高中英语语法之现在完成时详细

现在完成时
1.表示过去发生的或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。

表示一件事已经发生，这事往往与现在有联系。

I’ve lost my key.(因此无法进屋)
I’ve got a letter from my aunt.(因此知道她的近况)
My wife has just bought a beautiful dress from one of the shops there.
2.常和just，already,yet,recently,ever,never,这类副词连用。

（现在完成时常和不确定的时间副词连用，如：already,often,never,ever,always,yet,not…yet,before,once(一次)，twice,数词+times,so far,by now,up to now,till now等，有时也可以和包含“现在”概念的时间状语连用，如：recently,now,today,this +时间名词等）
He’s just left.
---Has he phoned you yet?---No,not yet.
Have you ever talked to him about it ?
Have you seen Peter recently?
I have never broken my word.
Everything has already been used up.
already 用于肯定句，可放在助动词之后、过去分词之前，也可放在句末；
yet用在疑问句中意为“已经”，用在否定句中表示“还”，常放在句末；
ever意为“曾经”，用于疑问句或否定句中，放在助动词与过去分词之间；never意为“从来都没有”，常和before连用，多放在助动词与过去分词之间。

Eg.I have never traveled by plane before.
before意为“以前”，指过去不确定的某个时间，总是放在句末，不受句型的限制。

Eg.I haven’t heard of it before.
3.表示动作或状态在过去已经开始，持续到现在，也许还要持续下去，常和for，since连用，或与how long 连用。

表示持续的动作或状态多为延续性动词。

for+时间,since+时间点
I haven’t seen you f or ages.
He hasn't cleaned the room for months.
We’ve lived here for over ten years.
I haven’t seen her since June.
I have lived here since 2000.
How long have you known her?
1)由since引导的从句中的时态：
由since引导的从句一般用过去时（主句谓语动词用现在完成时）
We’ve been friends ever since we met at school.
Much has changed since I was there last time.
2)当表示有多少时间时，主句谓语可用一般现在时：
It’s two years since I left home.
How long is it since you came here last time?
3)和time一道用的情况：
（This）It is the first time I have seen a panda.
It is only the second time he’s been in a palace.
4)在下面句型中也可用现在完成时：
This is the best tea I have ever drunk.
This is the most interesting book I have ever read.
This is the easiest job I have ever had.
4.延续性动词和非延续性动词的用法
1）现在完成时表示动作从过去某个时候开始一直持续到现在，与一段时间连用时应注意句中的谓语动词，非延续性动词不可和一段时间连用。

如：
我离开这所学校已八年了。

判断正误：
I’ve left this school for eight years.（）
I’ve been away from this school for eight years.（）
他借用我的词典已一周了。

He has borrowed my dictionary for two days. （）
He has kept my dictionary for two days. （）
2)非延续性动词与一段时间连用时可采用下述三种方法：
a.将非延续性动词转化为延续性动词
练习：将下列非延续性动词转化为延续性动词
buy ; borrow ; open ; close
begin/start ;come ;go/leave ;finish ;
died ;catch a cold ; put on ;
get up ；wake up fall asleep ;
lose ; join leave
[Exercises] Sentence Conversion
1.He left his office 3 hours ago.
He from his office for 3 hours.
It 3 hours since he left his office.
2.He has been dead 4 years.
He ago.
It has been he died.
b.将时间状语改为过去时间，并用一般过去时代替现在完成时。

Eg. I have been away from this school for eight years.
I left this school eight years ago.
c.用句型“it is +一段时间+since从句（从句中的谓语动词用非延续性动词的一般过去式）”表示。

如：It is two years since the old man die
d.
注意：瞬间动词在完成时态中的否定式可以接一段时间。

如：
[Exercises] Ture or False
He has come to Beijing since last year.( ) He has lived in Beijing since last year.( )
He has joined the army for 3 years.( ) He has served in the army for 3 years.( )
He joined the army 3 years ago. ( ) He has been a soldier for 3 years. ( )
It is 3 years since he joined the army. ( ) He has joined the army. ( )
有关现在完成时的几个问题：
1）have gone to 和have been to 的差别：
have gone to 表示“到某地去了”，因此人还在那里：
She has gone to Beijing.（她现在在北京）
The kids have gone to the zoo.
2)have been to 表示“到（来）过某地”：
—Where have you been?—I have been to the cinema.
Have you ever been to Hongkong?
I have ever been to Beijing several times.
Who’s been her e?(人已不在这)
后面还可跟不定式：
I’ve been to see my grandmother.(现已回来)
She’s been to do some shopping.
5.现在完成时和一般过去时的比较：（重点）
1）这两个时态都谈已经发生的事，主要差别是现在完成时表示的动作与现在有关系，或是对现在又影响，或谈现在以前这段时间里发生的事，而一般过去时单纯谈过去发生的事，与现在没有联系。

因此，凡是有过去时间状语时，只能用过去时：
She was here a minute ago.
They gave it to me just now.
I woke up at eight.
凡是单纯谈过去的事，与现在毫无联系时也多用过去时，试比较下面几组句子：
I’ve bought some fruit for you.（送来这里）
I bought some fruit in the supermarket.
She has written some short stories.(说明成就)
She wrote the stories in Shanghai.
I have just had my lunch.(因此我现在不饿)
I had my lunch in a cafeteria.
I’ve learnt a lot from you.(因此很感激你)
I learnt a lot there.
6.have got 的特殊用法：
have got 在形式上时现在完成时，在意思上和have相同：
Have you got (=Do you have)a timetable?
She hasn’t got any relations.
I’ve got a nother three minutes.
7.have got to 和have to 意思相同：
have got to 和have to 意思相同：
have got to =have to,表示“不得不”：
You’ve got to be careful.
That’s what we’ve got to do.
You’ve got to keep this in mind.
在口语中，have有时可以省略。

We got to make ends meet.我们得收支相抵。

[Exercise] Choice:
1.Danny hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular.
A.works
B.is working
C.has worked
D.worked
2.I got caught in the rain and my suit .
A.has ruined
B.had ruined
C.has been ruined
D.had been ruined
3.---The window is dirty. ---I know.It for weeks.
A.hasn’t cleaned
B.didn’t clean
C.wasn’t cleaned
D.hasn’t been cleaned
4.So far this year we a fall in house prices by between 5 and 10 percent.
A.saw
B.see
C.had seen
D.have seen
5.--- you him around the museum yet? ---Yes.We had a great time there.
A.Have;shown
B.Do;show
C.Had;shown
D.Did;show
6.In recent years many football clubs as business to make a profit.
A.have run
B.have been run
C.had been run
D.will run
7.Judy is going to marry the sailor she in Rome last year.
A.meets
B.met
C.has met
D.would meet
8.He said, “It’s the first time that I late.”
A.had been
B.have been
C.am
D.was
9.---What do you think of the coffee?---It doesn’t taste like what I before.
A.tasted
B.have ever tasted
C.was tasting
D.had ever tasted
10.The play had already been on for quite some time when we at the New Theatre.
A.have arrived
B.arrived
C.had arrived
D.arrive
Key：buy have ; borrow keep ; open be open ; close be closed begin/start be on ;come be here ;go/leave be away ;finish be over ; died be dead ;catch a cold have a cold ; put on wear ;
get up be up wake up be awake fall asleep be asleep ;
lose not have; join be (in) leave be away from ;
Chioce：1~5 CCDDA 6~10 BBBBB。