imaging:Nuclear cardiac imaging is a popular non-invasive imaging method which uses technetium Tc 99m sestamibi (MIBI), a radionuclide, in its process. MIBI is a technetium imaging agent that is used to reveal blood-starved tissue, usually during a heart attack. It has been used for more than a decade as an imaging agent. MIBI concentrates in tissues in proportion to desmoplastic and metabolic activity and blood flow. This technique has been considered a reliable method of assessing myocardial salvage in patients with acute myocardial infarction in addition to evaluating and diagnosing a heart attack.(Nuclear cardiac illustration from Google Images)Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) is another technique used for non-invasive imaging. This device was developed to quantify calcium deposits and coronary morphology and flow. It is based upon the magnetic characteristics of tissues and molecules within a magnetic field. CMR is superior to other methods for use on those patients with complex congenital heart disease. CMR provides excellent visualization of extracardiac venous structures and intracardiac baffles as well. However, it is not feasible for use on patients with pacemakers or other metallic implants or on those who suffer from claustrophobia.Most recently, the technique of spiral balanced steady-state free precession cardiac imaging (SSFP) has been brought to the forefront of CMR. These sequences are useful in cardiac imaging because they have the ability to achieve high signal efficiency and blood-myocardium contrast. This procedure enables efficient acquisition with reduced blood flow and motion artifacts. SSPF has been combined with spiral imaging allowing for real-time interactive cardiac CMR. In contrast to conventional echo imaging, this method yields an intrinsic blood-myocardium contrast independent of inflow and has become extremely useful in cardiac imaging.Computed Tomography (CT) is another well-known device that is being used for non-invasive cardiac imaging. Like CMR, electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) was designed with the goal of measuring calcium deposits and coronary artery morphology and flow. CT of the heart throughout the last decade has been the exclusive realm of EBCT. The most popular use for this technology has been assessment of myocardial perfusion and function as well visualization of the coronary arteries.In recent years, multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT) has become available. This technology has become the preferred method because it rectifies some of the limitations of the EBCT such as low special resolution and pronounced noise. The ability of the MDCT scanners to acquisition multiple slices has considerably improved cardiac imaging. The image quality produced by MDCT favorably compares to that of coronary angiography. In addition, it provides assessment of coronary calcium and plaque characterization while also producing a high image quality.Non-invasive echocardiography is an optional ultrasonic method of cardiac imaging. Recently, live three dimensional echocardiography (L3DE) has broken though into the field of medical ultrasound. This non-invasive system is easy to operate and images rapidly and clearly. In L3DE ultrasonic beams are generated in a phased array manner which gives the clinician the ability to evaluate the cardiac structures from every direction. The ability of the operator to improve temporal and special resolution of the image during acquisition is one benefit of this procedure.References and Bibliography:World Wide Web•http://www.mediguide.co.il/MediGuide-Medical Positioning System•Health Center Laboratories•Echocardiography (Ultrasound of the Heart)•Cardiac Perfusion Scan•Technetium tc 99m sestamibi-definition from •Google Images•/cgi/news/release?id=146453Press Release: Volcano Corp. Announces Commercial Release of VH™ IVUS SystemJournal articles and Reviews•_________. Terumo Initiates Vulnerable Plaque Program with Exclusive License from Massachusetts General Hospital. Press Release December 15, 2004.•Coover LR. The Role of Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi in the Early Detection of Breast Carcinoma. Hospital Physician 1999: 16-21.•Dong J, Ndrepepa G, Schmitt C, et. al. Early Resolution of ST-Segment Elevation Correlates With Myocardial Salvage Assessed by Tc-99m Sestamibi Scintigraphy in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction After Mechanical or Thrombolytic Reperfusion Therapy. Circulation 2002,105: 2946-2949.•Gaudio C, Mirabelli F, Di Michele S, et. al. Multidetector Computed Tomography of the Coronary Arteries. Ital Heart J 2004, 5: 423-430.•Gerckens U, Buellesfeld L, McNamara E, Grube E. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT): Potential of a new high-resolution intracoronary imaging technique. Herz 2003, 28(6): 496-500.•Kiaffas MG, Davlourous P, Tsertos F, et. al. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Evaluation of Patients with Transposition of the Great Arteries Following Atrial Switch Surgical Correction 2005, 46: 69-73.•Light ED and Smith SW. Two Dimensional Arrays for Real Time 3D Intravascular Ultrasound 2004, 26(2): 115-128.•Nayak KS, Hargreaves BA, HU SB, et. al. Spiral Balanced Steady-State Free Precession Cardiac Imaging. Magnetic Resonance Medicine 2005, 53: 1468-1473.•Nieman K, van Genus RM, Wieloposki, P, et. al. Noninvasive Coronary Imaging: A comparison of computed tomography and magnetic resonance techniques. Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine 2002, 3(2): 77-84.•Wang XF, Deng YB, Nanda NC, et. al. Live Three-Dimensional Echocardiography: Imaging principles and clinical application.Echocardiography: A journal of CV Ultrasound & Allied Technologies 2003, 20(7): 593-604.。

泌尿外科专业英语词汇汇总

泌尿外科专业英语词汇汇总泌尿外科学urology腔道泌尿外科学endourology肾异位renal ectopia, ectopic kidney肾缺如agenesis of kidney, anephrogenesis孤立肾solitary kidney肾畸形deformity of kidney肾发育不全anephrogenesis;renal agenesis肾发育不良renal dysplasia节段性肾发育不良segmental dysplasia of kidney额外肾supernumerary kidney重复肾renal duplication盘状肾disk kidney discoid kidney融合肾confluent kidney;fused kidney马蹄形肾horseshoe kidneyL形肾L-shaped kidney肾下垂nephroptosis;renal ptosis胸内肾thoracic kidney盆腔肾pelvic kidney游走肾excessively mobile kidney;hypermobile kidney;wandering kidney S形肾S-shaped kidney团块肾lump kidney胎儿肾fetal kidney婴儿肾infantile kidney单乳头肾unipapillary kidney肾轴性旋转axial rotation of kidney肾旋转异常renal malrotation分叉型肾盂bifid pelvis肾外型肾盂extrarenal pelvis巨肾盏megacalyx,megacalycosis先天性巨肾盏congenital megacalycosis肾盏憩室caliceal diverticulum;calyceal diverticulum;pyelogenic cyst肾髓质管扩张medullary ductal ectasia of kidney肾子宫内膜异位症endometriosis of kidney肾动静脉瘘renal arteriovenous fistula肾静脉栓塞thrombosis of renal vein肾动脉栓塞thrombosis of renal artery肾动脉狭窄(RAS)stenosis of renal artery; renal arterial stenosis;renal artery stenosis肾盏静脉瘘calyceal-venous fistula肾盂静脉曲张varix of pelvis肾囊肿Cyst of kidney;Renal cyst单纯性肾囊肿simple cyst of kidney多囊肾ploycystic renal disease;polycystic disease of kindeys;polycystic kidne 先天性肾囊性病congenital renal cystic disease肾髓质囊性病medullary cystic disease of kidney肾盂源性囊肿pyelogenic cyst肾钙化囊肿calcified cyst of kidney肾盂旁囊肿parapelvic cyst肾旁假囊肿pararenal pseudocyst肾周围囊肿perinephric cyst肾盂周围囊肿peripelvic cyst肾出血性囊肿hemorrhagic cyst of kidney肾小球囊肿病glomerulocystic disease肾损伤injury of kidney; kidney injury;renal injury肾挫伤contusion of kidney肾裂伤laceration of kidney肾破裂rupture of kidney肾蒂断裂rupture of renal pedicle肾穿透伤penetrating injury of kidney肾小管破裂tubulorrhexis肾梗死infarction of kidney, renal infarction穹窿静脉瘘fornico-venous fistula肾盂毛细血管扩张症telangiectasis of renal pelvis肾积水hydronephrosis;nephrohydrops;nephrohydrosis巨大肾积水giant hydronephrosis肾内肾积水intrarenal hydronephrosis肾小管反流renal tubular backflow肾盂间质反流pyelointerstitial backflow肾盂静脉反流pyelovenous backflow肾盂淋巴反流pyelolymphatic backflow肾单位肾小球滤过率nephron glomerular filtration rate腺性肾盂炎pyelitis glandularis囊性肾盂炎pyelitis cystica气性肾盂肾炎emphysematous pyelonephritis黄色肉芽肿性肾盂肾炎xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis细菌性肾盂肾炎bacterial pyelonephritis肾积脓pyonephrosis肾脓肿kidney abscess;nephrapostasis;renal abscess肾皮质脓肿RCA;renal cortical abscess肾皮质坏死cortical necrosis of kidney; renal cortical necrosis肾髓质坏死medullary necrosis of kidney;renal medullary necrosis肾痈renal carbuncle病理性肾结核pathological renal tuberculosis临床肾结核clinical renal tuberculosis; clinical renal tuberculosis肾盏结核tuberculosis of calyx肾结核对侧肾积水renal tuberculosis with contralateral hydronephrosis 肾错构瘤hamartoma of kidney, angiomyolipoma of kidney脓性肾积水pyohydronephrosis肾淀粉样变性amyloidosis of kidney; renal amyloidosis膀胱淀粉样变性amyloidosis of bladder坏死性肾乳头炎necrotizing papillitis of kidney肾盂白斑病leukoplakia of renal pelvis镰状细胞肾病sickle cell nephropathy髓质海绵肾,髓状海绵样肾medullary sponge kidney海绵肾CCacchi-Ricci disease;sponge kidney急性尿酸盐肾病acute urate nephropathy肾肿瘤tumor of kidney肾良性肿瘤benign renal tumor肾平滑肌瘤leiomyoma of kidney肾假性瘤pseudotumor of kidney多房性囊性肾瘤multilocular cystic nephroma肾盂血管瘤hemangioma of renal pelvis肾血管瘤hemangioma of kidney肾动脉瘤aneurysm of renal artery; renal aneurysm肾血管外皮细胞瘤renal hemangiopericytoma肾脂肪瘤lipoma of kidney肾皮质腺瘤renal cortical adenoma;adenoma,renal cortical;renal cortical adenomas 肾纤维瘤renal fibroma中胚叶肾瘤mesoblastic nephroma肾淋巴瘤renal lymphoma肾淋巴母细胞瘤renal lymphoblastoma肾腺瘤adenoma,renal;adenomas of kidney;nephradenoma;renal adenomas,cortical肾素瘤reninoma, renin-secreting tumor球旁细胞瘤,肾小球旁细胞瘤juxtaglomerular cell tumor肾门脂肪瘤样病lipomatosis of renal hilus肾恶性纤维组织细胞瘤malignant fibrous histiocytoma of kidney肾盂移行细胞癌transitional cell carcinoma of renal pelvis肾嗜酸细胞瘤renal oncocytoma肾纤维脂肪瘤样病renal fibrolipomatosis肾神经鞘瘤schwannoma of kidney肾异种组织肿瘤heteroplastic tissue tumor of kidney肾窦脂肪瘤样病renal sinus lipomatosis肾盂肿瘤tumor of renal pelvis肾盂乳头状瘤papilloma of renal pelvis肾癌renal carcinoma肾实质癌carcinoma of renal parenchyma肾细胞癌adenocarcinoma of kidney;RCA;RCC;renal cell carcinoma;renal cell carcinoma of kid ney肾细胞癌,肾上腺样癌hypernephroid carcinoma肾透明细胞癌clear cell carcinoma of kidney; suprarenal epithelioma肾颗粒细胞癌granular cell carcinoma of kidney肾腺癌adenocarcinoma of kidney肾母细胞瘤embryoma of kidney;nephroblastoma;Whilms tumor;Wilm tumor;Wilm tumor of kidney; Wilms tumor肾胚细胞瘤nephroblastoma横纹肌样肾母细胞瘤rhabdomyoid Wilms tumor肾肉瘤sarcoma of kidney; nephrosarcoma肾淋巴肉瘤lymphosarcoma of kidney肾平滑肌肉瘤leiomyosarcoma of kidney肾脂肪肉瘤liposarcoma of kidney肾盂癌carcinoma of renal pelvis; renal pelvic carcinoma;RPC肾盂鳞状细胞癌squamous cell carcinoma of renal pelvis肾盂乳头状癌papillary carcinoma of renal pelvis肾切开术nephrotomy肾切开取石术nephrolithotomy肾盂切开术pelviotomy;pyelotomy肾盂切开取石术pyelolithotomy; pelvilithotomy;pelviolithotomy凝血块肾盂切开取石术coagulum pyelolithotomy扩大的肾盂切开取石术extended pyelolithotomy非萎缩性肾切开取石术anatrophic nephrolithotomy肾-肾盂造瘘术nephropyelostomy肾切除术nephrectomy肾部分切除术partial nephrectomy; heminephrectomy经皮肾造瘘术percutaneous nephrostomy;PCN;肾盂造瘘术pyelostomy肾造瘘术nephrostomy自截肾autonephrectomy根治性肾切除术radical nephrectomy包膜下肾切除术subcapsular nephrectomy肾盂输尿管松解术pelvioureterolysis; pyeloureterolysis肾-输尿管切除术nephro-ureterectomy肾盏成形术calicoplasty肾固定术nephrofixation;nephropexia;nephropexy;renifixation肾血管重建术reno-vascular reconstruction肾离体术bench technique of kidney肾蒂淋巴管剥脱术stripping of renal lymphatic vessel肾门上淋巴结切除术suprahilar lymphadenectomy腹膜后淋巴结切除术retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy; RPLAD腹膜后淋巴结病retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy RPLAD脾肾动脉吻合术spleno-renal arterial anastomosis肾病灶清除术renal cavernostomy剖腰探查术exploratory lumbotomy肾动脉栓塞术embolization of renal artery血管梗塞性肾切除angioinfarction-nephrectomy肾鹿角状结石staghorn stone of kidney肾钙斑Randall plaques肾萎缩renal atrophy肾失用性萎缩disuse atrophy of kidney肾动脉纤维增生病fibroplasia of renal artery肾紫癜purpura of kidney迪特尔危象游走肾危象Dietl crisis血管运动性肾病vasomotor nephropathy莱特尔综合征Reiter syndrome肾小球血流动力学glomerular hemodynamics输尿管扩张dilatation of ureter, ureterectasis; megalo-ureter;ureterectasia输尿管发育不良ureteral dysplasia巨输尿管megalo-ureter;megaloureter;ureteral neuromuscular dysplasia发育不良性巨输尿管dysplastic megaloureter输尿管畸形deformity of ureter输尿管闭锁atresia of ureter先天性异位输尿管congenital ectopic ureter重复输尿管duplication of ureter重复肾盂duplication of pelvis分叉型输尿管bifid ureter输尿管口异位ectopia of ureteral orifice输尿管发育不全ureteral hypoplasia远段输尿管不发育distal ureteral aplasia输尿管缺如agenesis of ureter腔静脉后输尿管retrocaval ureter; postcaval ureter髂动脉后输尿管retroiliac ureter, preureteral iliac artery输尿管脱垂prolapse of ureter, ureterocele盲端异位输尿管膨出blind ectopic ureterocele正常位输尿管膨出orthotopic ureterocele输尿管憩室diverticulum of ureter; ureteral diverticulum;ureteric bud;ureteric diverticulum 输尿管积水hydroureter;hydroureterosis输尿管肾盂连接处梗阻obstruction at ureteropelvic junction先天性巨输尿管congenital megaloureter; primary megaloureter反流性巨输尿管reflux megaloureter输尿管损伤injury of ureter ureteral injury;输尿管肠瘘uretero-enteric fistula输尿管瘘ureteral fistula ureterostoma;输尿管阴道瘘uretero-vaginal fistula输尿管炎ureteritis输尿管周围炎periureteritis; Ormond's syndrome囊性输尿管炎ureteritis cystica颗粒性输尿管炎ureteritis granulosa输尿管结核tuberculosis of ureter输尿管白斑病leukoplakia of ureter输尿管梅毒syphilis of ureter输尿管放线菌病actinomycosis of ureter输尿管息肉polyp of ureter输尿管肿瘤tumor of ureter输尿管乳头状瘤papilloma of ureter输尿管癌carcinoma of ureter输尿管移行细胞癌transitional cell carcinoma of ureter输尿管乳头状癌papillary carcinoma of ureter输尿管切开术ureterotomy输尿管皮肤造瘘术chtaneous ureterostomy输尿管松解术ureterolysis输尿管切开取石术ureterolithotomy输尿管造瘘术ureterostomy输尿管口切开术ureteralmeatotomy输尿管-肠-皮肤尿流改道术uretero-enterocutaneous diversion 输尿管回肠皮肤尿流改道[术]ureteroileal cutaneous diversion 断离性肾盂输尿管成形术dismembered ureteropelvioplasty输尿管袢造瘘术loop ureterostomy输尿管肾盂吻合术ureteroneopyelostomy输尿管成形术ureteroplasty输尿管空肠皮肤尿流改道术ureterojejunal cutaneous diversion 输尿管乙状结肠吻合术ureterosigmoidostomy, ureterosigmoidanastomosis输尿管切除术ureterectomy输尿管结肠吻合术ureterocolic anastomosis输尿管输尿管吻合术ureteroureterostomy输尿管膀胱吻合术ureteroneocystostomy回盲肠皮肤尿流改道术ileocecal cutaneous diversion输尿管皮肤尿流改道术uretero-cutaneous diversion阑尾输尿管成形术appendix ureteroplasty输尿管腹膜包裹术ureteroperitonization输尿管移植[术] transplantation of ureter输尿管结石calculus of ureter; ureteral calculus;ureterolith输尿管梗阻ureteral obstruction输尿管狭窄stricture of ureter; ureterostenoma;ureterostenosis 输尿管肾盂连接处狭窄stricture of ureteropelvic junction输尿管口狭窄stricture of uretero-vesical orifice输尿管绞痛ureteral colic巨输尿管-巨膀胱综合征megaloureter-megalocystis syndrome输尿管子宫内膜异位症endometriosis of ureter大网膜输尿管成形术omentoureteroplasty膀胱畸形deformity of bladder重复膀胱duplication of bladder膀胱缺如agenesis of bladder膀胱闭锁atresia of bladder, atretocystia膀胱膨出cystocele, vesicocele膀胱脱垂prolapse of bladder膀胱外翻bladder exstrophy;ectopia of urinary bladder;ectopia vesicae;ectopocystis;exstrophy of the bladder;extrophy of bladder 膀胱憩室diverticulum of bladder; bladder diverticulum;vesical diverticulum膀胱假性憩室false diverticulum of bladder膀胱输尿管反流vesicoureteral reflux; vesicoureteral reflux;vesicoureteric reflux膀胱静脉曲张varix of bladder膀胱损伤injury of bladder膀胱挫伤contusion of bladder膀胱破裂rupture of bladder; cystorrhexis;vesical rupture腹膜内膀胱破裂intraperitoneal rupture of bladder腹膜外膀胱破裂extraperitoneal rupture of bladder膀胱瘘vesical fistula膀胱肠瘘vesico-intestinal fistula膀胱直肠瘘vesicorectal fistula膀胱阴道瘘vesicovaginal fistula膀胱输尿管瘘vesicoureteral fistula膀胱子宫瘘vesico-uterine fistula细菌性膀胱炎bacterial cystitis非特异性膀胱炎nonspecific cystitis间质性膀胱炎interstitial cystitis非细菌性膀胱炎nonbacterial cystitis变应性膀胱炎allergic cystitis气性膀胱炎emphysematous cystitis腺性膀胱炎glandular cystitis; cystitis glandularis化学性膀胱炎chemical cystitis膀胱坏疽gangrene of bladder坏疽性膀胱炎gangrenous cystitis淋巴滤泡性膀胱炎lympho-follicular cystitis滤泡性膀胱炎follicular cystitis;cystitis follicularis;碱性痂块膀胱炎alkaline incrusted cystitis膀胱三角区炎trigonitis膀胱疱疹herpes of bladder膀胱真菌病mycosis of bladder念珠菌膀胱炎candida cystitis膀胱梅毒syphilis of bladder膀胱结核tuberculosis of bladder; cystophthisis膀胱白斑病leukoplakia of bladder囊性膀胱炎钙质沉着cystitis cystica calcinosa膀胱肿瘤tumor of bladder膀胱腺瘤adenoma of bladder膀胱乳头状瘤papilloma of bladder膀胱乳头状瘤病papillomatosis of bladder膀胱内翻性乳头状瘤inverted papilloma of bladder膀胱嗜铬细胞瘤pheochromocytoma of bladder膀胱血管瘤hemangioma of bladder膀胱肌瘤myoma of bladder膀胱癌carcinoma of bladder膀胱乳头状癌papillary carcinoma of bladder膀胱原位癌bladder carcinoma in situ膀胱平滑肌瘤leiomyoma of bladder膀胱平滑肌肉瘤leiomyosarcoma of bladder膀胱间质瘤mesenchymal tumor of bladder膀胱移行细胞癌transitional cell carcinoma of bladder; TCCB 膀胱鳞状细胞癌squamous cell carcinoma of bladder膀胱葡萄状肉瘤botryoid sarcoma of bladder膀胱淋巴肉瘤lymphosarcoma of bladder膀胱肉瘤sarcoma of bladder膀胱腺癌adenocarcinoma of bladder膀胱结石vesical calculus; cystic calculus膀胱憩室结石calculus in diverticulum of bladder膀胱碎石洗出术vesical litholapaxy经尿道膀胱颈切开术transurethral vesical neck incision耻骨上膀胱针刺吸引术suprapubic needle aspiration of bladder 耻骨上膀胱造口术suprapubic cystostomy耻骨上膀胱切开取石术suprapubic cystolithotomy膀胱憩室切除术vesical diverticulectomy膀胱切开取石术cystolithectomy;Lithotomy of urinary bladder; cystolithotomy膀胱皮肤造口术cutaneous vesicostomy, cutaneous cystostomy可控性回肠膀胱术Kock pouch膀胱切除术cystectomy膀胱部分切除术partial cystectomy膀胱全切除术total cystectomy根治性膀胱切除术radical cystectomy膀胱尿道吻合术vesicourethral anastomosis经皮膀胱造口术percutaneous cystostomy膀胱灌注irrigation of bladder膀胱颈部Y-V 成形术Y-V plasty of bladder neck经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术transurethral resection of bladder tumor尿流改道术diversion of urine, urinary diversion外尿流改道术external urinary diversion回肠造口术ileostomy回肠膀胱术ilealconduit,Brickeroperation乙状结肠膀胱sigmoid conduit乙状结肠膀胱扩大术sigmoid augmentation cystoplasty,;sigmoid cystoplasty回肠膀胱扩大术ileum augmentation cystoplasty,回肠膀胱成形术ileocystoplasty膀胱三角区乙状结肠吻合术trigonosigmoidostomy膀胱三角及输尿管间嵴肥大hypertrophy of trigone and interuretericridge膀胱三角trigone of bladder;trigonum vesicae;vesical triangle 回肠膀胱尿流改道术ileal conduit diversion稳定性膀胱stable bladder直肠膀胱结肠腹壁造口术rectal bladder and abdominal colostomy盲肠膀胱扩大术cecum augmentation cystoplasty, cecal cystoplasty髂腹股沟淋巴结切除术ilioinguinal lymphadenectomy膀胱前列腺切除术cysto-prostatectomy;cystoprostatectomy;vesical prostatectomy 膀胱紫癜purpura of bladder膀胱小梁形成trabeculation of bladder膀胱异物foreign body in bladder膀胱子宫内膜异位症endometriosis of bladder膀胱挛缩contracture of bladder先天性膀胱颈挛缩congenital contracture of bladder neck尿道畸形deformity of urethra尿道狭窄ankylurethria;urethral stricture;urethrostenosis尿道口狭窄meatal stenosis尿道瓣膜urethral valve尿道发育不全hypoplastic urethra巨尿道megalourethra尿道膨出urethrocele尿道上裂epispadias尿道下裂hypospadias尿道憩室urethral diverticulum; urethrocele女性尿道下裂female hypospadias尿道闭锁atresia of urethra; ankylurethria;atresia urethralis;atreturethria;urethratresia重复尿道duplication of urethra棱状巨尿道fusiform megalourethra尿道损伤injury of urethra; urethral injury尿道皮肤瘘urethrocutaneous fistula尿道瘘urethral fistula外伤性尿道瘘traumatic urethral fistula尿道直肠瘘urethro-rectal fistula尿瘘urinary fistula尿道阴道瘘urethrovaginal fistula尿道异物foreign body in urethra尿性囊肿urinoma尿道结石calculus of urethra; urethral calculus;urethral stones女性尿道囊肿urethral cyst in female压力性尿失禁stress incontinence神经源性膀胱neurogenic bladder神经性膀胱nervous bladder机械性尿路梗阻mechanical obstruction of urinary tract尿道球腺疾病diseases of Cowper gland尿道综合征urethral syndrome尿道扩张urethral sounding尿道丝状探子urethral filiform尿道炎urethritis尿道球腺炎cowperitis; anteprostatitis;antiparastatitis;antiprostatitis; 细菌性尿道炎bacterial urethritis非特异性尿道炎nonspecific urethritis淋菌性尿道炎gonococcal urethritis非淋菌性尿道炎nongonococcal urethritis NGU;尿道球腺脓肿abscess of Cowper gland滴虫性尿道膀胱炎trichomonal urethro-cystitis尿道周围脓肿periurethral abscess衣原体性尿道炎chlamydial urethritis支原体性尿道炎mycoplasmal urethritis尿道尖锐湿疣condylomata acuminata of urethra尿道结核tuberculosis of urethra尿道球腺结核tuberculosis of Cowper gland尿道肿瘤tumor of urethra尿道肉阜urethral caruncle尿道腺瘤adenoma of urethra尿道息肉polyp of urethra女性尿道纤维息肉fibrous polyps of female urethra尿道血管瘤hemangioma of urethra尿道口血管瘤angioma of urethral meatus尿道球腺囊肿cyst of Cowper gland尿道球腺肿瘤tumor of Cowper gland尿道癌carcinoma of urethra尿道腺癌adenocarcinoma of urethra女性后天性尿道粘膜包涵囊肿acquired inclusion cyst of urethral epithelium of female尿道球腺腺癌adenocarcinoma of bulbourethral gland尿道刀urethrotome尿道成形术urethroplasty尿道口切开术urethralmeatotomy; meatotomy;porotomy尿道口成形术urethral meatoplasty经尿道尿道瓣膜切除术transurethral resection of urethral valve压力性尿失禁悬吊术sling procedure for stress incontinence 尿道折叠术plication operation of urethra套入法尿道成形术Badenoch urethroplasty尿道膀胱悬吊术Marshall-Marchetti-Kranz procedure;urethrovesicopexy经尿道男性尿道癌切除术transurethral resection of male urethral carcinoma经尿道外括约肌切开术transurethral sphincterotomy尿道口前移阴茎头成形术meatal advancement and glandular plasty尿道会师手术Bank's methodreconstruction of ruptured urethra by Bank method;斯塔米尿道悬吊术Stamey procedure for stress urinary incontinence尿道狭窄扩张术dilatation of urethral stricture尿道切开术urethrotomy尿道切除术urethrectomy尿道外切开术external urethrotomy; perineal section尿道内切开术internal urethrotomy尿道前移术urethral advancement尿流改道复原术urinary undiversion约翰松尿道成形术Johanson urethroplasty尿道膀胱吻合[术] urethrovesical anastomosis下丘脑垂体性腺轴hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis下丘脑垂体睾丸轴hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis下丘脑垂体轴hypothalamic-pituitary axis类脂性肾上腺增生adrenal hyperplasia纳尔逊综合征Nelson syndrome;NS肾上腺切除术adrenalectomy肾上腺剩余肿瘤adrenal rest tumor肾上腺髓质增生症adrenal medulla hyperplasia嗜铬细胞瘤pheochromocytoma皮质醇增生症hypercortisolism原发性醛固酮[增多]症primary aldosteronism非肾上腺性女性假两性畸形nonadrenal female pseudohermap hroditism肾上腺非功能性皮质腺瘤nonfunctional adrenocortical adenoma肾上腺[性]性征综合征adrenogenital syndrome前列腺囊肿cyst of prostate前列腺损伤injury of prostate前列腺静脉丛Santorini venous plexus前列腺病prostatosis前列腺增生[症] hyperplasia of prostate变应性前列腺病allergic prostatosis前列腺按摩massage of prostate; PM;prostatic massage经尿道前列腺切除综合征transurethral prostatic resection syndrome血清前列腺酸性磷酸酶PAP;prostate acid phosphatase;prostatic acid phosphatase 慢性前列腺纤维化chronic fibrosis of prostate;前列腺液溢prostatorrhea前列腺痛症prostatodynia前列腺素prostaglandin前列腺炎prostatitis细菌性前列腺炎bacterial prostatitis放线菌性前列腺炎actinomycotic prostatitis寄生虫性前列腺炎parasitic prostatitis肉芽肿性前列腺炎granulomatous prostatitis淋菌性前列腺炎gonococcal prostatitis滴虫性前列腺炎trichomonal prostatitis前列腺梅毒syphilis of prostate前列腺结核tuberculosis of prostate, tuberculous prostatitis 前列腺精囊包虫病echinococcus disease of prostate and seminal vesicle前列腺脓肿abscess of prostate前列腺结石calculus of prostate前列腺肿瘤tumor of prostate前列腺腺瘤prostatic adenoma前列腺子宫内膜样癌endometrioid carcinoma of prostate前列腺淋巴肉瘤lymphosarcoma of prostate前列腺癌肉瘤carcinosarcoma of prostate前列腺管内腺癌intraductal adenocarcinoma of prostate前列腺腺癌adenocarcinoma of prostate前列腺肉瘤sarcoma of prostate前列腺癌carcinoma of prostate前列腺移行细胞癌transitional cell carcinoma of prostate前列腺切除术prostatectomy耻骨上前列腺切除术suprapubic prostatectomy; SPP;耻骨后前列腺切除术retropubic prostatectomyRPP经尿道前列腺切除[术] transurethral prostatic resection经尿道前列腺切开[术] transurethral incision of prostate外生殖器汗腺腺瘤syringoma of external genitalia经会阴前列腺切除术perineal prostatectomy;perineoprostatectomy 经会阴前列腺全切除术total perineal prostatectomy前列腺冷冻术cryosurgery of prostate ;eryosurgery of prostate; 根治性前列腺切除术radical prostatectomy电切镜resectoscope尿路上皮肿瘤urothelial tumor泌尿生殖膈urogenital diaphragmUGD;尿路病变uropathy尿路上皮urothelium;uroepithelium尿路感染urinary tract infection尿路梗阻urinary tract obstruction泌尿系异物foreign body in urinary system泌尿生殖器外伤genitourinary trauma泌尿生殖系统urogenital system泌尿生殖系软斑病malakoplakia of genitourinary system泌尿生殖系变应性疾病allergic diseases of genitourinary system泌尿生殖系寄生虫病parasitosis of genitourinary system泌尿系子宫内膜异位症endometriosis of urinary system泌尿生殖系X 线照相术roentgenography of genitourinary system泌尿生殖窦urogenital sinus; UGS精囊囊肿cyst of seminal vesicle; cystis vesiculae seminalis精液囊肿seminal cyst, spermatocele精索皮样囊肿dermoid cyst of spermatic cord输精管缺如absence of vas deferens重复输精管duplication of vas deferens精索扭转torsion of spermatic cord; spermatic cord torsion输精管畸形deformity of vas deferens精索静脉曲张varicocele。

血清高敏C反应蛋白

doi:10.11659/jjssx.03E023129·临床研究·血清高敏C反应蛋白/白蛋白与急性冠状动脉综合征PCI术后对比剂肾病的相关性薛文平1,秦巍1,刘婷婷2,张爱文1,史菲1　（1. 承德医学院附属医院本部心脏内科，河北承德 067000；2. 承德医学院附属医院门诊部，河北承德 067000）［摘要］　目的　分析血清高敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）/白蛋白（Alb）与急性冠状动脉综合征患者经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）术后对比剂肾病的相关性。

方法　选取我院接受PCI的496例急性冠状动脉综合征患者作为研究对象，根据PCI术后是否发生对比剂肾病分为对比剂肾病组（n=56）和非对比剂肾病组（n=440）。

采用ELISA法检测患者术前血清hs-CRP水平，使用血液分析仪测定术前血清Alb水平，并计算hs-CRP/Alb。

Logistic回归分析急性冠状动脉综合征患者PCI术后发生对比剂肾病的影响因素；受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析血清hs-CRP/Alb对急性冠状动脉综合征PCI术后对比剂肾病的预测价值。

结果　与非对比剂肾病组相比，对比剂肾病组患者术前血清hs-CRP水平、hs-CRP/Alb均明显升高（P<0.001），Alb水平显著下降（P<0.001）。

与非对比剂肾病组相比，对比剂肾病组患者术前肌酐水平、对比剂剂量明显升高（P<0.05）；对比剂肾病组患者术后肌酐水平显著高于术前（P<0.05），术后血尿酸显著低于术前（P<0.05）。

Logistic回归分析显示，hs-CRP、hs-CRP/Alb、肌酐水平、对比剂剂量是急性冠状动脉综合征患者PCI术后发生对比剂肾病的危险因素（P<0.05），Alb是保护因素（P<0.05）。

ROC曲线显示，血清hs-CRP/Alb预测急性冠状动脉综合征患者PCI术后对比剂肾病的曲线下面积为0.965，截断值为0.19。

Peters (2010) Episodic Future Thinking Reduces Reward Delay Discounting

NeuronArticleEpisodic Future Thinking ReducesReward Delay Discounting through an Enhancement of Prefrontal-Mediotemporal InteractionsJan Peters1,*and Christian Bu¨chel11NeuroimageNord,Department of Systems Neuroscience,University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf,Hamburg20246,Germany*Correspondence:j.peters@uke.uni-hamburg.deDOI10.1016/j.neuron.2010.03.026SUMMARYHumans discount the value of future rewards over time.Here we show using functional magnetic reso-nance imaging(fMRI)and neural coupling analyses that episodic future thinking reduces the rate of delay discounting through a modulation of neural decision-making and episodic future thinking networks.In addition to a standard control condition,real subject-speciﬁc episodic event cues were presented during a delay discounting task.Spontaneous episodic imagery during cue processing predicted how much subjects changed their preferences toward more future-minded choice behavior.Neural valuation signals in the anterior cingulate cortex and functional coupling of this region with hippo-campus and amygdala predicted the degree to which future thinking modulated individual preference functions.A second experiment replicated the behavioral effects and ruled out alternative explana-tions such as date-based processing and temporal focus.The present data reveal a mechanism through which neural decision-making and prospection networks can interact to generate future-minded choice behavior.INTRODUCTIONThe consequences of choices are often delayed in time,and in many cases it pays off to wait.While agents normally prefer larger over smaller rewards,this situation changes when rewards are associated with costs,such as delays,uncertainties,or effort requirements.Agents integrate such costs into a value function in an individual manner.In the hyperbolic model of delay dis-counting(also referred to as intertemporal choice),for example, a subject-speciﬁc discount parameter accurately describes how individuals discount delayed rewards in value(Green and Myer-son,2004;Mazur,1987).Although the degree of delay discount-ing varies considerably between individuals,humans in general have a particularly pronounced ability to delay gratiﬁcation, and many of our choices only pay off after months or even years. It has been speculated that the capacity for episodic future thought(also referred to as mental time travel or prospective thinking)(Bar,2009;Schacter et al.,2007;Szpunar et al.,2007) may underlie the human ability to make choices with high long-term beneﬁts(Boyer,2008),yielding higher evolutionaryﬁtness of our species.At the neural level,a number of models have been proposed for intertemporal decision-making in humans.In the so-called b-d model(McClure et al.,2004,2007),a limbic system(b)is thought to place special weight on immediate rewards,whereas a more cognitive,prefrontal-cortex-based system(d)is more involved in patient choices.In an alternative model,the values of both immediate and delayed rewards are thought to be repre-sented in a unitary system encompassing medial prefrontal cortex(mPFC),posterior cingulate cortex(PCC),and ventral striatum(VS)(Kable and Glimcher,2007;Kable and Glimcher, 2010;Peters and Bu¨chel,2009).Finally,in the self-control model, values are assumed to be represented in structures such as the ventromedial prefrontal cortex(vmPFC)but are subject to top-down modulation by prefrontal control regions such as the lateral PFC(Figner et al.,2010;Hare et al.,2009).Both the b-d model and the self-control model predict that reduced impulsivity in in-tertemporal choice,induced for example by episodic future thought,would involve prefrontal cortex regions implicated in cognitive control,such as the lateral PFC or the anterior cingulate cortex(ACC).Lesion studies,on the other hand,also implicated medial temporal lobe regions in decision-making and delay discounting. In rodents,damage to the basolateral amygdala(BLA)increases delay discounting(Winstanley et al.,2004),effort discounting (Floresco and Ghods-Shariﬁ,2007;Ghods-Shariﬁet al.,2009), and probability discounting(Ghods-Shariﬁet al.,2009).Interac-tions between the ACC and the BLA in particular have been proposed to regulate behavior in order to allow organisms to overcome a variety of different decision costs,including delays (Floresco and Ghods-Shariﬁ,2007).In line with theseﬁndings, impairments in decision-making are also observed in humans with damage to the ACC or amygdala(Bechara et al.,1994, 1999;Manes et al.,2002;Naccache et al.,2005).Along similar lines,hippocampal damage affects decision-making.Disadvantageous choice behavior has recently been documented in patients suffering from amnesia due to hippo-campal lesions(Gupta et al.,2009),and rats with hippocampal damage show increased delay discounting(Cheung and Cardinal,2005;Mariano et al.,2009;Rawlins et al.,1985).These observations are of particular interest given that hippocampal138Neuron66,138–148,April15,2010ª2010Elsevier Inc.damage impairs the ability to imagine novel experiences (Hassa-bis et al.,2007).Based on this and a range of other studies,it has recently been proposed that hippocampus and parahippocam-pal cortex play a crucial role in the formation of vivid event repre-sentations,regardless of whether they lie in the past,present,or future (Schacter and Addis,2009).The hippocampus may thus contribute to decision-making through its role in self-projection into the future (Bar,2009;Schacter et al.,2007),allowing an organism to evaluate future payoffs through mental simulation (Johnson and Redish,2007;Johnson et al.,2007).Future thinking may thus affect intertemporal choice through hippo-campal involvement.Here we used model-based fMRI,analyses of functional coupling,and extensive behavioral procedures to investigate how episodic future thinking affects delay discounting.In Exper-iment 1,subjects performed a classical delay discounting task(Kable and Glimcher,2007;Peters and Bu¨chel,2009)that involved a series of choices between smaller immediate and larger delayed rewards,while brain activity was measured using fMRI.Critically,we introduced a novel episodic condition that involved the presentation of episodic cue words (tags )obtained during an extensive prescan interview,referring to real,subject-speciﬁc future events planned for the respective day of reward delivery.This design allowed us to assess individual discount rates separately for the two experimental conditions,allowing us to investigate neural mechanisms mediating changes in delay discounting associated with episodic thinking.In a second behavioral study,we replicated the behavioral effects of Exper-iment 1and addressed a number of alternative explanations for the observed effects of episodic tags on discount rates.RESULTSExperiment 1:Prescan InterviewOn day 1,healthy young volunteers (n =30,mean age =25,15male)completed a computer-based delay discounting proce-dure to estimate their individual discount rate (Peters and Bu ¨-chel,2009).This discount rate was used solely for the purpose of constructing subject-speciﬁc trials for the fMRI session (see Experimental Procedures ).Furthermore,participants compiled a list of events that they had planned in the next 7months (e.g.,vacations,weddings,parties,courses,and so forth)andrated them on scales from 1to 6with respect to personal rele-vance,arousal,and valence.For each participant,seven subject-speciﬁc events were selected such that the spacing between events increased with increasing delay to the episode,and that events were roughly matched based on personal rele-vance,arousal,and valence.Multiple regression analysis of these ratings across the different delays showed no linear effects (relevance:p =0.867,arousal:p =0.120,valence:p =0.977,see Figure S1available online).For each subject,a separate set of seven delays was computed that was later used as delays in the control condition.Median and range for the delays used in each condition are listed in Table S1(available online).For each event,a label was selected that would serve as a verbal tag for the fMRI session.Experiment 1:fMRI Behavioral ResultsOn day 2,volunteers performed two sessions of a delay dis-counting procedure while fMRI was measured using a 3T Siemens Scanner with a 32-channel head-coil.In each session,subjects made a total of 118choices between 20V available immediately and larger but delayed amounts.Subjects were told that one of their choices would be randomly selected and paid out following scanning,with the respective delay.Critically,in half the trials,an additional subject-speciﬁc episodic tag (see above,e.g.,‘‘vacation paris’’or ‘‘birthday john’’)was displayed based on the prescan interview (see Figure 1)indicating which event they had planned on the particular day (episodic condi-tion),whereas in the remaining trials,no episodic tag was pre-sented (control condition).Amount and waiting time were thus displayed in both conditions,but only the episodic condition involved the presentation of an additional subject-speciﬁc event tag.Importantly,nonoverlapping sets of delays were used in the two conditions.Following scanning,subjects rated for each episodic tag how often it evoked episodic associations during scanning (frequency of associations:1,never;to 6,always)and how vivid these associations were (vividness of associa-tions:1,not vivid at all;to 6,highly vivid;see Figure S1).Addition-ally,written reports were obtained (see Supplemental Informa-tion ).Multiple regression revealed no signiﬁcant linear effects of delay on postscan ratings (frequency:p =0.224,vividness:p =0.770).We averaged the postscan ratings acrosseventsFigure 1.Behavioral TaskDuring fMRI,subjects made repeated choices between a ﬁxed immediate reward of 20V and larger but delayed amounts.In the control condi-tion,amounts were paired with a waiting time only,whereas in the episodic condition,amounts were paired with a waiting time and a subject-speciﬁc verbal episodic tag indicating to the subjects which event they had planned at the respective day of reward delivery.Events were real and collected in a separate testing session prior to the day of scanning.NeuronEpisodic Modulation of Delay DiscountingNeuron 66,138–148,April 15,2010ª2010Elsevier Inc.139and the frequency/vividness dimensions,yielding an‘‘imagery score’’for each subject.Individual participants’choice data from the fMRI session were then analyzed byﬁtting hyperbolic discount functions to subject-speciﬁc indifference points to obtain discount rates (k-parameters),separately for the episodic and control condi-tions(see Experimental Procedures).Subjective preferences were well-characterized by hyperbolic functions(median R2 episodic condition=0.81,control condition=0.85).Discount functions of four exemplary subjects are shown in Figure2A. For both conditions,considerable variability in the discount rate was observed(median[range]of discount rates:control condition=0.014[0.003–0.19],episodic condition=0.013 [0.002–0.18]).To account for the skewed distribution of discount rates,all further analyses were conducted on the log-trans-formed k-parameters.Across subjects,log-transformed discount rates were signiﬁcantly lower in the episodic condition compared with the control condition(t(29)=2.27,p=0.016),indi-cating that participants’choice behavior was less impulsive in the episodic condition.The difference in log-discount rates between conditions is henceforth referred to as the episodic tag effect.Fitting hyperbolic functions to the median indifference points across subjects also showed reduced discounting in the episodic condition(discount rate control condition=0.0099, episodic condition=0.0077).The size of the tag effect was not related to the discount rate in the control condition(p=0.56). We next hypothesized that the tag effect would be positively correlated with postscan ratings of episodic thought(imagery scores,see above).Robust regression revealed an increase in the size of the tag effect with increasing imagery scores (t=2.08,p=0.023,see Figure2B),suggesting that the effect of the tags on preferences was stronger the more vividly subjects imagined the episodes.Examples of written postscan reports are provided in the Supplemental Results for participants from the entire range of imagination ratings.We also correlated the tag effect with standard neuropsychological measures,the Sensation Seeking Scale(SSS)V(Beauducel et al.,2003;Zuck-erman,1996)and the Behavioral Inhibition Scale/Behavioral Approach Scale(BIS/BAS)(Carver and White,1994).The tag effect was positively correlated with the experience-seeking subscale of the SSS(p=0.026)and inversely correlated with the reward-responsiveness subscale of the BIS/BAS scales (p<0.005).Repeated-measures ANOVA of reaction times(RTs)as a func-tion of option value(lower,similar,or higher relative to the refer-ence option;see Experimental Procedures and Figure2C)did not show a main effect of condition(p=0.712)or a condition 3value interaction(p=0.220),but revealed a main effect of value(F(1.8,53.9)=16.740,p<0.001).Post hoc comparisons revealed faster RTs for higher-valued options relative to similarly (p=0.002)or lower valued options(p<0.001)but no difference between lower and similarly valued options(p=0.081).FMRI DataFMRI data were modeled using the general linear model(GLM) as implemented in SPM5.Subjective value of each decision option was calculated by multiplying the objective amount of each delayed reward with the discount fraction estimated behaviorally based on the choices during scanning,and included as a parametric regressor in the GLM.Note that discount rates were estimated separately for the control and episodic conditions(see above and Figure2),and we thus used condition-speciﬁc k-parameters for calculation of the subjective value regressor.Additional parametric regressors for inverse delay-to-reward and absolute reward magnitude, orthogonalized with respect to subjective value,were included in theGLM.Figure2.Behavioral Data from Experiment1Shown are experimentally derived discount func-tions from the fMRI session for four exemplaryparticipants(A),correlation with imagery scores(B),and reaction times(RTs)(C).(A)Hyperbolicfunctions wereﬁt to the indifference points sepa-rately for the control(dashed lines)and episodic(solid lines,ﬁlled circles)conditions,and thebest-ﬁtting k-parameters(discount rates)and R2values are shown for each subject.The log-trans-formed difference between discount rates wastaken as a measure of the effect of the episodictags on choice preferences.(B)Robust regressionrevealed an association between log-differences indiscount rates and imagery scores obtained frompostscan ratings(see text).(C)RTs were signiﬁ-cantly modulated by option value(main effectvalue p<0.001)with faster responses in trialswith a value of the delayed reward higher thanthe20V reference amount.Note that althoughseven delays were used for each condition,somedata points are missing,e.g.,onlyﬁve delay indif-ference points for the episodic condition areplotted for sub20.This indicates that,for the twolongest delays,this subject never chose the de-layed reward.***p<0.005.Error bars=SEM.Neuron Episodic Modulation of Delay Discounting140Neuron66,138–148,April15,2010ª2010Elsevier Inc.Episodic Tags Activate the Future Thinking NetworkWe ﬁrst analyzed differences in the condition regressors without parametric pared to those of the control condi-tion,BOLD responses to the presentation of the delayed reward in the episodic condition yielded highly signiﬁcant activations (corrected for whole-brain volume)in an extensive network of brain regions previously implicated in episodic future thinking (Addis et al.,2007;Schacter et al.,2007;Szpunar et al.,2007)(see Figure 3and Table S2),including retrosplenial cortex (RSC)/PCC (peak MNI coordinates:À6,À54,14,peak z value =6.26),left lateral parietal cortex (LPC,À44,À66,32,z value =5.35),and vmPFC (À8,34,À12,z value =5.50).Distributed Neural Coding of Subjective ValueWe then replicated previous ﬁndings (Kable and Glimcher,2007;Kable and Glimcher,2010;Peters and Bu¨chel,2009)using a conjunction analysis (Nichols et al.,2005)searching for regions showing a positive correlation between the height of the BOLD response and subjective value in the control and episodic condi-tions in a parametric analysis (Figure 4A and Table S3).Note that this is a conservative analysis that requires that a given voxel exceed the statistical threshold in both contrasts separately.This analysis revealed clusters in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC,À36,50,À10,z value =4.50)and central OFC (À18,12,À14,z value =4.05),bilateral VS (right:10,8,0,z value =4.22;left:À10,8,À6,z value =3.51),mPFC (6,26,16,z value =3.72),and PCC (À2,À28,24,z value =4.09),representing subjective (discounted)value in both conditions.We next analyzed the neural tag effect,i.e.,regions in which the subjective value correlation was greater for the episodic condi-tion as compared with the control condition (Figure 4B and Table S4).This analysis revealed clusters in the left LPC (À66,À42,32,z value =4.96,),ACC (À2,16,36,z value =4.76),left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC,À38,36,36,z value =4.81),and right amygdala (24,2,À24,z value =3.75).Finally,we performed a triple-conjunction analysis,testing for regions that were correlated with subjective value in both conditions,but in which the value correlation increased in the episodic condition.Only left LPC showed this pattern (À66,À42,30,z value =3.55,see Figure 4C and Table S5),the same region that we previously identiﬁed as delay-speciﬁc in valuation (Petersand Bu¨chel,2009).There were no regions in which the subjective value correlation was greater in the control condition when compared with the episodic condition at p <0.001uncorrected.ACC Valuation Signals and Functional Connectivity Predict Interindividual Differences in Discount Function ShiftsWe next correlated differences in the neural tag effect with inter-individual differences in the size of the behavioral tag effect.To this end,we performed a simple regression analysis in SPM5on the single-subject contrast images of the neural tag effect (i.e.,subjective value correlation episodic >control)using the behavioral tag effect [log(k control )–log(k episodic )]as an explana-tory variable.This analysis revealed clusters in the bilateral ACC (right:18,34,18,z value =3.95,p =0.021corrected,left:À20,34,20,z value =3.52,Figure 5,see Table S6for a complete list).Coronal sections (Figure 5C)clearly show that both ACC clusters are located in gray matter of the cingulate sulcus.Because ACC-limbic interactions have previously been impli-cated in the control of choice behavior (Floresco and Ghods-Shariﬁ,2007;Roiser et al.,2009),we next analyzed functional coupling with the right ACC from the above regression contrast (coordinates 18,34,18,see Figure 6A)using a psychophysiolog-ical interaction analysis (PPI)(Friston et al.,1997).Note that this analysis was conducted on a separate ﬁrst-level GLM in which control and episodic trials were modeled as 10s miniblocks (see Experimental Procedures for details).We ﬁrst identiﬁed regions in which coupling with the ACC changed in the episodic condition compared with the control condition (see Table S7)and then performed a simple regression analysis on these coupling parameters using the behavioral tag effect as an explanatory variable.The tag effect was associated with increased coupling between ACC and hippocampus (À32,À18,À16,z value =3.18,p =0.031corrected,Figure 6B)and ACC and left amygdala (À26,À4,À26,z value =2.95,p =0.051corrected,Figure 6B,see Table S8for a complete list of activa-tions).The same regression analysis in a second PPI with the seed voxel placed in the contralateral ACC region from the same regression contrast (À20,34,22,see above)yielded qual-itatively similar,though subthreshold,results in these same structures (hippocampus:À28,À32,À6,z value =1.96,amyg-dala:À28,À6,À16,z value =1.97).Experiment 2We conducted an additional behavioral experiment to address a number of alternative explanations for the observed effects of tags on choice behavior.First,it could be argued thatepisodicFigure 3.Categorical Effect of Episodic Tags on Brain ActivityGreater activity in lateral parietal cortex (left)and posterior cingulate/retrosplenial and ventro-medial prefrontal cortex (right)was observed in the episodic condition compared with the control condition.p <0.05,FWE-corrected for whole-brain volume.NeuronEpisodic Modulation of Delay DiscountingNeuron 66,138–148,April 15,2010ª2010Elsevier Inc.141tags increase subjective certainty that a reward would be forth-coming.In Experiment 2,we therefore collected postscan ratings of reward conﬁdence.Second,it could be argued that events,always being associated with a particular date,may have shifted temporal focus from delay-based to more date-based processing.This would represent a potential confound,because date-associated rewards are discounted less than delay-associated rewards (Read et al.,2005).We therefore now collected postscan ratings of temporal focus (date-based versus delay-based).Finally,Experiment 1left open the question of whether the tag effect depends on the temporal speciﬁcity of the episodic cues.We therefore introduced an additional exper-imental condition that involved the presentation of subject-speciﬁc temporally unspeciﬁc future event cues.These tags (henceforth referred to as unspeciﬁc tags)were obtained by asking subjects to imagine events that could realistically happen to them in the next couple of months,but that were not directly tied to a particular point in time (see Experimental Procedures ).Episodic Imagery,Not Temporal Speciﬁcity,Reward Conﬁdence,or Temporal Focus,Predicts the Size of the Tag EffectIn total,data from 16participants (9female)are included.Anal-ysis of pretest ratings conﬁrmed that temporally unspeciﬁc and speciﬁc tags were matched in terms of personal relevance,arousal,valence,and preexisting associations (all p >0.15).Choice preferences were again well described by hyperbolic functions (median R 2control =0.84,unspeciﬁc =0.81,speciﬁc =0.80).We replicated the parametric tag effect (i.e.,increasing effect of tags on discount rates with increasing posttest imagery scores)in this independent sample for both temporally speciﬁc (p =0.047,Figure 7A)and temporally unspeciﬁc (p =0.022,Figure 7A)tags,showing that the effect depends on future thinking,rather than being speciﬁcally tied to the temporal spec-iﬁcity of the event cues.Following testing,subjects rated how certain they were that a particular reward would actually be forth-coming.Overall,conﬁdence in the payment procedure washighFigure 4.Neural Representation of Subjective Value (Parametric Analysis)(A)Regions in which the correlation with subjective value (parametric analysis)was signiﬁcant in both the control and the episodic conditions (conjunction analysis)included central and lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC),bilateral ventral striatum (VS),medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC),and posterior cingulate cortex(PCC),replicating previous studies (Kable and Glimcher,2007;Peters and Bu¨chel,2009).(B)Regions in which the subjective value correlation was greater for the episodic compared with the control condition included lateral parietal cortex (LPC),ante-rior cingulate cortex (ACC),dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC),and the right amygdala (Amy).(C)A conjunction analysis revealed that only LPC activity was positively correlated with subjective value in both conditions,but showed a greater regression slope in the episodic condition.No regions showed a better correlation with subjective value in the control condition.Error bars =SEM.All peaks are signiﬁcant at p <0.001,uncorrected;(A)and (B)are thresholded at p <0.001uncorrected and (C)is thresholded at p <0.005,uncorrected for display purposes.NeuronEpisodic Modulation of Delay Discounting142Neuron 66,138–148,April 15,2010ª2010Elsevier Inc.(Figure 7B),and neither unspeciﬁc nor speciﬁc tags altered these subjective certainty estimates (one-way ANOVA:F (2,45)=0.113,p =0.894).Subjects also rated their temporal focus as either delay-based or date-based (see Experimental Procedures ),i.e.,whether they based their decisions on the delay-to-reward that was actually displayed,or whether they attempted to convert delays into the corresponding dates and then made their choices based on these dates.There was no overall signiﬁcant effect of condition on temporal focus (one-way ANOVA:F (2,45)=1.485,p =0.237,Figure 7C),but a direct comparison between the control and the temporally speciﬁc condition showed a signiﬁcant difference (t (15)=3.18,p =0.006).We there-fore correlated the differences in temporal focus ratings between conditions (control:unspeciﬁc and control:speciﬁc)with the respective tag effects (Figure 7D).There were no correlations (unspeciﬁc:p =0.71,speciﬁc:p =0.94),suggesting that the observed differences in discounting cannot be attributed to differences in temporal focus.High-Imagery,but Not Low-Imagery,Subjects Adjust Their Discount Function in an Episodic ContextFor a ﬁnal analysis,we pooled the samples of Experiments 1and 2(n =46subjects in total),using only the temporally speciﬁc tag data from Experiment 2.We performed a median split into low-and high-imagery participants according to posttest imagery scores (low-imagery subjects:n =23[15/8Exp1/Exp2],imagery range =1.5–3.4,high-imagery subjects:n =23[15/8Exp1/Exp2],imagery range =3.5–5).The tag effect was signiﬁcantly greater than 0in the high-imagery group (t (22)=2.6,p =0.0085,see Figure 7D),where subjects reduced their discount rate by onaverage 16%in the presence of episodic tags.In the low-imagery group,on the other hand,the tag effect was not different from zero (t (22)=0.573,p =0.286),yielding a signiﬁcant group difference (t (44)=2.40,p =0.011).DISCUSSIONWe investigated the interactions between episodic future thought and intertemporal decision-making using behavioral testing and fMRI.Experiment 1shows that reward delay dis-counting is modulated by episodic future event cues,and the extent of this modulation is predicted by the degree of sponta-neous episodic imagery during decision-making,an effect that we replicated in Experiment 2(episodic tag effect).The neuroi-maging data (Experiment 1)highlight two mechanisms that support this effect:(1)valuation signals in the lateral ACC and (2)neural coupling between ACC and hippocampus/amygdala,both predicting the size of the tag effect.The size of the tag effect was directly related to posttest imagery scores,strongly suggesting that future thinking signiﬁ-cantly contributed to this effect.Pooling subjects across both experiments revealed that high-imagery subjects reduced their discount rate by on average 16%in the episodic condition,whereas low-imagery subjects did not.Experiment 2addressed a number of alternative accounts for this effect.First,reward conﬁdence was comparable for all conditions,arguing against the possibility that the tags may have somehow altered subjec-tive certainty that a reward would be forthcoming.Second,differences in temporal focus between conditions(date-basedFigure 5.Correlation between the Neural and Behavioral Tag Effect(A)Glass brain and (B and C)anatomical projection of the correlation between the neural tag effect (subjective value correlation episodic >control)and the behav-ioral tag effect (log difference between discount rates)in the bilateral ACC (p =0.021,FWE-corrected across an anatomical mask of bilateral ACC).(C)Coronal sections of the same contrast at a liberal threshold of p <0.01show that both left and right ACC clusters encompass gray matter of the cingulate gyrus.(D)Scatter-plot depicting the linear relationship between the neural and the behavioral tag effect in the right ACC.(A)and (B)are thresholded at p <0.001with 10contiguous voxels,whereas (C)is thresholded at p <0.01with 10contiguousvoxels.Figure 6.Results of the Psychophysiolog-ical Interaction Analysis(A)The seed for the psychophysiological interac-tion (PPI)analysis was placed in the right ACC (18,34,18).(B)The tag effect was associated with increased ACC-hippocampal coupling (p =0.031,corrected across bilateral hippocampus)and ACC-amyg-dala coupling (p =0.051,corrected across bilateral amygdala).Maps are thresholded at p <0.005,uncorrected for display purposes and projected onto the mean structural scan of all participants;HC,hippocampus;Amy,Amygdala;rACC,right anterior cingulate cortex.NeuronEpisodic Modulation of Delay DiscountingNeuron 66,138–148,April 15,2010ª2010Elsevier Inc.143。

A Probabilistic Model for Phonocardiograms Segmentation Based on Homomorphic Filtering

x (t ) = a (t ) ⋅ f (t ) a(t ) > 0
(1)
We denote:
ˆ (t ) = ln x(t ) = ln a(t ) + ln f (t ) . x In cases where x(t ) = 0 we add a small positive value, and then we have ˆ (t ) = ln a(t ) + ln f (t ) . x
BIOSIGNALModel for Phonocardiograms Segmentation Based on Homomorphic Filtering
Gill D 1, Intrator N 2, Gavriely N3 1 Department of Statistics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91905, Israel, 2 School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel, 3Rappaport Medicine Faculty, Technion IIT, Haifa 31096, Israel gill@mta.ac.il Abstract. This work presents a novel method for automatic detection and identification of heart sounds. Homomorphic filtering is used to obtain a smooth envelogram of the phonocardiogram, which enables a robust detection of events of interest in heart sound signal. Sequences of features extracted from the detected events are used as observations of a hidden Markov model. It is demonstrated that the task of detection and identification of the major heart sounds can be learned from unlabelled phonocardiograms by an unsupervised training process and without the assistance of any additional synchronizing channels.

生理学英语专业单词

《生理学》英语专业单词第一章绪论内环境internal environment稳态homeostasis负反馈negative feedback正反馈positive feedback第二章细胞的基本功能原发性主动转运primary active transport 继发性主动转运secondary active transport 静息电位resting potential，RP极化polarization超极化hyperpolarization去极化depolarization复极化repolarization动作电位action potential，AP阈电位threshold potential，TP兴奋性excitability第三章血液红细胞erythrocyte白细胞leukocyte血小板thrombocyte 血细胞比容hematocrit红细胞的悬浮稳定性suspension stability红细胞沉降率erythrocyte sedimentation rate，ESR 生理性止血physiological hemostasis血液凝固blood coagulation凝血因子clotting factor血型blood group第四章循环系统心电图electrocardiogram，ECG心动周期cardiac cycle搏出量stroke volume，SV每分心输出量minute volume心输出量cardiac output，CO心指数cardiac index射血分数ejection fraction心力储备cardiac reserve收缩压systolic pressure舒张压diastolic pressure脉搏压pulse pressure中心静脉压central venous pressure，CVP第五章呼吸生理肺通气pulmonary ventilation 潮气量tidal volume，TV肺活量vital capacity，VC用力肺活量forced vital capacity，FVC 用力呼气量forced expiratory volume，FEV解剖无效腔anatomical dead space肺泡无效腔alveolar dead space生理无效腔physiological dead space肺泡通气量alveolar ventilation肺通气/血流比值ventilation/perfusion ratio波尔效应Bohr effect何尔登效应Haldane effect第六章消化与吸收消化digestion吸收absorption容受性舒张receptive relaxation胃排空gastric emptying第七章能量代谢和体温基础代谢basal metabolism基础代谢率basal metabolic rate，BMR 体温body temperature发汗sweating第八章尿的生成和排出肾小球滤过率glomerular filtration rate，GFR滤过分数filtration fraction，FF肾糖阈renal glucose thredhold渗透性利尿osmotic diuresis水利尿water diuresis第九章感觉器官(感受器的)适宜刺激adequate stimulus(感受器的)换能作用transducer function (感受器的)适应adaptation近点near point暗适应dark adaptation明适应light adaptation第十章神经系统兴奋性突触后电位excitatory postsynaptic potential，EPSP抑制性突触后电位inhibitory postsynaptic potential，IPSP神经递质neurotransmitter受体receptor配体ligand牵涉痛referred pain脊休克spinal shock牵张反射stretch reflex腱反射tendon reflex肌紧张muscle tonus去大脑僵直decerebrate rigidity第一信号系统first signal system第二信号系统second signal system脑电图electroencephalogram，EEG第十一章内分泌系统激素hormone允许作用permissive action远距分泌telecrine神经分泌neurocrine碘阻滞效应Wolff-Chaikoff effect 应激stress应激反应stress response应急反应emergency reaction第十二章生殖卵巢周期ovarian cycle排卵ovulation月经menstruation月经周期menstrual cycle。

膜片钳记录和分析技术

膜片钳记录和分析技术2010-12-15 16:41 来源：美国分子仪器点击次数：232186关键词：膜片钳细胞信号分享到：・收藏夹・腾讯微博* 新浪微博« 开心网习夏细胞是动物和人体的基本组成单元，细胞与细胞内的通信，是依靠其膜上的离子通道进行的, 离子和离子通道是细胞兴奋的基础，亦即产生生物电信号的基础，生物电信号通常用电学或电子学方法进行测量。

由此形成了一门细胞学科-电生理学(electrophysiology )，即是用电生理的方法来记录和分析细胞产生电的大小和规律的科学。

早期的研究多使用双电极电压钳技术作细胞内电活动的记录。

现代膜片钳技术是在电压钳技术的基，上发展起来的1976年德国马普生物物理研究所Neher和Sakmann创建了膜片钳技术(patch clamp recording technique )。

这是一种以记录通过离子通道的离子电流来反映细胞膜单一的(或多个的离子通道分子活动的技术)。

以后由于吉欧姆阻抗封接(gigaohm seal, 109W)方法的确立和几种方法的创建。

这种技术点燃了细胞和分子水平的生理学研究的革命之火，它和基因克隆技术( gene cloning )并架齐驱，给生命科学研究带来了巨大的前进动力这一伟大的贡献，使Neher和Sakmann获得1991年度的诺贝尔生理学与医学奖、膜片钳技术发展历史1976年德国马普生物物理化学研究所Neher和Sakmann首次在青蛙肌细胞上用双电极钳制膜电位的同时，记录到ACh激活的单通道离子电流，从而产生了膜片钳技术。

1980年Sigworth等在记录电极内施加5-50 cmH20的负压吸引，得到10-100GW10-100G? 的高阻封接（Giga-seal ），大大降低了记录时的噪声实现了单根电极既钳制膜片电位又记录单通道电流的突破。

1981年Hamill和Neher等对该技术进行了改进，引进了膜片游离技术和全细胞记录技术，从而使该术更趋完善，具有1pA的电流灵敏度、1g m的空间分辨率和10g s的时间分辨率1983年10月，《Single-Channel Recording》一书问世，奠定了膜片钳技术的里程碑。

有关超声形核的书籍

有关超声形核的书籍关于超声形核（Ultrasound Imaging）的书籍可以涵盖从基础原理到临床应用的广泛主题。

以下是一些建议的书籍，涵盖不同层面的内容：《Diagnostic Ultrasound: Principles and Instruments》- Frederick W. Kremkau作者是超声医学领域的专家，这本书涵盖了超声诊断的基本原理和仪器。

《Diagnostic Ultrasound Imaging: Inside Out》- Thomas L. Szabo这本书介绍了超声成像的基本原理，着重于成像的内部结构和工作原理。

《Introduction to Vascular Ultrasonography》-John Pellerito, Joseph F. Polak专注于血管超声，详细介绍了血管超声的技术和临床应用。

《The Physics of Diagnostic Imaging Second Edition》-Donald Graham, Paul Cloke该书覆盖了医学成像的物理原理，其中包括超声成像。

《Introduction to Medical Imaging: Physics, Engineering and Clinical Applications》- Nadine Barrie Smith, Andrew Webb这本书涵盖了多种医学成像技术，包括超声成像的基础知识。

《Diagnostic Medical Sonography: The Vascular System》-Ann Marie Kupinski, Kupinski, Beth Veale这是一本针对超声血管成像的教材，适用于学习和实践。

《Practical Vascular Ultrasound: An Illustrated Guide》-Kenneth Myers, Amy May Clough, John Butterfield提供实用的指导，重点介绍了超声血管成像的技术和实际应用。

Phonocardiography, External Pulse Recordings, and 心音描记法,外部脉冲记录,与

• Two-Dimensional the angle issues very high-frequency sound waves to produce visual images of the anatomical structures of the heart (sector scan)
• Doppler explores the blood flow patterns in the cardiac chambers. It determines the direction of blood flow and measures its velocity within the heart and great vessels. The information is used to estimate gradients across cardiac valves and detect regurgitations.
THE END OF
CHAPTER 4
Tilkian, Ara MD Understanding Heart Sounds and Murmurs, Fourth Edition, W.B. Sunders Company. 2019, pp. 34-42.
Causes of Abnormalities in the Carotid Pulse
Jugular Pulse Tracing (JPT)
• Reflects volume change in the internal jugular vein and closely resembles the pressure changes in the right atrium
Carotid Pulse Tracing (CPT)

超声常用英语术语

超声常用英语术语超声成像 - ultrasonic imaging实时成像 - real-time imaging灰阶显示 - gray scale display彩阶显示 - color scale display经颅多普勒 - transcranial doppler彩色多普勒血流显像 - color doppler flow imaging彩色血流造影 - color flow angiography彩色多普勒能量图 - color doppler energy彩色能量图 - color power angio超声内镜 - ultrasound endoscope超声导管 - ultrasound catheter血管内超声 - intravascular ultrasound血管内超声显像 - intravascular ultrasonic imaging管腔内超声显像 - intraluminal ultrasonic imaging腔内超声显像 - endoluminal sonography心内超声显像 - intracardiac ultrasonic imaging内镜超声扫描 - endoscopic ultrasonography内镜超声技术 - endosonography膀胱镜超声技术 - cystosonography阴道镜超声技术 - vaginosonography经阴道彩色多普勒显像 - transvaginal color doppler imaging 经直肠超声扫描 - transrectal ultrasonography直肠镜超声（技术） - rectosonography经尿道扫查 - transurethral scanning介入性超声 - interventional ultrasound术中超声监视 - intraoperative ultrasonic monitoring超声引导经皮肝穿刺胆管造影 - ultrasound guided percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography超声引导经皮穿刺注射乙醇 - US guided percutaneous alcohol injection超声引导经皮胆囊胆汁引流 - US guided percutaneous gallbladder bile drainage超声引导经皮抽吸 - US guided percutaneous aspiration超声引导胎儿组织活检 - US guided fetal tissue biopsy超声引导经皮肝穿刺门静脉造影 - US guided percutaneous transhepatic portography三维显示 - three dimensional display三维图像重建 - 3D image reconstruction组织特性成像 - tissue specific imaging动态成像 - dynamic imaging数字成像 - digital image血管显像 - angiography声像图法 - echography sonography声像图 - sonogram echogram多用途探头 - multipurpose scanner宽频带探头 - wide-band probe环阵相控探头 - phased annular array probe术中探头 - intraoperative porbe穿刺探头 - ultrasound guided probe食管探头 - transesophagel probe经食管超声心动图探头 - transesophagel echocardiography probe 阴道探头 - transvaginal probe直肠探头 - transrectal probe尿道探头 - transurethral probe膀胱探头 - intervesical probe腔内探头 - intracavitary probe内腔探头 - endo-probe导管超声探头 - catheter-based US probe扫描方式 - scan mode线阵 - linear array凸阵 - convex array扇扫 - sector scanning传感器 - sensor换能器 - transducer放大器 - amplifier阻尼器 - buffer解调器、检波器 - demodulator触发器 - trigger零位调整 - zero adjustment定标、校正 - calibration快速时间常数电路 - fast time constant自动增益控制 - automatic gain control深度增益补偿 - depth gain compensation时间增益补偿 - time gain compensation对数压缩 - logarithmic compression灵敏度时间控制 - sensitivity time control 动态范围 - dynamic range消除 - erase, eliminate变换 - shift倒置、反转 - invert消除 - clear注释 - annotation放大 - magnification , magnify , zoom写入 - write记录 - record聚焦 - focus帧率 - frame rate冻结 - freeze字符 - character抑制 - rejection, reject , suppression增益 - gain帧相关 - frame correlation回放 - rendering , play back彩色极性 - color polarity彩色边界 - color edge彩色增强 - color enhance菜单选择 - menu selection彩色余辉 - color persistence彩色捕获 - color capture彩色壁滤波 - color wall filter彩色速度显像 - color velocity imaging彩色转向 - color steering彩色消除 - color cut彩色锁定 - color lock成像数据 - imaging data预设置 - preset前处理 - pre process后处理 - post process重调、复原 - reset动态频率扫描 - dynamic frequency scanning 焦距 - focal distance动态聚焦 - dynamic focusing滑动聚焦 - sliging focusing区域聚焦 - zone focusing连续聚焦 - sequential focusing电子聚焦 - electric focusing分段聚焦 - segment focusing多段聚焦 - multistage focusing全场连续聚焦 - confocusing图像均匀性 - image uniformity运动辨别力 - motion discrimination穿透深度 - penetration depth空间分辨力 - spatial resolution瞬时分辨力 - temporal resolution帧分辨力 - frame resolution图像线分辨力 - image-line resolution对比分辨力 - contrast resolution细节分辨力 - detail resolution多普勒取样容积 - doppler sample volume多普勒流速分布分辨力 - doppler flow-velocity distributive resolution多普勒流向分辨力 - doppler flow-direction resolution多普勒最低流速分辨力 - doppler minimum flow-velocity resolution彩色多普勒空间分辨力 - spatial resolution of color doppler彩色多普勒时间分辨力 - time resolution of color doppler彩色多普勒最低流速分辨力 - minimum flow-velocity of color doppler彩色多普勒强度 - color doppler level彩色多普勒处理功能板 - CFM processing board彩色视频监视器 - color video monitorultrasonic imaging 超声成像real-time imaging 实时成像gray scale display 灰阶显示color scale display 彩阶显示transcranial doppler 经颅多普勒color doppler flow imaging 彩色多普勒血流显像color flow angiography 彩色血流造影color doppler energy 彩色多普勒能量图color power angio 彩色能量图ultrasound endoscope 超声内镜ultrasound catheter 超声导管intravascular ultrasound 血管内超声intravascular ultrasonic imaging 血管内超声显像intraluminal ultrasonic imaging 管腔内超声显像endoluminal sonography 腔内超声显像intracardiac ultrasonic imaging 心内超声显像endoscopic ultrasonography 内镜超声扫描endosonography 内镜超声技术cystosonography 膀胱镜超声技术vaginosonography 阴道镜超声技术transvaginal color doppler imaging 经阴道彩色多普勒显像transrectal ultrasonography 经直肠超声扫描rectosonography 直肠镜超声（技术）transurethral scanning 经尿道扫查interventional ultrasound 介入性超声intraoperative ultrasonic monitoring 术中超声监视ultrasound guided percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography 超声引导经皮肝穿刺胆管造影US guided percutaneous alcohol injection 超声引导经皮穿刺注射乙醇US guided percutaneous gallbladder bile drainage 超声引导经皮胆囊胆汁引流US guided percutaneous aspiration 超声引导经皮抽吸US guided fetal tissue biopsy 超声引导胎儿组织活检US guided percutaneous transhepatic portography 超声引导经皮肝穿刺门静脉造影three dimensional display 三维显示3D image reconstruction 三维图像重建tissue specific imaging 组织特性成像dynamic imaging 动态成像digital image 数字成像angiography 血管显像echography sonography 声像图法sonogram echogram 声像图multipurpose scanner 多用途探头wide-band probe 宽频带探头phased annular array probe 环阵相控探头intraoperative porbe 术中探头ultrasound guided probe 穿刺探头transesophagel probe 食管探头transesophagel echocardiography probe 经食管超声心动图探头transvaginal probe 阴道探头transrectal probe 直肠探头transurethral probe 尿道探头intervesical probe 膀胱探头intracavitary probe 腔内探头endo-probe 内腔探头catheter-based US probe 导管超声探头scan mode 扫描方式linear array 线阵convex array 凸阵sector scanning 扇扫sensor 传感器transducer 换能器amplifier 放大器buffer 阻尼器demodulator 解调器、检波器trigger 触发器zero adjustment 零位调整calibration 定标、校正fast time constant 快速时间常数电路automatic gain control 自动增益控制depth gain compensation 深度增益补偿time gain compensation 时间增益补偿logarithmic compression 对数压缩sensitivity time control 灵敏度时间控制dynamic range 动态范围erase, eliminate 消除shift 变换invert 倒置、反转clear 消除annotation 注释magnification , magnify , zoom 放大write 写入record 记录focus 聚焦frame rate 帧率freeze 冻结character 字符rejection, reject , suppression 抑制gain 增益frame correlation 帧相关rendering , play back 回放color polarity 彩色极性color edge 彩色边界color enhance 彩色增强menu selection 菜单选择color persistence 彩色余辉color capture 彩色捕获color wall filter 彩色壁滤波color velocity imaging 彩色速度显像color steering 彩色转向color cut 彩色消除color lock 彩色锁定imaging data 成像数据preset 预设置pre process 前处理post process 后处理reset 重调、复原dynamic frequency scanning 动态频率扫描focal distance 焦距dynamic focusing 动态聚焦sliging focusing 滑动聚焦zone focusing 区域聚焦sequential focusing 连续聚焦electric focusing 电子聚焦segment focusing 分段聚焦multistage focusing 多段聚焦confocusing 全场连续聚焦image uniformity 图像均匀性motion discrimination 运动辨别力penetration depth 穿透深度spatial resolution 空间分辨力temporal resolution 瞬时分辨力frame resolution 帧分辨力image-line resolution 图像线分辨力contrast resolution 对比分辨力detail resolution 细节分辨力doppler sample volume 多普勒取样容积doppler flow-velocity distributive resolution 多普勒流速分布分辨力doppler flow-direction resolution 多普勒流向分辨力doppler minimum flow-velocity resolution 多普勒最低流速分辨力spatial resolution of color doppler 彩色多普勒空间分辨力time resolution of color doppler 彩色多普勒时间分辨力minimum flow-velocity of color doppler 彩色多普勒最低流速分辨力color doppler level 彩色多普勒强度CFM processing board 彩色多普勒处理功能板color video monitor 彩色视频监视器常用超声医学术语、缩略语中、英文对照词汇（按首字母分类）A 面积Abdominal Aorta (AA) 腹主动脉Abdominal Circumference (AC) 腹围Abdominal Flow Display (AFD) 腹部血流显示Abscess (ABS) 脓肿ACA 大脑前动脉Acc 加速度AccT 血流加速时间AComA 前交通动脉Adrenal Gland (AG) 肾上腺ALS 主动脉瓣叶开放Amniotic Fluid (AF) 羊水Amniotic Fluid Index (AFI) 羊水指数Amplifier 放大器Angiography 血管显像Angioma (ANG) 血管瘤Ann 瓣环Annotation 注释Anterior Chamber(AC ) 前房Ao 主动脉Ao Arch Diam 主动脉弓直径Ao Asc 升主动脉直径Ao Desc Diam 降主动脉直径Ao Diam 主动脉根部直径Ao Isthmus 主动脉峡部Ao st junct 主动脉 ST 接合Appendix (Ap) 阑尾Aqueous Humour 房水AR 主动脉返流Asc 上升Ascariasis (As) 蛔虫Ascending Colon (As C) 升结肠Ascites (ASC) 腹水ASD 心房间隔缺损Automatic gain control 自动增益控制AV 主动脉瓣膜AV- A 连续性方程计算的主动脉瓣膜面积AV Cusp 主动脉瓣膜尖端开放AV Cusp 主动脉瓣膜尖端开放AV Di am) 主动脉瓣膜直径AVA 主动脉瓣膜面积Axill 腋下动脉Axillary Vein 腋静脉BBA 基底动脉Basil V 基底静脉Bile Dull Ascariasis (BDAS) 胆道蛔虫Biparietal Diameter (BPD) 双顶径Body Of Pancreas (PaB) 胰体Body of Stomach (SB) 胃体Brac V 臂静脉Breast 乳腺Brightness 辉度、亮度BSA 体表面积Buffer 阻尼器CCalcification (CAL) 钙化Calibration 定标、校正Cardia (C )(Ca) 贲门Catheter-based US probe 导管超声探头Caudate Lobe (CL) 尾状叶CCA 颈总动脉Cecum 盲肠Celiac Artery (Ce A;CA) 腹腔动脉Ceph V V 头静脉Cephalic Index 胎头指数Cervix (C ) 子宫颈CFM processing board 彩色多普勒处理功能板CHA 肝总动脉Character 字符Chorion (C ) 绒毛膜Choroid 脉络膜CI 心脏指数Ciliary Body 睫状体Clear 消除CO 心脏输出量Colon (Co) 结肠Color capture 彩色捕获Color cut 彩色消除Color doppler energy 彩色多普勒能量图Color doppler flow imaging 彩色多普勒血流显像Color Doppler Flow Imaging (CDFI) 彩色多普勒血流显像Color doppler level 彩色多普勒强度Color edge 彩色边界Color enhance 彩色增强Color flow angiography 彩色血流造影Color lock 彩色锁定Color persistence 彩色余辉Color polarity 彩色极性Color power angio 彩色能量图Color scale display 彩阶显示Color steering 彩色转向Color velocity imaging 彩色速度显像Color video monitor 彩色视频监视器Color wall filter 彩色壁滤波Com Femoral 股总动脉Common Bile Duct (CBD) 胆总管Common Hepatic Duct (CHD) 肝总管Common Iliac Artery 髂总动脉Common Jugular Artery 颈总动脉Confocusing 全场连续聚焦Contrast resolution 对比分辨力Convex (CVX) 凸形、凸阵Convex array 凸阵Cornea 角膜Cross sectional Area (CSA) 切面面积Crowm-Rump Length (CRL) 顶臀长度Cyst (Cy) 囊肿Cystic Duct (CD) 胆囊管Cystosonography 膀胱镜超声技术DD 直径Dec 减速度Decidua 蜕膜DecT 减速时间Demodulator 解调器、检波器Depth gain compensation 深度增益补偿Desc 递减Descending Colon (De C ) 降结肠Detail resolution 细节分辨力Diaphragm (D) 横膈Digital image 数字成像Doppler flow-direction resolution 多普勒流向分辨力Doppler flow-velocity distributive resolution 多普勒流速分布分辨力Doppler minimum flow-velocity resolution 多普勒最低流速分辨力Doppler sample volume 多普勒取样容积Dorsal Pedal Artery 足背动脉Duodenum (Du) 十二指肠Dur 持续时间Dynamic focusing 动态聚焦Dynamic frequency scanning 动态频率扫描Dynamic imaging 动态影像Dynamic range 动态范围EECA 颈外动脉Echography sonography 声像图法Ed 心脏舒张EDD 预产期EdV 舒张末期容量EF 射血分数Effusion (Eff) 积液EFW 胎儿估计体重Electric focusing 电子聚焦Embolism 栓塞Endoluminal sonography 腔内超声显像Endometriosis (En) 子宫内膜Endo-probe 内腔探头Endoscopic ultrasonography 内镜超声扫描Endosonography 内镜超声技术Epididymis (Ep) 副睾EPSS E 点到室间隔分离Erase eliminate 消除EsV 收缩末期容量ET 射血时间External Iliac Artery 髂外动脉External Jugular Vein 颈外静脉FFalx Cerebri (FC;FL) 大脑镰Fast time constant 快速时间常数电路Fecalith (Fe) 粪石Femoral Artery 股动脉Femoral Vein 股静脉Femur Length (FL) 股骨径Fetal Head (FH) 胎头Fetal Heart (F Ht) 胎心Fib 腓骨Fibrosis (Fib) 纤维化Focal distance 焦距Focus 聚焦Foreign Boby (FB）异物frame correlation 帧相关frame rate 帧率frame resolution 帧分辨力Freeze (FRZ) 冻结Freeze 冻结Frequency Spectrum 频谱FS 短轴缩短率Fumur 股骨Fundus of Stomach (SF) 胃底FV 血流容量FVI 血流速度积分GGA 孕龄Gain 增益Gallbladder (GB）胆囊Gestational Sac (GS) 妊娠囊Gray scale display 灰阶显示Great Saphenous Vein 大隐静脉HHamartoma 错构瘤Head circumference (HC) 头围Head of Pancreas (PaH) 胰头Hematoma (HMA) 血肿Hepatic Duct (HD) 肝管Hepatic Duct (HD) 肝管Hepatic Flexure of Colon 结肠肝曲Hepatic Vein (HV) 肝静脉Hip 髋骨HR 心率Humerus 肱骨IICA 颈内动脉Ileum 回肠Iliac Creast 髂嵴Ilium 髂骨IMA 肠系膜下动脉Image uniformity 图像均匀性Image-line resolution 图像线分辨力Imaging data 成像数据Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) 下腔静脉Inguen 腹股沟Inno V 无名静脉Internal Iliac Artery 髂内动脉Internal Jugular Vein 颈内静脉Internal Ostium of the Uterius 子宫内口Interventional ultrasound 介入性超声Intervesical probe 膀胱探头Intracardiac ultrasonic imaging 心内超声显像Intracavitary probe 腔内探头Intraluminal ultrasonic imaging 管腔内超声显像Intraoperative porbe 术中探头Intraoperative ultrasonic monitoring 术中超声监视Intrauterine Devices (IUD) 宫内节育器Intravascular ultrasonic imaging 血管内超声显像Intravascular ultrasound 血管内超声Invert 倒置、反转Iris 虹膜IVC 下腔静脉IVRT 等容舒张期IVS 室间隔IVSd 、IVSs 室间隔（收缩期，舒张期）厚度JJejunum 空肠Joint 关节KKidney (K) 肾LL 长度LA 左心房LA Diam 左心房直径LA Major 左心房长度LA Minor 左心房宽度LA/Ao Ratio 左心房直径和主动脉根部直径比率LAA 左心房面积LAD 左心房直径Large Intestine 大肠Lateral Ventricle (LV) 侧脑室Left Gastric Artery 胃左动脉Left Hepatic Vein(LHV) 肝左静脉Left Liver Lobe (LL) 肝左叶Lens 晶状体Linear array 线阵Lipoma 脂肪瘤Logarithmic compression 对数压缩LPA 左肺动脉LPA 左肺动脉LV 左心室LVA 左心室面积LVI D 左心室内径LVIDd 舒张期左心室容积LVIDs 收缩期左心室容积LVL 左心室长度LVLd 舒张期左心室内径LVLs 收缩期左心室内径LVM 左心室心肌重量LVOT Diam 左心室流出道直径LVPW 左心室后壁LVPWd 左室后壁舒张期厚度LVPWs 左室后壁收缩期厚度Lymph node (LN) 淋巴结Lymphoma 淋巴瘤MM.Psoas Major 腰大肌Magnification Magnify Zoom 放大Mass( M) 包块MCA 大脑中动脉Mcub V 中央静脉Mean Velocity (Mean Vel) 平均速度Medial Hepatic Vein (MHV) 肝中静脉Meniscus 半月板Menu selection 菜单选择Mesentery 肠系膜metastasis (Met) 转移灶Minimum flow-velocity of color doppler 彩色多普勒最低流速分辨力Motion discrimination 运动辨别力MPA 主肺动脉MPA 主肺动脉MR 二尖瓣返流MRA 肾主动脉Multipurpose scanner 多用途探头Multistage focusing 多段聚焦Muscle Musculus (M) 肌肉MV 二尖瓣MVA By PHT 二尖瓣口面积根据压力降半时间MVcf 纤维圆周缩短平均速度MVO 二尖瓣口Myoma (MYO) 肌瘤NNeck of Pancreas (PaN) 胰颈Necrosis (Nec) 坏死Needle Tip (NT) 针尖Node (N) 结节OOccipital Frontal Diameter (OFD) 枕额径Optic Bulb; Eyeball 眼球Orifice of the Uterius 子宫口OT 流出道Ovary Ovaries (Ov) 卵巢PP 乳头肌PA 肺动脉Pancreas (P;Pa) 胰腺PAP 肺动脉压力Parathroid 甲状旁腺Parotid 腮腺PCA 大脑后动脉PComA 后交通动脉PDA 动脉导管末闭PEd 心包渗出舒张期Penetration depth 穿透深度PEP 射血前期Peripheral Vessel （PV）外周血管PFO 卵圆孔未闭PG 压力阶差Phased annular array probe 环阵相控探头PHT 压力降半时间PISA 最近等速线表面面积Placenta (PL) 胎盘Popliteal Artery 腘动脉Popliteal Vein 腘静脉Porta Hepatis 肝门Portal Vein (PV) 门静脉Post process 后处理Pre process 前处理Preset 预设置Prostate (Pro) 前列腺Ps 心脏收缩Pulmonic Diam 肺动脉瓣膜直径PV 肺动脉瓣PV Ann Diam 肺动脉瓣环面直径PV-A 连续性方程计算的肺动脉瓣口面积PVein 肺静脉PW 后壁Pylorus (Py) 幽门Pyramids (Py) 锥体QQp 肺循环血流量Qs 体循环血流量Quadrate Lobe (QL) 方叶RRA 右心房RAA 右心房面积Rad 半径RAD 右心房直径Raduis 桡骨Real-time imaging 实时成像Record 记录Rectosonography 直肠镜超声（技术）Rectum 直肠Rejection reject suppression 抑制Renal Artery (RA) 肾动脉Renal Calyces (RC) 肾盏Renal Colums (Rco) 肾柱Renal Pelvis (RP) 肾盂Renal Vein (RV) 肾静脉Rendering play back 回放Reset 重调、复原Retina 视网膜Reversed Flow (RF) 返流Right Hepatic Vein (RHV) 肝右静脉Right Liver Lobe (RL) 肝右叶Right Ventricle (RV) 右心室RPA 右肺动脉RPA 右肺动脉RV 右心室RVA 右心室面积RVAW 右心室前壁RVD 右心室直径RVID 右心室内径RVL 右心室长度RVOT 右心室流出道SSantorini Duct (SD) 副胰管Scan mode 扫描方式Scanner (SCNR) 扫描器、探头Scar (Sc) 疤痕Sclera 巩膜Scrotum (Sc)Scrotal Sac (SS) 阴囊Sector Angle (Sec Ang) 扇扫角度Sector scanning 扇扫Sediment (Sed) 沉积物Segment focusing 分段聚焦Sensitivity time control 灵敏度时间控制Sensor 传感器Septum Pellucidum (SP) 透明隔;透明隔腔Sequential focusing 连续聚焦Shift 变换Short Saphenous Vein 小隐静脉SI 搏动指数Sigmoid Colon 乙状结肠Skull Cranial Bones 颅骨Sliging focusing 滑动聚焦SMA 肠系膜上动脉Small Intestine 小肠SMV 肠系膜上静脉Sonogram echogram 声像图Spatial resolution 空间分辨力Spatial resolution of color doppler 彩色多普勒空间分辨力Spermatic Cord 精索Spina Bifida 脊柱裂Spleen (Sp) 脾Splenic Artery (Sp A) 脾动脉Splenic Flexure of Colon 结肠脾曲ST 缩短% STIVS 心室缩短百分比Stomach (STO) 胃Stone (St) 结石SUBC 锁骨下动脉Subclavian Vein (SCV) 锁骨下静脉Sublingual Gland 舌下腺Submaxillay Gland 颌下腺Sup Femoral 股浅动脉Superior Mesenteric Artery (SMA) 肠系膜上动脉Superior Mesenteric Vein (SMV) 肠系膜上静脉SV 每搏量SVI 每搏量指数TT 时间TA 三尖瓣环Tail of Pancreas (PaT) 胰尾TAML 三尖瓣环面中部到侧部Target (TAR) 靶团TCD 经颅多普勒Temporal resolution 瞬时分辨力Tendon Tendon 肌腱Testis (Ts) 睾丸Thalmus (Th) 丘脑、视丘Third Ventricle (V3) 第三脑室Thoracic cavity 胸腔Thoracic Circumference (Th C) 胸围Three dimensional display 三维显示3D image reconstruction 三维图像重建Thrombus (Th) 血栓Thyroid 甲状腺Tibiaula 胫骨Time gain compensation 时间增益补偿Time resolution of color doppler 彩色多普勒时间分辨力Tissue specific imaging 组织特性成像TR 三尖瓣返流Trans AVA(d)、Trans AVA(s) 横向主动脉瓣膜面积Transcranial doppler 经颅多普勒Transcranial Doppler ( TCD) 经颅多普勒Transducer 换能器Transesophagel echocardiography probe（TEE）经食管超声心动图探头Transesophagel probe 食管探头Transrectal probe 直肠探头Transrectal ultrasonography 经直肠超声扫描Transurethral probe 尿道探头Transurethral scanning 经尿道扫查Transvagin Scan (TVS) 阴道超声Transvaginal color doppler imaging 经阴道彩色多普勒显像Transvaginal probe 阴道探头Transverse Colon (Tr C) 横结肠)Trigger 触发器Tuberculosis (TB 结核Tumor (T) 肿瘤Tunica Vagialis Vagina Tunic 鞘膜TV 三尖瓣膜TVA 三尖瓣口面积UUlna 尺骨Ultrasonic imaging 超声成像Ultrasound catheter 超声导管Ultrasound endoscope 超声内镜Ultrasound guided percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography 超声引导经皮肝穿刺胆管造影Ultrasound guided probe 穿刺探头Umbilical Cord (UC) 脐带Uncinate Process 钩突Ureters (Ur) 输尿管Urethra 尿道Urinary Bladder (BL) 膀胱Urterine Canal 子宫腔US guided fetal tissue biopsy 超声引导胎儿组织活检US guided percutaneous alcohol injection 超声引导经皮穿刺注射乙醇US guided percutaneous aspiration 超声引导经皮抽吸US guided percutaneous gallbladder bile drainage 超声引导经皮胆囊胆汁引流US guided percutaneous transhepatic portography 超声引导经皮肝穿刺门静脉造影Uterine TubeOviduct 输卵管Uterus 子宫VVagina 阴道Vaginosonography 阴道镜超声技术Vcf 纤维圆周缩短速度Vel 速度Verebral Colum Spine 脊柱VERT 椎动脉Vertebra 椎骨Vesiculae Seminals; Seminal Vesicle (SV) 精囊VET 瓣膜射血时间Villus 绒毛Vitreous 玻璃体Vmax 最大速度Vmean 平均速度VSD 室间隔缺损VTI 速度时间积分WWall (W) 壁Wide-band probe 宽频带探头Write 写入YYolk Sac (YS) 卵黄囊ZZero adjustment 零位调整Zone focusing 区域聚焦。

腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶病酷似肥厚性心肌病和预激综合征:自然病史

腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶病酷似肥厚性心肌病和预激综合征：自然病史Murphy R.T.;Mogensen J.;McGarry K.;W.J. McKenna;吴波【期刊名称】《世界核心医学期刊文摘：心脏病学分册》【年(卷),期】2005(000)009【摘要】OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical expression of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK) gene mutations(PRKAG2) in adenosine monophosphate(AMP) kinase disease based on 12 years follow-up of known mutation carriers and to define the prevalence of PRKAG2 mutations in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy(HCM). BACKGROUND:Adenosine mono-phosphate-activated protein kinase genemutations cause HCM withWolff-Parkinson-White syndrome and conduction disease. METHODS: Clinical evaluation of 44 patients with known AMP kinase disease was analyzed. Mutation analysis of PRKAG2 was performed by fluorescent single-strand confirmation polymorphism analysis and direct sequencing of abnormal conformers in 200 patients with HCM. RESULTS: Only one additional mutation was identified. The mean age at clinical diagnosis in the 45 gene carriers was 24 years(median 20 years, range 9 to 55 years). Symptoms of palpitation, dypspnea, chest pain, or syncope were present in 31(69%) gene carriers; 7(15%) complained of myalgia and had clinical evidence of proximal myopathy. Skeletal muscle biopsy showed excess mitochondriaand ragged red fibers with minimal glycogen accumulation. Disease penetrance defined by typical electrocardiogram abnormalities was 100%by age 18 years. Thirty-two of 41 adults(78%) had left ventricular hypertrophy(LVH) on echocardiography, and progressive LVH was documented during follow-up. Survival was 91%at a mean follow-up of 12.2 years. Progressive conduction disease required pacemaker implantation in 17 of 45(38%) at a mean age of 38 years. CONCLUSIONS: The AMP kinase disease is uncommon in HCM and is characterized by progressive conduction disease and cardiac hypertrophy and includes extracardiac manifestations such as a skeletal myopathy, consistent with a systemic metabolic storage disease. Defects in adenosine triphosphate utilization or in specific cellular substrates, rather than mere passive deposition of amylopectin, may account for these clinical features.【总页数】2页(P60-61)【作者】Murphy R.T.;Mogensen J.;McGarry K.;W.J. McKenna;吴波【作者单位】Dr. Heart Hospital 16-18 Westmoreland Street London W1G 8PH United Kingdom【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R542.2【相关文献】1.抵挡汤早期干预对糖尿病大鼠腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶信号通路的影响 [J], 任单单;李晶;常柏;李春深;朱子昭2.桑叶总黄酮对2型糖尿病大鼠肝脏过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α和腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶α2蛋白表达的影响 [J], 刘冬恋;凌保东;谭林;杨春梅;杨霞;游均梅3.基于腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶理论中西医治疗糖尿病的研究进展 [J], 孙超;徐云生;黄延芹4.腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶通过抑制 mTOR 信号通路缓解糖尿病大鼠肾脏细胞外基质沉积 [J], 罗霞;邓玲艳;许文娟;程黎明5.线粒体功能异常与腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶/过氧化物酶体增殖活化受体γ共激活因子1α信号途径在糖尿病周围神经病变机制中的作用 [J], 张倩;梁晓春因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

平滑肌肌球蛋白轻链激酶对肌球蛋白非Ca2+依赖性磷酸化(2)

平滑肌肌球蛋白轻链激酶对肌球蛋白非Ca2+依赖性磷酸化(2)唐泽耀;陈华;杨静娴;王晓明;林原【期刊名称】《科学技术与工程》【年(卷),期】2005(005)006【摘要】为初步揭示肌球蛋白轻链激酶(MLCK)对肌球蛋白(myosin)非Ca2+依赖性磷酸化的特征.试验方法采用10%甘油聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测myosin的磷酸化,用孔雀绿法测定myosin Mg2+-ATP酶活性及选择Scoin Image扫描软件分析所获得的数据.提出在MLCK参与的myosin活性调节中,myosin以非磷酸化、非Ca2+依赖性(CIPM)及Ca2+依赖性磷酸化(CDPM)三种状态存在.研究发现非Ca2+依赖性磷酸化myosin有以下特征:(1)耗能(Mg2+-ATP酶活性)高于非磷酸化myosin但低于Ca2+依赖性磷酸化myosin;(2)花生四烯酸(AA)可选择性加强myosin非Ca2+依赖性磷酸化;(3)在本试验条件下,未观察到MLCK抑制剂ML-9对非Ca2+依赖性myosin磷酸化的抑制作用;(4)组胺(histamine)对非Ca2+依赖性的抑制小于对Ca2+依赖性磷酸化的抑制,且这些差异在统计学上有显著性.以上结果提示myosin非Ca2+依赖性磷酸化不仅在程度上,而且在机制上与Ca2+依赖性磷酸化可能存在重要区别.【总页数】5页(P332-336)【作者】唐泽耀;陈华;杨静娴;王晓明;林原【作者单位】大连医科大学药理教研室,大连,116027;大连医科大学药理教研室,大连,116027;大连医科大学药理教研室,大连,116027;大连医科大学药理教研室,大连,116027;大连医科大学药理教研室,大连,116027【正文语种】中文【中图分类】Q512.2【相关文献】1.miR-200b调控肌球蛋白轻链激酶/磷酸化肌球蛋白轻链信号通路对肠上皮紧密连接的影响 [J], 沈玉洁;张琮;陈颖伟2.平滑肌肌球蛋白轻链激酶对肌球蛋白的非钙依赖性磷酸化 [J], 林原;唐泽耀;陈华;戴淑芳;杨静娴;王晓明3.肌球蛋白轻链激酶介导的肌球蛋白调节轻链磷酸化研究 [J], 高文;李科;李雪萍;李亚;宋梅4.平滑肌肌球蛋白轻链激酶的非激酶作用及对ATP酶活性的调节 [J], 崔颖;李晓丽;梁明丽;陈海波;高颖5.平滑肌细胞迁移的肌球蛋白轻链非磷酸化途径 [J], 叶丽虹;郭威;赵铁军;张伟英;叶婷婷;吴晶辉;张晓东因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。

体外血管钙化与细胞增殖的关系及其氟伐他汀对钙化影响的实验研究

体外血管钙化与细胞增殖的关系及其氟伐他汀对钙化影响的实验研究目的：本研究通过β-甘油磷酸盐处理牛主动脉平滑肌细胞，建立细胞水平的体外血管钙化模型，借此观察多种非胶原类骨基质蛋白钙化期间的表达、分泌情况，以及细胞增殖、细胞凋亡／死亡情况，初步探讨其可能的机制。

此外，加用氟伐他汀进行干预，观察其对体外血管钙化的影响并探讨可能的作用机制。

方法：（1）第一部分：组织块法原代培养牛主动脉中膜平滑肌细胞。

选用8代以内的传代细胞，添加终浓度为10mmol／L β-甘油磷酸盐培养10天诱导钙化；利用Von Kossa染色、茜素红-S染色及检测细胞层钙沉积对钙化进行鉴定，同时观察细胞层碱性磷酸酶活性和培养上清骨钙素含量。

（2）第二部分：采用噻唑兰（MTT）比色试验、台盼兰排斥试验观察不同浓度β-甘油磷酸盐对牛主动脉平滑肌细胞增殖的影响，利用流式细胞分析术观察钙化期间细胞凋亡、细胞周期的情况。

（3）第三部分：体外血管钙化期间，添加终浓度为10-6、10-7、10-8mol/L氟伐他汀进行干预，检测细胞层钙沉积、碱性磷酸酶活性和培养上清骨钙素含量，观察氟伐他汀对钙化的影响；利用RT-PCR、Western blot方法检测正常培养细胞、钙化组及氟伐他汀治疗组的骨桥蛋白、骨连接素基因、蛋白水平的表达情况。

结果：（1）β-甘油磷酸盐处理10天后，光镜及电镜显示培养细胞出现广泛分布的钙盐沉积，Von Kossa、茜素红-S钙染色均呈阳性，细胞层钙沉积升至正常对照的28.44倍，较实验初增加了293倍（P＜0.01），从而证实体外血管钙化模型建立成功。

（2）β-甘油磷酸盐能够时间依赖性增加细胞层钙沉积，细胞层碱性磷酸酶活性、培养上清骨钙素含量也随时间的延长而增高，各时间点均高于正常对照（P＜0.01）；此外，RT-PCR、Western blot证实钙化组的骨桥蛋白mRNA及蛋白表达明显增高，而骨连接素mRNA及蛋旱巨域修斗腕协士学位公义幻县白表达略有下降。

上皮型钙粘蛋白在小鼠胚胎干细胞体外分化中动态表达及与细胞黏附状态关系

上皮型钙粘蛋白在小鼠胚胎干细胞体外分化中动态表达及与细胞黏附状态关系胡安斌;何晓顺;黄冰;蔡继业【期刊名称】《中国组织工程研究》【年(卷),期】2009(013)045【摘要】背景:体内胚胎期,上皮型钙粘蛋白对肝脏组织的发育起到决定作用,探讨其在胚胎干细胞分化中的动态表达对于肝脏组织的体外发育可行性具有重要意义.目的:观察上皮型钙粘蛋白在小鼠胚胎干细胞体外分化过程中的动态表达,及其与细胞间黏附状态的关系.设计、时间及地点:细胞学体外观察,于2007-12/2098-12在中山大学附属第一医院外科实验室完成.材料:BALB/c系小鼠胚胎干细胞由中山大学眼科中心黄冰教授建系和保存.清洁级BALB/c系孕13 d小鼠20只,由中山大学实验动物中心提供.方法:BALB/c系小鼠胚胎干细胞克隆经胰酶消化后,利用含胎牛血清、2-巯基乙醇、HEPES、青霉素、链霉素的DMEM培养基悬浮培养,使其自然发育5 d形成拟胚体,第6天转至培养板使其贴壁生长.取BALB/c系孕13 d小鼠,取其胎鼠肝脏组织制备胎肝细胞及冰冻切片,作为对照组.主要观察指标:按胚胎干细胞初分化、拟胚体形成、细胞分化群落形成等阶段,于细胞分化第1,5,9,13,17天利用RT-PCR和免疫细胞化学法检测上皮型钙粘蛋白的表达,观察其表达水平与细胞黏附状态的关系.结果:RT-PCR检测结果显示,在胚胎干细胞自然分化系统中,上皮型钙粘蛋白mRNA于分化第1天未表达,在第5天拟胚体形成后表达最强,其后表达能力逐渐降低,至17 d时不再表达,作为对照的BALB/c系小鼠胎肝细胞表达较强的上皮型钙粘蛋白mRNA.免疫细胞化学检测结果亦体现相同规律.胚胎干细胞在形态学上由单细胞发育为致密的包含3胚层结构的拟胚体,再继续分化为松散的细胞群落.结论:上皮型钙粘蛋白在胚胎干细胞体外培养系统中的表达水平与分化细胞间黏附状态变化呈一定的相关性,其在体外环境中丧失表达可能是分化细胞不能组织化的一个重要原因.【总页数】5页(P8838-8842)【作者】胡安斌;何晓顺;黄冰;蔡继业【作者单位】中山大学附属第一医院器官移植中心,广东省,广州市,510080;中山大学附属第一医院器官移植中心,广东省,广州市,510080;中山大学眼科中心,广东省,广州市,510080;暨南大学生命科学院,广东省,广州市,510632【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R394.2【相关文献】1.在小鼠胚胎干细胞系嵌入碳酸盐碳灰石DNA载体的上皮细胞钙粘蛋白及纤维蛋白元细胞粘附蛋白对转基因的运输和表达的影响 [J], 徐李;曾忠良2.上皮型钙粘蛋白在肿瘤中的表达及与肝癌转移和预后关系研究进展 [J], 赵世元;王乃平3.胃癌上皮型钙粘蛋白表达及其与浸润转移的关系 [J], 樊克武;赵建华4.上皮型钙粘蛋白基因稳定转染小鼠胚胎干细胞及对分化细胞黏附能力的影响 [J], 胡安斌;何晓顺;黄冰;蔡继业5.大肠癌上皮型钙粘蛋白表达及其与浸润转移的关系 [J], 樊克武;赵建华;李俐因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。