LL Dissolved Oxygen Measurement
天津大学制药工程专业 考研《制药工艺学》中英文对译
天津⼤学《制药⼯艺学》中英⽂对译pharmaceutical technology制药⼯工艺学pharmaceutical pipeline制药链pharmacopoeia药典。
Roswell Park Memorial Instirute RPMI good manufacturing practices for drugs GMP制药⾏行行业medicines，drugs药品traditional Chinese medicines中药natural medicines天然药物chemical drugs化学药物biologics，biologic products⽣生物制品generics，generic drugs仿制药物me-too-drug仿制药biosimilars⽣生物类似药biotechnology⽣生物技术.Food and druge administration FDA biotechnology pharmaceutical，biopharmaceutical⽣生物制药nucleotide核苷酸nucleoside核⽢甘enzyme酶enzyme inhibitor酶抑制剂immunomodulator免疫调节剂penicillin⻘青霉素antibody engineering抗体⼯工程inducer诱导剂precursor前体prodrug前药transformation遗传转化.conversion⽣生物转化fermentation发酵.strain breeding菌种选育separation and purification分离纯化和提纯.cell growth phase/fermentationproduct synthesis phase/product secretion phase.Murashige&Skoog MScell autolysis phase/fermentation anaphase.generic通⽤用药物metabolism代谢.substrate培养基质primary/secondary metabolism初级/次级代谢.specific growth rate⽐比⽣生⻓长速率lag/log/decline/stationary/death phase延滞期/对数⽣生⻓长期/减数期/稳定期/死亡期coupling model⽣生⻓长与⽣生产偶联型.PEG聚⼄乙⼆二醇semi-coupling model⽣生⻓长与⽣生产半偶联型.starter culture培养物non-coupling model⽣生⻓长与⽣生产⾮非偶联型.storage保存protoplast fusion原⽣生质体融合.DMSO⼆二甲基亚砜master stock/cell bank MSB/MCB主菌种库.glycerol⽢甘油working stock/cell bank WSB/WCB⼯工作菌种库.Streptomyces链霉菌quality control QC质量量控制.cholramphenicol氯霉素China Center for Type Culture Collection CCTCC中国典型培养物保藏中⼼心China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center CGMCC中国普通微⽣生物保藏管理理中⼼心China Center of Industrial Culture Collection CICC中国⼯工业微⽣生物菌种保藏管理理中⼼心National Center for Medical Culture Collection（Bacteria）CMCC中国医学微⽣生物菌种保藏中⼼心America Type Culture Collection ATCCEuropean Collection of Cell Culture ECACCInstiture for Fermentation，Osaka IFONational Collection of Type Culture mNCTCmedium培养基.carbon source碳源nitrogen source氮源.mineral salt⽆无机盐macroelement⼤大量量元素.trace element microelement微量量元素growth factor⽣生⻓长因⼦子.precursor前体accelerant促进剂.fed medium补料料培养基agar琼脂粉.contaminated microbe杂菌contamination污染.phage噬菌体disinfection消毒.sterilization灭菌pathogen病原微⽣生物.filtration sterilization过滤灭菌filter过滤介质VVM空⽓气流量量（单位时间单位体积内通⼊入的标准状况下的空⽓气体积）primary culture原代培养.passage culture传代培养solid surface culture固体表⾯面培养.liquid submerged culture液体深层培养immobilized culture固定化培养.high cell density culture⾼高密度培养intermittent opration间歇式操作.discontinuous operation不不连续培养semi-continuous operation半连续培养.batch operation分批式操作fed batch operation补料料-分批式（流加）操作.chemostat恒化器器MPa罐压.dissolved oxygen DO溶解氧cell concentration菌体浓度.fermentation heat发酵热production heat产⽣生热.loss heat散失热biological heat⽣生物热.agitation heat搅拌热evaporation heat蒸发热.sensible heat显热radiant heat辐射热.oxygen supply供氧oxygen consumption耗氧.dissolved oxygen coefficient溶解氧系数oxygen transfer rate OTR氧传递速率.oxygen uptake rate OUR摄氧速率ventilation通⽓气.respiratory intensity呼吸强度oxygen saturation concentration氧饱和浓度.respiratory quotient RQ呼吸熵critical oxygen concentration临界氧浓度.fill补料料withdraw放料料.foam泡沫defoaming agent消沫剂.surfactant表⾯面活性剂dispersant分散剂.emulsifier乳化剂inertcarrier惰性载体.antibiotic抗⽣生素carbenicillin羧苄⻘青霉素/⻘青霉素G6-aminopenicillanic acid6-APA6-氨基⻘青霉烷酸.cephalosporin C CPC头孢菌素C erythromycin红霉素.amino acid氨基酸hybridomn杂交瘤.vitamin维⽣生素recombinant DNA technology重组DNA技术.recombinant DNA products rDNA制品plasmid质粒.replicon复制⼦子promoter启动⼦子.terminator终⽌止⼦子multiple cloning site MCS多克隆隆位点.transferability转移性incompatibility不不相容性.cloning vector克隆隆载体expression vector表达载体.shuttle vector穿梭载体intergration vector整合载体.inclusion body包涵体yeast酵⺟母.genetic engineering strain基因⼯工程菌yeast intergration plasmid YIP酵⺟母整合载体yeast episomal plasmid YEP酵⺟母附加载体yeast centromere plasmid YCP酵⺟母着丝粒载体centromere sequence CEN着丝粒序列列autonomously replicating sequences ARS⾃自主复制序列列yeast replicating plasmid YRP酵⺟母复制质粒polymerase chain reaction PCR聚合酶链式反应reverse transcription PCR RT-PCR反转录PCRcomplementary DNA cDNAavian myeloblastosis virus AMV禽源成髓细胞瘤病毒moloney murine leukemia virus MMLV⿏鼠源败⾎血病毒莫勒勒尼株diethyl pyrocarbonate DEPC焦碳酸⼆二⼄乙酯.denaturation变性annelling退⽕火.extension链延伸restriction endonuclease限制性核酸内切酶.ligase连接酶recombinant重组⼦子.interferon IFN⼲干扰素recombinant human interferon rhIFNtricarboxylic acid cycle TCA循环三羧酸循环pentose phosphate pathway PPP磷酸戊糖途径.glycosylation糖基化apoptosis凋亡.diploid cell⼆二倍体primary cell原代细胞.passage cell传代细胞immortal cell永久细胞系.Chinese hamster ovary CHO中国仓⿏鼠卵卵巢DHFR⼆二氢叶酸还原酶.methotrexate MTX甲氨蝶呤baby hamster kidney BHK幼仓⿏鼠肾脏dicistron双顺反⼦子long terminal repeat sequences LTRS逆转录病毒的⻓长末端重复序列列cytomegalovirus CMV⼈人巨噬病毒.ubiquitin泛素蛋⽩白bovine growth hormone.BGH⽜牛⽣生⻓长素.toppoisomerase拓拓扑异构酶internal ribosome entry site IRES核糖体进⼊入位点.serum⾎血清minimum essential medium MEM basal medium Eagle’s BME Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium DMEMGlasgow’s modified Eagle’s medium GMEMJoklik’s Park Memorial Eagle’s medium JMEMRoswell Park Memorial Institute RPMIserum-free medium SEM⽆无⾎血清培养基.buffer solution缓冲液balance saline solution BSS平衡盐溶液monolayer anchorage-dependent culture单层贴壁培养.suspension culture悬浮培养microcarrier微载体.microencapsulation method微囊法phosphonate buffer solution PBS磷酸盐缓冲液.scale-down缩⼩小erythropoietin EPO红细胞⽣生成素.luria bertani LB recombinant human erythropoietin rhEPO重组⼈人红细胞⽣生成素synthon合成⼦子.synthetic equivalent合成等价物protocol solvent质⼦子性溶剂.micronization微晶化catalyst催化剂.phase transfer catalyst相转移催化剂TEBAC三⼄乙基苄基氯化铵Mokosza催化剂TO/CMAC三⾟辛基甲基氯化铵Starks催化剂.Brandstrom催化剂四丁基硫酸氢铵chirality⼿手性.enantiomers对应异构体configuration构型.chiral drug⼿手性药物enantiomeric excesses对映体过量量e.e.%.restrosynthesis追溯求源法resolution拆分.omeprazole奥美拉唑paclitaxel,Taxol紫杉醇.cephalosporin C CPC头孢菌素7-aminocephalosporanic acid7-ACA7-氨基头孢烷酸.cefalexin头孢氨苄tetrahydrofuran THF四氢呋喃.quality by design QbD质量量源于设计process analysis technology PAT过程分析技术quality target product profile QTPP⽬目标产品质量量概况critical material attribute CMA关键物料料属性critical process parameter CPP关键⼯工艺参数normal operation range NOR正常操作区间proven acceptable range PAR可接受的区间critical quality attribute CQA关键质量量属性bioreactor⽣生物反应器器key process parameter KPP重要⼯工艺参数.fermenter发酵罐complete stirred tank reactor CSTR全混流反应器器.yield得率piston fluid reactor PFR平推流反应器器.titer效价stirred tank reactor STR搅拌罐.scale-up放⼤大fixed bed reactor固定化床反应器器.draft tube导流筒packed bed reactor PBR填充床反应器器.bubble column⿎鼓泡塔fluidized bed reactor FBR流化床反应器器.air-lift reactor⽓气升式反应器器disk and turbine impeller涡流式搅拌桨.process validation⼯工艺验证marine style impeller推进式搅拌桨.process design⼯工艺设计process mass intensity PMI过程质量量强度.process qualification⼯工艺确认reaction mass efficiency RME反应质量量效率standard operation procedure SOP标准操作规程.continued process verification⼯工艺核实biochemical oxygen demand BOD⽣生化需氧量量.total nitrogen TN总氮chemical oxygen demand COD化学需氧量量.suspended subatance SS悬浮物mixed liquor suspended solids MLSS混合液悬浮固体total organic carbon TOC总有机碳.sludge volume SV污泥泥沉降⽐比sludge volume index SVI污泥泥指数piping&instrument diagram PID⼯工艺控制流程图。
污水处理厂工艺流程中各名词解释
污水处理厂相关名词MLSSDOBODCODSST-N T-P 总氮是污水中含氮物质中氮元素的量，主要有氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮、有机氮。
水中各种形态磷的总量。
即水样经消解后将各种形态的磷转变成正磷酸盐后测定的结果，以每升水含磷毫克数计算。
MLSS是混合液悬浮固体浓度（mixed liquor suspended solids)的简写。
它又称为混合液污泥浓度，它表示的是在曝气池单位容积混合液内所含有的活性污泥固体物的总重量（mg/L)。
由于测定方法比较简便易行，此项指标应用较为普遍。
混合液悬浮固体浓度MLSS是活性污泥处理系统重要的设计运行参数。
生活污水一般MLVSS/MLSS=0.7,MLVSS指混合液挥发性悬浮固体。
测定方法： 测MLSS需要定量滤纸（不能用定性的）、电子分析天平、烘箱、干燥器等。
取100ml混合液用滤纸过滤，待烘箱中温度升到103-105之间的设定值后，将滤干后的滤纸放入烘箱烘2小时，取出置于干燥器中放置半小时。
称量后减去滤纸重量，并且测滤纸的重量也要采用上述同样的步骤。
该实验必须严格按照上述操作，否则会有偏差。
生化需氧量，简称BOD(Biochemical oxygen demand)，是指在有氧的条件下，水中微生物分解有机物的生物化学过程中所需溶解氧的质量浓度，以mg/L表示。
BOD5表示水中有机物在有氧条件下，被微生物分解代谢所消耗掉的溶解氧，目前过内外普遍规定20+1培养5d，分别测定样品培养前后的溶解氧，二者之差即为BOD5值，以氧的毫克/升表示。
化需氧量BOD是反映水体被有机物污染程度的综合指标，也是研究废水的可生化降解性和生化处理效果，以及生化处理废水工艺设计和动力学研究中的重要参数。
化学需氧量，简称COD(Chemical oxygen demand)指在强酸并加热条件下，用重铬酸钾作为氧化剂处理水样时所消耗氧化剂的量，用氧的以mg/L表示。
化学需氧量反映了水中受还原性物质污染的程度，水中还原性物质包括有机物、亚硝酸盐、亚铁盐、硫化物等。
派特克溶解氧传感器和发射器应用说明书
AVAILABLETRANSMITTERS7300w 2 Monitor Atlantic Monitor 840 TransmitterMOUNTING OPTIONS FlexT ech Probe HolderFlowcell Fixed Dip T ubeMEASUREMENT PRINCIPLESelf Polarising Self T emperature Compensating, Galvanic, membranecovered cellFEATURESLong life probe – 5 years+Very low maintenanceEasy to calibrateBENEFITSImproved Aeration Control Prevention of Discharge FailureEnergy SavingsPartech Galvanic Sensors and T ransmittersAPPLICATION DATASHEETBeing able to act on accurate measurements of Dissolved Oxygen in activated sludge plants will enable you to maintain levels of bacterial activity, avoid breaches in discharge consents and operate as cost effectively as possible. T oo little dissolved oxygen can lead to bacterial inactivity and ineffective treatment, whilst too much, wastes energy and can cause unnecessary wear and tear to the aeration system.Partech's sensors make accurate dissolved oxygen measurement easy. They are highly reliable and accurate as well as straightforward to use and easy to install. They also benefit from the self cleaning action of the Pioneer probe holder and the fouling tolerance of the probes themselves – all of which mean longer service intervals and a consistently more efficient plant.The Oxyguard probe utilises a unique combination of electrolyte, membrane and anode materials, together these factors give a real world working life in excess of five years. The Iron/Silver electrode combination ensures that no gas can build up in the cell and the electrolyte is not consumed, there is no warm up time and no zero adjustment required. The only maintenance is occasional removal of fouling and calibration.Routine calibration is required for any instrumentation, without it there is no validation of the measurement. The Oxyguard probe is easily repaired on site without specialist training, the membrane is quick and easy to replace.T ransmitter OptionsPRODUCT DATASHEET7300w2 MonitorPartech's latest generation, multisensor,multiparameter monitor provides an exceptionally flexible solutionto monitoring water, wastewater and surface water parameters such as Dissolved Oxygen. The monitorallows the user to combine multiple sensors for use on large sites and to add parameters such as pH,andSuspended Solids.840 TransmitterThe 840 T ransmitter is a loop powered device designed for simplicity of use, the system can be selected withranges from 0-5 to 0-40 mg/l, or 0-5%Sat to 0-400%Sat. The only user requirement is to carry out periodiccalibration.Atlantic MonitorIn common with all the systems mentioned in this datasheet the probe will only need renovation if it isdamaged. In most applications the probe life is in excess of 5 years. Even when it does require attentionthere is no need to dispose of the probe,simply replace the membrane and electrolyte.The newly introduced Atlantic has been designed for applications where the Dissolved Oxygen system isused to control a process or where the system is required to produce alarms at different levels. It has 4relays and a 4 - 20 mA output, a 4 – 20 mA compensation input can be added.The Atlantic incorporates 8alarm set points.Calibration of the probe is done automatically and checked and validated by the system,the operator hasonly to remove the probe from the effluent, wipe it clean and leave it in air to temperature equilibrate. Oncethe temperature is stable press the button and the system completes and validates the calibration.EasyCal Calibration DeviceDesigned to improve the simplicity and reliability of the calibration the EasyCalcalibrates the probe at the point of measurement. This removes temperature as avariable which can have a very dramatic effect on the oxygen saturation in the air.The Easy Cal fits over the end of the probe, the probe is returned to the sample andair is blown across the membrane by a pump mounted in the EasyCal this is leftrunning for 10 minutes to allow it to temperature equilibrate with the sample andthen the calibration is performed by either setting the system to 100 % or to themg/l setting as displayed on the EasyCal.EasyCal can be used on the 7300w2, 840, or the Atlantic.Product BackgroundPRODUCT DATASHEETPartech and Dissolved OxygenFor over 30 years Partech has been a manufacturer and supplier of Dissolved Oxygen measurement systems. During this time we have gained experience of a wide range of measurement techniques and have amassed a huge knowledge of the trials and tribulations of DO measurement in Wastewater treatment.Since 1997, Partech have been the UK distributor for Oxyguard International of Denmark.During this time we have generated a large installed base of Oxyguard sensors in the UK.We are proud to continue this association with the integration of the famed Oxyguard probe into our product range.Currently Available Measurement CellsThe use of sensors to measure Dissolved Oxygen was started over 50 years ago by Dr Clark initially in the medical industry and then in water analysis. The Clark cell and it's close cousin the Makereth cell are electrochemical (galvanic)cells where an electrical circuit consisting of an anode and cathode with an electrolyte sitting behind a gas permeable membrane. As the oxygen diffuses through the membrane a chemical reaction takes place that generates an electrical signal that is proportional to the amount of Oxygen present in the sample. Oxyguard have developed their probe so that this electrochemical reaction does not consume the electrolyte or anode,thus providing a measuring cell that has an operational life of 10 years or more. Recently a technology from the 1970's has been revived, optical DO measurement has been offered as an alternative for all issues relating to monitoring in wastewater environments. Basically, the meter determines oxygen by measuring light.High-energy blue light is directed onto the sensor surface,which is coated with a luminescent material. Electrons of the luminescent material are excited to a higher energy level before then falling back to their basic energy level, emitting red light as they do so. This light is detected by a photo diode. Partech are now able to offer this technology in the WaterWatch2 range.Strength of the Partech solutionThe combined skills of Partech and Oxyguard with our reputations for simple, common sense solutions to measurement challenges means we can offer reliable Dissolved Oxygen measurement. Use of the FlexT ech mounting system helps alleviate the problems of fouling, and ensures that the sensor is located correctly for representative measurement. The unique combination of electrolyte, anode and cathode material, and physical probe design gives real world life of in excess of five years with many lasting much,much longer.The membrane for the cell is only replaced if it is damaged, there is no internal drift, and the internal sensor design means that the electrolyte and anode are not consumed.The Oxyguard probe benefits from being left alone, the first line of the maintenance section of the manual is 'Leave it alone'.PRODUCT DATASHEET Publication No: 221334DS-Iss03The company reserves the right to alter the specification without Probe Specifications Measurement PrincipleOxygen: galvanic oxygen partial pressure cell, self polarising, selftemperature compensating. T emperature: Precision NTC Dimensions Diameter: 58 mm Length: 59 mmWeight Probe only 0.2 kgProbe with 7 metres of cable: 0.5 kg Connections: Atlantic and 7300w 2: 4 lead840: 3 leadCable length (Std, other available)Atlantic: 7 metres840 and 7300w 2: 10 metresDO Measurement Range 0 – 20 mg/l (ppm) 0 – 200% sat, (higher on request) T emperature Range from -5°CAccuracy Depends on calibration and conditions. T ypically better than +/-1% of value.Output Stability In air at constant temperature stable to within +/-1% over 1 year Accuracy T emperature +/- 0.3COperating Conditions 0 – 40 C, Pressure to 2 bar. (higher on request)Storage temperature-5 to +60 CFlexT ech Mounting BracketThe FlexT ech mounting system has been designed to keep the DO probe in the optimum position within the matrix and provide a simple light weight and robust system to keep the probe clean and free of rags and other debris which slide off the shaft producing a self cleaning action.Fats and greases which are normally on the top of the sample tend to build up above the probe as it is mounted approximately 300 mm below the surface. An additional benefit of keeping the probe below surface is that is provides a more representative reading of the oxygen level in the tank, the surface being effected by rain and the natural tendency of oxygen to rise in the liquid.Alternative Mounting OptionsWhere a dip probe is not appropriate, alternative mounting options are available, such as a full bore flow through cell.Anti-Fouling CapThe Oxyguard anti-fouling Cap inhibits growths on the membrane of the probe, especially in seawater applications.The cap is essentially the same as the normal cap, but is fitted with a cone made from aspecially developed alloy. The cone surrounds the membrane and is effective in inhibiting marineorganisms from attaching to and growing on the membraneTypical Installation with a FlexTech Probe Holder63 m m I D140 mm75 m m O DFlow Through T-PieceSpecification and Mounting Details。
水质指标COD、BOD氨氮溶解氧DO的测定方法步骤
实验二水中溶解氧的测定（碘量法）一、目的和要求1、了解程度溶解氧（dissolved oxygen, DO）的意义和方法。
2、掌握碘量法测定溶解氧的操作技术。
二、实验原理溶于水中的氧称为溶解氧，当水体受到还原性物质污染时，溶解氧即下降，而有藻类繁殖时，溶解氧呈过饱和，因此，水体中溶解氧的变化情况，在一定程度上反映了水体受污染的程度。
碘量法测定溶解氧的原理为：氢氧化亚锰在碱性溶液中，被水中溶解氧氧化成为四价锰的水合物H4MnO4,但在酸性溶液中四价锰又能氧化KI而析出I2。
析出碘的摩尔数与水中溶解氧的当量数相等，因此可用硫代硫酸钠的标准溶液滴定。
MnSO4 + 2NaOH → Mn(OH)2↓(白色) + Na2SO42Mn(OH)2 + O2→ 4H2MnO3↓(棕色) → 2H4MnO4↓(棕色)2Mn(OH)2 +21O2+ H2O → 2H3MnO3↓(棕色)2H3MnO3+ 3H2SO4+ 2KI → MnSO4+ I2+ K2SO4+ H2OI2 + 2Na2S2O3→ 2NaI + Na2S4O6根据硫代硫酸钠的用量，可计算出水中溶解氧的含量。
三、仪器与试剂1、溶解氧瓶、250ml锥形瓶、50ml酸式滴定管2、硫酸锰溶液。
称取480g MnSO4 .4H2O溶于1000ml水中，若有不溶物，应过滤。
3、碱性碘化钾溶液。
称取500g NaOH溶于300~400ml水中，另称取150g 碘化钾溶于200ml水中，待NaOH溶液冷却后，将两种溶液混合，稀释至1000ml，储于塑料瓶中，用黑纸包裹避光。
4、硫酸。
5、3mol / L硫酸溶液。
6、1%淀粉溶液。
称取1g可溶性淀粉，用少量水调成糊状，然后加入刚煮沸的100ml水（也可加热1~2分钟）。
冷却后加0.1g水杨酸或0.4g氯化锌防腐。
7、 0.025mol / L重铬酸钾标准溶液。
称取7.3548g在105~110℃烘干2小时的重铬酸钾，溶解后转入1000ml容量瓶内，用水稀释至刻度，摇匀。
水质分析中的常用指标
水质分析中的常用指标1、有机化学指标溶解氧(Dissolved oxygen简称DO)指溶解在水中的分子态氧（O2），简称DO）。
水中溶解氧的含量与大气压、水温及含盐量等因素有关。
大气压力下降、水温升高、含盐量增加，都会导致溶解氧含量减低.一般清洁的河流，DO可接近其温度的饱和值，当有大量藻类繁殖时，溶解氧可能过饱和;当水体受到有机物质、无机还原物质污染时，会使溶解氧含量降低,甚至趋于零,此时厌氧细菌繁殖活跃，水质恶化。
水中溶解氧低于3～4mg/L时，许多鱼类呼吸困难，窒息死亡。
溶解氧是表示水污染状态的重要指标之一。
化学需氧量（Chemical oxygen demand 简称COD）化学需氧量是指以重铬酸钾(K2Cr2O7）或高锰酸钾(KMnO4)为氧化剂，氧化水中的还原性物质所消耗氧化剂的量，结果折算成氧的量(以mg/L计)。
水中还原性物质包括有机物和亚xiao 酸盐、硫化物、亚铁盐等无机物.化学需氧量反应了水中受还原性物质污染的程度。
基于水体被有机物污染是很普遍的现象，该指标也作为有机物相对含量的综合指标之一，在与水质有关的各种法令中均采用它作为控制项目。
注：我国颁布的环境地面水质标准(1988年)中,规定了以酸性重铬酸钾法测得的COD值称为化学需氧量，(简称CODCr），而将高锰酸钾法测得的COD值称为高锰酸盐指数，(简称CODMn)。
高锰酸盐指数,耗氧量(CODMn)高锰酸盐指数，又称为耗氧量，是反映水体中有机及无机可氧化物质污染的常用指标。
定义为：在一定条件下，用高锰酸钾氧化水样中的某些有机物及无机还原性物质,由消耗的高锰酸钾量计算相当的氧量。
它反映了水中悬浮和溶解的可被高锰酸钾氧化的那一部分无机物和有机物的量。
高锰酸盐指数在以往的水质监测分析中,亦有被称为化学需氧量的高锰酸钾法.但是,由于这种方法在规定条件下，水中有机物只能部分被氧化，并不是理论上的需氧量，也不是反映水体中总有机物含量的尺度，因此，用高锰酸盐指数这一术语作为水质的一项指标,以有别于重铬酸钾法的化学需氧量，更符合于客观实际。
水质有机污染指标
水质有机污染指标一.溶解氧(Dissolved Oxygen，DO)溶解在水中的氧称为溶解氧，溶解氧以分子状态存在于水中。
水中溶解氧量是水水质重要指标之一。
水中溶解氧含量受到两种作用的影响：一种是使DO下降的耗氧作甩，包括好氧有机物降解的耗氧，生物呼吸耗氧;另一种是使DO增加的复氧作用，主要有空气中氧的溶解，水生植物的光合作用等。
这两种作用的相互消长，使水中溶解氧含量呈现出时空变化。
若以CH2O代表有机物，则有机物氧化分解反应式为：CH2O+O2→CO2+H2O如果水中有机物含量较多，其耗氧速度超过氧的补给速度，则水中DO量将不断减少，当水体受到有机物的污染时，水中溶解氧量甚至可接近于零，这时有机物在缺氧条件下分解就出现腐败发酵现象，使水质严重恶化。
天然水体中DO的数量，除与水体中的生物数量和有机物的数量有关外，还与水温和水层有关。
在正常情况下地表水中溶解氧量为5-10mg/L，在有风浪时，海水中溶解氧可达14mg/L，在水藻繁生的水体中，由于光合作用使放氧量增加，也可能使水中的氧达到过饱和状态，地下水中一般溶解氧较少，深层水中甚至完全无氧。
二.生化需氧量(Biochemical Oxygen Demand，BOD)地面水体中微生物分解有机物的过程消耗水中的溶解氧的量，称生化需氧量，通常记为BOD，常用单位为毫克/升。
一般有机物在微生物作用下，其降解过程可分为两个阶段，第一阶段是有机物转化为二氧化碳、氨和水的过程，第二阶段则是氨进一步在亚硝化细菌和硝化细菌的作用下，转化为亚硝酸盐和硝酸盐，即所谓硝化过程。
BOD一般指的是第一阶段生化反应的耗氧量。
微生物分解有机物的速度和程度同温度、时间有关、最适宜的温度是15～30℃，从理论上讲，为了完成有机物的生物氧化需要无限长的时间，但是对于实际应用，可以认为反应可以在20天内完成，称为BOD20，根据实际经验发现，经5天培养后测得的BOD约占总BOD 的70～80%，能够代表水中有机物的耗氧量。
污水处理中的常用术语
污水处理中的常用术语BOD（Biochemical Oxygen Demand）——生化需氧量在有氧条件下，由于微生物的作用，水中可以分解的有机物完全氧化分解时所需要的溶解氧量，叫生化需氧量，用mg/L表示。
由于有机物的种类很多，欲测出其中各自的含量是办不到的，故常用BOD这个综合指标来表示。
微生物分解有机物所消耗的氧量与有机物的浓度密切相关，有机物含量愈高，消耗的氧也就愈多，这就是用BOD值来间接反映有机物含量多少的根据。
完全氧化分解污水中的有机物约需100天左右，而20天的BOD值十分接近完全的BOD值（相差1%左右）。
因此，常把20日BOD值（即BOD20）当作完全BOD值。
但20日仍嫌太长，实际上采用5日BOD值，即BOD5。
BOD5与BOD20相差较大，但就一般污水而言，二者存在比较固定的比值，如生活污水BOD5：BOD20=0.7。
COD（Chemical Oxygen Demand）——化学需氧量在一定条件下，水中能被强氧化剂氧化的所有污染物质（包括有机物和无机物）的量，以氧的mg/L表示，叫化学需氧量。
有机物基本上属于还原性物质，能被化学氧化剂氧化。
有机物愈多，消耗的氧化剂量也愈多，因此可以用消耗的氧化剂量（换算成O2的mg/L）来间接反映有机物的含量。
但有机物不是全部能被氧化的，如以醋酸为主的低级脂肪酸就几乎不能被氧化。
此外，被氧化的污染物质还包括还原性的无机物——Fe2＋、N O2－等。
COD的测定方法分铬法（以重铬酸钾做氧化剂）和锰法（以高锰酸钾做氧化剂）两种，分别记为COD Cr和COD Mn。
高锰酸钾法测定的结果受操作条件影响较大，且高锰酸钾溶液不稳定，对氧化程度也有影响，因而测定结果不能代表水中污染物质的确切含量。
而重铬酸钾法则克服了上述缺陷，它具有更强的氧化能力，能将污水中绝大部分有机物和还原性无机物氧化。
其溶液非常稳定。
该法已被广泛采用。
其与猛法之间的比值一般为：COD Cr：COD Mn=3：2。
ABB Navigator 550低水平溶解氧湿区传感器装置备件替换程序说明书
—A B B M E A SU R EM ENT & A N A LY TI C S | I N FO R M ATI O N | I N F13/124-EN R E V. BNavigator 550Low level dissolved oxygen wet-sectionSensor assembly sparesreplacement proceduresMeasurement made easy1 IntroductionThese procedures must be carried out by a trained technician.2 For more information Further information is available from: /analyticalor by scanning these codes:Sales ServiceNavigator 550low level dissolved oxygen wet-section2N AV I G ATO R 550 | LOW L E V EL D ISSO LV ED OX YG EN W E T SEC TI O N | I N F 13/124-EN R E V. B3Safety4Disposal5 Dissolved oxygen sensorassembly locationwithin flowcellFigure 1 Low level dissolved oxygen sensor locationN AV I G ATO R 550| LOW L E V EL D ISSO LV ED OX YG EN W E T SEC TI O N | I N F13/124-EN R E V. B36 Replacing the dissolvedoxygen sensorPart number: low level dissolved oxygen sensor assembly(AW502 080)Removing the dissolved oxygen sensorassemblyReferring to Figure 2:1 Disconnect (red) sensor connector A.2 Unscrew clamping screw B and withdraw the sensorassembly from flowcell body C.3 Carefully unscrew connector nut G from sensor D andwithdraw connector body E.4 Remove and discard O-rings F and H.Figure 2 Removing the dissolved oxygen sensor assembly4N AV I G ATO R 550| LOW L E V EL D ISSO LV ED OX YG EN W E T SEC TI O N | I N F13/124-EN R E V. B …6 Replacing the dissolved oxygen sensorFitting a new dissolved oxygen sensor assembly1 Remove the top from the new sensor container.2 Unscrew the protective cap from the rear of the sensor. Referring to Figure 3:3 Fit the smaller of the 2 new O-rings A (3/4 in. ID) onto theconnector body B.4 Locate sensor C onto connector body B, ensuring the pinsand sockets are engaged correctly and tighten connectornut D onto sensor C.5 Insert the complete assembly into flowcell E, ensuring thelarger of the 2 new O-rings F (7/8 in. ID) is fitted.6 Screw in clamping screw G using finger-pressure only tosecure the dissolved oxygen sensor assembly in the flowcellbody.7 Push (red) sensor connector H onto sensor connector block Ifirmly and tighten ONE TURN clockwise.Figure 3 Fitting and connecting the dissolvedoxygen sensor at the flowcellN AV I G ATO R 550| LOW L E V EL D ISSO LV ED OX YG EN W E T SEC TI O N | I N F13/124-EN R E V. B5 Notes6N AV I G ATO R 550| LOW L E V EL D ISSO LV ED OX YG EN W E T SEC TI O N | I N F13/124-EN R E V. B …NotesN AV I G ATO R 550| LOW L E V EL D ISSO LV ED OX YG EN W E T SEC TI O N | I N F13/124-EN R E V. B7I N F 13/124-E N R e v . B 11.2019—We reserve the right to make technical changes or modify the contents of this document without prior notice. With regard to purchase orders, the agreed particulars shall prevail. ABB does not accept any responsibility whatsoever for potential errors or possible lack of information in this document.We reserve all rights in this document and in the subject matter and illustrations contained therein. Any reproduction, disclosure to third parties or utilization of its contents – in whole or in parts – is forbidden without prior written consent of ABB. © ABB 2019—ABB LimitedMeasurement & Analytics Oldends Lane, Stonehouse Gloucestershire, GL10 3TA UKTel: +44 (0)1453 826661 Fax: +44 (0)1453 829671Email: **********************.com ABB Inc.Measurement & Analytics 125 E. County Line Road Warminster, PA 18974 USATel: +1 215 674 6000 Fax: +1 215 674 7183/measurement。
THORNTON M300系列进程分析仪说明书
A n a l y t i c a l T r a n s m i t t e r sM300 Transmittersfor Comprehensive Liquid AnalysisTHORNTONLeading Pure Water AnalyticsM300 Transmitters Conductivity / Resistivity pH / ORPDissolved Oxygen Dissolved Ozone Flow / Total FlowM 300 T r a n s m i t t e r s2The METTLER TOLEDO THORNTON M300 series of process analytical instruments provide single-channel, multi-channel and multi-parameter models to measure conductivity/ resis-tivity, pH/ORP, dissolved oxygen, ozone and flowrate. Both ¼DIN and ½DIN enclosures are available for especially convenient panel, wall and pipe mounting.The standard for measurementin pure water treatmentConductivity / Resistivity 1 2 analog; 4 relays 3Conductivity / Resistivity 2 4 analog; 4 relays 3pH ORP1 2 analog; 4 relays 4Conductivity / Resistivity, pH / ORP Dissolved Oxygen, Ozone 2 4 analog; 6 relays 5 - 6Flow 1 2 analog; 4 relays 4Flow44 analog; 4 relays4*physical and electrical specifications on page 7, order numbers on page 10M o d e l s e l e c t i o nFeaturesLarge backlit 4-line displayCompact ¼DIN panel-mounting with NEMA 4X, IP65 panel seal Robust ½DIN wall-mounting with NEMA 4X, IP65 back cover User-selectable dual-level password protection On-line sensor diagnostics for pHInternal PID control with relay or analog output USB port for configuration and data acquisition Direct sensor inputs for all parameters Compatible with existing Thornton sensors Plug-in terminal connectors for easy wiring Universal AC/DC power supplyMultiple languages: English, French, German, Italian, Spanish CE compliant, UL Listing pending for US and Canadian standards ApplicationsPure and ultrapure water treatment for semiconductor rinsing, critical power/steam makeup and pharmaceutical waters.Semiconductor processing in rinsers and wet benches with precise resistivity measurement and temperature compensation.Power plant cycle chemistry and stator cooling monitoring with exceptionally accurate temperature compensation for specific and cation conductivity and pH and very low maintenance dissolved oxygen measurement.Pharmaceutical water monitoring to meet USP, EP, and JP conductivity requirements including built in tables of alarm limits.Reclaim, recycle and wastewater treatment for the above industry applications for contaminant detection,diversion and neutralization.3One & Two channel modelsHighest accuracy measurement & temperature compensation Wide range of measurement allows verification in ASTM standards even for pure water measurementsTwo- & four-electrode conductivity/resistivity measurementsReverse osmosis % rejection computation on two-channel models Direct acid & caustic concentration readout USP ‹645› & EP alarm setpointsMeasurement SpecificationsM300 Conductivity / Resistivity ModelsConductivity/Resistivity Ranges0.01 Constant Sensor 0.002 to 200 μS/cm (5000 ohm-cm to 500 Mohm-cm)0.1 Constant Sensor 0.02 to 2000 μS/cm (500 ohm-cm to 50 Mohm-cm)10 Constant Sensor 50 to 40,000 μS/cm (25 to 20 Kohm-cm)4-electrode Sensor0.01 mS/cm to 650 mS/cm (1.54 ohm-cm to 100 Kohm-cm) readout in equivalent S/m ranges is selectable Concentration Ranges of HCl, NaOH, H 2SO 40-20%, 0-15%, 0-20%TDS Ranges (CaCO 3and NaCl)cover equivalent conductivity rangesCalculated Paraameters (2-channel)% Rejection, power plant calculations of pH based on specific and cation conductivity, and C02based on cation and degassed conductivity Resolution four significant digits, auto-ranged Update ratedisplay and outputs, once per second Temperature Measurement Range -40 to 200°C (-40 to 392 °F), resolution 0.1°Temperature Sensor Input RTD, Pt1000 (Pt100 with adapter)Temperature Compensation selectable as: Std (standard high purity Thornton/Light), Light 84, Std referenced to 75°C,linear %/°C, 50% glycol, 100% glycol, cation, ammonia, isopropyl alcohol, none Sensor maximum distance 61 m (200 feet); 15 m (50 ft) with 4-electrode sensorsConductivity/Resistivity Accuracy ± 0.5% of reading or 0.5 ohm, whichever is greater, up to 18 Mohm-cm Repeatability± 0.1% of reading Temperature Relative Accuracy ± 0.25 °C (± 0.45 °F) Temperature Resolution 0.01 °Temperature Repeatability ± 0.13 °C (± 0.23 °F)Setpoints/Alarms 2 - high, low, outside, between, USP, EP 6 - high, low, outside, between, USP or EP Relays2 SPDT, 2 SPST reed 2 SPDT, 1 SPST NO, 1 SPST NC, 2 SPST reed Analog Output Signals 24Discrete Inputs12M 300 T r a n s m i t t e r s4M300 pH/ORP ModelspH, ORP Ranges -1.00 to 15.00 pH, -1500 to 1500 mV Temperature Range - 30 to + 130°C (-22 to 266 °F)Temperature Sensor RTD, Pt1000 (Pt100 with adapter)Temperature Compensation automatic / manual for electrode output, plus adjustable solution temperature coefficient for solution ionization effects Update rate display and outputs, once per second Calibration 1- or 2- point, with auto buffer recognitionDiagnosticsselectable continuous checking of membrane resistance and reference diaphragm/junction resistance (with solution ground sensors)Sensor Maximum Distance10 m (33 ft)pH, ORP Relative Accuracy ± 0.03 pH, ± 2 mV pH, ORP Resolution 0.01 pH, 1 mV Temperature Accuracy ± 0.25 °C (± 0.45 °F) Temperature Resolution0.1 °CSetpoints/Alarms 4 - high, low, outside, or between Relays2 SPDT, 2 SPST reed Analog Output Signals 2Discrete Inputs1Direct electrode inputOn-line sensor diagnostics for measuring and reference electrodeAuto buffer recognition with extensive buffer library Internal PID controlCombined high/low setpoint for alarming outside a band Solution temperature compensation for pure water ionization effects as well as conventional electrode temperature compensation Automatic sensor cleaningMeasurement Specifications5M300 Multiparameter Models0.01 Constant Sensor 0.002 to 200 μS/cm (5000 ohm-cm to 500 Mohm-cm)0.1 Constant Sensor 0.02 to 2000 μS/cm (500 ohm-cm to 50 Mohm-cm)10 Constant Sensor 50 to 40,000 μS/cm (25 to 20 Kohm-cm)4-electrode Sensor 0.01 mS/cm to 650 mS/cm (1.54 ohm-cm to 100 Kohm-cm)readout in equivalent S/m ranges is selectable Concentration Ranges of HCl, NaOH, H 2SO 40-20%, 0-15%, 0-20%TDS Ranges (CaCO 3and NaCl)cover equivalent conductivity ranges RO % Rejection0 -100% (computed from two conductivity measurements)Conductivity Resolution four significant digits, auto-rangedpH, ORP Ranges-1.00 to 15.00 pH, -1500 to 1500 mV; resolution 0.01 pH, 1 mVDissolved Oxygen Ranges 0-20,000 ppb or μg/L; 0-20 ppm or mg/L, 0-200% saturation; resolution 0.1 ppb or μg/L Dissolved Ozone Ranges0-5,000 ppb or μg/L, 0-5 ppm or mg/L; resolution 0.1 ppb or μg/L Temperature Measurement Range -40 to 200 °C (-40 to 392 °F); resolution 0.1 °Temperature Sensor Input RTD, Pt1000 (Pt100 with adapter)Update ratedisplay and outputs, once per secondTemperature CompensationConductivity/Resistivityselectable as: Std (standard high purity Thornton/Light), Light 84, Std referenced to 75°C, linear %/°C, 50% glycol, 100% glycol, cation, ammonia, isopropyl alcohol, nonepHautomatic / manual for electrode output, plus adjustable solution temperature coefficient for solution ionization effectsDissolved Oxygen automatic, for membrane permeability and oxygen solubility Dissolved Ozoneautomatic, for membrane permeability and ozone solubility Conductivity/Resistivity Calibration 1-point; 2-point for 4-E sensorspH Calibration 1- or 2-point, with auto buffer recognitionpH Diagnosticsselectable continuous checking of membrane resistance and reference diaphragm/junction resistance (with solution ground sensors)Dissolved Oxygen Calibration air/comparison, zero Dissolved Ozone Calibration comparison, zeroSensor maximum distance61 m (200 ft); 15 m (50 ft) with 4-electrode sensorsConductivity/Resistivity± 0.5% of reading or 0.5 ohm, whichever is greater, up to 18 Mohm-cm pH, ORP ± 0.03 pH, ± 2 mV Dissolved Oxygen ± 1% (± 2% with long life probe) of reading or ± 1 ppb, system accuracy Dissolved Ozone± 2 % of reading or ± 3 ppb, system accuracyRelays2 SPDT, 1 SPST NO, 1 SPST NC, 2 SPST reed Analog Output Signals 4Discrete Inputs2Two Field-configurable channels for any pair of parameters:Conductivity/resistivity, pH/ORP, dissolved oxygen and/or dissolved ozone Reduces number of instruments and amount of panel space Includes all features of single parameter instrumentsMeasurement SpecificationsM 300 T r a n s m i t t e r s6Available in one and four channel models Accept input from most pulse flow sensors Compute total flow with high resolution Configurable for batch controlCompute reverse osmosis % recovery on four channel modelMeasurement SpecificationsM300 Flow ModelsFlowrate Range 0 to 9999 GPM, L/min, m /hrTotal Flow Range 0 to 9,999,999 Gallons, 37,850,000 Liters, 37,850 m 3RO % Recovery Range 0 to 100%Flow Velocity Range equivalent ft/s, m/s Frequency Range1 to 4000 HzCalculated Parameters (4-channel)ratio, sum and difference of two flowratesResolution 4 significant digits, auto-ranged; up to 8 digits for total flow Update rate display and outputs, once per 2 seconds Input pulseslow <1.0 volt; high >1.4 volts (36 volts max)Accuracy ± 0.5 Hz Repeatability± 0.2 Hz Setpoints/Alarms 4 - high, low, outside, or between 8 - high, low, outside, or between Relays2 SPDT, 1 SPST NO, 1 SPST NC 2 SPDT, 1 SPST NO, 1 SPST NC Analog Output Signals24Discrete Inputs, for external totalizer reset127Operator interface4 line back-lit LCD; 5-tactile keys1/4 DIN Model Dimensions (H x W x D)4.01 x 4.01 x5.51 in (102 x 102 x 140 mm)Max. Depth,- panel mounted4.96 in (126 mm), excluding plug-in connectors 1/2 DIN Model Dimensions (H x W x D)5.90 x 5.90 x 4.57 in (150 x 150 x 116 mm) Max. Depth,- panel mounted3.46 in (88 mm)MaterialABS/polycarbonate Weight, 1/4 DIN Models 1.5 lb (0.7 kg)Weight, 1/2 DIN Models 2 lb (1 kg)UL Electrical Environment Installation (overvoltage) Category IIRatings/Approvals UL (pending, US & Canada), CE compliant; NEMA 4X, IP 65 - 1/2 DIN wall mount and 1/4 DIN panel seal EMC Emissions according to EN55011 Class APoweruniversal 100-240 VAC, 50-60 Hz or 20-30 VDC; 5 W(on power loss, all settings are retained in non-volatile memory without batteries)Storage temperature-40 to 70 °C (-40 to 158 °F)Ambient temperature operating range -10 to 50 °C (14 to 122 °F)Relative humidity0 to 95%Analog outputs (as specified for individual models)powered 0/4-20 mA, 22 mA alarm, 500 ohms maximum load; not for use with externally powered circuits Analog output accuracy ± 0.05 mAAnalog output scalinglinear, bi-linear, logarithmic (1,2,3 or 4 decades), auto-ranging Relays (as specified for individual models)all contacts are potential free, with adjustable hysteresis and time delay SPDT, SPST NO, SPST NC 250 VAC/30 VDC, 3 A, resistive SPST reed300 VDC, 0.5 A, 10 WDigital communicationsUSB, type B connector, for remote configuration and data acquisitionDiscrete input (as specified for individual models)accepts dry contact closure for remote flow totalizer reset or remote PID controlauto/manual selectionDisplay auto/manual status and % output on bottom line of displaySettings auto/manual, setpoint, deadband, non-linear corner points, control limits, proportional gain, integral reset time (min.), derivative rate time (min.)Manual Station controlled by up/down arrow keys in manual mode; remote auto/manual selection by discrete input Control Output Typesone or two analog signals, relays—pulse frequency, or relays—pulse length Physical & Electrical Specifications - all modelsM 300 T r a n s m i t t e r sDimensional informationDimensions for 1/4 DIN panel-mount modelsDimensions for 1/2 DIN wall/panel-mount modelsDimensions for 1/2 DIN pipe mount kit9M 300 T r a n s m i t t e r s101/4 DIN enclosure – panel mounting kit included M3001-channel Conductivity/Resistivity 58 002 301M3002-channel Conductivity/Resistivity 58 001 304M3001-channel pH/ORP 58 001 303M3002-channel Multiparameter 58 001 306M3001-channel Flow 58 004 302M3004-channel Flow58 001 3051/2 DIN enclosure – panel/wall/pipe mount*M3001-channel Conductivity/Resistivity 58 002 311M3002-channel Conductivity/Resistivity 58 001 314M3001-channel pH/ORP 58 001 313M3002-channel Multiparameter 58 001 316M3001-channel Flow 58 004 312M3004-channel Flow58 001 315* Panel and pipe mounting require kits, listed below, ordered separately.Panel Mount Kit for 1/2 DIN models 52 500 213Pipe Mount Kit for 1/2 DIN models 52 500 212Conductivity Calibration Module58 082 300Adapter, VP to Standard, for calibrating conductivity with VP Patch Cord 58 080 102Configuration Software & Data Logger Kit 58 077 300Adapter Panel - M300 to 200/2000 cutout58 083 305StandardVP*1 ft (0.3 m) 1001-67-5 ft (1.5 m) 1005-6758 080 20110 ft (3 m) 1010-6758 080 20215 ft (4.5 m) 1015-6758 080 20325 ft (7.6 m) 1025-6758 080 20450 ft (15.2 m) 1050-6758 080 20575 ft (23 m) -58 080 206100 ft (30.5 m) 1110-6758 080 207200 ft (61 m)1120-6758 080 208* For VP Conductivity sensors only.Ordering InformationpH / ORP / Dissolved Oxygen / Ozone Sensor CablespH, Dissolved Oxygen**, Ozone3 ft (1 m) VP, -30 to 70 °C52 300 107 10 ft (3 m) VP, -30 to 70 °C52 300 108 16 ft (5 m) VP, -30 to 70 °C52 300 109 33 ft (10 m) VP, -30 to 70 °C52 300 110 High temp 3 ft (1 m) VP, -40 to 135 °C52 300 111 High temp 10 ft (3 m) VP, -40 to 135 °C52 300 112 High temp 16 ft (5 m) VP, -40 to 135 °C52 300 113 High temp 33 ft (10 m) VP, -40 to 135 °C52 300 114ORP3 ft (1 m) AS910 001 0102 10 ft (3 m) AS910 001 0302 16 ft (5 m) AS910 001 0502 33 ft (10 m) AS910 001 1002 ** For long life dissolved oxygen sensor 58 037 220 only, use standard conductivity cables in previous table.Calibration / Verification SolutionsConductivity Standard SolutionsConductivity standard, 25 μS/cm, 500 mL, HCl, ± 3%58 078 001 Conductivity standard, 100 μS/cm, 500 mL, KCl, ± 1%58 078 002 Conductivity standard, 1000 μS/cm, 500 mL, KCl, ± 1%58 078 003 Conductivity standard, 10,000 μS/cm, 500 mL, KCl, ± 1%58 078 004 Conductivity standard, 100,000 μS/cm, 500 mL, KCl, ± 1%58 078 005pH and ORP (Redox) Standard Buffer SolutionspH Buffer, 4.01, 250 mL51 340 057 pH Buffer, 7.00, 250 mL51 340 059 pH Buffer, 9.21, 250 mL51 300 193 pH Buffer, 10.00, 250 mL51 340 056 ORP Buffer, 468 mV, 6 x 30 mL51 319 058 ORP Buffer, 220 mV, 6 x 250 mL51 340 08111Mettler-Toledo Thornton, Inc.36 Middlesex Turnpike Bedford, MA 01730 USA Tel. +1-781-301-8600Fax +1-781-301-8701Toll Free +1-800-510-PURE ******************** Subject to technical changes © Mettler-Toledo Thornton, Inc. ML0122 Rev.B 02/07Visit for more information/thorntonQuality certificate.Development, production andtesting to ISO 9001.A certified ServiceXXL provider.M300 Conductivity Calibration Module 58 082 300•Includes resistances for all ranges of conductivity/resistivity and temperature •Used with 1- and 2- channel conductivity and multiparameter models •With NIST-traceable certificate of calibration•Enables efficient QA program•Includes standard patch cord connection; 58 080 102adapter available for use with VP patch cords。
钌化合物用作荧光指示剂检测水体溶解氧
钌化合物用作荧光指示剂检测水体溶解氧2016-05-16 13:32来源：内江洛伯尔材料科技有限公司作者：研发部溶解氧（Dissolved Oxygen）是指溶解于水中分子状态的氧，即水中的O2，用DO表示。
溶解氧是水生生物生存不可缺少的条件。
溶解氧大小能够反映出水体受到的污染，特别是有机物污染的程度，它是水体污染程度的重要指标，也是衡量水质的综合指标。
荧光猝灭法的测定是基于氧分子对荧光物质的猝灭效应原理，根据试样溶液所发生的荧光的强度来测定试样溶液中荧光物质的含量。
从80年代初起，人们已开始了探索应用于氧探头的荧光指示剂的工作。
早期曾采用四烷基氨基乙烯为化学发光剂，但由于其在应用中对氧气的响应在12小时内逐渐衰减而很快被淘汰。
后来过渡金属（Ru、Os、Re、Rh和Ir）的有机化合物以其特殊的性能受到关注，对光和热以及强酸强碱或有机溶剂等都非常稳定。
一般选用金属钌铬合物作为荧光指示剂即分子探针。
金属钌铬合物的荧光强度与氧分压存在逐一对应的关系，激发态寿命长，不耗氧，自身的化学成份很稳定，在水中基本不溶解。
钌铬合物的基态至激发态的金属配体电荷转移（MLCT）过程中，激发态的性质与配体结构有密切关系，通常随着配体共轭体系的增大，荧光强度增强，荧光寿命增大，例如在荧光指示剂中把苯基插进到钌的配位空轨道上，从而增强络合物的刚性，在这样的刚性结构介质中，钌的荧光寿命延长，而氧分子与钌络合物分子之间的碰撞猝灭机率进步，从而可增强氧传感膜对氧的灵敏度。
目前的研究中，钌化合物的配体一般局限于2,2＇-联吡啶、1,10-邻菲洛啉及其衍生物。
Brian在实验中比较了在不同pH值介质条件下制得的Ru(bpy)2+3与Ru(ph2phen)2+3两种不同涂料的传感器性能，结果显示在pH＝7时Ru(ph2phen)2+3显示了更高的灵敏度。
为延长敏感膜在水溶液中的工作寿命，较长时间保持其灵敏性，吕太平等合成Ru(Ⅱ)与4,7-二苯基-1,10-邻菲洛啉的亲脂性衍生物天生的新的荧光试剂配合物Ru(I)[4,7-双（4＇-丙苯基）-1,10-邻菲洛啉]2（ClO4）2和Ru(Ⅱ)[4,7-双（4＇-庚苯基）-1,10-邻菲洛啉]3（ClO4）2。
第三章 水环境化学习题解答
第三章水环境化学一、填空题1、天然水体中常见的八大离子包括：K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO3-、NO3-、Cl-、SO42-。
2、天然水体中的碳酸平衡体系a0、a1、a2分别表示[H2CO3*]、[HCO3-]、[CO32-]的分配系数，其表达式分别为：（用pH\K1\K2表达）:a 0=[H2CO3*]/{[ H2CO3*]+[ HCO3-]+[ CO32-]}=[H+]2/{[H+]2+K1[H+]+K1K2}a 1=[ HCO3-] /{[ H2CO3*]+[ HCO3-]+[ CO32-]}= K1[H+]/{[H+]2+K1[H+]+K1K2}a 2=[ CO32-] /{[ H2CO3*]+[ HCO3-]+[ CO32-]}= K1K2/{[H+]2+K1[H+]+K1K2}。
(注：此三个公式前半段教材119-120页有错误！)a 0+a1+a2=13、根据溶液质子平衡条件得到酸度低表达式：总酸度=[H+]+2[ H2CO3*]+[HCO3-]-[OH-]；CO2酸度= [H+]+[H2CO3*]-[CO32-]-[OH-]（注：教材121此公式错误），无机酸度= [H+]-[HCO3-]-2[CO32-] -[OH-] 。
4、根据溶液质子平衡条件得到酸度低表达式：总碱度= [OH-] +2[CO32-]+[HCO3-]-[H+]；酚酞碱度= [OH-] +[CO32-]-[H+]-[ H2CO3*]；苛性碱度= [OH-] -2[ H2CO3*]-[HCO3-]-[H+]。
5、“骨痛病事件”的污染物是镉；水俣病的污染物是汞（或甲基汞）。
6、水体的富营养化程度一般可用总磷（TP）、总氮（TN）、叶绿素a、透明度等指标来衡量。
7、水环境中氧气充足的条件下有机物发生的生物降解称为有氧（或好氧）降解，最终产物主要为二氧化碳和水，有机氮转化为硝酸根，有机硫转化为硫酸根。
水中的有机物在无氧条件经微生物分解，称为厌氧降解，降解产物除二氧化碳和水外，还有小分子的醇、酮、醛、酸等，无机态氮主要以氨氮存在、硫主要以硫化物存在，水体发臭发黑。
溶解氧概述(原理、测定、影响因素)
注意事项
碘量法是测定水中溶解氧的基准方法。在没有干扰的 情况下此方法适用于各种溶解氧浓度大于0.2mg/L 和小于 氧的饱和浓度两倍(约20mg/L)的水样。 易氧化的有机物如丹宁酸、腐植酸和木质素等会对测 定产生干扰，可氧化的硫的化合物如硫化物、硫脲也如同 易于消耗氧的呼吸系统那样产生干扰，当含有这类物质时 宜采用电化学探头法。 亚硝酸盐浓度不高于 15mg/L 时就不会产生干扰，因 为它们会被加入的叠氮化钠破坏掉，如存在氧化物质或还 原物质，则需预处理，采用修正后的碘量法。
2.步骤HACH Sension6
按照仪器说明书进行，用水饱和空气进行校准。 测定时，将探头浸入样品，不能有空气泡截留在膜上， 停留足够的时间，待探头温度与水温达到平衡，且数字显 示稳定时读数。必要时，根据所用仪器的型号及对测量结 果的要求，检验水温、气压或含盐量，并对测量结果进行 校正。 探头的膜接触样品时，样品要保持一定的流速，防止 与膜接触的瞬间将该部位样品中的溶解氧耗尽，使读数发 生波动。
溶解氧相关知识简介
taosy@
一、概述
• 1.概念 溶解氧（dissolved oxygen），缩写为DO，指溶解在 水中的分子态氧，单位为mg/l。 水中溶解氧量是水质重要指标之一，也是水体净化的 重要因素之一，溶解氧高有利于对水体中各类污染物的降 解，从而使水体较快得以净化；反之，溶解氧低，水体中 污染物降解较缓慢。
3.注意事项
测定时，注意手不要碰触热敏元件，并应将其没入液 面以下。 当将探头浸入样品中时，应保证没有空气泡截留在膜 上。 样品接触探头的膜时，应保持一定的流速，以防止与 膜接触的瞬时将该部位样品中的溶解氧耗尽而出现错误的 读数。应保证样品的流速不致使读数发生波动，在这方面 要参照仪器制造厂家的说明。
9435低浓度氧氧分析仪说明书
9435Low and High Level Dissolved Oxygen MonitorMonitors both high and low dissolved oxygenconcentrations—making it suitable for measurement during two shift andbase load operation on power stationsFast response—reacts to rapid changes in plant operationMicroprocessor system—provides automatic calibration and range changingDisposable sensor and no routine maintenance—give low running costsLow and High Level Dissolved Oxygen Monitor 9435DS/9435–EN Rev. H2IntroductionThe high costs involved in replacing damaged equipment coupled with the need to extend the periods between plant overhauls has resulted in increased importance being placed on preventative maintenance. To reduce corrosion damage to boilers and related equipment, this principle has been extended to maintaining the quality of feed water running through the process system.One of the major forms of boiler damage is oxidative corrosion.This occurs when oxygen dissolved in the process water comes into contact with the metal surfaces inside the boiler. During these conditions, electrolytic action establishes a potential difference between the oxygen and metal which, if allowed to continue, causes severe pitting and the eventual failure of the metal components.This type of damage can be prevented if close attention is paid to oxygen levels and remedial action is taken in the event of these levels rising. Because oxygen levels tend to vary considerably during the load cycle of a plant, an analyzer is required that can cope with both high and low levels of dissolved oxygen and which is able to respond rapidly enough to enable the efficiency of deaerator and dosing systems to be checked.General InformationThe ABB 9435 Dissolved Oxygen Monitor is a microprocessor-based instrument which uses a Mackereth type sensor to measure accurately the levels of dissolved oxygen in process feed water. It has been designed specifically for in-line use on power generation and related process plant.The Model 9435 is an accurate, reliable instrument which requires practically no maintenance and measures oxygen concentrations over the ranges 0 to 19.9μgkg –1, 0 to 199μgkg –1,0 to 1.99mgkg –1 and 0 to 19.9mgkg –1. The ranges being selected manually, or if required, switched automatically by the monitor’s microprocessor-based electronics package. Twoisolated current outputs are provided as are two high concentration alarms. The complete monitor is housed in two lockable steel cases consisting of a liquid handling section and an electronics section. The electronics case is protected to IP55(NEMA 3) and can be separated from the liquid handling section by up to 100m (32.5 ft) if required.Liquid Handling SectionThe liquid handling section contains the following components:a constant head unit; a flow cell; a solenoid valve; a ‘drain-run’switch; and the dissolved oxygen sensor.Constant Head Unit – provided after the sample input to the monitor to stabilize flow conditions during sample pressure changes. It also incorporates the flow cell sample drain pot.Dissolved Oxygen Sensor – the sensor is a disposable galvanic cell comprising a lead anode and a silver cathode in an alkaline electrolyte. The cell reactions are:at the anode;at the cathode;Pb → Pb 2+ + 2e –O 2 + 2H 2O + 4e – → 4OH –Flow Cell – this houses the dissolved oxygen sensor and sample temperature thermistor. The thermistor provides temperature information for air calibration and for automatic compensation of sample temperature variations.Solenoid Valve – activated when the air calibration sequence is initiated, the valve diverts the sample to drain and in so doing exposes the sensor to air. I t is also activated to protect the oxygen sensor should the sample temperature rise above 55°C (131°F).Drain-run Switch – used to manually activate the solenoid valve to divert the sample to drain when replacing the dissolved oxygen sensor.The 9435-300 Disposable SensorModel 9435-500 Main ComponentsLow and High Level Dissolved Oxygen Monitor 9435DS/9435–EN Rev. H3Electronics SectionThe current from the oxygen sensor and sample temperature information from the thermistor in the flow cell are fed to the microprocessor transmitter section. The electronics converts these signals into a digital display of oxygen concentration and also provides current, alarm and remote indication of range outputs.The digital display is a seven-segment LED type which indicates the following information:a)Oxygen Concentration0 to 19.9μgkg–10 to 199μgkg–10 to 1.99mgkg–10 to 19.9mgkg –1b)Running ModeNormal – indicates oxygen concentration During calibration –indicates CALc)Atmospheric Pressure Displays atmosphericpressure settings in mmHg d)Alarm Settings Displays alarm settings inμg-mgkg –1e)Temperature above Displays 'hot'55°C (131°F)f)Near Calibration FailDisplays CFThe information displayed depends upon the operating conditions and which push buttons on the monitor facia are depressed at the time.The push buttons on the monitor facia are used to set/display the alarm values, the atmospheric pressure settings and to manually trigger a calibration sequence. A five-position switch mounted directly below the buttons selects the range:0 to 19.9mgkg –1 (range 1), 0 to 1.99mgkg –1 (range 2),0 to 199.9μgkg –1 (range 3), 0 to 19.9μgkg –1 (range 4) or automatic range change.Model 9435-100 Transmitter UnitTwo isolated current outputs provide remote indication of reading and four sets of contacts give a remote indication of range, further sets of contacts energize in the event of calibration fail and alarm conditions.An internal switch programs the monitor to fully automatically calibrate every seven days or to calibrate only when the facia button is depressed. Inputs for remotely triggering and remotely inhibiting the calibration sequence are also provided.Atmospheric compensation – the oxygen partial pressure, and hence the sensor current, in air is a function of the atmospheric pressure. Before a calibration routine is initiated the relevant atmospheric pressure can be programmed into the monitor facia. This introduces a correction factor into the final calculation of dissolved oxygen levels.9435-100 Inputs/OutputsLow and High Level Dissolved Oxygen Monitor 9435DS/9435–EN Rev. H4Calibration MethodThe current output from a Mackereth type sensor decreases with age, so every 1 to 4 weeks, dependent on operating conditions, the monitor may require to be recalibrated. This is achieved by the opening of a solenoid valve which drains the sample and exposes the sensor to air.Because air contains a known proportion of oxygen, it is possible to compute the sensitivity of the sensor to oxygen and to adjust the final amplification accordingly. The calculation and adjustments are carried out by the microprocessor, which takes into account atmospheric pressure and air temperature variations.The calibration sequence itself occurs completely automatically and can be initiated manually at any time; alternatively, themonitor can be programmed so that a calibration is performed every seven days without the need for manual intervention.During normal operating conditions the sample passes through the inlet into both the flow cell and constant head unit. The constant head unit ensures that any variation in sample pressure does not affect the sample flow rate through the cell.When the calibration sequence is in operation or when the sample temperature exceeds 55°C (131°F) the sample is diverted to waste via the solenoid valve. The sample then drains from the constant head unit and flow cell so exposing the sensor to air.Sample Flow During Calibration or Thermal Overload Mode.Low and High Level Dissolved Oxygen Monitor 9435DS/9435–EN Rev. H5Sensor ReplacementAfter 6 to 12 months (dependent on operating conditions) the current output of the sensor in air drops below a preset level causing the readings on the monitor to flash on and off. This gives a warning that the sensor soon needs replacing.Eventually, after a further drop in current, the monitor fails to calibrate and the calibrate fail relay is energized.Replacement of the sensor takes less than two minutes and involves removing it from the flowcell, unscrewing it from the sensor mounting handle and replacing it with a new one.MaintenanceNo routine maintenance is required. Change the sensor every 6 to 12 months (depending on operating conditions). The instrument automatically indicates when the sensor is in need of replacement.Electronic ServicingIn the event of an electronic fault, a fixed price exchange circuit board scheme is operated.Ordering InformationSupplied with monitor:a)Instruction manualb)Dissolved oxygen sensor 9435-300c)2m (6.5 ft) of interconnecting cable Additional options:Interconnecting cable 0233-835 specify length up to 100m (325 ft).Sample inlet valve 9390-632 (supplied loose) 30 bar max.input pressure. 1/4 in. compression fittings.Spare sensor 9435-300.NB . It is recommended that sensors should be stored no longer than 6 months before being used.Oxygen sensor simulator unit.A current source to test the functioning of the transmitter unit9439-950.Details on a range of sample cooling equipment are available on request.Electrical ConnectionsTB2TB5TB6TB4TB3TB1TB7RNG 1RNG 2RNG 3RNG 40V Remote Indication of Measurement Range0VL N ERemoteCalIOUT 1IOUT 20V 0V+–+–NO COM NC NO COM NC NO COM NC NO COM NCCalibration Indication Calibration Fail Alarm 1Alarm 2Th1S1S2Th20V SOL 24S 24V SOL2Remote SwitchInhibit External Alarm ContactsConnections toSensor UnitMains Power Supply1234Low and High Level Dissolved Oxygen Monitor 9435DS/9435–EN Rev. H6SpecificationRange0 to 19.9μgkg –1, 0 to 199μgkg –1, 0 to 1.99mgkg –1,0 to 19.9mgkg –1Accuracy±5% of reading or ±1μgkg –1 whichever is the greater Response time90% or a step change in 1 minute Stability±5% of reading or ±1μgkg –1 per week whichever is the greater OutputsTwo isolated current outputs in the range 0 to 10mA,0 to 20mA or 4 to 20mA. Max. impedance 1k ΩRemote range indicationFour voltage-free contacts rated at 125V, 0.4A non-inductive External alarmsTwo normal or fail-safe, high concentration alarms Calibration mode indication Calibration fail indicationAll voltage-free contacts 250V, 2A non-inductive InputsRemote initiation of calibration sequence Remote inhibit of calibration sequence CalibrationAutomatic air calibration every 7 days or initiated manually when requiredInstallation InformationSample temperature 5 to 55°C (35 to 131°F)Sample flow 100 to 500ml/min Sample pressureMax. 30 bar with 0216-403 input valve 15 mbar without input valve Ambient temperature 0 to 55°C (32 to 131°F)Dimensions of sensor unit300mm wide x 400mm high x 200mm deep (11.8 in. wide x 15.7 in. high x 7.87 in. deep)Mounting for sensor unit Four holes8.5mm (0.33 in.) diameter 230mm (9.05 in.) horizontal 330mm (13 in.) verticalWeight of sensor unit 10kg (22lb)Connections to sensor unitSample inlet – 1/4 in. OD compression fitting Sample waste – 10mm (0.39 in.) flexible Atmospheric drainSample line material – Stainless steel Electrical – via gland, cable size 7 to 10.5mm Max. core size Mains 32/0.2mm Signal 24/0.2mmDimensions of transmitter unit356mm wide x 300mm high x 200 mm deep (14 in. wide x 11.8 in. high x 7.87 in. deep)Mounting for transmitter unit Four holes8.5mm (0.33 in.) diameter 230mm (9.05 in.) horizontal 330mm (13 in.) verticalWeight of transmitter unit 12kg (26.4lb)Electrical connection Via glands in terminal box Power supply requirements100/110/120V, 200/220/240V, 50/60Hz, 100VA Power supply tolerances Voltage +10% –20%.Frequency min. 47Hz max. 65HzCase protection of transmitter IP55 (NEMA 3)Maximum distance between sensor and transmitter unit 100m (325 ft)EMCEmissionsConforms to EMC Directive 89/336/EEC Classifications BS EN 500 81–2BS EN 500 82–2Design and manufacturing standards CE mark Electrical safety BS EN 61010–1Low and High Level Dissolved Oxygen Monitor9435DS/9435–EN Rev. H Overall Dimensions7Contact usD S /9435–E N R e v . H12.2010ABB LimitedProcess Automation Oldends Lane StonehouseGloucestershire GL10 3TA UK Tel:+44 1453 826 661Fax:+44 1453 829 671ABB Inc.Process Automation 125 E. County Line Road Warminster PA 18974USA Tel:+1 215 674 6000Fax:+1 215 674 NoteWe reserve the right to make technical changes or modify the contents of this document without prior notice. With regard to purchase orders, the agreed particulars shall prevail. ABB does not accept any responsibility whatsoever for potential errors or possible lack of information in this document.We reserve all rights in this document and in thesubject matter and illustrations contained therein. Any reproduction, disclosure to third parties or utilization of its contents in whole or in parts – is forbidden without prior written consent of ABB.Copyright© 2010 ABB All rights reserved3KXA494301R1001。
污水处理中的常用术语
污水处理中的常用术语BOD（Biochemical Oxygen Demand）——生化需氧量在有氧条件下，由于微生物的作用，水中可以分解的有机物完全氧化分解时所需要的溶解氧量，叫生化需氧量，用mg/L表示。
由于有机物的种类很多，欲测出其中各自的含量是办不到的，故常用BOD这个综合指标来表示。
微生物分解有机物所消耗的氧量与有机物的浓度密切相关，有机物含量愈高，消耗的氧也就愈多，这就是用BOD值来间接反映有机物含量多少的根据。
完全氧化分解污水中的有机物约需100天左右，而20天的BOD值十分接近完全的BOD值（相差1%左右）。
因此，常把20日BOD值（即BOD20）当作完全BOD值。
但20日仍嫌太长，实际上采用5日BOD值，即BOD5。
BOD5与BOD20相差较大，但就一般污水而言，二者存在比较固定的比值，如生活污水BOD5：BOD20=。
COD（Chemical Oxygen Demand）——化学需氧量在一定条件下，水中能被强氧化剂氧化的所有污染物质（包括有机物和无机物）的量，以氧的mg/L表示，叫化学需氧量。
有机物基本上属于还原性物质，能被化学氧化剂氧化。
有机物愈多，消耗的氧化剂量也愈多，因此可以用消耗的氧化剂量（换算成O2的mg/L）来间接反映有机物的含量。
但有机物不是全部能被氧化的，如以醋酸为主的低级脂肪酸就几乎不能被氧化。
此外，被氧化的污染物质还包括还原性的无机物——Fe2＋、NO2－等。
COD的测定方法分铬法（以重铬酸钾做氧化剂）和锰法（以高锰酸钾做氧化剂）两种，分别记为CODCr 和CODMn。
高锰酸钾法测定的结果受操作条件影响较大，且高锰酸钾溶液不稳定，对氧化程度也有影响，因而测定结果不能代表水中污染物质的确切含量。
而重铬酸钾法则克服了上述缺陷，它具有更强的氧化能力，能将污水中绝大部分有机物和还原性无机物氧化。
其溶液非常稳定。
该法已被广泛采用。
其与猛法之间的比值一般为：CODCr ：CODMn=3：2。
ABB 光学溶解氧传感器应用说明书
—A B B M E A SU R EM ENT & A N A LY TI C S | A PPLI C ATI O N NOTEThe advantages of optical dissolved oxygen sensors Optimize your aeration process using ABB’s optical DO systemSave energy and cut operatingcosts using ABB’s opticalDO system.Measurement made easy—IntroductionA typical wastewater treatment plant uses four main stages of treatment – Primary, Secondary, Tertiary and Sludge.The secondary treatment stage is the point at which organic waste is oxidized to form carbon dioxide, water and nitrogen compounds. To achieve this, most modern plants use an activated sludge system, which uses a culture of bacteria and other organisms to feed on the organic materials inthe sewage.Dissolved oxygen is a crucial ingredient in the efficient digestion of organic material during the biological stage of the wastewater treatment. In the correct concentration and under the correct temperature conditions, dissolved oxygen helps to encourage the effective propagation of bacteria and other organisms in waste water, which then feed on the sewage waste, converting it into carbon dioxide, water and energy.In many cases, the energy needed to power the equipment used to aerate secondary treatment processes can account for well over half of a plant’s total energy costs.The applicationThe oxygen needed for the aeration process is provided in one of two ways. Mechanical or surface aeration uses pumps or agitators on the surface of the tanks. The rate of aeration is controlled either by varying the speed and depth of the agitator, or the speed of the pump.In contrast, the diffusion method uses perforated pipes or domes in the base of the aeration tanks. The supply of oxygen is varied by changing the speed of the compressors which force air through the diffusers.In either case, accurate control of dissolved oxygen levels is critical to ensure the optimum conditions for the digestion process. If levels are too low, then the bacteria growth will be reduced, affecting the rate of sewage breakdown. If levels are too high, energy costs can increase, and the effectiveness of the sensor can be impaired by the formation of slime. For this reason, the recommended optimum level for dissolved oxygen is generally set at between 1.5 and 2 ppm.The challengeConventional techniques used to measure dissolved oxygen, such as electrochemical or galvanic diffusion methods, have traditionally struggled tomaintain accurate measurement over long periods of time without frequent recalibration due to sensor drift.Drawbacks such as limited membrane life havemade it difficult to achieve long-term accuracy and reliability. Moreover, the need for electrochemical sensors to be inspected, serviced and recalibrated, in some cases as often as every two weeks, adds to the overall cost of ownership. Optical sensors have provided a much more stable measurement, but many types on the market are still slow to respond and require regular calibration due to degradation of the lumiphore material.Measuring DO levels within an aeration process can prove a challenge in such a harsh environment. With high-fouling water and high sediment loads passing through the secondary stage at a rapid flow rate, the instrument needs to be robust and reliable.In addition to this, installations can prove difficult as although the basic technology in aerationprocesses remain basically the same, the methods can vary from mechanical or surface aeration to diffusion. It can also be extremely inconvenient when a sensor needs to be frequently replaced.Finally, transmitter devices can be complicated to program and commission, with calibration details, serial numbers and lifetime indication requiring input.The solutionThese problems are overcome by ABB’s new ADS420 optical DO sensor. Able to be used standalone or as part of a complete aeration control system featuring other ABB equipment such as the ACQ580 variable frequency drive, the ADS420 can help to provide accurate and stable measurement of dissolved oxygen levels.Unlike other optical DO systems, the sensor can be deployed for extended periods of time without a need for calibration. Each sensor cap is individually calibrated and profiled to the lumiphorecharacteristics, which are continually monitored throughout the life of the sensor. This avoids the need for frequent recalibration.The sensor’s construction features lumiphore molecules embedded in a gas-permeable sensing foil element, a blue LED, a red LED, and photodiode. When the blue LED emits light, red photons are emitted, caused by excitation of the lumiphore molecules embedded in the gas-permeable sensing foil.Any oxygen molecules present in the foil quench the luminescence, causing a phase shift in the returned red light which is measured by the photodiode. This phase shift is measured by comparing thedifference between the original red reference light and the red light being returned. The higher the levelOxygen molecules react with the lumiphore foilLuminescence is quenched causing a phase shiftPhase shift is measured by the photodiode—Figure 1Optical sensors – how they workof dissolved oxygen present, the lower the amount of red light is returned.The DO concentration is calculated and relayed to the transmitter. The resulting information is then used to fine-tune dissolved oxygen levels to match the requirements of the process. By using the phase shift to measure the lifetime of the luminescence rather than its intensity, the sensor offers the highest accuracy and stability across the widest operating range.As the patented signal processing is up to five times faster than other optical systems, improved control of dissolved oxygen levels can be achieved, enabling a return on investment in as little as six months. Impervious to drift, the non-consumptive, non-reactive method is ideal for high-fouling environments and can withstand the harshest operating conditions.—What can ABB offer?Comprised of a sensor and multi-channel transmitter, ABB’s optical DO sensor system utilizes the latest advances in optical measurement technology to give you the highest levels of stability and accuracy for dissolved oxygen measurement.The AWT420 dual-channel transmitter provides true flexibility for measuring a wide variety of parameters in a single device. The AWT420 can be used with either analog or digital EZLink sensors, providing plug-and-play sensor connectivity, automatic sensor recognition/set-up and advanced predictive diagnostics. It features an SD port for data storage and graphical trending and is compatible with a range of communications, including HART, Ethernet, Modbus and Profibus. The Ethernet module contains an embedded webserver that enables the unit to be viewed remotely and fully controlled securely via a web browser. Configuration data and processdata can be downloaded via a secure FTP connection.Setting up the transmitter and sensor is easy. Simply connect the sensor using ABB’s EZLink connection and the transmitter will automatically configure the sensor set-up.Added simplicity is provided by the sensor’s smart sensing cap with automatic setup.The SmartCap comes pre-loaded with factory calibration coefficients, serial number, lifetime indication, and manufacture date which are automatically uploaded to the ADS420 opticalDO sensor.—Figure 2Comprised of a sensor and multi-channel transmitter, ABB’s optical dissolved oxygen system can deliversignificant savingsThe SmartCap is capable of up to 24 months of continuous operation, greatly reducing the requirement for maintenance. When the cap does need replacing, it will be as easy as the original installation – the calibration details will be pre-loaded and the transmitter will automatically recognize the new sensor.When cleaning is necessary, it can be cleaned and redeployed without calibration. For high-fouling applications, the sensor can be automatically cleaned using ABB’s auto-clean system. This system periodically injects a high pressure burst of air across the sensor surface to remove any fouling.The ADS420 sensor is available with a range of installation options, including dip mount systems, floating ball systems and chain mount immersion systems for open tank and channel installations, as well as a flow-through system for panel mount systems.As a way of boosting performance whilst minimising energy costs, the optical dissolved oxygen system is ideal for large-scale municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants.It could also be used in any application where water must be cleansed before re-entering the water cycle, including aquaculture, dam or discharge monitoring and in food and beverage production processes.—A complete offering for aerationABB has extensive experience in the design, manufacture and lifelong support of aerationcontrol systems for water, wastewater and process applications. Additional products available includethe ACQ580 variable frequency drive, thermal massand electromagnetic flowmeters, pressure transmitters and the CM30 range of PID controllers.For more information contact your local sales representativeAN/ANALYTICAL/8-ENRev.A5.222—We reserve the right to make technical changes or modify the contents of this document without prior notice. With regard to purchase orders, the agreed particulars shall prevail. ABB AG does not accept any responsibility whatsoever for potential errors or possible lack of information in this document.We reserve all rights in this document and in the subject matter and illustrations contained therein. Any reproduction, disclosure to third parties or utilization of its contents – in whole or in parts – is forbidden without prior written consent of ABB AG. Copyright© 2022 ABBAll rights reserved—ABB Limited/measurement。
溶解氧与生化需氧量(DOANDBOD)
2.步骤YSI 6150 一点法：用水饱和空气校准，YSI推荐这种方法校准6150溶
解氧传感器可以获得最大精度。校准杯中水高0.3厘米。达到饱 和稳定时间至少30分钟。
两点法：用零氧介质和水饱和空气校准，只有在怀疑6150 光学溶解氧传感器的精度低于确定的低氧值时才需要用两点法 校准。
31
3.注意事项 一般校准注意事项 如果用水饱和空气作为校准媒介，开始校准前要注意溶解 氧读数和温度读数都要稳定（>30分钟）。热敏电阻沾水会因为 蒸发出现低温度数值，这种情况会导致较差的温度补偿和较差 的精度。 如果传感器是放在装有水饱和空气的校准杯中校准，要注 意拧开一些螺纹以便内外大气相通。 确认气压计输入为当前大气压，而不是当地气象部门所发 布的与海平面修正过的数值。 如果气饱和水被用于校准媒介，那么要保证至少用气泵打 气一个小时。
15
2.步骤 对于流动样品（例如河水）：应检查水样是否有足够的流
速（不得小于0.3m/s），若水流速低于0.3m/s，需在水样中往 复移动探头，或者取分散样品进行测定。
对于分散样品：容器能密封以隔绝空气并带有搅拌器。将 样品充满容器至溢出，密闭后进行测量。调整搅拌速度，使读 数达到平衡后保持稳定，并不得夹带空气。
14
2.步骤HACH Sension6 按照仪器说明书进行，用水饱和空气进行校准。 测定时，将探头浸入样品，不能有空气泡截留在膜上，停
留足够的时间，待探头温度与水温达到平衡，且数字显示稳定 时读数。必要时，根据所用仪器的型号及对测量结果的要求， 检验水温、气压或含盐量，并对测量结果进行校正。
探头的膜接触样品时，样品要保持一定的流速，防止与膜 接触的瞬间将该部位样品中的溶解氧耗尽，使读数发生波动。
27
溶解氧指标的意义和几种测定方法
溶解氧指标的意义和几种测定方法潘文澜;罗定贵【摘要】溶解氧是一个重要的水质指标，在环境监测、水污染控制和环境化学中都需要观察和测定溶解氧。
我国颁布的许多水质标准中都包含有溶解氧，溶解氧的含量和许多因素有关，水质恶化时溶解氧的含量很低甚至趋近零。
溶解氧和生化需氧量是生化处理废水工艺设计和动力学研究的重要参数。
水体自净程度与溶解氧有密切的关系。
随着现代仪器的发展，溶解氧监测技术也在不断的发展，出现了许多新的测定溶解氧的方法，为检测便利和准确提供了手段。
%Dissolved oxygen is an important indicator of water quality, and observation and measurement of dissolved oxygen are needed in environmental monitoring, water pollution control and environmental chemistry. Many of Chinese water quality standards contain dissolved oxygen index. Content of dissolved oxygen is related to many factors. When water quality corrupts, dissolved oxygen is low, even close to zero. Dissolved oxygen and Biochemical Oxygen Demand are important parameters in kinetic study and design of wastewater biological treatment process .The degree of water self-purification is closely related to dissolved oxygen index. With development of modern instruments, dissolved oxygen monitoring technology is constantly developing; there are many new ways of measuring dissolved oxygen now, which can provide the means for the convenient and accurate detection of dissolved oxygen.【期刊名称】《当代化工》【年(卷),期】2014(000)007【总页数】4页(P1397-1399,1402)【关键词】溶解氧;溶解氧测定的意义;溶解氧测定的方法【作者】潘文澜;罗定贵【作者单位】广州大学环境科学与工程学院，广东广州 510006;广州大学环境科学与工程学院，广东广州 510006【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O657溶解在水中的分子态氧称为溶解氧。
溶解氧的测定
溶解氧的测定刘彬;张缓缓;金庆辉;刘咏松【摘要】在环境水质监测和医学上，溶解氧都是一个非常重要的指数。
因此如何准确快速地测定溶解氧的值，对于指导很多领域的工作都是很有现实意义的。
从溶解氧的现行方法出发，重点介绍了以传感器为核心的溶解氧测定方法及其优越性，展望了基于MEMS工艺下溶解氧传感器的应用前景。
%Dissolved oxygen is an important parameter in the water quality of environment and medicine science. Thus it is significant for us in many fields to measure the concentration of dissolved oxygen. This paper explains some practical methods used on dissolved oxygen, especially dissolved oxygen sensor. Also the application of dissolved oxygen sensor through MEMS is discussed.【期刊名称】《化学传感器》【年(卷),期】2011(031)004【总页数】5页(P39-43)【关键词】溶解氧;碘量法;光学法;电化学法;传感器【作者】刘彬;张缓缓;金庆辉;刘咏松【作者单位】浙江理工大学理学院,浙江杭州310018;中国科学院上海微系统与信息技术研究所;传感技术联合国家重点实验室,上海200050;浙江理工大学理学院,浙江杭州310018;中国科学院上海微系统与信息技术研究所;传感技术联合国家重点实验室,上海200050;中国科学院上海微系统与信息技术研究所;传感技术联合国家重点实验室,上海200050;浙江理工大学理学院,浙江杭州310018【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TP2120 引言溶解氧是指溶解在水或液相中分子态氧，通常记作DO，用每升水里氧气的毫克数表示。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
90
100
Current Output DO Span, %
34
ABB Automation
ABB
日常维护
一周检查一次传感器膜片上有无颗粒状物体，如
有这些物质，需要清理。并单点空气标定， 标
定如失败更换电极 ABB Automation
35
ABB
输入连接
Mounting Wall Panel 1 12 Cathode (+ve) Electrode 2 11 3 10
800 750 700 8.0 9.0
650
600 550
7.0
0
250
Elevation Above Sea Level (m)
500
750
1000
1250
1500
1750
2000
20
ABB Automation
ABB
Solubility of Oxygen (mgl-1)
9435 300 传感器的响应 (at 25°C and 760mmHg)
低量程 溶解氧测量
Technical Support Department Water & Industrial Analysis
1
ABB Automation
ABB
Programme
• 溶解氧定义 • 传感器的结构 • 传感器标定
• 温度和压力的影响
• 9437监测仪的操作 • 维护时间表细节
2
ABB
9437 规格
• 量程: • 输出可扩展: 0 to 20mgkg-1 带自动量程显示 0 to 20mgkg-1 ±5% of reading or ±1mgkg-1
• 精度:
响应时间:
• 样品温度： 流量:
1 minutes for 90% step change
5 to 55° C 100 to 500 mlmin-1
30
25
Sensor Output (A)
20 15 10 5 0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Dissolved Oxygen Concentration (mgkg-1)
21
ABB Automation
ABB
9437低量程
溶解氧监测仪
22
ABB Automation
ABB
变送器和流通单元
23
ABB Automation
8
ABB Automation
ABB
影响溶解氧的几个因素
3. 溶液中含盐量 盐水中的溶解氧明显低于自来水中的溶解氧，为了准确测量，必 须考虑含盐量对溶解氧的影响。在温度不变的情况下，盐含量每 增加100mg/L，溶解氧降低约1%。
9
ABB Automation
ABB
9435 300 传感器
10
ABB Automation
4
ABB Automation
ABB
锅炉为何要检测溶解氧
大型锅炉给水中要求不含氧，水中含有氧气时，与钢材接触会发 生氧化反应，生产疏松多孔的氢氧化铁沉淀，使钢铁腐蚀，为保 护锅炉免受这种腐蚀，锅炉中的水都需要除氧，除氧后的水需要 用溶解氧仪来监测
5
ABB Automation
ABB
溶解氧测量原理
ABB Automation
ABB
溶解氧的定义
溶解于水中的分子态氧称为溶解氧，通常记作DO，用每升水里 氧气的毫克数表示。水中溶解氧的多少是衡量水体自净能力的一 个指标。
3
ABB Automation
ABB
溶解氧测量的两个应用场合
1；低浓度溶解氧的监测，指的是工业场合中锅炉给水 中的氧含量测量 2：高浓度溶解氧的监测，指的是地表水生活污水的监 测
31
ABB Automation
ABB
32
ABB Automation
ABB
传感器效率
33
ABB Automation
ABB
线性电流输出，量程: 0 to 20 - 0 to 20,000µgkg-1
100
Current Output, %
75 50 25 0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
膜电极法 膜电极法，又名CLACK电极法，这种电极利用半透膜可渗透氧但 不能渗透谁和其它有机及无机溶质的原来，保护电极不予还原物 质接触，保证其精度 DO电极一般由阴极、阳极、电解质和塑料薄膜构成
6
ABB Automation
ABB
DO传感器的基本安排
+
100R
Lead (Pb) Anode
Alkaline Electrolyte Silmation
ABB
线性输出 Range: 0 to 20 - 0 to 20,000µ gkg-1
100
Current Output, %
75 50 25 0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Current Output DO Span, %
30
ABB Automation
Terminal Number 4 9 5 8 6 7 7 6
Sensor Connection
X
Anode (-ve) Electrode
X
PT1000
Link T6/7
PT1000 Common
NOTE: Screen MUST be connected to the case earth stud
Flowmeter
Sample connections Inlet & Outlet 6.3mm od
26
Flowmeter
ABB Automation
ABB
9437 标定顺序
Activity Valve Timing Lower Display Expose to Air Open 3 to 5 minutes Calibrating Air Recovery Close 15 minutes D.O. µ g/l D.O. µ g/l Normal operation None
Terminal Number 4 9 5 8 6 7 7 6
Sensor Connection
X
Anode (-ve) Electrode
X
PT1000
Link T6/7
PT1000 Common
NOTE: Screen MUST be connected to the case earth stud
ABB Automation
ABB
传感器和连接器触点
17
ABB Automation
ABB
用密封圈连接传感器
18
ABB Automation
ABB
装配好的传感器
19
ABB Automation
ABB
20°C 时海拔对氧气在水中溶解能力的影响
Atmospheric Pressure (mmHg)
ABB
传感器前面
11
ABB Automation
ABB
铅正极 (不推荐拆开)
12
ABB Automation
ABB
传感器后面
13
ABB Automation
ABB
传感器存放小盒
14
ABB Automation
ABB
传感器存放小盒
15
ABB Automation
ABB
传感器和连接器组件
16
Current Output and Alarm States Held if selected in software
27
ABB Automation
ABB
日常维护
只需要偶尔地检查一下膜片上有无固体物， 如
标定失败更换传感器
28
ABB Automation
ABB
输入连接
Mounting Wall Panel 1 12 Cathode (+ve) Electrode 2 11 3 10
36
ABB Automation
ABB
37
ABB Automation
ABB
低量程 溶解氧测量
38
ABB Automation
ABB
Amplifier
Oxygen-permeable plastic membrane
7
Oxygen (O2) from sample
ABB Automation
ABB
影响溶解氧的几个因素
1.温度的影响 由于温度变化，膜的扩散系数和氧的溶解度都将发生变化，直接 影响到溶氧电极电流输出，温度上升，扩散系数增加，溶解度反 而减小 2. 大气压的影响 气体的溶解度与大气压有关系，即该地区的海拔高度有关，大气 压越大即海拔越低的地方，溶解氧越高，高原地区和平原地区的 差可达20%，
ABB
传感器流通单元
24
ABB Automation
ABB
9437流通单元尺寸
67
94
50
110
25
ABB Automation
ABB
流通单元布置示意图
Drain Tundish Drain Tundish
Flowcell
Sample Drain
Flowcell Sample Drain
Sample Drain Valve