英语语言学考试重点题型
语言学试题及答案英语
语言学试题及答案英语一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" refers to:A. The smallest unit of sound in a languageB. The smallest unit of meaning in a languageC. The smallest unit of grammar in a languageD. The smallest unit of writing in a language答案：A2. Which of the following is a characteristic of the English language?A. It is a tonal languageB. It has a fixed word orderC. It has no grammatical genderD. It uses ideograms答案：B3. In linguistics, "morpheme" is defined as:A. A unit of soundB. A unit of meaningC. A unit of grammarD. A unit of writing答案：B4. The study of language change over time is known as:A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SyntaxD. Historical Linguistics答案：D5. The branch of linguistics that deals with the meaning of words is called:A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Phonology答案：A二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. The study of the physical properties of speech sounds is known as ____________.答案：Phonetics2. The process of changing one language into another is known as ____________.答案：Translation3. The smallest unit of meaning in a language is called a____________.答案：Lexeme4. The study of how language is used in social contexts is known as ____________.答案：Sociolinguistics5. The study of language acquisition in children is known as ____________.答案：Child Language Acquisition三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. Explain the difference between a phoneme and an allophone. 答案：A phoneme is a linguistic unit that distinguishes meaning in a language, whereas an allophone is a variant of a phoneme that does not change the meaning of a word.2. What is the role of syntax in language?答案：Syntax is the set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences in a language, determining how words combine to form phrases, clauses, and complex sentences.3. Describe the function of morphology in language.答案：Morphology is the study of the internal structure of words and how they are formed by combining morphemes, which are the smallest meaningful units of language.4. How does sociolinguistics contribute to our understanding of language?答案：Sociolinguistics contributes to our understanding of language by examining how social factors such as class, gender, age, and ethnicity influence language variation and use in different social contexts.四、论述题（共20分）1. Discuss the importance of pragmatics in language communication.答案：Pragmatics is crucial in language communication as it deals with the study of how context influences the meaning of linguistic expressions. It helps us understand how speakersconvey intended meanings beyond the literal interpretation of words and sentences, taking into account factors such as tone, body language, and shared knowledge between speakers.2. Explain the significance of historical linguistics in understanding language evolution.答案：Historical linguistics is significant in understanding language evolution as it traces the development of languages over time, revealing how languages change, diverge, and sometimes converge. It provides insights into therelationships between languages, the migration of people, and the cultural history of language communities.。
语言学考试重点全
语⾔学考试重点全语⾔学重点Semantics1. Sense relation between sentences(简答、语料分析)A.X is synonymous with YX: He was a bachelor all his life. Y: He never married all his life.B.X is inconsistent with YX: John is married Y: John is a bachelorC.X entails YX: A boy had broken the window Y: A child had broken the window.D.X presuppose YX: John’s bike needs repairing Y: John has a bikeE.X is a contradictionX: John is neither alive nor deadF.X is semantically anomalousX: The table has had intentions Y: The golf kicked him.2. Sentence Meaning: Katz’s Semantic Theory(essay question)I. Structure of the theory and its aims{Grammatical classification}dictionary (semantic markers) Katz’s theory semant ic informationProjection rules [distinguishers]Universally applicable metalanguageⅡKatz’s dictionary--2 types of semantic information--(semantic markers)语义标记: which are the links binding the vocabulary together and are responsible for the lexical relations;--[distinguisher] 辨义成分: the word-specific semantic information that identifies the lexical items.Ⅲprojection rules--projection rules: to give rules showing how the meanings of lexical items build up into the meaning of phrases and phrases up to sentences.amalgamation process （合并）--PR use trees to structure the amalgamation of word meaning into phrase meaning and phrase meaning into sentence meaning.selection restrictions--AS the PR successively amalgamate readings, the selection restrictions will limit the final output.3. Referential theory (简答)①Linguistic symbols stand for things, the linguistic symbol(word) and the things they refer to are not related directly, the linguistic symbol and the things it stand for are arbitrary. Different linguistic symbols are used in different languages to refer to the same thing. For example, they are related via concept. For the speaker and listener to reach mutual understanding, they have to have the same concept of the target things.②There is a direct relation between linguistic symbol and the concept becauselinguistic symbol symbolizes concept, and linguistic symbol can express concept.③there is a direct relation between things and the concept because concepts are abstract mental representation of the things the physical or imaginary world.4 Proposition:def: the unit of meaning which constitutes the subject-matter of a statement in the form of simple declarative sentence.5. Propositional logic:def: the study of truth conditions for propositions, that is, how the truth of composite proposition is determined by the truth value of its constituent propositions and the connections between them.6. truth value: def: a sentence’s being true or false is called its truth value7. truth value table(简答，给出⼦命题求复合命题，根据⼦命题真假判断复合命Pragmatics1.Pragmatics: the study of the use of the language in communication, particularlythe relationship between sentences and the contexts and the situations in which they are used.2. Speech Act Theory put forward by Austen and Searle(简答, 语料分析)2.1 Austin’s 3-part distinction of speech actSpeech actin utterance as a functional unit in communication. According Austin, an utterance performs 3 acts simultaneously ---locutionary act: ~is the saying of something, which is meaningful and can be understood.---illocutionary act: ~ is the using the utterance to perform a function.---perlocutionary act: the results or effects that are produced by means of saying.2.2 Searle's 2-part distinction theoryAccording Searle, each utterance has two meanings:---propositional meaning: the basic literal meaning an utterance bears, which is conveyed by particular words and structure which an utterance contains.---illocutionary force: the intended effects the utterance or written text has on its listener or reader.--5 types of illocutionary forces（语料分析）1)assertives: sentences that commit the speaker to the truth of something.I guess he had got it.I think the film is moving.2)directive: try to get the listener to do somethingplease give me some advice.My shoes have worn out.3)commissive: committing the speaker to do something.May I help you with the case?4) Expressive: expressing the speaker’s psychological state about something.Congratulations!Thanks.5)declarative: bringing about immediate change in the existing state of affairs.Y ou are fired.Class is over.3.the Cooperative Principle(put forward by Paul Grice).Function/object---CP was theory is an attempt at explaining how a hearer gets from what is said to what is meant, that is, from the level of expressed meaning to the level of implied meaning, conversational implicature, as called by Grice.---In conversational interaction, people work on the assumption that a certain set of rules is in operation unless they receive indications to the contrary. Grice calls this set of rules Cooperative Principle.---make your conversational contribution as such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.合作原则和合作准则的关系---According to this principle, we interpret lang. on the assumption that its sender is obeying CP. And CP is specified as 4 maxims called "cooperative maxims" to help establish what that conversational implicature might be. 遵循原则：quantity, quality, relation, manner4. characteristics of conversational implicatureA. calculabilitythe same words may convey very different implicatures in different circumstances. However, the implicature conveyed in a particular situation is not random. It is possible to spell out the steps a hearer goes though in order to calculate the intended implicature.B.cancellability/ defeasibility--an implicature can be cancelled, which allows the speaker to imply something and then deny that implicature.C.non-detachability--an implicature is attached to the semantic content of what’s said, not to the lin guistic form.--no matter how much you reword an utterance, the implicature remains.D.non-conventionalitythe same words can carry different implicatures on different occasions.4.flouting of maxims1) Quantity(adequate)A. make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes of the exchange)B. do not make your contribution more informative than is required.2) Quality(be true)Try to make your contribution one that is trueA.Do not say what you believe to be falseB.Do not say what for which your lack adequate evidence.3) RelationBe relevant4)Manner(be clear)Be perspicuousA.Avoid obscurity of expressionB.Avoid ambiguity.5.Relevance Theory put forward by Sperber & Wilson (essay question)the notion of relevance--the notion of relevance is defined by two notions: cognitive effects and processing effort.--cognitive effectscognitive effects result from an interaction of new and old information; cognitive effects can be achieved by:1)n ewly presented information may combine with an existing assumption to yield contextual implication. New information is relevant in any context in which it has context implicatures, and that the more contextual implicatures it has, the more relevant it will be.2) newly presented information may strengthen existing assumption. New information is relevant in any context in which it strengthens an existing assumption, and that the more assumption it strengthens, the more relevant it will be.3)newly presented information may contradict or eliminate an existing assumption. New information is relevant in any context in which it contradicts, and leads to the elimination of an existing assumption; the more assumption it eliminates, and the stronger they were, the more relevant it will be.a.Conclusion:new information derived from external stimuli (utterance, sound, sights), or from internal representation (thoughts memories) is relevant to an individual if it yields cognitive effects (combining with existing assumptions to yield contextual implication, contradicting or eliminating an existing assumption, or strengthening an existing assumption).--processing effortDef: processing effort is the mental effort needed to parse an utterance, decide what proposition it is intended to express, and work out its intended cognitive effects in that context.Conclusion: 关联和认知效果的关系relevance of an input to an individual1) other things being equal, the greater the cognitive effects, the greater the relevance.2) other things being equal, the smaller the processing effort to derivethose cognitive effects, the greater the relevance.--In processing information people try to balance cost and rewards—they automatically process each new piece of information in a context where it yields maximal cognitive effects for a minimal processing effort.6. Two principles of relevance--they govern cognition and communication1)cognitive principle of relevance（hearer）Human cognition tends to be geared to the maximization of relevance.2)communicative principle of relevance(speaker)Every act of ostensive（显⽰的）communication communicates a presumption of its own optimal （最佳的the best that is possible）relevance.Language and Cognition1.psycholinguistics:Def: the study of the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to acquire, use, comprehend and produce language.2.internal lexicon:Def: The organization of word knowledge in permanent memory is called internal lexicon.3. cohort model--The cohort model in psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics is a model of lexical retrieval first proposed by William Marslen-Wilson in the late 1980s.According to the model, when a person hears speech segments real-time, each speech segment "activates" every word in the lexicon that begins with that segment, and as more segments are added, more words are ruled out, until only one word is left that still matches the input.--spoken word recognition is realized in 3 stages:1)---generating a word initial cohort: a set of lexical candidates is activated on thebase of an acoustic-phonetic analysis of the input in a strict bottom -up fashion.This set of lexical candidates is called word initial cohort.---auditory lexical retrieval begins with the first one or two speech segments, or phonemes, reach the hearer's ear, at which time the mental lexicon activates every possible word that begins with that speech segment.2)the selection stage---As more speech segments enter the ear and stimulate more neurons, causing the competitors that no longer match the input to be "kicked out" or to decrease in activation.--items that are very similar to the signal remain strongly activated, while others will drop off, thus some of the initial candidates in the cohort will progressively eliminated.3)elimination takes place in one of the two ways:--the context of a spoken sentence narrows the initial cohort--The activated cohort will continue to monitor the incoming part of the word.---as more of the phonological information of the word comes in, the cohort narrows down progressively, These processes continue until an instant, called the recognition point,[5]at which only one word remains activated and all competitors have been kicked out. And the word is recognized.4)finally the recognized word is fit into the connected discourse.4. parsingDef: The first step in understanding a sentence. It is a procedure to assign elements of the sentence surface structure to linguistic categories. This procedure is called ~5. Processing steps in word access (Levelt, et al., 1999)1)Conceptualization: to decide the notion/ concept to express.2) To select a word that corresponds to the chosen concept: the speak first select alemma (a syntactic word unit). Several lemmas may be activated competitively at once. Only one lemma is selected as soonas its activation level exceeds the summed activation of all competitors. A checking mechanism ascertains that the selected lemma maps onto the intended concept.3) Morpho-phonological encoding: morphemes corresponding to the selected lemmaare retrieved. The phonological form of the word is generated. First these are decomposed individual segments [p, b, i] or groups of segments (eg., [st] )，which are later syllabified and assigned stress.4) Generation of a phonetic representation: specifying the articulatory gestures to becarried out and their timing.6. . Generation of sentences in spoken language productionGeneration of sentences involves roughly the following steps:Conceptual preparation—deciding what to say--A global planning is generated and then elaborated until a representation of lexical concepts (the message) is reached. Linguistic planning--linguistic planning started using the message as input. Linguistic planning is initiated as soon as the first few lexical concepts are selected, and the rest is prepared later, either during the speech or between parts of the utterance. Generating syntactic structureTwo distinct processes are involved:--functional planning processes: to assign grammatical functions (subject, verb, object, etc.) to lemmas (plan the grammatical functions that the lemmas plays). These processes rely largely on information from message level and syntactic properties of the retrieved lemmas.--positional encoding: to use the lemmas retrieved and their function to generate syntactic structures that capture the dependencies among constituents and their order. Building phonological forms--phonological segments and stress patterns for each word are retrieved from internal lexicon.Conceptual Metaphor Theory1.DomainDef: domain is the basic unit of cognitive organization in CMT2.W orking mechanism of metaphor—cross-domain mappingmapping (映射) from a source domain to a target domain.Metaphor is a fixed pattern of conceptual correspondences across the two conceptual domains, metaphor represents the systematic correspondence or entailments between the source domain and the target domain.。
语言学考点doc
语言学考试题型一、选择题（30分）二、判断题（20分）三、填空题（20分）提供首字母四、画图题（10分）二选一（syllable structure IC Analysis）五、术语解释（10分）解释加举例（各占五分）六、简答题（10分）各章考试重点分析第一章Features os LanguageFuctions of LanguageImportant Distinctions in Linguistics第二章（无大题）Broad transcription, narrow transcriptionPhonemic transcription Phonetic transcriptionAspirated vs. unaspiratedPhonological rules: assimilation, epenthesis, elisionSyllable Structure(画图题)stress, intonation, tone定义第三章⏹Morpheme☐Free morpheme, Bound morpheme☐Root, affix (prefix, suffix, infix), stem☐Inflectional morphemes, derivational morphemes⏹Word（学会区分）☐Content words, function words☐Lexical words, grammatical words☐Open-class words, closed-class wordsThe influctional Way of FormationThe Derivational Way of FormationLexical change (学会选择题的识别，出自课本)☐Inventions☐Blending☐Abbreviation☐Initialism /acronyms☐Back-formation☐Analogical creation☐Conversion/class shift☐Borrowing第四章（无大题）IC Analysis: （画图）Endocentric and exocentric constructionsCoordination and SobordinationPredicate 与PredicatorNumber Gender Case 的定义Recursiveness中onjoining, embedding第五章(重点章节)Types of meaning(p94表格)Sence RelationsSynonymyAntonymy——Gradable antonyms Complementary antonyms Converse HyponymyComponential analysis（填空题或者选择题）Man Woman Girl Boy。
英语语言学常考大题(本科、研究生、复试通用)
1. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.First of all, language is a system, because elements of language are combined according to rules. Secondly, language is arbitrary because there is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning, or between the sign and what it stands for. Different languages have different words for the same object in the world. This fact is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are just symbols; they are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etc. by convention . Thirdly, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well - developed their writing systems are. The term "human" in the definition indicates that language is possessed by human beings only and is very different from the communication systems of other living creatures. The term "communication" means that language makes it possible for its users to talk to each other and fulfill their communicative needs.2. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples. 1) ArbitrarinessAs mentioned earlier, the arbitrary property of language means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For instance, there is no necessary relationship between the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes. In addition, different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages, and even within the same language, the same sound does not refer to the same thing. However, language is not entirely arbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitationof sounds by sounds, such as crash, bang in English. Besides, some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited in number. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.2) ProductivityLanguage is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences that they have never said or heard before. They can send messages which no one else has ever sent before.Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive.3) DualityThe duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, which are meaningless, discrete, individual sounds. But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher level, can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or double articulation of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessing it.4) DisplacementDisplacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation.5) Cultural transmissionHuman beings were born with the ability to acquire language, but the details of any language are not genetically transmitted or passed down by instinct. They have to be taught and learned, but animal call systems are genetically transmitted.3. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?Traditional grammar is prescriptive; it is based on "high "(religious, literary) written language. It sets grammatical rules and imposes the rules on language users. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; it collects authentic, and mainly spoken language data and then it studies and describes the data in an objective and scientific way.4. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describes a language as it is at some particular point in time, while a diachronic study of language is the study of the historical development of language over a period of time.5. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?First, the spoken form is prior to the writ-ten form and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of language.Second, the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amountof information conveyed and it serves a wider range of purposesFinally, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tongue.6. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?The distinction between langue, and parole was made by the famous linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable; it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.7. How do you understand competence and performance?American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc.. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard.8. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’sdistinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?Although Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a mater of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of vies and to him, competence is a property of the mind of each individual.9. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?Language is arbitrary in nature, it is not entirely arbitrary, because there are a limited number of words whose connections between forms and meanings can be logically explained to a certain extent, for example, the onomatopoeia, words which are coined on the basis of imitation of sounds by sounds such as bang, crash,etc.. Take compounds for another example. The two elements “photo” and “copy” in “photocopy” are non-motivated, but the compound is not arbitrary.10. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?1) In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.2) In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.3) Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later at school.11. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.12. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.1) The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as `import andimport. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting of the same elements. A phonological feature of the English compounds is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for example: `blackbird is a particular kind of bird, which is not necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is black.2) The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives, adverbs etc are pronounced with greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a word in sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to achieve different effect. Take the sentence “He is driving my car.” For example, to emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed.3) English has four basic types of intonation, known as the four tones: When spoken in different tones, the same sequence of words may have different meanings. Generally speaking, the falling tone indicates that what is said is a straight-forward, matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes a question of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.13. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for other results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds then represent different phonemes.14. What are the main features of the English compounds?Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calculable from the meanings of all its components. Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.15. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”.Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”. Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless”.16. What are the basic components of a sentence?Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and its predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase.17. Are the elements in a sentence linearly structured? Why?No. Language is both linearly and hierarchically structured. When a sentence is uttered or written down, the words of the sentence are produced one after another in a sequence. A closer examination of a sentence shows that a sentence is not composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic. In fact, sentences are also hierarchically structured. They are organized by grouping together words of the same syntactic category, such as noun phrase (NP) or verb phrase (VP), as can be seen from the following tree diagram:SNP VPDet N V NPDet NThe boy likes the music.18. What are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis of sentence structures?The tree diagram can not only reveal a linear order, but also a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents. It can, in addition, show the syntactic category of each structural constituent, thus it is believed to most truthfully illustratethe constituent relationship among linguistic elements.。
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)
有答案的第一部分选择题41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）五、论述题(每小题10分，共20分)36.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(2)He saw young men and women present.(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.37.Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.re-un-anti-super--wise-itis-ize-age英语语言学试题（3）Ⅴ.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41.Explain with examples the three notions of phone, phoneme and allophone, and also how they are related.英语语言学试题（5）五、论述题(第41、42小题各7分，第43小题6分，共20分)41. Under what conditions will two sounds be assigned to the same phoneme?42. For the following sentence, draw a tree diagram to reveal its underlying structure.The girl ate the orange.43. Study the passage taken from Shakespeare’s HAMLET below carefully and identify every difference in expression between Elizabethan and Modern English that is evident.King: Where is Polonius?Hamlet: In heaven, Send thither to see.If your messenger find him not there,seek him i’ the other place yourself.But indeed, if you find him not withinthis month, you shall nose him as yougo up the stairs into the lobby.Act IV, Scene iii英语语言学试题（6）41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are called suprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating withexamples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features.英语语言学试题（7）五、论述题（每小题10分，共20分）1. Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle:A: Where’ve you been?B: Out.2. Analyse the following words and show how many morphemes each of them contains:specialize , indisputable, individualistic, downfall, unexceptionableness, ungentlemanliness(每个语素0. 5分)英语语言学试题（8）语言学试题)41.Why do we say tree diagrams are more advantageous and informative than linear structure in analyzing the constituent relationship among linguistic elements? Support your statement with examples.42.Describe the process of language perception, comprehension and production英语语言学试题（9）语言学试题及参考答案41. Explain sociological triggers for language change by giving a typical example in the history of English.42. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.语言学试题参考答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）1、C2、C3、D4、D5、D6、B7、B8、C9、A 10、D二、填空题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）11、knowledge12、bilabial13、morphology14、sentence15、complete16、representatives17、coinage18、delete19、critical20、interlanguage三、判断改错题（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，共20分）21、FActually modern linguistics lays more emphasis on the spoken form of language than the written form for a number of reasons.22、FVoicing distinguishes meaning in English but not in Chinese.23、FThe meaning of some compound words has nothing to do with the sum total of the meanings of their components, such as the compound "redcoat".24、FApart from S and C, they also refer to a word, or aphrase that performs a particular grammatical function.25、FDialectal synonyms can often be found not only in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but also within the variety itself. For example, within British English, "girl" is called "lassie" in Scottish dialect, and "liquor" is called "whishey" in Irish dialect.26、T27、T28、FThey have a fairly clear fairly clear functional differentiation, i.e. one language may be used in some domains, other language in other domains.29、FThe true statement is "According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, language determinesspeakers' perceptions and patterns their way of life"30、T四、名词解释题（本大题共10小题，每小题3分，共30分）31、One of the major defining features of human language. Human language consists of two levels. At the lower level, there are a limited number of sounds which are meaningless while at the higher level there are an unlimited number of combinations of these sounds. It is also known as double articulation.32、Linguistics that studies language over a period of time, also known as historical linguistics, e.g.the study of the Chinese language since the end of the Qing dynasty up to the present.33、A way to transcribe speech sounds. The basic principle is to use one letter to indicate one sound. It is generally used in dictionaries and language teachingtextbooks.34、The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word, e.g.-ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.35、a rewrite rule that allows for the possible combinations of words to form phrases and sentences36、Relational opposites, a kind of antonyms, refer to pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items. For example, "husband" and "wife", "father" and "son" etc.37、Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features. For example, the word "man" is analyzed as comprising of +HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE.38、Context is regarded as constituted by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer, For example, the knowledge of the language used and the knowledge of the world, including the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place.39、A euphemism is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid more direct wording that might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive, e.g. "pass away" for "die".40、Brain lateralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brain. For example, the right hemisphere processes stimuli more holistically and the left hemisphere more analytically. In most people, the left hemisphere has primary responsibility for language, while the right hemisphere controls visual and spatial skills.五、论述题（本大题共2小题，每小题10分，共20分）41、The inventory of sounds can change, and sound changes include changes in vowel sounds, sound loss, sound addition, and sound movement.1) Vowel sound change: English has undergone the systematic and regular change in the vowel sounds, known as the Great Vowel shift which occurred at the end of the Middle English period and which involved seven long, or tense vowels. These changes led to one of the major discrepancies between the phonemic representations of words and morphemes, i.e. between pronunciation and the spelling system of Modern English, e.g.five→/fi:v/(Middle English)→/faiv/(Modern English)2) Sound loss: Sounds can change by the loss of phonemes. In the history of English the velar fricative /x/ was lost. This sound existed in Old English, so "night" was pronounced as /nixt/, but in Modern English, its pronunciation is /nait/.3) Sound addition: Sound addition includes the gain orinsertion of a sound. For example, the word leisure was borrowed from French, so the phoneme /3/ was added to the inventory of English sounds. A change that involves the insertion of a consonant or vowel sound to the middle of a word is known as epenthesis,e.g.spinle--spindle.4) Sound movement: Sound change as a result of sound movement known as metathesis involves a reversal in position of two adjoining sound segments. Metathesis is less common, but it does exist. In some dialects of English, for example, the word ask is pronounced /? ks/. Also, bridd ("bird") is an Old English word. When metathesis occurred to this word, the movement of /r/ sound to the right of the vowel sound resulted in its Modern English counterpart "bird".评分标准：满分为10分，总论及四小点各占2分。
高二英语语言学要点练习题40题
高二英语语言学要点单选题40题1.Which word has a different vowel sound from the others?A.catB.hatC.cakeD.map答案：C。
A、B、D 选项中的单词元音发音都是/æ/，而C 选项中cake 的元音发音是/eɪ/。
2.Which word has the same consonant sound at the end as “fish”?A.dishB.bushshD.rush答案：A。
fish 和dish 结尾的辅音发音都是/ʃ/。
B 选项bush 结尾辅音是/ʃ/，但中间元音不同；C 选项lash 结尾辅音是/ʃ/，但整体发音不同；D 选项rush 结尾辅音是/ʃ/，但整体发音不同。
3.Which word has a different initial consonant sound from the others?A.penB.banC.canD.van答案：A。
B、C、D 选项中单词的起始辅音发音都是/v/，而 A选项中pen 的起始辅音发音是/p/。
4.Which word has the same vowel sound as “meet”?A.beatB.meatC.heatD.feet答案：D。
A、B、C 选项中的单词元音发音都是/iː/，与meet 的元音发音相同，D 选项中feet 的元音发音也是/iː/。
5.Which word has a different vowel sound in the middle from the others?A.sitB.bitC.fitD.pite答案：D。
A、B、C 选项中的单词元音发音都是/ɪ/，而D 选项中pite 的元音发音是/aɪ/。
6.Which word has the same final consonant sound as “bag”?gB.magC.sagD.tag答案：D。
（完整版）“英语语言学”考试题型、课堂练习与答案（1）
（完整版）“英语语言学”考试题型、课堂练习与答案（1）各位好！请大家注意以下几点：1. 英语语言学期末考试及其补考的复习范围和题型一致；2. 收到此邮件，请在同学之间传阅；3. 本邮件内容有三：考试题型、参考问答题、课堂练习及其答案。
祝大家学习快乐！考试顺利！Examination Items考试题型上海外国语大学继续教育学院2014年第1学期英语本科五年级和专升本科三年级“语言学”期末试卷考试时间：60分钟班级____________ 学号____________ 姓名____________I. Fill in the blanks with suitable terms. (30%)II. Judge if the following statements are true or false. (30%)III. Choose any two of the following questions to answer. (40%)Questions for Reference参考问答题1. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar? (P6)2. Please differentiate the following pairs of terms.voicing and voiceless (P16)vowels and consonants (P18) aspirated and unaspirated (P18)phones and phonemes (P23)3. Give a brief account of the kinds of morphemes in English language with examples. (P33-36)4. Why is English rich in synonyms? And how can we classify them? (P66-68)Exercises and Key 课堂练习及其答案Practice 1 Introduction1.Linguistics is the scientific study of __________.2.__________ linguistics studies language change over various periods of time andat various historical stages while __________ linguistics studies language at one particular point of time.3.The __________ study of language studies the historical development of languageover a period of time, and it is a historical study.4.__________ and __________ are the two major media of linguisticcommunication.5.The distinction between __________ and parole was made by the Swiss linguist F.de Saussure in the early 20th century while the distinction between competence and _________ was proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950s.6.Chomsky uses the term __________ to refer to the actual realization of a languageuser’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.7.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several different ways.Firstly, linguistics is __________ while traditional grammar is __________;Secondly, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as __________, not the written; Thirdly, modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages intoa _________-based framework.8.As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actuallyuse, and not to lay down rules for “correct” linguisticbehavior, it is said to be __________.9.The defining properties of human language are: creativity, __________,__________, __________, __________.10.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is goodproof that human language is __________.11.Generally speaking, three main functions are often recognized of language: thedescriptive functions, the expressive function, and the __________ function. 12.According to the British linguist Halliday’s simpler system of language functions,the ideational function is to organize the speaker or writer’s experience of the real or imaginary world, and the __________ function is to indicate, establish, or maintain social relationship between people while the __________ function is to organize written or spoken texts in such a manner that they are coherent within themselves and fit the particular situation in which they are used.Practice 2 Introduction1.Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken.2.Speech and writing are the two major media of language. All languages in theworld today can be both spoken and written.3.The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech;thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.4.Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimesdescriptive.5.With their respective distinction between langue and parole, and competence andperformance, both Saussure and Chomsky present the view that only the abstract structure of language can be studied systematically, but not its use.6.The distinction between langue and parole was proposed by the Swiss linguist F.de Saussure. Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while parole refers to the concrete use of conventions and rules, thus varying from person to person.7.An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists intheir study of language is that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the “best authors” for language usage./doc/e412750833.htmlnguage can be studied both synchronically and diachronically. The twoapproaches are equally favored by modern linguists./doc/e412750833.htmlnguage is entirely arbitrary.10.Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e. we are all born with theability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.1.Phonetics is the study of the phonic medium of language. It has three branches:__________, __________ and auditory phonetics.2.The study of how people use their speech organs to produce speech sounds is ofgreat interest to those working in __________ phonetics.3.The articulatory apparatus of a human being contains three important areas(cavities): __________, __________ and nasal cavity.4.Of all the speech organs, the __________ is the most flexible.5.V oicing as a quality of speech sounds is caused by the vibration of __________ .6. A sound is __________ when its production is accompanied by a puff of breath.This is characteristic of the English voiceless stops in initial position, e.g. [pi:l]. 7.__________ transcription is the one required and used by the phoneticians in theirstudy of speech sounds.8.In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t] [d] [s] [z] [n] sharethe feature __________.9.All the back vowels in English are pronounced with rounded lips except__________.10.__________ are produced by moving from one vowel position to another throughintervening positions.11.The orthographic representation of speech sounds with diacritics is normally notused in dictionaries and teaching textbooks.12.V oicing is a feature of all consonants and some vowels.13.In producing a vowel the air stream coming from the lungs meets with noobstruction whatsoever while in the production of a consonant it is obstructed in one way or another.14.The English stops include [p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] [f] [v].15.All the English nasal consonants are voiced.16.With no exception all the front vowels in English are unrounded.17.With no exception all the back vowels in English are rounded.18.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a longvowel such as /i:/, the larynx is in a state of tension.19.Although the [l] sound is represented by the same symbol in the two combinationsof [li:f] and [fi:l], it is actually pronounced differently.20.If a Chinese speaker pronounces the /l/ sound in /fi:l/ not as a dark [], but as aclear [l], he will be misunderstood by a native speaker as saying something else.1.[p], and [p] are the __________ of the same phoneme /p/.2.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment are calledsuprasegmental features. They include __________, __________ and intonation.3.The tone, defined as pitch variation, is an important suprasegmental feature oftone languages such as __________.4.The negative prefix “in-” in English, when added to the adjective “possible”, isactually pronounced /im/, and spelt as “im-”. This is the result of the __________ rule at work.5.To form the present tense, 3rd person singular, of the verb “teach”, we have to add“-es”, instead of just “-s” to it. This is required by the __________rule of English.6. A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focusedon the production of speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish meaning.7. A phone is a phonetic segment while a phoneme is a phonological unit.8.Clear [l] and dark [] form the relation of complementary distribution for theyoccur in the same position in sound combinations and also distinguish meaning.9./p/ and /b/ in [ pit ] and [ bit ] are in contrastive distribution.10.Phonological rules are not language specific, i.e. once proved to be valid, they canbe applied to all languages.11.In English, if a word begins with a [l] or a [r], the next must be a vowel.12.The three voiceless stops /p/, /t/, /k/ are aspirated when preceded by /s/ andfollowed by a vowel./doc/e412750833.htmlually in the two-syllable words, the noun has the stress on the first syllable andthe corresponding verb has the stress on the second syllable.14.Stress is a suprasegmental feature that is exclusively used with words, not withsentences.15.Chinese is often cited as examples of typical tone language because tone plays animportant role in distinguishing meaning.1.is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of wordsand the rules by which words are formed.2.The morpheme “-vision” in the common word “television” is a(n)________morpheme.3.There are different types of morphemes. “-ed” in the word "lea rned" is known asa(n)__________ morpheme.4.The words that contain only one morpheme can be called ________ morphemes.5.The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, but must be combined withother morphemes to form words are called morphemes.6.In English, nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and conjunctions make up the largestpart of the vocabulary. They are open classes.7.Such endings as “-ed”and “-ing” are called derivational morphemes because newgrammatical forms are derived by adding them to existing words.8.The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts.9. A compound is the combination of only two words.10.The word “carelessness” is a three-morpheme word formed by a free morpheme“care” + affix “-less” + affix “-ness”.11.The meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, not always being the sum total ofthe meanings of its components.12.The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicatesthat the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.13.Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.14.The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech ofthe second element, without exception.15.A compound can be written as one word with or withouta hyphen between itscomponents, or as two separate words. It is simply a matter of convention.1.Historically, different views have been suggested concerning the study of meaning.In our textbook, some views on semantics have been exemplified. They are naming things, __________, __________, __________ and mentalism.2.The naming theory was proposed by __________.3.Of the views concerning the study of meaning, the one in which meaning isexplained in terms of observable stimuli and responses made by participants in specific situations is referred to as __________.4.__________ is concerned with the inherent meaning if the linguistic form. It is thecollection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and decontextualized. __________ means what a linguisticform refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.5.Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called__________ synonyms.6.C omplete Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which “girl”and “lass” belong is called __________ synonym.7.Antonyms are divided into several kinds. They are gradable antonyms,__________ antonyms and __________ opposites.8.“Cold” and “hot” are called __________ antonyms.9.__________ refers to a paradigmatic relation between a more specific, orsubordinate, lexeme and a more general, or superordinate, lexeme. This can be exemplified by such pairs as cow: animal; rose: flower.10.__________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word may have a set ofdifferent meanings. For example, “mouth” means “organ of body”, “entrance of cave” etc.11.“Lead” (metal) and “lead” (dog’s lead) are spelt in the same way, but pronounceddifferently. This is called __________.12.“Can I borrow your bike?”__________ “You have a bike.”13.__________ is an approach adopted by structural semanticists in describing themeaning of words.14.Predication analysis is a way to analyze __________ meaning.15.In terms of predication analysis, the utterance “Is it going to snow this afternoon?”is a __________ -place predication.1.Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning.2.The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between asymbol and reference, i.e. between language and thought.3.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in differentsituations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense.4.“Site” and “sight”, “meat”and “meet”, “sow” and “sew” are in relationship ofhomography.5.English is rich in synonyms for historical reasons but complete synonyms, i.e.synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances, are rare.6.Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such asBritish English and American English, but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.7.There are different kinds of antonyms because words opposite in meaning do notcontrast each other only on a single dimension.8.The important criteria to distinguish polysemy from homonymy are the etymologyof the words in question and the closeness of the relationship between the meanings in question.9.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is thatpresupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.10.A grammatically well-formed sentence is always semantically well-formed.Key to ExercisesPractice 1 Introduction1. language or languages in general2. Diachronic, synchronic3. diachronic4. Speech, writing5. langue, performance6. performance7. descriptive, prescriptive; primary; Latin8. descriptive9. arbitrariness, duality; displacement, cultural transmission10. arbitrary11. social12. interpersonal, textualPractice 2 Introduction1. F;2. F;3. T;4. F;5. T6. T;7. T;8. F;9. F; 10. FPractice 3 Phonetics1. articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics2. articulatory3. pharyngeal cavity, oral cavity4. tongue5. vocal cords6. aspirated7. Narrow8. alveolar9. []10. Diphthongs11. T; 12. F; 13. T; 14. F; 15. T16.T; 17. F; 18. T; 19. T; 20. FPractice 4 Phonology1. allophones2. stress, tone3. Chinese4. assimilation5. sequential6. T;7. T;8. F;9. T; 10. F11. T; 12. F; 13.T; 14. F. 15. TPractice 5 Morphology1. Morphology2. free3. inflectional4. free or root5. derivational;6. F;7. F;8. T;9. F; 10. T11. T; 12. F; 13. F; 14. F; 15. TPractice 6 Semantics1. conceptualism, contextualism, behaviorism2. Plato3. behaviorism4. Sense, Reference5. complete6. dialectal7. complementary, relational8. gradable9. Hyponymy10. Polysemy11. homonymy or homography12. presupposes13. Componential analysis14. sentence15. noPractice 7 Semantics1. T;2. F;3. F;4. F;5. T6. F;7. T;8. T;9. T; 10. F。
语言学试题及答案英文
语言学试题及答案英文1. 语言学是一门研究什么领域的学科？A. 人类语言B. 人类行为C. 人类文化D. 人类心理答案：A2. 请列举至少三种语言的类型。
答案：分析语言、综合语言、多词根语言。
3. 什么是音位学？A. 研究语言中意义的学科B. 研究语言中语法结构的学科C. 研究语言中声音系统的学科D. 研究语言中词汇的学科答案：C4. 下列哪项是语言学研究的主要分支？A. 社会语言学B. 物理化学C. 植物学D. 经济学答案：A5. 请解释“语言变异”的含义。
答案：语言变异指的是在不同地区、社会群体或个人之间，语言的发音、词汇、语法等方面存在的差异。
6. 什么是语用学？A. 研究语言如何被使用的学科B. 研究语言如何被创造的学科C. 研究语言如何被理解的学科D. 研究语言如何被翻译的学科答案：A7. 请列举两种语言的书写系统。
答案：表音文字（如英文）、表意文字（如汉字）。
8. 什么是语言的同化？A. 一种语言逐渐被另一种语言所替代B. 一种语言的词汇被另一种语言的词汇所替代C. 一种语言的语法结构被另一种语言的语法结构所替代D. 一种语言的发音系统被另一种语言的发音系统所替代答案：A9. 语言学中的“语料库”是什么？A. 语言学家收集的大量语言数据B. 语言学家进行实验的实验室C. 语言学家进行教学的教室D. 语言学家进行研究的图书馆答案：A10. 下列哪个术语与语言的演变无关？A. 语言演化B. 语言变迁C. 语言接触D. 语言创造答案：D。
英语语言学试题及答案
英语语言学试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" in linguistics refers to:A. A single speech soundB. A combination of two speech soundsC. A set of speech sounds that can be exchanged without changing the meaning of a wordD. The pronunciation of a word in a particular dialect答案：C2. Which of the following is an example of "synchronic" analysis?A. Studying how a language has changed over timeB. Studying a language at a single point in timeC. Comparing two languages from different language familiesD. Analyzing the grammar of a dead language答案：B3. The "active voice" in English is characterized by:A. The subject of the sentence performs the actionB. The subject of the sentence receives the actionC. The use of passive constructionsD. The absence of a subject in the sentence答案：A4. Which of the following sentence structures is considered "inverse"?A. Subject-Verb-ObjectB. Object-Subject-VerbC. Verb-Object-SubjectD. Subject-Object-Verb答案：B5. The process of "creolization" results in the formation of:A. A pidginB. A dialectC. A creoleD. A standard language答案：C6. In English, the word "run" can function as:a. A nounb. A verbc. An adjectived. All of the above答案：D7. The term "register" refers to:A. The highest pitch a voice can reachB. A dialect used by a particular social groupC. The level of formality in language useD. A type of linguistic accent答案：C8. The "universal grammar" hypothesis was proposed by:A. Noam ChomskyB. B.F. SkinnerC. Ferdinand de SaussureD. Edward Sapir答案：A9. The "allophone" of the English phoneme /p/ in the word "spin" is:A. Aspirated [pʰ]B. Unaspirated [p]C. Voiced [b]D. Voiceless [p]答案：A10. The linguistic concept of "polysemy" refers to:A. The use of a single word to express multiple meaningsB. The use of multiple words to express a single meaningC. The change in meaning of a word over timeD. The complete replacement of one word by another答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The study of language in relation to the brain and the nervous system is known as __________.答案：neurolinguistics2. A(n) __________ is a word that has a meaning and stands alone, typically consisting of a single morpheme.3. The __________ of a word is the set of words that are used together with it and influence its meaning.4. In linguistics, __________ refers to the smallest unit of meaning in a language.5. The __________ is the standard form of a verb that is typically used when conjugating the verb in the present tense.6. A(n) __________ is a word that is formed from a root word and one or more affixes.7. The __________ is the study of the historical developmentof languages.8. The __________ is the systematic study of the structureand function of words.9. The __________ is the study of the way in which languages change over time due to contact with other languages.10. The __________ is the branch of linguistics that studies the sounds of a language and how they function in a system ofcommunication.三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 描述语音学中的“最小对立对”概念，并给出一个英语例子。
英语语言学linian试题及答案
英语语言学linian试题及答案英语语言学试题及答案1. 语言学的主要分支有哪些？答案：语言学的主要分支包括语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学、社会语言学、心理语言学、神经语言学、计算语言学等。
2. 请解释“语言习得”和“语言学习”的区别。
答案：语言习得是指儿童在成长过程中自然掌握母语的能力，而语言学习则是指在学校或其他正式环境中有意识地学习第二语言或外语。
3. 什么是语言的“深层结构”和“表层结构”？答案：深层结构是指句子的内在意义和逻辑关系，而表层结构则是指句子的外在形式，即我们实际听到或说出的句子。
4. 请列举至少三种不同的语言变异现象。
答案：语言变异现象包括地域变异（方言）、社会变异（社会方言）、时间变异（历史方言）等。
5. 什么是转换生成语法？答案：转换生成语法是由诺姆·乔姆斯基提出的语言学理论，它认为所有人类语言都遵循一套普遍的语法规则，而这些规则可以通过转换规则从深层结构转换到表层结构。
6. 请解释“语码转换”和“语码混合”的概念。
答案：语码转换是指在不同语言或方言之间切换使用，而语码混合则是指在同一句话中混合使用两种或两种以上的语言或方言。
7. 语言学中“语料库”的作用是什么？答案：语料库是语言学研究中用来收集和分析自然语言数据的大型数据库，它可以帮助研究者进行语言模式、语言变化和语言使用等方面的研究。
8. 请简述“语言相对性假设”。
答案：语言相对性假设，也称为萨丕尔-沃尔夫假设，认为一个人的思维方式受到其母语的影响，即语言的结构决定了思维的结构。
9. 什么是“语言的普遍语法”？答案：语言的普遍语法是指所有人类语言共有的一套基本语法规则，这些规则是语言能力的基础，由诺姆·乔姆斯基提出。
10. 请解释“语境”在语言交际中的作用。
答案：语境是指语言交际发生的环境，包括物理环境、社会环境和心理环境等。
语境对语言的理解和使用有重要影响，它可以帮助解释语言的模糊性，提供语言交流的背景信息。
英语语言学试卷精粹及答案(10套题)
有答案的第一部分选择题I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decidewhich one of the four choices best completes the statement and put theletter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%)1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior,it is said to be ___.A、prescriptiveB、sociolinguisticC、descriptiveD、psycholinguistic2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible.A、mouthB、lipsC、tongueD、vocal cords3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___.A、bound morphemeB、bound formC、inflectional morphemeD、free morpheme4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word thatintroduces the embedded clause.A、coordinatorB、particleC、prepositionD、subordinator主从连词5、"Can I borrow your bike?" ___ "You have a bike."A、is synonymous withB、is inconsistent withC、entailsD、presupposes6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___.A、semanticsB、pragmaticsC、sociolinguisticsD、psycholinguistics7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization泛化.A、elaborationB、simplification精简C、external borrowingD、internal borrowing8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication.A、Lingua franca通用语B、CreoleC、PidginD、Standard language标准语言9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ .A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus 角回B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortexC、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neuronsD、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconcious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A、learningB、competenceC、performanceD、acquisition第二部分非选择题II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change theletter given. (1%×10=10%)11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user'sk of the rules of his language.12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b .13、M is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.14、A s is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a completestatement, question or command.15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under allcircumstances are called c synonyms.16、The illocutionary point of r is to commit the speaker tosomething's being the case, to the truth of what has been said.17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c .18、Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (he+is→he's), Black English can d the form of "be".19、The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty, which is called the c period for first language acquisition.20、As a type of linguistic system in 12 learning, i is a product of L2 training, mother tongue intereference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true orfalse. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of eachstatement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why youthink so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)()21、In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is given more emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.()22、Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in bothChinese and English.()23、The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. Thisindicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meaningsof its components.()24、Syntactic categories refer to sentences (S) and clauses (C) only.()25、Dialectal synonyms can often be found in differentregional dialectssuch as British English and American English but cannot be found withinthe variety itself, for example, within British English or AmericanEnglish.()26、Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violatedand the hearer knows that it is being violated do conversationalimplicatures arise.()27、The territory in which the Indo-European languages are mainly spokentoday also includes languages that are not Indo-European.()28、In most bilingual communities, two languages have the same in speechsituations known as domains.()29、According to the strong version of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,speakers' perceptions determine language and pattern their way of life.()30、All normal children have equal ability to acquire their firstlanguage.IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples forillustration. (3%×10=30%)31、duality32、diachronic linguistics33、broad transcription34、morphological rules35、phrase structure rule36、relational opposites37、componential analysis38、context39、euphemism40、brain lateralizationV. Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41、Explain how the inventory of sounds can change, giving some examples inEnglish for illustration.42、Briefly discuss the individual factors which affect the acquisition ofa second language.英语语言学试题（2）一、单项选择题(在每小题的四个备选答案中，选出一个正确答案，并将正确答案的序号填在题干的括号内。
英语专业语言学导论考试试题
英语专业语言学导论考试试题一、选择题1、以下哪个选项不属于语言学的范畴？A.语音学B.句法学C.语义学D.政治学2、下列哪一项不是语言学的研究对象？A.语言的发音机制B.语言的语法结构C.语言的社交功能D.语言的生物属性3、哪种语言学理论认为语言是自然现象？A.行为主义理论B.先天语言能力理论C.进化语言学理论D.交际语言学理论二、简答题1、请简述语言学中的索绪尔假设是什么？并解释其对语言学研究的影响。
2、请阐述结构主义语言学的基本观点及其主要贡献。
3、请说明语言学中的“能指”和“所指”概念，并举例说明。
三、论述题1、请结合实例论述语言学中的“语境”概念，以及它在语言使用中的作用。
2、请阐述语言学中的“言语行为理论”，并说明其对语言习得和语言交际的指导意义。
四、分析题请分析以下这段话，并说明其中涉及了哪些语言学概念？“在这个句子中，主语是‘我’，谓语是‘喜欢’，宾语是‘巧克力’，这是一个简单的陈述句。
”（提示：句子结构、主谓宾、句法等）以下哪个不是教育技术学的主要研究对象？（）教育技术学中的“技术”一词通常指的是（）。
以下哪一项不是教育技术学的发展历程？（）以下哪个理论是教育技术学中的基础理论？（）请从技术角度说明教育技术学对教育的推动作用。
请论述教育技术学对教育改革的影响。
专业英语八级考试是针对英语专业学生的高难度语言考试，旨在测试学生的英语综合能力，包括听力、阅读、写作和翻译等方面的技能。
以下是一份专业英语八级考试试题的样例，供大家参考。
听一段录音材料，根据问题选择答案。
录音材料涉及一些学术领域的讨论，包括社会科学、自然科学等。
问题类型包括选择题和填空题。
阅读一篇文章，回答问题。
文章可能涉及一些学术领域的内容，包括社会科学、自然科学等。
问题类型包括选择题和问答题。
根据给定的主题写一篇文章，字数要求在500字左右。
文章主题可能涉及一些学术领域的内容，例如文化、历史、经济等。
文章需要结构清晰，语法正确，表达准确。
英语语言学试题3及答案
英语语言学试题3及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 在语言学中，研究语言结构的学科被称为：A. 社会语言学B. 心理语言学C. 结构语言学D. 应用语言学答案：C2. 语言中最小的意义单位是：A. 音素B. 词C. 语素D. 句子答案：C3. 下列哪项是语言的任意性特征？A. 语言的规则性B. 语言的创造性C. 语言的任意性D. 语言的稳定性答案：C4. 英语中，单词“cat”的词根是：A. catB. -catC. -cattD. ca-答案：A5. 语言的“经济性原则”指的是：A. 用最少的音位表达最多的意义B. 用最少的词汇表达最多的意义C. 用最少的句型表达最多的意义D. 用最少的语法规则表达最多的意义答案：A6. “Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for communication.” 这句话中，“arbitrary”一词的意思是：A. 任意的B. 必然的C. 相关的D. 必要的答案：A7. 语言学家乔姆斯基认为，人类天生具有：A. 语言能力B. 语言知识C. 语言习惯D. 语言技巧答案：A8. 语言的“双重艺术性”指的是：A. 语言的创造性和规范性B. 语言的任意性和规约性C. 语言的表达性和接收性D. 语言的描述性和规定性答案：B9. 下列哪个选项不是语言的功能？A. 信息传递B. 情感表达C. 社会控制D. 艺术创作答案：D10. 在英语中，单词“university”的词缀“uni-”表示：A. 一B. 多C. 不D. 再答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 语言学的三个主要分支是语音学、__________和句法学。
答案：语法学2. 根据语言的起源，语言学可以分为历史语言学和__________语言学。
答案：比较3. 语言的“规约性”指的是语言符号的__________。
答案：约定性4. 在语言学中，研究语言在社会中的功能和影响的学科被称为__________语言学。
语言学能力测试题库与解析
语言学能力测试题库与解析1. 词汇测试题目：根据所给的中文释义，选择最恰当的英文单词。
1) 对策 (A) strategy (B) tactic (C) solution (D) approach2) 缺点 (A) flaw (B) advantage (C) strength (D) benefit3) 惩罚 (A) reward (B) punishment (C) consequence (D) penalty解析：1) A。
根据中文释义，对策的意思是"strategy"，表示为一种解决问题的计划或方案。
2) A。
缺点表示不足或不完美的一部分，最适合的词汇是"flaw"，表示某物的缺陷或问题。
3) B。
惩罚的英文是"punishment"，表示对违反规定或犯错行为的处罚措施。
2. 语法测试题目：选择最佳的选项来修正下面句子中的语法错误。
1) She invited Jessica and me to dinner, but I could not go because I have a test tomorrow.(A) She invited Jessica and me (B) She invited Jessica and myself(C) She invited Jessica and I (D) She invited Jessica and another person解析：A。
正确选项是"A"，即"She invited Jessica and me to dinner"，使用了正确的宾格代词"me"作为动词"invite"的宾语。
3. 句子改错题目：在下列句子中找出并改正语法错误。
1) There is many people in the park.解析：将"is"改为"are"，即"There are many people in the park."，因为"people"是复数形式。
语言学考试要点(考试重点整理)
Chapter 1 Introduction1. What is linguistics? Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. The scope of linguistics:(1 ). phonetics 语音学；phonology 音位学；morphology 形态学；syntax 句法学；pragmatics 语用学(2). sociolinguistics 社会语言学；psycholinguistics 心理语言学；applied linguistics 应用语言学3. Some important distinction in linguistics(1) Descriptive vs. prescriptive描述性与规定性①If a linguistics study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use,it is said to be descriptive;②If the linguistics study aims to lay down rules for”correct and standard”behaviorin using language, i.e. to tell people what they should say and what they shouldnot say, it is said to be prescriptive.(2)Synchronic vs. diachronic共时性与历时性①A synchronicdescription takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, thepresent) as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.②Diachronic linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history.(2) Langue & parole 语言与会话①Language refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of aspeech community.②Parole refers to the realization of language in actual use.(4)Competence and performance 语言能力与语言运用①A language user's unconsciousknowledge about the system of rules is called hislinguistic competence.②Performance refers to the actual use of language in concrete situations.(5)speech and writing 语言与文字Speech and writing are the two major media of communication.(6)traditional grammar and modern linguistic 传统语法与现代语言学4. Definition of language:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Language is a system, i.e., elements of language are combined according to rules.Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistics symbol and what the symbol stands.Language is vocal because the primary medium for all languages is sound.The term “human”in the definition is meant to specify that language is hum-asnpecific.5. Design features of language6. (1) Arbitrariness 任意性refers to the forms of linguistic signs bear no naturalrelationship to their meaning. (sounds and meanings)(2) Productivity(creativity) 能产性Language is productive in that it makes possible theconstruction and interpretation of new signals by its users.(3) duality 双重性The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of theprimary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levelshas its own principles of organization.(4) displacement 移位性Human Languages enable their users to symbolize objects, eventsand concepts which are not present (in time and space) at moment of communication.(5)cultural transmission 文化传承性7. Functions of language(1) referential (to convey message and information),(2) poetic (to indulge in language for its own sake),(3) emotive (to express attitudes, feelings and emotions),(4) conative (to persuade and influence others through commands and requests),(5) phatic (to establish communion with others)(6) metalingual (to clear up intentions and meanings).①Informative( 信息功能): to give information about facts. (ideational)②Interpersonal( 人际功能): to establish and maintain social status in a society.(age,sex, language, background, accent, status)③Performative( 施为功能) : language is used to do things, to perform certain actions.(name, promise, apologize, sorry, declare)④. Emotive/Expressive (情感功能): to express feelings and attitudes of the speaker.⑤Phatic communion( 寒暄交流) : to use small and meaningless expressions to establisha comfortable relationship or maintain social contact between people without any factualcontent. (health, weather)⑥Recreational function( 娱乐): the use of language for sheer joy. (lyrics, poetry)⑦Metalingual function( 元语言功能): to talk about language itself.8.9.Chapter 2 Phonology1. Phonetics（语音学）is the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with allthe sounds that occur in the world ’lasnguages. Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.2. Orthographic representation of speech sounds：broad transcription （宽式标音）and narrow transcription （严式标音）A broad transcription （宽式标音）is the transcription with letter-symbols only.A narrow transcription （严式标音）is a transcription with letter symbols together withdiacritics.3. Phonology（音位学）is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages.4.The differences between phonetics and phonology（: 语音的正字表征）①Both are concerned with the same aspect of language----the speech sounds. But theydiffer in their approach and focus.②Phonetics is of general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all humanlanguages; it aims to answer questions like: how they are produced, how they differ fromeach other, what phonetic features they have, how they can be classified, etc. ③Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.10. Phone（音素）, phoneme（音位）, allophone（音位变体）A phone---- a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce duringlinguistic communication are all phones.A phoneme---- is a phonological unit; it is a unit of distinctive value; an abstract unit, not aparticular sound, but it is represented by a certain phone in certain phonetic context11. Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution and minimal pair. （音位对立，互补分布，最小对立体）12. Some rules of phonology（音位学规则）Sequential rules 序列规则Assimilation rule 同化规则Deletion rule 省略规则13. Suprasegmental features （超音段特征）：stress重音，tone 音调，intonation 语调14.15.Chapter 3 Morphology5.Classification of words（1）Variable vs. invariable words: 可变词类和不可变词类Variable words: One could find ordered and regular series of grammatically different word forms; on the other hand, part of the word remains constant follow, follows, following, followed; mat, matsInvariable words: those words such as since, when, seldom, through, hello . They do not have inflective endings.（2）Grammatical words vs. lexical words: 语法词类和词汇词类Grammatical words: express grammatical meanings, such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronounsLexical words: have lexical meanings, those which refer to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.（3）Closed-class words vs. open-class words:封闭词类和开放词类Closed-class: a word whose membership is fixed or limited. New members are not regularly added. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc.Open-class: A word whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbsGrammatical---lexical words closed-class---open-class words6. Morphere( 词素)：the minimal meaningful unit of language.7. Linguistics use the term morphology to refer the part of the grammar that is concerned withword formation and word structure.8. Free morpheme & bound morpheme( 自由语素和黏着语素)A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a free morpheme; a morpheme thatmust be attached to another one is a bound morpheme.9. The variant forms of a morpheme are called its allomorphs.( 词素变体)10. Inflectional affix & derivational affix(屈折词缀和派生词缀)11. Compound: those words that consist of more than one free morphemes, the way to join twoseparate words to produce a single form. In compounds, the lexical morphemes can be ofdifferent word classes.16. Compounds can be further divided into two kinds:the endocentric compound ( 向心复合词) the exocentric compound( 离心复合词)17. Endocentric : one element serves as the head, the relationship of sel“f-c a o n k t i r n o d l:of ”; ega kind of control armchair: a kind of chair18. Exocentric: there is no head, so not a relationship of “akind of something ”e,gscarecrow: not a kind of crow breakneck: not a kind of neck19.Chapter 4 Syntax12. What is Syntax （句法）?Syntax is the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined toform sentences. 句法就是研究语言的不同成分组成句子的规则13. Syntactic relations can be analyzed into three kinds:relations of position 位置关系relations of substitutability 替代关系relations of co-occurrence 同现关系14.15.16.Chapter 5 Semantics1. What is Semantics?Semantics is the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences. 语义学是研究单词、短语和句子的意义的学科2.The conceptualist view①The conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form andwhat it refers to (i.e. between language and the real world); rather, in the interpretation ofmeaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.②This is illustrated by the classic semantic triangle or triangle of significance suggested byOgden and Richard.Thought/reference/conceptSymbol/form referencentword/phrase/sentence③The symbol or form refers to the linguistic elements (words and phrases);Thereferent refers to the object in the world of experience;Thought or reference refers to concept.The symbol or a word signifies things by virtue of the concept associated with theform of the word in the minds of the speaker; and the concept looked at from thispoint of view is the meaning of the word.20. The contextualismMeaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context —elements closely linkedwith language behavior. Two types of contexts are recognized:Situational context: spatiotemporal situationLinguistic context: the probability of a word -occurrence ’o r csoclloocation.21. BehaviorismBehaviorists attempted to define meaning as the situation“in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer ”.22. Lexical meaningSense and reference are both concerned with the study of word meaning. They are two related but different aspects of meaning.Sense---- is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is the aspect ofmeaning dictionary compilers are interested in.Reference----what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.23. Major sense relations（1）Synonymy 同义词①Dialect synonymy 方言同义词②Stylistic synonymy 文体同义词③Synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning④Collocational synonyms⑤Semantically different synonyms（2）Antonym 反义词①Gradable antonyms 等级反义词②Complementary antonyms 互补反义词③Relational opposites 关系反义词（3）Polysemy 一词多义（4）Homonymy 同形异义词（5）Hyponymy 上下义关系①Superordinate 上义词②Hyponyms 下义词24. Componential analysis 成分分析法—— a way of analyze lexical meaningIt is a way proposed by the structural semanticists to analyze word meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.25.26.。
英语语言学考试重点题型
第一章Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.7. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de SaussureⅡ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. Chomsky defi nes “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.2. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.3. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.4. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.5. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.6. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.第二章1.V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2.A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.3.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.4.Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.5.Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.6.The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.1.Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords2.The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. V oicedC. vowelD. consonantal3．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/4. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar5. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair6.The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative7. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle8. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features9. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme10.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones第三章1. The morpheme “vision”in the common word “television”is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme2. The compound word “mother wit”refers to inborn wit. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.3. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements.4. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words5. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme6. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic7. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes.8. ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes9. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A.WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences10. “-s”in the word “books”is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.第四章Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words.2. Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.3.The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.1. A s________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.2. A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to forma complete statement, question or command.3. A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.4. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called p_________.5. A c_________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.6._______ relation is a kind of relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure.7. The technique of breaking up sentences into smaller units by making successive binary cutting is called _______.1. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical2. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator3. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional4. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. All of the above.5. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called ________.A. transformational rulesB. generative rulesC. phrase structure rulesD. x-bar theory6. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. Only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical7. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite8. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational9._______ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.A. GenerativeB. TransformationalC. X-barD. Phrase structure第五章1. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d_______ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.2. R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.3. Words that are close in meaning are called s________.4. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h__________.5. R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.6. C ____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.7. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.8. According to the n______ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.True or False1. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.2. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.3. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reducemeaning to observable contexts.4. Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.5. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.6. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.Of the following pairs of sentences, say whether a entails b in each case.a: John is a bachelor. b: John is a man.a: Eliza plays the fiddle. b: Someone plays a musical instrument.a: I’ve done my homework. b: I haven’t brushed my teeth.a: Some of the students came to my party. b: Not all of the students came to my party.a: Mary owns three canaries. b: Mary owns a canary.a: John picked a tulip. b: John didn’t pick a rose.第六章1. Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication2. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.3. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.4. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.5. The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is.6. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.7. The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.8. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences9. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.10. Speech act theory started in the late 50’s of the 20th century.11. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.12. Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.13. _________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.14. What essentially distinguishes _______ and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.15. The notion of _________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.16. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an ___________.17.The meaning of a sentence is _______, and decontextualized.18. ________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.19. ________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.20. A _________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.21. An __________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed insaying something.22. A _________ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.23. An ________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.24.There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of q_______, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.25. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. Sense relationD. Concept26. The meaning of language was considered as something _______ in traditional semantics.A. contextualB. behaviouristicC. intrinsicD. logical27. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context28. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual29. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive30. Which of the following is true?A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.31. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.A. in the late 50’s of the 20the centuryB. in the early 1950’sC. in the late 1960’sD. in the early 21st century.32. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act33. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicaturesI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:l. F 2. F 3.T 4.T 5.F 6.F 7.F 8.F 9.F 10.T 11.T 12.FII. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:13. Pragmatics 14. semantics 15. context 16. utterance 17. abstract18.Constatives 19. Performatives 20. locutionary 21. illocutionary22. commissive 23. expressive 24. quantityIII.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:25. A 26.C 27.D 28.B 29.C 30.B 31.A 32.C 33.D。
英语语言学试题6及答案
英语语言学试题6及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. The term "phoneme" refers to:A. A single soundB. A letter of the alphabetC. The smallest unit of sound in a languageD. A combination of sounds2. Which of the following is not a branch of linguistics?A. PhoneticsB. SyntaxC. SemanticsD. Astronomy3. The study of language change over time is known as:A. PhonologyB. MorphologyC. Historical linguisticsD. Sociolinguistics4. In linguistics, "morpheme" is defined as:A. A wordB. A prefix or suffixC. The smallest meaningful unit in a languageD. A sequence of words5. The process of inflection involves:A. Adding affixes to a word to change its meaningB. Changing the order of words in a sentenceC. Combining two words into oneD. Replacing one word with another6. The concept of "register" in linguistics refers to:A. A style of language appropriate to a particular social settingB. A type of language used by a specific group of peopleC. A language used for a specific purposeD. All of the above7. The field of linguistics that studies how language is used in social contexts is:A. PragmaticsB. SociolinguisticsC. PsycholinguisticsD. Computational linguistics8. What is the term for the study of the meanings of words?A. SemanticsB. SyntaxC. PhonologyD. Morphology9. The process of forming new words by combining existing words or word parts is called:A. DerivationB. CompoundingC. BlendingD. Clipping10. In linguistics, "pragmatics" is concerned with:A. The structure of sentencesB. The sounds of languageC. The meaning of language in contextD. The history of language二、填空题（每空2分，共20分）11. The study of the physical properties of speech sounds is known as __________.12. In linguistics, the smallest unit of grammar that carries meaning is called a __________.13. The systematic study of language is called __________.14. A dialect is a __________ of a language that is characteristic of a specific group of speakers.15. The process by which children acquire their first language is known as __________.16. The field of linguistics that studies the relationship between sound and spelling is called __________.17. The study of language in relation to culture is known as __________.18. A sentence that is grammatically correct but does not make sense is called a __________.19. The study of the way people use language to communicate is called __________.20. The process of simplifying complex words to create new words is known as __________.三、简答题（每题10分，共30分）21. Explain the difference between "phonetics" and "phonology".22. Describe the role of "pragmatics" in languagecommunication.23. Discuss the concept of "language acquisition" and its significance in linguistics.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）24. Compare and contrast the two main theories of language origin: the "Great Chain of Being" and the "Proto-World" hypothesis.25. Analyze the impact of globalization on language diversity and language change.答案：一、选择题1. C2. D3. C4. C5. A6. D7. B8. A9. B 10. C二、填空题11. Phonetics 12. Morpheme 13. Linguistics 14. variety 15. Language acquisition 16. Orthography 17. Anthropological linguistics 18. Garden path sentence 19. Pragmatics 20. Back-formation三、简答题21. Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds, including their production, transmission, and perception. Phonology, on the other hand, is the study of the abstract system of sounds within a language, focusing on the way sounds function to distinguish meaning.22. Pragmatics is the branch of linguistics that deals with the ways in which context contributes to the meaning of linguistic expressions. It is concerned with how language users understand what others mean, and how they intend theirown utterances to be understood. 23. Language acquisition refers to。
高二英语语言学要点单选题40题
高二英语语言学要点单选题40题1. 以下单词中，元音发音不同的是：A. catB. hatC. matD. late答案：D。
本题考查元音发音。
A、B、C 选项中的“a”都发短元音/æ/，而D 选项中的“a”发双元音/eɪ/。
2. 下列辅音发音相同的一组是：A. /p/和/b/B. /t/和/d/C. /k/和/g/D. /f/和/v/答案：C。
A 选项中，/p/是清辅音，/b/是浊辅音；B 选项中，/t/是清辅音，/d/是浊辅音；D 选项中，/f/是清辅音，/v/是浊辅音；C 选项中，/k/和/g/都是爆破音，且/k/是清辅音，/g/是浊辅音。
3. “thin”和“this”中“th”的发音不同，原因是：A. 元音影响B. 重音位置C. 清浊不同D. 音节数量答案：C。
“thin”中“th”发清辅音/θ/，“this”中“th”发浊辅音/ð/，二者发音清浊不同。
4. 以下单词中，哪个单词的元音是长元音？A. hotB. dogC. sheD. cup答案：C。
A 选项“hot”中的“o”发短元音/ɒ/；B 选项“dog”中的“o”发短元音/ɒ/；D 选项“cup”中的“u”发短元音/ʌ/；C 选项“she”中的“e”发长元音/iː/。
5. 在单词“park”中，“ar”的发音是：A. /ɑː/B. /ɔː/C. /ə/D. /eə/答案：A。
“park”中“ar”的发音是/ɑː/。
6.Which of the following words is a compound word?A. BookB. HappyC. BlackboardD. Run答案：C。
本题考查词汇的构成。
Compound word（ 复合词）是由两个或更多的词组合在一起形成一个新词。
选项A“book”是一个简单词；选项B“happy”是一个派生词；选项C“blackboard”由“black”（ 黑色的）和“board” 板）组合而成，是复合词；选项D“run”是一个简单词。
语言学考试题型
语言学考试题型Linguistic ExercisesⅠExplain the following terms:1. arbitraryArbitrary refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.2. suprasegmentalSuprasegmental features are those aspects of speech that involve more than single sound segments. The principal suprasegmentals are stress, tone, and intonation. 3. prefixes Affix is a language are limited in number, and are generally classified into three subtypes ,namely, prefix , suffix and infix, depending on their position around the root or stem of a word.A prefix is an affix put before the root or stem of a word.4. morphemeMorpheme is the smallest unit of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning. Morpheme cannot be further analyzed.5. place6. recursivenessit means that a phrasal constituent can be embedded within another constituent having the same category，Recursiveness has become an umbrella term, under which may be brought together several important linguistic phenomena such as coordination and subordination, conjoining and embedding, hypotactic and pratactic.7. superordinateThe upper term in this sense relationship----hyponymy, i , e . The class name , is called superordinate.8. gradableThe members of a pair of gradable antonymy differ in terms of degree, as the name suggests, they are gradable. Firstly, they can be modified by adverbials like "very"; Secondly, they may have comparative and superlative degrees ;Thirdly ，they can be asked with "how".9. tongueTongue is one of the most important speech organs, in phonetics, the tongue is divided into five parts: the tip, the front, the back and the root. In phonology, the corresponding sounds made with these parts of the tongue are often referred to CORONAL, DORSAL and RADICAL.10.displacementDisplacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present ( in time and space ) at the moment of communication.ⅡTrue or false. If they are false, correct them.1. The study of how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived is calledphonetics.( T)2. Sentences are words put together in a random order. ( F)3. In English, hyponyms may be missing. (T)4. Sentence meaning is not simply the sum total of the words. (T)5. Two sentences using the same words may mean quite differently.(T)6. Backformation is a productive way of forming nouns in Modern English.(T)7. Conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to open-class words. (F)8. English is a tone language.(T)9. Phonology studies the sound patterns and sound systems of languages.(T)10. The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, but not written.(T)ⅢAnswer the following questions.1. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.The features that define our human languages called design features.First, Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning, one, arbitrariness relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning ,for instance the dog barks bowwow in English but 汪汪汪in Chinese .two,arbitrariness at the syntactic, for example , (a)He came in and sat down, (b)He sat down and came in ,three, arbitrariness and conventionSecond , Duality, it means the property of having two levels of structures, such hat units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principle of organization .Third, Creativity , language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness by creativity, for instance, we can write a sentence like the following and go on endlessly：He bought a book which was written by a teacher who taught in a school which was known for its graduates who….Forth, Displacement , it means that human language enable their users to symbolize objects ,events and concepts which are not present at the moment of communication. For instance, a warning cry of a bird instantly announces danger.2. What is Speech Act Theory?This is the first major theory in the study of language in use, which originated with the Oxford philosopher John Langshaw Austin. Austin's first shot at the theory is the claim that there are two types of sentences: performatives and constatives. The utterance which are used to perform acts, do not describe or report anything at all, the uttering of the sentence is the doing of an action, these sentences are called performatives ; The utterances which roughly serves to state a fact, report the case or describe what something is, these sentences are called constatives.In Austin's opinion ,speech acts can be analyzed on three levels. First, locutionary act. Locutionary act is the act of saying something in the full sense of "say". Second, illocutionary act. Illocutionary act is an act performed in saying something (the act of expressing the speaker's intention). Third. perlocutionary act . Perlocutionary act is the act performed by or as a result of saying ,the effects on the hearer.。
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第一章Ⅰ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.7. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de SaussureⅡ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. Chomsky defi nes “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.2. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.3. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.4. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.5. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.6. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.第二章1.V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2.A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.3.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.4.Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.5.Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.6.The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.1.Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords2.The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. V oicedC. vowelD. consonantal3．__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/4. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar5. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair6.The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative7. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle8. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features9. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme10.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophones第三章1. The morpheme “vision”in the common word “television”is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme2. The compound word “mother wit”refers to inborn wit. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.3. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements.4. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words5. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme6. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic7. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes.8. ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes9. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A.WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences10. “-s”in the word “books”is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a root1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.第四章Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words.2. Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.3.The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.1. A s________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.2. A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to forma complete statement, question or command.3. A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.4. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called p_________.5. A c_________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.6._______ relation is a kind of relation holding between elements replaceable with each other at a particular place in a structure.7. The technique of breaking up sentences into smaller units by making successive binary cutting is called _______.1. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical2. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator3. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional4. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. All of the above.5. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called ________.A. transformational rulesB. generative rulesC. phrase structure rulesD. x-bar theory6. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. Only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical7. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite8. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational9._______ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.A. GenerativeB. TransformationalC. X-barD. Phrase structure第五章1. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d_______ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.2. R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.3. Words that are close in meaning are called s________.4. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h__________.5. R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.6. C ____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.7. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.8. According to the n______ theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.True or False1. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.2. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.3. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reducemeaning to observable contexts.4. Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.5. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.6. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.Of the following pairs of sentences, say whether a entails b in each case.a: John is a bachelor. b: John is a man.a: Eliza plays the fiddle. b: Someone plays a musical instrument.a: I’ve done my homework. b: I haven’t brushed my teeth.a: Some of the students came to my party. b: Not all of the students came to my party.a: Mary owns three canaries. b: Mary owns a canary.a: John picked a tulip. b: John didn’t pick a rose.第六章1. Both semantics and pragmatics study how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication2. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.3. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.4. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.5. The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is.6. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.7. The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.8. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences9. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.10. Speech act theory started in the late 50’s of the 20th century.11. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.12. Perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention.13. _________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication.14. What essentially distinguishes _______ and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.15. The notion of _________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.16. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an ___________.17.The meaning of a sentence is _______, and decontextualized.18. ________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.19. ________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.20. A _________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.21. An __________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed insaying something.22. A _________ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.23. An ________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.24.There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of q_______, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.25. _________ does not study meaning in isolation, but in context.A. PragmaticsB. SemanticsC. Sense relationD. Concept26. The meaning of language was considered as something _______ in traditional semantics.A. contextualB. behaviouristicC. intrinsicD. logical27. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. practical usageD. context28. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual29. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) _________.A. constativeB. directiveC. utteranceD. expressive30. Which of the following is true?A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.31. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.A. in the late 50’s of the 20the centuryB. in the early 1950’sC. in the late 1960’sD. in the early 21st century.32. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.A. A locutionary actB. An illocutionary actC. A perlocutionary actD. A performative act33. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.A. impolitenessB. contradictionsC. mutual understandingD. conversational implicaturesI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:l. F 2. F 3.T 4.T 5.F 6.F 7.F 8.F 9.F 10.T 11.T 12.FII. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:13. Pragmatics 14. semantics 15. context 16. utterance 17. abstract18.Constatives 19. Performatives 20. locutionary 21. illocutionary22. commissive 23. expressive 24. quantityIII.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:25. A 26.C 27.D 28.B 29.C 30.B 31.A 32.C 33.D。