语言学第三章chapter3
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Allomorph: a member of a set of morphs which represent the same morpheme. Allomorphs are phonological or orthographic variants of the same morpheme.
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
英语语言学：第3章
Allomorph
Allomorphs are in complementary distribution.
{-s} (plurality) [-z]: meanings [-s]: maps [-iz]: watches [-ai-]: mice [-i:-]: feet [0]: deer
Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree and case.
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
英语语言学：第3章
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
英语语言学：第3章
Summary
Lexical morpheme
Free morpheme
morpheme
Functional morpheme
Derivational morpheme
Bound morpheme
Inflectional morpheme
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
Root: the basic element of a word that can stand by itself: talk, internationalism, work/shop, black/bird
Stem: the element involved in a word without the last added bound morpheme: friends, friendships
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
英语语言学：第3章
Stem
A stem may be: a simple stem consisting of only one
morpheme, in which case the root and the stem are the same: work, talk a root plus a derivational affix: workers two or more roots: work\shops
and bound morpheme
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
英语语言学：第3章
3.2.1 Free morpheme
Free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves. friend, happy, kind, simple, false, tour, talk, etc.
{-ed} past tense [-t]: talked [-d]: stayed [-id]: created ( phonological) -d: changed -ed : worked (orthographic)
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
英语语言学：第3章
3.4 Types of Word Formation
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
英语语言学：第3章
Types of compound words
a. noun compounds noun + noun: armchair, rainbow verb + noun: pickpocket, washcloth adjective + noun: bluebird, highchair
Suffixes are joined to the end of the root or stem. They can also change the meaning or function of the word. hopeless, kindness
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
英语语言学：第3章
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
英语语言学：第3章
3.2.2 Bound morpheme
Bound morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. They are actually affixes, including prefixes and suffixes: -ly, un-, -ist, -s, -er, -ed, -ing. In some languages, there are also infixes.
Word formation or word building is the creation of new words, which is useful to us because it can enrich our vocabulary by learning some major ways. The most important ways are compounding and derivation.
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
英语语言学：第3章
Differences between derivational morpheme and inflectional morpheme Derivational morphemes can change the grammatical category of a word, creating an entirely new word. Inflectional morphemes never alter the grammatical category of a word.
Derivational morphemes vs Inflectional morphemes
Derivational morphemes are OFTEN used to make new words of a different grammatical category from the stem. –ness, -less, -ful, -ly; re-, pre-, dis-, co-, im-, un-
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
英语语言学：第3章
3.4.1 Compounding Definition: putting two words
together. The first element receives the main stress, and the second one determines the new word’s class. typewriter, workshop, tractor-driver, blackboard
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
英语语言学：第3章
Functional (close) morphemes consist of the functional words in the language such as conjunctions, articles, prepositions and pronouns. As we almost never add new functional morphemes to the language, they are called a closed class of words: and, but, because, if, when, on, above, in, it, the, that
Inflectional morphemes in English
English has only eight inflectional morphemes: -’s: possessive -s: plural -s: 3rd person present singular -ing: present participle -ed: past tense and past participle -en: past participle -er: comparative -est: superlative
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
英语语言学：第3章
3.2 Morpheme
It is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.
tourists: tour; -ist; -s talks; talker; talked; talking Types of morpheme: free morpheme
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
英语语言学：第3章
Prefixes are joined to the beginning of the root or stem. They can change the meaning or function of the word. Impossible, unbelievable, enrich
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
英语语言学：第3章
Lexical (open) morphemes vs Functional (close) morphemes
Lexical (open) morphemes are the set of ordinary nouns, verbs and adjectives that carry the content of message we convey. Since we can create new lexical morphemes for the language rather easily, they are called an open class of words: book, desk, house, love, look, long, happy
英语语言学：第3章
Chapter 3 Morphology
3.1 Introduction 3.2 Morpheme
3.2.1 Free morpheme 3.2.2 Bound morpheme 3.3 Morphs and Allomorphs 3.4 Types of Word Formation 3.4.1 Compounding 3.4.2 Derivation 3.4.3 Other ways (Conversion, Backformation, Clipping, Blending, Acronym, Initialism)
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
英语语言学：第3章
3.1 Introduction
Definition of morphology Morphology is a branch of grammar
which studies the internal structure, forms and classes of words. un -+-ly → unfriendly;unhappily; unkindly; unlonely -fy → purify; simplify; falsify; amplify
英语语言学：第3章
3.3 Morphs and Allomorphs
Morphs: the smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the level of parole. They are the phonological (spoken) or orthographic (written) forms which realize morphemes. They are minimal carriers of meaning.
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
英语语言学：第3章
Allomorph
Allomorphs are in complementary distribution.
{-s} (plurality) [-z]: meanings [-s]: maps [-iz]: watches [-ai-]: mice [-i:-]: feet [0]: deer
Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree and case.
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
英语语言学：第3章
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
英语语言学：第3章
Summary
Lexical morpheme
Free morpheme
morpheme
Functional morpheme
Derivational morpheme
Bound morpheme
Inflectional morpheme
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
Root: the basic element of a word that can stand by itself: talk, internationalism, work/shop, black/bird
Stem: the element involved in a word without the last added bound morpheme: friends, friendships
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
英语语言学：第3章
Stem
A stem may be: a simple stem consisting of only one
morpheme, in which case the root and the stem are the same: work, talk a root plus a derivational affix: workers two or more roots: work\shops
and bound morpheme
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
英语语言学：第3章
3.2.1 Free morpheme
Free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves. friend, happy, kind, simple, false, tour, talk, etc.
{-ed} past tense [-t]: talked [-d]: stayed [-id]: created ( phonological) -d: changed -ed : worked (orthographic)
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
英语语言学：第3章
3.4 Types of Word Formation
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
英语语言学：第3章
Types of compound words
a. noun compounds noun + noun: armchair, rainbow verb + noun: pickpocket, washcloth adjective + noun: bluebird, highchair
Suffixes are joined to the end of the root or stem. They can also change the meaning or function of the word. hopeless, kindness
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
英语语言学：第3章
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
英语语言学：第3章
3.2.2 Bound morpheme
Bound morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. They are actually affixes, including prefixes and suffixes: -ly, un-, -ist, -s, -er, -ed, -ing. In some languages, there are also infixes.
Word formation or word building is the creation of new words, which is useful to us because it can enrich our vocabulary by learning some major ways. The most important ways are compounding and derivation.
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
英语语言学：第3章
Differences between derivational morpheme and inflectional morpheme Derivational morphemes can change the grammatical category of a word, creating an entirely new word. Inflectional morphemes never alter the grammatical category of a word.
Derivational morphemes vs Inflectional morphemes
Derivational morphemes are OFTEN used to make new words of a different grammatical category from the stem. –ness, -less, -ful, -ly; re-, pre-, dis-, co-, im-, un-
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
英语语言学：第3章
3.4.1 Compounding Definition: putting two words
together. The first element receives the main stress, and the second one determines the new word’s class. typewriter, workshop, tractor-driver, blackboard
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
英语语言学：第3章
Functional (close) morphemes consist of the functional words in the language such as conjunctions, articles, prepositions and pronouns. As we almost never add new functional morphemes to the language, they are called a closed class of words: and, but, because, if, when, on, above, in, it, the, that
Inflectional morphemes in English
English has only eight inflectional morphemes: -’s: possessive -s: plural -s: 3rd person present singular -ing: present participle -ed: past tense and past participle -en: past participle -er: comparative -est: superlative
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
英语语言学：第3章
3.2 Morpheme
It is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.
tourists: tour; -ist; -s talks; talker; talked; talking Types of morpheme: free morpheme
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
英语语言学：第3章
Prefixes are joined to the beginning of the root or stem. They can change the meaning or function of the word. Impossible, unbelievable, enrich
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
英语语言学：第3章
Lexical (open) morphemes vs Functional (close) morphemes
Lexical (open) morphemes are the set of ordinary nouns, verbs and adjectives that carry the content of message we convey. Since we can create new lexical morphemes for the language rather easily, they are called an open class of words: book, desk, house, love, look, long, happy
英语语言学：第3章
Chapter 3 Morphology
3.1 Introduction 3.2 Morpheme
3.2.1 Free morpheme 3.2.2 Bound morpheme 3.3 Morphs and Allomorphs 3.4 Types of Word Formation 3.4.1 Compounding 3.4.2 Derivation 3.4.3 Other ways (Conversion, Backformation, Clipping, Blending, Acronym, Initialism)
河南大学外语学院 马应聪
英语语言学：第3章
3.1 Introduction
Definition of morphology Morphology is a branch of grammar
which studies the internal structure, forms and classes of words. un -+-ly → unfriendly;unhappily; unkindly; unlonely -fy → purify; simplify; falsify; amplify
英语语言学：第3章
3.3 Morphs and Allomorphs
Morphs: the smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the level of parole. They are the phonological (spoken) or orthographic (written) forms which realize morphemes. They are minimal carriers of meaning.