Magnetic Field Effect on β + Decay in the Crusts of Accreting Neutron Stars
（完整版）原子核物理专业词汇中英文对照表
（完整版）原子核物理专业词汇中英文对照表原子核物理专业词汇中英文对照表absorption cross-section 吸收截面activity radioactivity 放射性活度activity 活度adiabatic approximation 浸渐近似allowed transition 容许跃迁angular correlation 角关联angular distribution 角分布angular-momentum conservation 角动量守恒anisotropy 各项异性度annihilation radiation 湮没辐射anomalous magnetic moment 反常极矩anti neutrino 反中微子antiparticle 反粒子artificial radioactivity 人工放射性atomic mass unit 原子质量单位atomic mass 原子质量atomic nucleus 原子核Auger electron 俄歇电子bag model 口袋模型baryon number 重子数baryon 重子binary fission 二分裂变binging energy 结合能black hole 黑洞bombarding particle 轰击粒子bottom quark 底夸克branching ration 分支比bremsstrahlung 轫致辐射cascade radiation 级联辐射cascade transition 级联跃迁centrifugal barrier 离心势垒chain reaction 链式反应characteristic X-ray 特征X射线Cherenkov counter 切连科夫计数器collective model 集体模型collective rotation 集体转动collective vibration 集体振动color charge 色荷complete fusion reaction 全熔合反应complex potential 复势compound-nucleus decay 复合核衰变compound-nucleus model 复合核模型compound nucleus 复合核Compton effect 康普顿效应Compton electron 康普顿电子Compton scattering 康普顿散射conservation law 守恒定律controlled thermonuclear fusion 受控热核聚变cosmic ray 宇宙射线Coulomb barrier 库仑势垒Coulomb energy 库伦能Coulomb excitation 库仑激发CPT theorem CPT定理critical angular momentum 临界角动量critical distance 临界距离critical mass 临界质量critical volume 临界体积damped oscillations 阻尼震荡damped vibration 阻尼震荡damped wave 阻尼波damper 减震器damping factor 衰减系数damping 衰减的damp proof 防潮的damp 湿气danger coefficient 危险系数danger dose 危险剂量danger range 危险距离danger signal 危险信号data acquisition and processing system 数据获得和处理系统data base 数据库data communication 数据通信data processing 数据处理data 数据dating 测定年代daughter atom 子体原子daughter element 子体元素daughter nuclear 子核daughter nucleus 子体核daughter nuclide 子体核素daughter 蜕变产物dd reaction dd反应deactivation 去活化dead band 不灵敏区dead time correction 死时间校正dead time 失灵时间deaerate 除气deaeration 除气deaerator 除气器空气分离器deaquation 脱水debris activity 碎片放射性debris 碎片de broglie equation 德布罗意方程de broglie frequency 德布罗意频率de broglie relation 德布罗意方程de broglie wavelength 德布罗意波长de broglie wave 德布罗意波debye radius 德拜半径debye temperature 德拜温度decade counter tube 十进计数管decade counting circuit 十进制计数电路decade counting tube 十进管decade scaler 十进位定标器decagram 十克decalescence 相变吸热decalescent point 金属突然吸热温度decarburization 脱碳decascaler 十进制定标器decatron 十进计数管decay chain 衰变链decay coefficient 衰变常数decay constant 衰变常数decay constant 衰变常量decay energy 衰变能decay factor 衰变常数decay fraction 衰变分支比decay heat removal system 衰变热去除系统decay heat 衰变热decay kinematics 衰变运动学decay out 完全衰变decay period 冷却周期decay power 衰减功率decay rate 衰变速度decay scheme 衰变纲图decay series 放射系decay storage 衰变贮存decay table 衰变表decay time 衰变时间decay 衰减decelerate 减速deceleration 减速decigram 分克decimeter wave 分米波decommissioning 退役decompose 分解decomposition temperature 分解温度decomposition 化学分解decontaminability 可去污性decontamination area 去污区decontamination factor 去污因子decontamination index 去污指数decontamination 净化decoupled band 分离带decoupling 去耦解开decrease 衰减decrement 减少率deep dose equivalent index 深部剂量当量指标deep inelastic reaction 深度非弹性反应deep irradiation 深部辐照deep therapy 深部疗de excitation 去激发de exemption 去免除defectoscope 探伤仪defect 缺陷definition 分辨deflecting coil 偏转线圈deflector 偏转装置deformation energy 变形能deformation of irradiated graphite 辐照过石墨变形deformation parameter 形变参量deformation 变形deformed nucleus 变形核deformed region 变形区域deform 变形degassing 脱气degas 除气degeneracy 简并degenerate configuration 退化位形degenerate gas 简并气体degenerate level 简并能级degenerate state 简并态degeneration 简并degradation of energy 能量散逸degradation 软化degraded spectrum 软化谱degree of acidity 酸度degree of burn up 燃耗度degree of purity 纯度dehumidify 减湿dehydrating agent 脱水剂dehydration 脱水deionization rate 消电离率deionization time 消电离时间deionization 消电离delay circuit 延迟电路delayed alpha particles 缓发粒子delayed neutron 缓发中子delayed proton 缓发质子deliquescence 潮解deliquescent 潮解的demagnetization 去磁denitration 脱硝density gradient instability 密度梯度不稳定性density of electrons 电子密度deoxidation 脱氧deoxidization 脱氧departure from nucleate boiling ratio 偏离泡核沸腾比departure from nucleate boiling 偏离泡核沸腾depleted fuel 贫化燃料deposit dose 地面沉降物剂量deposited activity 沉积的放射性deposition 沉积deposit 沉淀depression 减压depressurization accident 失压事故depressurizing system 降压系统desalinization 脱盐desalting 脱盐descendant 后代desorption 解吸detailed balance principle 细致平衡原理detection of radiation 辐射线的探测detonation 爆炸deuteride 氘化物deuterium alpha reaction 氘反应deuterium 重氢deuton 氘核deviation 偏差dew point 露点dextro rotatory 右旋的diagnostic radiology 诊断放射学diagnostics 诊断diagram 线图diamagnetism 反磁性diameter 直径diamond 稳定区;金刚石diaphragm 薄膜diatomic gas 双原子气体diatomic molecule 二原子分子dielectric 电介质differential control rod worth 控制棒微分价值differential cross section 微分截面diffraction spectrometer 衍射谱仪diffraction spectrum 衍射光谱diffraction 衍射diffuse 扩散diffusion stack 务马堆diffusion theory 扩散理论diffusion time 扩散时间diffusion 扩散dilution 稀释dipole 偶极子dirac equation 狄拉克方程direction 方向discharge 放电discrete 离散的disintegrate 蜕衰disintegration 蜕变dislocation 位错disorder 无序dispersion 分散displacement current 位移电流displace 位移;代替dissociation 离解dissolution 溶解distillation 蒸馏distortion 畸变divergence 发散domain 磁畴Dopper effect 多普勒效应dose albedo 剂量反照率dose build up factor 剂量积累因子dose equivalent 剂量当量dose rate 剂量率dose 剂量down quark 下夸克dry out 烧干duality 二重性duct 管dysprosium 镝endothermic reaction 吸能反应energy conservation 能量守恒even-even nucleus 偶偶核exchange force 交换力excited state 激发态exothermic reaction 放能反应exposure 照射量fatigue 疲劳feedback 反馈fermi age 费米年龄fermion 费米子fermium 镄fermi 费米Feynman diagram 费恩曼图field theory 场论fine structure 精细结构fissile 分裂的fissionable 分裂的fission barrier 裂变势垒fission fragment 裂变碎片fission product yield 裂变产额fission product 裂变产物flattening of neutron flux 中子通量展平fluorescent x rays 荧光x射线fluorine 氟flux 通量forbidden band 禁带force 力francium 钫free electron 自由电子free energy 自由能frenkel defect 弗兰克尔缺陷frictional force 摩擦力fuel assembly grid 燃料集合体栅格fuel assembly 核燃料组件fuel cell 燃料电池fuel depletion 燃料贫化fuel reprocessing 燃料后处理function 函数fusion 核聚变galaxy 星系Gamow-Teller interaction G-T相互作用gauge boson 规范波色子gauge field theory 规范场论Geiger-Mǖller counter 盖革-米勒计数器Geiger-Nuttal law 盖革-努塔尔定律geometrical cross-section 几何截面germanium detector 锗探测器giant resonance 巨共振gluon 胶子grid ionization chamber 屏栅电离室hadron 强子heavy ion 重离子helicity 螺旋性Higgs particle 希格斯粒子Hubble constant 哈勃常量Hubble law 哈勃定理incoming channel 入射道incoming particle 入射粒子independent-particle model 独立粒子模型induced fission 诱发裂变inelastic collision 非弹性碰撞inelastic scattering 非弹性散射inertial confinement 惯性约束internal conversion 内转换intrinsic electric quadrupole moment 内禀电四极矩intrinsic parity 內禀宇称island of isomerism 同核异能素岛island of stability 稳定岛isobaric spin,isospin 同位旋isobar 同量异位素isomer 同核异能素isospin analog state 同位旋相似态isospin multiplet 同位旋多重态isotone 同中异位素isotope 同位素j j coupling j j耦合joule heat 焦耳热jump function 阶跃函数junction particle detector 结型粒子探测器kerma rate 比释动能率kerma 柯玛kernel approximation method 核近似法kernel function 核函数kernel 核kerr cell 克尔盒kerr effect 克尔效应kevatron 千电子伏级加速器key measurement point 关键测量点k factor 增殖系数kinetic theory of gases 气体运动论kirchhoff's radiation law 基尔霍夫辐射定律klein gordon equation 克莱因戈登方程klein nishina formula 克莱因仁科公式knight shift 奈特移位knocking out 原子位移knock on atom 撞出原子knock on 撞击撞出krypton 氪k shell k 层Kurie plot 库里厄图labeled 示踪的labile 不稳定的lag 延迟laminar flow 层流lande g factor 朗德因子lanthanides 镧系lanthanum 镧laplace's operator 拉普拉斯算符laplacian 拉普拉斯算符larmor frequency 回旋频率laser cooling 激光冷却laser enrichment process 激光浓缩法laser isotope separation method 激光同位素分离法laser pulse 激光脉冲laser 激光latent energy 潜能lattice cell 栅元lattice constant 晶格常数lattice defect 点阵缺陷lattice energy 晶格能量lattice parameter 晶格常数lattice 格子laue photograph 劳厄照相lawrencium 铹Lawson criterion 劳森判据lead 铅lepton 轻子level 能级liberation 游离limit 极限liquid metal 液态金属liquid model 液体模型liquid phase 液相lithium 锂load 负荷lorentz force 洛伦兹力lorentz gas 洛伦兹气体lorentz invariance 洛伦兹不变性low activity waste 低放废物lower limit 下限lutetium 镥macroscopic cross section 宏观截面macroscopic state 宏观态magic number 幻数magnesium 镁magnetic dipole 磁偶极子magnetic field 磁场magnetic resonance 磁共振magnetism 磁manganese 锰many body forces 多体力many body problem 多体问题mass abundance 质量丰度mass energy conversion formula 质能换算公式mass excess 质量过剩mass range 质量射程mass spectrometer 质谱仪maximum 最大值maxwell boltzmann distribution 麦克斯韦分布函数mean collision time 平均碰撞时间mean field 平均场mean value 平均值mean 平均melting point 熔点membrane 薄膜memory 存储mendeleev's law 门捷列夫周期律mendelevium 钔mercury 汞meson exchange theory 介子交换理论meson field theory 介子场理论meson 介子meson 介子metamorphose 变形methane 甲烷methanol 甲醇methyl alcohol 甲醇migration 移动mobility 迁移率moderate 减速moderation 减速modulus of elasticity 弹性模数modulus of rigidity 刚性模数modulus of rupture 断裂模数modulus of torsion 扭转模数modulus 刚性模数moisture 湿气molar fraction 克分子分数molecular mass 分子质量molecular orbital 分子轨函数molten salt 熔盐molybdenum 钼monte carlo method 蒙特卡罗法neodymium 钕neon 氖neptunium 镎neutrino 中微子neutron flux 中子通量neutronics 中子物理学neutron 中子nickel 镍niobium 铌nitrogen 氮nobelium 锘nominal value 公称值nuclear fission 核裂变nuclear fission 核裂变nuclear force 核力nuclear fuel 核燃料nuclear spallation 核散裂nucleon 核子nucleus 核nuclide 核素nu factor 每次裂变后的中子产额ood-A nucleus 奇A核ood-ood nucleus 奇奇核optical model 光学模型orbital angular momentum 轨道角动量orbital electron capture 轨道电子俘获pair creation，pair production 对产生pairing correlation 对关联pairing energy 对能parent nucleus 母核parity 宇称partial-wave analysis 分波分析partial-wave cross-section 分波截面particle physics 粒子物理photoelectric effect 光电效应pick-up reaction 拾取反应polarization 极化度potential barrier 势垒prompt neutron 瞬发中子proportional chamber 正比室proton radioactivity 质子放射性proton 质子quark confinement 夸克禁闭quark-gluon plasma 夸克-胶子等离子体quark model 夸克模型quark 夸克radiation damage 辐射损伤radiation dose 辐射剂量radiation protection 辐射防护radiative capture 辐射俘获radioactive dating 放射性鉴年法radioactive equilibrium 放射性平衡radioactive nuclide 放射性核素radioactive series 放射系radioactivity 放射性range 射程reaction channel 反应道reaction cross-section 反应截面reaction energy 反映能reaction product 反应产物reaction yield 反应产额recoilless resonance absorption 无反冲共振吸收residual interaction 剩余相互作用residual nuclease 剩余核resolution 分辨率resolving time 分辨时间resonance cross-section 共振截面resonance energy 共振能量resonance state 共振态rotational energy level 转动能级saddle point 鞍点samarium poisoning 钐中毒samarium 钐scalar 标量scandium 钪scattering 散射scheme 图解Schrodinger equation 薛定谔方程scintillation detector 闪烁探测器scram control 快速停堆控制scram discharge volume 快速停堆排放量scram rod 安全棒selenium 硒self absorption coefficient 自吸收系数self absorption 自吸收self adjoint matrix 自共轭矩阵self adjoint operator 自共轭算子self adjoint 自轭的semiconductor 半导体sensitivity 灵敏度series 系;级数shell model 壳层模型shell structure 壳层结构shim rod 补偿棒shim 补偿shut off rod 安全棒silicon 硅simulation 模拟singularity 奇性slab reactor 平板反应堆slow down 减速slowing down area 慢化面积small angle scattering 小角散射sodium fluoride 氟化钠sodium 钠soft component of cosmic rays 字宙射线的软成分solar cosmic ray 太阳宇宙线solar neutrino 太阳中微子solar x ray 太阳x 射线solenoid 螺旋管solid angle 立体角solid phase 固相solid solution 固溶体soluble 可溶的solute 溶质source data 源数据source strength 源强度space group 空间群space lattice 空间点阵spacing 间距spallation 散裂special relativity 狭义相对论special report 专题报告special theory of relativity 狭义相对论specific activity 比放射性specific binding energy 比结合能specific burn up 比燃耗specific charge 比电荷specific concentration 比浓度specific 比的specimen 试样spectral line 光谱线spectral series 光谱线系spectrum 谱speed 速率spent nuclear material pool 烧过的核材料贮存池sphere 球spherical reactor 球形反应堆spherical wave 球面波spin angular momentum 自旋角动量spin dependent force 自旋相关力spin 自旋splitting of energy levels 能级分裂splitting ratio 分开比spontaneous decay 自发衰变spot 斑sputtering 飞溅square bracket 方括弧stable equilibrium 稳定平衡stainless steel 不锈钢standing wave 驻波stark effect 斯塔克效应statistical error 统计误差statistical fluctuation 统计涨落statistical mechanics 统计力学statistical straggling 统计涨落statistical uncertainty 统计不确定性statistical weight 统计重量statistical 统计的statistic analysis 统计分析statistics 统计学statistics 统计性质steam generator 蒸汽发生器steam void 汽穴steam 蒸汽stefan boltzmann ] constant 斯蒂芬玻尔兹曼常数stern gerlach experiment 斯登盖拉赫实验stochastic process 随机过程stoichiometry 化学计算法stokes'law 斯特克斯定律stopping power 阻止本领strangeness number 奇异数strangeness 奇异性strange particle 奇异粒子strange particle 奇异粒子strange quark 奇异夸克strength function 强度函数strontium 锶structure factor 结构因子subcritical assembly 亚临界装置subcritical 亚临界的subgroup 子群sublimation 升化subprogram 子程序subroutine 子程序subscript 下标subtraction 减法sulfur 硫superconductivity 超导性superconductor 超导体supercooled 过冷的superheated vapor 过热蒸汽superheated 过热的superlattice 超晶格superposition principle 迭加原理superposition 重叠supersaturation 过饱和superscript 上标surface tension 表面张力susceptibility 磁化率suspension colloid 悬浮胶体swelling 膨胀switch 开关symmetry 对称性synchrotron radiation 同步加速辐射synthesis 合成system of atomic units 原子单位制threshold energy 阈能time-of-flight 飞行时间top quark 顶夸克total cross section 总截面track detector 径迹探测器transfer reaction 转移反应transition probability 跃迁概率two-component neutrino theory 二分量中微子理论unclean separation energy 核子分离能unified model 综合模型unique forbidden transition 唯一性禁戒跃迁up quark 上夸克uranium series 铀系vector boson 矢量波色子vibration energy level 振动能级volume energy 体积能weak interaction 弱相互作用yrast line 转晕线yrast state 转晕态。
物理专业常用英语词汇
物理：absolute acceleration 绝对加速度absolute error 绝对误差absolute motion 绝对运动absolute temperature 绝对温度absolute velocity 绝对速度absolute zero 绝对零度absorption 吸收absorptivity 吸收率accelerated motion 加速运动acceleration of gravity 重力加速度acceleration 加速度accidental error 偶然误差acoustics 声学acting force 作用力adjustment 调节aether 以太air pump 抽气机air table 气垫桌air track 气垫导轨alternating current circuit 交流电路alternating current generator 交流发电机alternating current 交流电altimeter 测高仪ammeter 安培计amperemeter 电流计ampere 安培Ampere's experiment 安培实验Ampere's force 安培力Ampere's law 安培定律amperemeter 安培计amplitude 振幅angle of rotation 自转角，转动角angular acceleration 角加速度angular displacement 角位移angular velocity 角速度anion 负离子anisotropy 各向异性annihilation 湮没anode 阳极antenna 天线applied physics 应用物理学Archimedes principle 阿基米德原理area 面积argumentation 论证argument 辐角astigmatoscope 散光镜atomic nucleus 原子核atomic physics 原子物理学atomic spectrum 原子光谱atomic structure 原子结构atom 原子Atwood ' s machine 阿特伍德机average power 平均功率average velocity 平均速度Avogadro constant 阿伏加德罗常数Avogadro law 阿伏加德罗定律balance 天平ballistic galvanometer 冲击电流计band spectrum 带状谱barometer 气压计basicquantity 基本量basicunits 基本单位battery charger 电池充电器b a t t er y,a cc u m u la t o r 蓄电池battery 电池组beam 光束betatron 电子感应加速器Bohr atom model 玻尔原子模型boiling point 沸点boiling 沸腾bounce 反弹bound charge 束缚电荷bound electron 束缚电子branch circuit 支路breakdown 击穿brightness 亮度buoyancy force 浮力calorifics 热学camera 照相机capacitance 电容capacitor 电容器capillarity 毛细现象cathode ray 阴极射线cathode-ray tube 阴极射线管cathode 阴极cation 正离子cell 电池Celsius scale 摄氏温标centre of gravity 重心centre of mass 质心centrifugal force 离心力centripetal acceleration 向心加速度centripetal force 向心力chain reaction 链式反应chaos 混沌characteristic spectrum 特征光谱charged body 带电体charged particle 带电粒子charge 充电circular hole diffraction 圆孔衍射circular motion 圆周运动classical mechanics 经典力学classical physics 经典物理学cloud chamber 云室coefficient of maximum staticfriction 最大静摩摩系数coefficient of restitution 恢复系数coefficient of sliding friction 滑动摩擦系数coefficient 系数coherent light 相干光源coil 线圈collision 碰撞component force 分力component velocity 分速度composition of forces 力的合成composition of velocities 速度的合成compression 压缩concave lens 凹透镜concave mirror 凹面镜concurrent force 共点力condensation 凝结condenser 电容器conducting medium 导电介质conductor 导体conservative force field保守力场conservative force 保守力constant force 恒力constant 常量continuous spectrum 连续谱convergent lens 会聚透镜convex lens 凸透镜convex mirror 凸面镜coordinate system 坐标系coplanar force 共面力Corolis force 科里奥利力corpuscular property 粒子性corpuscular theory 微粒说Coulomb force 库仑力coulomb 库仑Coulomb's law 库仑定律counter 计数器creation 产生creepage 漏电crest 波峰critical angle 临界角critical resistance 临界电阻critical temperature 临界温度crystal 晶体current density 电流密度current element 电流元current source 电流源current strength 电流强度curvilinear motion 曲线运动cyclotron 回旋加速器damped vibration 阻尼振动damping 阻尼Daniell cell 丹聂耳电池data processing 数据处理data 数据decay 衰变definition of ampere 安培的定义defocusing 散集density 密度derived quantity 导出量derived unit 导出单位dielectric 电介质diffraction pattern 衍射图样diffraction 衍射diffuse reflection 漫反射digital timer 数字计时器dimensional exponent 量纲指数dimension 量纲diode 二级管diopter 屈光度direct current, DC 直流direct impact 正碰direct measurement 直接测量discharge 放电disorder 无序dispersion 色散electromagnet 电磁体electrometer 静电计first cosmic v elo c ity第一宇宙速度完全弹性碰撞impulse 冲量displacement 位移electromotive force 电动势fission 裂变incident angle 入射角divergent lens 发散透镜electron 电子fixed-axis rotation 定轴转动incident ray 入射线Doppler effect 多普勒效应double slit diffraction 双缝衍射driving force 驱动力dry cell 干电池echo 回声eddy current 涡流effective value 有效值elastic body 弹性体elastic force 弹［性］力elasticity 弹性electric charge 电荷electric circuit 电路electric corona 电晕electric energy 电能electric field 电场electric field intensity 电场强度electric field line 电场线electric flux 电通量electric leakage 漏电electric neutrality 电中性electric potential 电位，电势electric potential difference电位差，电势差electric potential energy 电位能electric power 电功率electric quantity 电量electrification 起电electrification by friction 摩擦起电electrified body 带电体electrode 电极electrolysis 电解electrolyte 电解质electromagnetic damping 电磁阻尼electromagnetic induction 电磁感应electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射electromagnetic wave 电磁波electromagnetic wave spectrum 电磁波谱electromagnetism induction phenomenon 电磁感应现象electron beam 电子束electron cloud 电子云electron microscope 电子显微镜electron volt 电子伏特electroscope 验电器electrostatic equilibrium 静电平衡electrostatic induction 静电感应electrostatic screening 静电屏蔽elementary charge 基本电荷，元电荷energy 能量energy level 能级equilibrium 平衡equilibrium condition 平衡条件equilibrium of forces 力的平衡equilibrium position 平衡位置equilibrium state 平衡态equivalent source theorem 等效电源定理erect image 正像error 误差ether 以太evaporation 蒸发excitation 激发excitation state 激发态experiment 实验experimental physics 实验物理学external force 外力eyepiece 目镜far sight 远视Faraday cylinder法拉第圆筒Faraday law ofelectromagnetic induction 法拉第电磁感应定律Faraday's law ofelectromagnetic induct 法拉第电磁感应定律farad 法拉(电容的单位)film interference 薄膜干涉final velocity 末速度flotation balance 浮力秤fluid 流体focal length 焦距focusing 调焦，聚焦focus 焦点force 力forced vibration 受迫振动fractal 分形free charge 自由电荷free electron 自由电子free period 自由周期freezing point 凝固点frequency 频率friction force 摩擦力fusion 聚变galvanometer 电流计gas 气体general physics 普通物理学generator 发电机good conductor 良导体gravitation 引力gravity 重力gravitational potential energy重力势能gravity field 重力场ground earth 接地ground state 基态ground wire 地线hadron 强子half life period 半衰期heat 热heat transfer 传热henry 亨利hertz 赫兹(频率的单位)Hooke law 胡克定律humidity 湿度hydrogen 氢原子hypothesis 假设ice point 冰点ideal gas 理想气体image 像image distance 像距image height 像高imaging 成像imperfect inelastic collision 非indirect measurement 间接测量induced electric current 感应电流induced electric field 感应电场induction current 感应电流induction electromotive f o r c e感应电动势induction motor 感应电动机inertia 惯性inertial force 惯性力inertial system 惯性系infrared ray 红外线infrasonic wave 次声波initial phase 初位相initial velocity 初速度input 输入instantaneous power 瞬时功率instantaneous velocity 瞬时速度instrument 仪器insulated conductor 绝缘导体insulating medium 绝缘介质insulator 绝缘体intensity of sound 声强interference 干涉interference fringe 干涉条纹interference pattern 干涉图样interferometer 干涉仪internal energy 内能internal force 内力internal resistance 内阻intonation 声调inverted image 倒像invisible light 不可见光ion beam 离子束ionization 电离irreversible process 不可逆过程isobaric process 等压过程isobar 等压线isochoric process 等体积过程isothermal 等温线isothermal process 等温过程isotope 同位素isotropy 各向同性joule 焦耳（功的单位）Joule heat 焦耳热Joule law 焦耳定律Joule' law 焦耳定律Kepler law 开普勒定律kinematics 运动学kinetic energy 动能Laplace's equation 拉普拉斯方程laser 激光，激光器law 定律law of conservation of angular momentum 角动量守恒定律law of conservation of energy 能量守恒定律law of conservation of mass 质量守恒定律law of conservation of mechanical energy 机械能守恒定律law of conservation of momentum 动量守恒定律law of electric c h a r g e conservation 电荷守恒定律Le Systè me International d ` Unit ès 国际单位制(SI)lead 导线length 长度lens 透镜lens formula 透镜公式Lenz's law 楞次定律lepton 轻子Light ray 光线light source 光源light wave 光波lightning rod 避雷针light 光line spectrum 线状谱lines of current 电流线lines of force of electric field 电力线liquefaction 液化liquefaction point 液化点liquid 液体longitudinal wave 纵波loop 回路Lorentz force 洛仑兹力luminous intensity 发光强度magnetic field 磁场magnetic field intensity 磁场强度magnetic field line 磁场线magnetic induction flux 磁感应通量magnetic induction 磁感应强度magnetic induction line磁感应线magnetic material 磁性材料magnetic needle 磁针magnetic pole 磁极magnetics 磁学magnetism 磁学magnetization 磁化magnet 磁体magnification 放大率magnifier 放大镜，放大器manometer 流体压强计mass 质量mass defect 质量亏损mass-energy equation 质能方程matter 物质matter wave 物质波Maxwell's equations 麦克斯韦方程组mean speed 平均速率mean velocity 平均速度measurement 测量mechanical energy 机械能mechanical motion 机械运动mechanical vibration 机械振动mechanics 力学medium 介质melting fusion 熔化melting point 熔点metre rule 米尺microdetector 灵敏电流计micrometer caliper 螺旋测微器microscope 显微镜microscopic particle 微观粒子mirror reflection 镜面反射mirror 镜mixed unit system 混合单位制modern physics 现代物理学molar volume 摩尔体积molecular spectrum 分子光谱molecular structure 分子结构moment of force 力矩momentum of electromagneticfield 电磁场的动量momentum 动量motor 电动机multimeter 多用［电］表musical quality 音色N pole 北极natural frequency 固有频率natural light 自然光negative charge 负电荷negative crystal 负晶体negative ion 负离子negative plate 负极板network 网络neutralization 中和neutron 中子newton 牛顿（力的单位）Newton first law 牛顿第一定律Newton second law牛顿第二定律Newton third law 牛顿第三定律nonequilibrium state 非平衡态north pole 北极nucleus force 核力nucleus of condensation 凝结核object 物object distance 物距object height 物高objective 物镜observation 观察Oersted's experiment 奥斯特实验ohm 欧姆Ohm law 欧姆定律ohmmeter 欧姆计Ohm's law 欧姆定律open circuit 开路optical bench 光具座optical centre of lens 透镜光心optical fiber 光导纤维optical glass 光学玻璃optical instrument 光学仪器optical lever 光杠杆optical path difference 光程差optical path 光程(路)optically denser medium 光密介质optically thinner medium 光疏介质optics 光学orbit 轨道order 有序oscillograph 示波器output 输出overweight 超重parallel connection ofcondensers 电容器的并联parallelogram rule 平行四边形定律parallel-resonance circuit 并联谐振电路parameter 参量particle 质点，粒子Pascal law 帕斯卡定律path 路程peak 峰值pendulum 摆penumbra 半影perfect conductor 理想导体perfect elastic collision 完全弹性碰撞perfect inelastic collision 完全非弹性碰撞periodicity 周期性period 周期periscope 潜望镜permanent magnet 永磁体permittivity of vacuum 真空介电常数permittivity 电容率phase 位相phenomenon 现象photocurrent 光电流photoelectric cell 光电管photoelectric effect 光电效应photoelectron 光电子photography 照相术photon 光子physical balance 物理天平physical quantity 物理量physics 物理学piezometer 压强计pitch 音调Planck constant 普朗克常量plasma 等离子体point charge 点电荷polarization 偏振polarized light 偏振光polycrystal 多晶体poor conductor 不良导体positive charge 正电荷positive crystal 正晶体positive ion 正离子positive plate 正极板positron 正电子potential energy 势能potentiometer 电位差计power 功率pressure 压强，压力primary coil 原线圈principle of constancy of light velocity 光速不变原理prism 棱镜projectile 抛体projectile motion 抛体运动projector 投影仪proton 质子pulley 滑轮pulley block 滑轮组quantity of heat 热量quantization 量子化quantum 量子quantum mechanics 量子力学quantum number 量子数radar 雷达radioactive source 放射源radius of gyration 回旋半径random motion 无规则运动range 量程rated voltage 额定电压reacting force 反作用力real image 实像real object 实物reasoning 推理recoil 反冲rectilinear motion 直线运动reference frame 参考系，坐标系reference system 参考系reflected angle 反射角reflected ray 反射线reflection coefficient 反射系数reflection law 反射定律reflectivity 反射率refracted angle 折射角refracted ray 折射线refraction law 折射定律refraction coefficient 折射系数refractive index 折射率relative acceleration 相对加速度relative error 相对误差relative motion 相对运动relative velocity 相对速度relativity 相对论resistance 电阻resistance box 电阻箱resistivity 电阻率resistor 电阻［器］resolution of force 力的分解resolution of velocity 速度的分解resonance 共振，共鸣resonant frequency 共振频率resultant force 合力resultant velocity 合速度reversibility of optical path 光路可逆性reversible process 可逆过程rheostat 变阻器right-hand screw rule 右手螺旋定则rocker 火箭rotating magnetic field 旋转磁场rotation 自转，转动Rutherford scattering 卢瑟福散射Rutherford ［α-particlescattering ］experiment 卢瑟福［α 散射］实验S pole 南极saturation 饱和scalar 标量scalar field 标量场scanner 扫描器second cosmic velocity 第二宇宙速度selective absorption 选择吸收self-induced electromotiveforce 自感电动势self-inductance 自感self-induction phenomenon 自感系数semiconductor 半导体semi-transparent film 半透膜sensitive galvanometer 灵敏电流计sensitivity 灵敏度sensitometer 感光计sensor 传感器series connection ofcondensers 电容器的串联series-resonan ce circuit 串联谐振电路short circuit 短路short sight 近视shunt resistor 分流电阻significant figure 有效数字simple harmonic motion (SHM)简谐运动simple harmonic wave 简谐波simple pendulum 单摆single crysta（l monocrystal）单晶体single slit diffraction 单缝衍射sinusoidal alternating current简谐交流电sinusoidal current 正弦式电流sliding friction 滑动摩擦slit 狭缝solar cell 太阳能电池solenoid 螺线管solidification 凝固solidifying point 凝固点solid 固体solution 溶液solvation 溶解sonar 声纳sound source 声源sound velocity 声速sound wave 声波sound 声［音］source 电源south pole 南极space 空间spark discharge 火花放电special relativity 狭义相对论specific heat capacity 比热容spectacles 眼镜spectral analysis 光谱分析spectral line ［光］谱线spectrograph 摄谱仪spectrography 摄谱学spectroscopy 光谱学spectrum 光谱speed 速率spherical mirror 球面镜spontaneous radiation 自发辐射spring balance 弹簧秤stability 稳定性stabilized current supply 稳流电源stabilized voltage supply 稳压电源standard atmosphericpressure 标准大气压standard cell 标准电池standing wave 驻波static friction 静摩擦stationary state 定态steady current 恒定电流steady current source 恒流源steady voltage source 恒压源steam point 汽点stiffness 劲度［系数］stimulated radiation 受激辐射stop watch 停表sublimation 升华superconductivity 超导［电］性superconductor 超导体superposition principle ofelectric field 电场强度叠加原理superposition theorem 叠加定律supersaturation 过度饱和supersonic speed 超声速supersonic wave 超声波supply transformer 电源变压器surface resistance 表面电阻switch 开关system of concurrent forces 共点力系system of particles 质点系system of units 单位制systematic error 系统误差telescope 望远镜temperature 温度tension 张力the law of gravity 万有引力定律theorem 原理theorem of kinetic energy 动能定理theorem of momentum动量定理theoretical physics 理论物理学theory 理论thermal capacity 热容［量］thermal equilibrium 热平衡thermal motion 热运动thermal transmission 传热thermodynamic scale ［of temperature ］热力学温标thermodynamic temperature 热力学温度thermometer 温度计thermometric scale 温标thermonuclear reaction 热核反应thick lens 厚透镜thin lens 薄透镜third cosmic velocity 第三宇宙速度three-phase alternating current 三相［交变］电流time 时间timer 定时器，计时器torsion balance 扭秤total reflection 全反射trajectory 轨道transformer 变压器transistor 晶体管transition 跃迁translation 平移transmission line 传输线transmissivity 透射率transverse wave 横波triboelectrification 摩擦起电triode 三极管trough 波谷tuning fork 音叉turbulent flow 湍流ultrasound wave 超声波ultraviolet ray 紫外线umbra 本影undulatory property 波动性uniform dielectric 均匀电介质uniform motion 匀速运动unit 单位unit system 单位制universal constant 普适常量universal gravitation 万有引力universal meter 多用［电］表β -ray β射线vacuum tube 真空管γ -decay γ衰变vacuum 真空γ -ray γ射线value of amplitude 幅值vaporization 汽化variable 变量vector 矢量velocity of light 光速velocity 速度verification 验证vernier 游标vernier caliper 游标卡尺vibration 振动viewing angle 视角viewing field 视场virtual image 虚像virtual object 虚物virtual value 有效值visibility 可见度visible light 可见光voltage 电压voltage division circuit 分压电路voltaic cell 伏打电池voltmeter 伏特计voltmeter-ammeter m et h o d伏安法volt 伏特volume 体积vortex electric field 涡旋电场watt 瓦特wave equation 波动方程wave theory 波动说wavelength 波长wave-particle dualism 波粒二象性wave 波weight 重量weightlessness 失重white light 白光work 功work function 逸出功X-ray X 射线Young exper iment杨氏实验zero line 零线α -decay α 衰变α-particle α 粒子α-ray α 射线β -decay β 衰变。
核磁共振中常用的英文缩写和中文名称
NMR中常用的英文缩写和中文名称收集了一些NMR中常用的英文缩写,译出其中文名称,供初学者参考,不妥之处请指出,也请继续添加.相关附件NMR中常用的英文缩写和中文名称APT Attached Proton Test 质子连接实验ASIS Aromatic Solvent Induced Shift 芳香溶剂诱导位移BBDR Broad Band Double Resonance 宽带双共振BIRD Bilinear Rotation Decoupling 双线性旋转去偶（脉冲）COLOC Correlated Spectroscopy for Long Range Coupling 远程偶合相关谱COSY ( Homonuclear chemical shift ) COrrelation SpectroscopY （同核化学位移）相关谱CP Cross Polarization 交叉极化CP/MAS Cross Polarization / Magic Angle Spinning 交叉极化魔角自旋CSA Chemical Shift Anisotropy 化学位移各向异性CSCM Chemical Shift Correlation Map 化学位移相关图CW continuous wave 连续波DD Dipole-Dipole 偶极-偶极DECSY Double-quantum Echo Correlated Spectroscopy 双量子回波相关谱DEPT Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer 无畸变极化转移增强2DFTS two Dimensional FT Spectroscopy 二维傅立叶变换谱DNMR Dynamic NMR 动态NMRDNP Dynamic Nuclear Polarization 动态核极化DQ(C) Double Quantum (Coherence) 双量子（相干）DQD Digital Quadrature Detection 数字正交检测DQF Double Quantum Filter 双量子滤波DQF-COSY Double Quantum Filtered COSY 双量子滤波COSYDRDS Double Resonance Difference Spectroscopy 双共振差谱EXSY Exchange Spectroscopy 交换谱FFT Fast Fourier Transformation 快速傅立叶变换FID Free Induction Decay 自由诱导衰减H,C-COSY 1H,13C chemical-shift COrrelation SpectroscopY 1H,13C化学位移相关谱H,X-COSY 1H,X-nucleus chemical-shift COrrelation SpectroscopY 1H,X-核化学位移相关谱HETCOR Heteronuclear Correlation Spectroscopy 异核相关谱HMBC Heteronuclear Multiple-Bond Correlation 异核多键相关HMQC Heteronuclear Multiple Quantum Coherence异核多量子相干HOESY Heteronuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy 异核Overhause效应谱HOHAHA Homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn spectroscopy 同核Hartmann-Hahn谱HR High Resolution 高分辨HSQC Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence 异核单量子相干INADEQUATE Incredible Natural Abundance Double Quantum Transfer Experiment 稀核双量子转移实验（简称双量子实验，或双量子谱）INDOR Internuclear Double Resonance 核间双共振INEPT Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization 非灵敏核极化转移增强INVERSE H,X correlation via 1H detection 检测1H的H,X核相关IR Inversion-Recovery 反（翻）转回复JRES J-resolved spectroscopy J-分解谱LIS Lanthanide (chemical shift reagent ) Induced Shift 镧系（化学位移试剂）诱导位移LSR Lanthanide Shift Reagent 镧系位移试剂MAS Magic-Angle Spinning 魔角自旋MQ(C) Multiple-Quantum ( Coherence ) 多量子（相干）MQF Multiple-Quantum Filter 多量子滤波MQMAS Multiple-Quantum Magic-Angle Spinning 多量子魔角自旋MQS Multi Quantum Spectroscopy 多量子谱NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 核磁共振NOE Nuclear Overhauser Effect 核Overhauser效应（NOE）NOESY Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy 二维NOE谱NQR Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance 核四极共振PFG Pulsed Gradient Field 脉冲梯度场PGSE Pulsed Gradient Spin Echo 脉冲梯度自旋回波PRFT Partially Relaxed Fourier Transform 部分弛豫傅立叶变换PSD Phase-sensitive Detection 相敏检测PW Pulse Width 脉宽RCT Relayed Coherence Transfer 接力相干转移RECSY Multistep Relayed Coherence Spectroscopy 多步接力相干谱REDOR Rotational Echo Double Resonance 旋转回波双共振RELAY Relayed Correlation Spectroscopy 接力相关谱RF Radio Frequency 射频ROESY Rotating Frame Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy 旋转坐标系NOE谱ROTO ROESY-TOCSY Relay ROESY-TOCSY 接力谱SC Scalar Coupling 标量偶合SDDS Spin Decoupling Difference Spectroscopy 自旋去偶差谱SE Spin Echo 自旋回波SECSY Spin-Echo Correlated Spectroscopy自旋回波相关谱SEDOR Spin Echo Double Resonance 自旋回波双共振SEFT Spin-Echo Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (with J modulation) （J-调制）自旋回波傅立叶变换谱SELINCOR Selective Inverse Correlation 选择性反相关SELINQUATE Selective INADEQUA TE 选择性双量子（实验）SFORD Single Frequency Off-Resonance Decoupling 单频偏共振去偶SNR or S/N Signal-to-noise Ratio 信/ 燥比SQF Single-Quantum Filter 单量子滤波SR Saturation-Recovery 饱和恢复TCF Time Correlation Function 时间相关涵数TOCSY Total Correlation Spectroscopy 全（总）相关谱TORO TOCSY-ROESY Relay TOCSY-ROESY接力TQF Triple-Quantum Filter 三量子滤波WALTZ-16 A broadband decoupling sequence 宽带去偶序列WATERGATE Water suppression pulse sequence 水峰压制脉冲序列WEFT Water Eliminated Fourier Transform 水峰消除傅立叶变换ZQ(C) Zero-Quantum (Coherence) 零量子相干ZQF Zero-Quantum Filter 零量子滤波T1 Longitudinal (spin-lattice) relaxation time for MZ 纵向（自旋-晶格）弛豫时间T2 Transverse (spin-spin) relaxation time for Mxy 横向（自旋-自旋）弛豫时间tm mixing time 混合时间τ c rotational correlation time 旋转相关时间。
石油英语词汇g11
石油英语词汇(G1) g p 表压G unit 重力单位G 表G 盖革计数管G 高斯G 加仑G 接地g 克g 气G 千兆g 重力g 重力加速度G 重心G&C 天然气和凝析油G&O 气和油G&W 气和水g-cal-calorie) 克-卡G-EM 技术管理组G-floating datum G-浮点数据G-M counter 盖革-缪勒计数管G-V process 砷碱法脱二氧化碳过程G-wave 古顿伯格波G.B.A. 总建筑面积G.B.O. 故障货物G.C.D 最大公约数G.C.F. 最大公因子g.c.m 最大公约数G.C.M. 最大公约数G.I.H. 下入井内G.L. 基准线G.L. 计量长度g.m.r. 群信号继电器g.m.v. 克分子体积G.P. 几何级数g.p.m. 加仑英里G.R. 齿轮比G.T.C. 未取消前仍有效g.u. 重力单位GA clause 共同海损条款GA 平均值；共同海损GA 总代理人GA 总图GA 总装配GAAP 通用会计原则gab 凹节gabarit 净距；模子；样板gabbride 辉长岩类gabbrite 淡辉长细晶岩gabbro texture 辉长结构gabbro 辉长岩gabbroid 辉长岩状的gabbrophyre 辉长斑岩gabbroporphyrite 辉长玢岩gabianol 页岩油gabion 筐gable 山墙Gabonisporis 加蓬孢属GAC 加拿大地质协会gad =g.a.d. 总装图gad 錾；尖头杆；测杆gadder 凿孔机gadget 装置；机件gadiometer 磁强梯度计gadolinite 硅铍钇矿gadolinium 钆gae 裂隙gaff 装油软管吊架；攀钩；斜桁gaffer 不熟练工gag type straightener 压直式直管机GAG 地球物理分析组gag 塞口物；阀的闭塞；整轨锤；塞住；关闭gagat 软煤GAGC 公共自动增益控制gage line paste 量油尺软膏gage 表gaging 量测gahnite 锌尖晶石gain amplifier 增益放大器gain and loss analysis 盈亏分析gain bandwidth 增益带宽gain characteristic 增益特性gain circuitry 增益电路gain compensation 增益补偿gain constant 增益常数gain control 增益控制gain error 增益误差gain factor 增益因子gain function 增益函数gain ground 获得进展gain in yield 产量增加gain margin 增益范围gain matrix 增益矩阵gain measurement 增益测量gain memory 增益存储器gain on investments 投资收益gain per stage 级增益gain recording 增益记录gain recovery 增益恢复gain speed 加速gain time 节省时间gain trace 增益曲线gain 获得gainey coal 煤层gaining stream 盈水河gaize 生物蛋白岩；云母海绿砂岩；燧石钙屑岩gal per min 加仑分gal 加仑gal 伽galactan 半乳聚糖galactic coordinate 银河坐标galactite 针钠沸石galactomannan 半乳甘露聚糖galactose 半乳糖galactoside 半乳糖甙galapectite 蒙脱石galapektite 蒙脱石galaxite 锰尖晶石Galaxy 银河gale 强风Galeaspis 盔甲鱼属Galeatisporites 盔环孢属galena 方铅矿galenite 方铅矿Galeograptus 盔笔石属galera 猪背岭Galerkin method 伽勒金法Galileo 伽利略gall nut NFDAE子gall pigment 胆汁色素gall 擦伤Gall's chain 格氏链gallamic acid NFDAE氨酸gallatin 重油galled thread 磨坏的螺纹gallery 沿油层延展面钻的斜井；坑道galley range 船内厨房炉灶galley service 伙食供应服务galley 船内厨房gallic acid NFDAE酸Galliformes 鸡形目galling 磨损gallium arsenide 砷化镓gallium porphyrin 镓卟啉gallium 镓gallon 加仑gallon-octane 加仑-辛烷值gallonage 加仑数galloping 飞奔；飞车gallotannin NFDAE单宁Gallowaiinella 加罗威NFDA3属gallows 吊架gallstone 胆石galmei 硅锌矿；异极矿Galois field 有限域galshr 加仑小时galv. 电流的galv. 电流计galv. 镀锌的galv. 由原电池产生的电；直流电galvanic action 电蚀作用galvanic anode 牺牲阳极galvanic cell 原电池galvanic contact 电流接触galvanic corrosion 电化学腐蚀galvanic couple 电偶galvanic current 原电池电流galvanic electrode 电流电极galvanic series 电动势序galvanic 电的galvanism 电流galvanization 通电流；电镀galvanized carbon steel 电镀碳钢galvanized conduit 镀锌管galvanized steel jacket 镀锌钢套galvanized 电镀的galvanizer 电镀器；电镀工galvanizing 电镀galvano- 电galvano-voltameter 伏安计galvanochemistry 电化学galvanograph 电流记录图；电制版galvanography 电铸制版术galvanoluminescence 电解发光galvanomagnetic amplifier 电磁放大器galvanomagnetic effect 电磁效应galvanomagnetism 电磁galvanometer drift 检流计零点漂移galvanometer 检流计galvanometric camera 照相示波仪galvanometric seismograph 电流计地震仪galvanometry 动电电流测定法galvanoplastics 电铸；电镀galvanoplasty 电镀galvanoscope 验电流器galvanostatic technique 恒电流技术galvo 电流计GAM 重力异常图gambler's ruin 赌徒的破产gambling 赌博game theory 对策论game value 对策值game 对策gaming model 对策模型gaming simulation 对策模拟gamma absorber 伽马射线吸收体gamma activation analysis 伽马射线活化分析gamma API unit 自然伽马API单位gamma background 伽马本底gamma calibration 伽马射线校准gamma carbon 伽马碳原子gamma cellulose 伽马纤维素gamma correction 图象灰度校正gamma decay 伽马衰变gamma density gauge 伽马密度测量仪gamma discrimination 伽马射线甄别gamma distribution 伽马分布gamma emitter 伽马辐射源gamma energy 伽马射线能量gamma eye 伽马射线测井仪gamma flux 伽马射线通量gamma function 伽马函数gamma irradiation 伽马辐照gamma noise 伽马噪声gamma pile-up 伽马积累gamma quantum 伽马量子gamma radiating level 伽马辐射能级gamma radiation detector 伽马辐射探测器gamma radiation 伽马辐射gamma radiator 伽马辐射体gamma ray absorption technique 伽马射线吸收法gamma ray correction 自然伽马测井曲线校正gamma ray curve 自然伽马曲线gamma ray inspection 伽马射线检验gamma ray intensity 伽马射线强度gamma ray log 自然伽马测井gamma ray neutron calibration mode 自然伽马-中子刻度方式gamma ray neutron tool 自然伽马-中子测井仪gamma ray sensor 伽马射线传感器gamma ray shale index 自然伽马泥质指数gamma ray shale line 自然伽马泥岩基线gamma ray simulator 伽马射线模拟器gamma ray source 伽马源gamma ray unit 伽马射线单位gamma ray 伽马射线gamma shield 伽马射线防护屏gamma shielding 伽马屏蔽gamma spectrometer 伽马能谱仪gamma spectrometry log 伽马能谱测井gamma spectrometry tool 伽马能谱测井仪gamma spectrometry 伽马能谱测量gamma spectroscopy tool 伽马能谱测井仪gamma spectroscopy 伽马能谱学gamma substitution 伽马位取代gamma transition 伽马跃迁gamma 希腊字母Γgamma-acid 伽马酸gamma-activation 伽马射线活化gamma-discriminating counter 伽马甄别计数器gamma-gamma coincidence counting 伽马-伽马符合计数gamma-gamma log 伽马-伽马测井图gamma-neutron log 伽马-中子测井图gamma-neutron reaction 伽马-中子反应gamma-radiation-induced polymerization γ-辐射引发聚合gamma-radiography 伽马射线探伤Gamma-ray absorption fluid density meter 伽马射线吸收型流体密度计gamma-ray absorption 伽马射线吸收gamma-ray detection system 伽马射线探测系统gamma-ray detector 伽马射线探测器gamma-ray dose rate 伽马射线剂量率gamma-ray emission 伽马射线发射gamma-ray emitter 伽马射线发射体gamma-ray index 自然伽马指数gamma-ray liquid level controller 伽马射线液面控制器gamma-ray logging 自然伽马测井gamma-ray photoelectric effect 伽马射线光电效应gamma-ray photon 伽马光子gamma-ray positioning tool 伽马定位器gamma-ray probe 伽马探头gamma-ray spectrometer 伽马能谱仪gamma-ray test pit 自然伽马刻度井gamma-ray tool 伽马测井仪gamma-ray well logging 自然伽马测井gamma-ray-emitting tracer 发射伽马射线的示踪剂gammacerane 伽马蜡烷gammagraph 伽马射线照相gammagraphic 伽马射线摄影的gammagraphy 伽马射线照相术gammaphoton 伽马光子Gammexane γ-六六六；γ-六氯化苯gamut 音阶；色域；全范围gang control 同轴控制gang cut slots 组合割缝gang cutter 组合铣刀gang plank 跳板gang pumping unit 联动抽油装置gang pumping 多井抽油gang punch 复穿孔gang pusher 队长gang slotting 组合割缝gang truck 中型修理车gang 组Gangadharites 恒河菊石属gangboard 跳板ganged gain control 公共增益控制ganging 聚束；机械连接；安在同根轴上；同调ganglia displacement 残余油滴驱替ganglia ganglion的复数ganglion 神经节；中心；残余油滴gangue 脉石；矿石杂质；矿尾gangway bridge 步桥gangway door 舷门gangway ladder 舷梯gangway port 舷门gangway 通道ganister 致密硅岩gannister =ganistergantlet 长手套gantry crane 龙门吊gantry frame 门式起重机架gantry 台架Gantt bar chart 甘特线图gap coding 间隙编码gap deconvolution 预测反褶积gap density 隙密度gap fault 张开断层gap filling cement 填缝胶泥gap filling 间隙填充gap in geological record 地层剖面缺失gap in succession 地层间断gap mill 凹口碾磨机gap shears 凹口剪切机gap test 空隙检验gap tester 塞规gap weld 特殊点焊gap width 缝隙宽度gap zone 间断带gap 隙gap-graded 间隔分级的gape 张口GAPI API单位的自然伽马gaping fault 张开断层gaping fissure 张开裂缝gaping hole 不渗透层的孔gaping joint-fissure 张开裂缝gaping place 孔gaping 张口的gapped cuts 脱空馏分gapped deconvolution 间隙反褶积gapped 豁裂的gapped-bead-on-plate 特殊点焊法gapping element 不连续元件gapping place 间隙gapping 裂缝gappy 裂缝多的GAPSS 系统模拟图解分析程序garage 汽车库garantee bill 担保票据garantee 担保garbage collector 无用单元收集程序garbage in 无用输入garbage out 无用输出garbage 垃圾；废料；无用信息或数据；碎片；失去控制的人造卫星garbet rod 游动阀底短杆garboard strake 龙骨翼板garboard 龙骨翼板Garbutt attachment 固定阀打捞杆Garbutt rod =garbet rodgarden 花园Gardner's method 加德纳法Gardner's relation 加德纳关系式Gardner's rule 加德纳规则garewaite 透辉橄煌岩garganite 闪辉煌岩gargoyle 滴水嘴；一种滑翔导弹garland 流水环沟；金属制花环garment 外衣；外观；饰面garner 谷仓；储备物；贮藏garnet zone 石榴石带garnet 石榴石；石榴红garnet-rock 石榴石岩garnetite 石榴石；石榴石岩garnetization 石榴石化garnierite 硅镁镍矿garnish 装饰品；修饰；装饰；刷新Garrison motordrill 加里森动力钻具Gartnerago 加氏颗石GAS =gas. 汽油gas absorbent carbon 吸收气体用活性炭gas absorption 气体吸收gas accumulation 气藏；天然气聚集gas admittance valve 进气阀gas adsorption method 气体吸附法gas alarm 瓦斯报警器gas amplification 气体膨胀gas analysis 气体分析gas analyzer 气体分析器gas anchor packer 气锚封隔器gas anchor 气锚gas and oil cut mud 气侵和油侵泥浆gas and oil separator 油气分离器gas and sand anchor 气砂锚gas anomaly 气体异常gas at rest 静态气体gas attack 气体腐蚀gas backstreaming 气体回流gas bag 气栓gas balance 气体天平gas ballasting 气体镇流gas balloon 气瓶gas barren 贫气区gas barrier property 阻气性gas barrier 气障gas battery 空气电池gas bearing basin 含气盆地gas bearing block 含气断块gas bearing formation 气层gas bearing interval 含气层段gas bearing reservoir 储气层gas bearing shale 含气页岩gas bearing 气体轴承gas bell 气柜钟罩gas black 天然气炭黑gas blanket 气体覆盖层gas blanketing 盖一层气gas bleed valve 泄气阀gas blocking agent 阻气剂gas blow off 放气gas blow out 气喷gas blowing engine 气体发动机gas booster compressor 压缩设备gas booster station 气体增压站gas boosting 气体加压gas bottle 气瓶gas breakthrough 气体突破gas bubble 气泡gas buoy 瓦斯灯浮标gas burette 气体量管gas burner 煤气喷灯gas buster 泥浆-气体分离器gas by-passing 天然气窜流gas by-products 天然气副产品gas cap behavior 气顶动态gas cap cycling 气顶回注gas cap drive reservoir 气顶驱油藏gas cap drive 气顶驱动gas cap enlargement 气顶膨胀gas cap gas 气顶气gas cap injection 气顶注气gas cap repressuring 气顶注气gas cap shrinkage 气顶收缩gas cap voidage 气顶亏空gas cap 气顶gas carbon 碳黑gas carburizing 气体渗碳gas cavity 气孔gas cell 离子光电池gas chamber 气室gas channel 气道gas channeling 气体窜槽gas characteristic 气体特性gas chromatogram 气体色谱gas chromatograph 气相色谱gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer 气相色谱-质谱联用仪gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer-computer 气相色谱仪-质谱仪-计算机联用系统gas chromatographic method 气相色谱法gas chromatographic technique 气相色谱技术gas chromatography 气相色谱gas chromatography-infrared technique 气相色谱-红外技术gas chromatography-mass spectrography 气相色谱-质谱法gas chromatography-mass spectrometer 气相色谱-质谱仪gas circuit 气路gas clause 天然气条款gas cleaner 气体净化器gas cleaning unit 气体净化装置gas cleaning 气体净化gas coal 气煤gas collecting main 集气干线gas collection 集气gas collector 气体收集器gas column 气柱gas compartment 气体室；气体空间gas composition 气体组分gas compressibility factor 气体压缩系数gas compressibility 气体压缩性gas compressive coefficient 气体压缩系数gas compressor 压气机gas concentration 气含量gas concrete 加气混凝土gas condensate field 凝析气田gas condensate ratio 气体凝析率gas condensate reserve 凝析油储量gas condensate reservoir 凝析气藏gas condensate surface 凝析油形成深度gas condensate 凝析油gas condenser 气体冷凝器gas conditioning 天然气处理gas coning test well 气锥测试井gas coning 气锥进gas conservation module 天然气处理模块gas conservation 气体合理利用gas constant 气体常数gas consumption 气体耗量gas content 气体含量gas controlled field 气驱油田gas conversion process 天然气转化处理gas cooler 气体冷却器gas cooling 气冷却gas coulometer 气体电量计gas cure 气体硫化gas current 气流gas cushion 气垫gas cut fluid 气侵液体gas cut mud 气侵泥浆gas cut 气侵gas cutting trouble 气侵事故gas cutting 气割gas cycling volume 回注气量gas cycling 气体回注gas de-asphalting 天然气脱沥青gas degeneration 气体退化gas dehydration 气体脱水gas deliverability 气体输送能力；产气能力gas delivery pressure 交气压力gas delivery 气体输送gas densitometer 气体密度计gas density 气体密度gas deposit 气藏gas detection 气体检测gas detector 气体检定器gas deviation factor 天然气压缩因数gas dew point 天然气露点gas dewatering 气体脱水gas diffusion 气体扩散gas diode 充气二极管gas discharge 天然气流出；天然气流量gas dispersoid 气溶胶gas displacement efficiency 气驱效率gas displacement front 气驱前缘gas displacement prover 气体置换标准罐gas distillate 凝析油gas distributing system 配气系统gas distributor 气体分配器gas down-take 排气管gas drilled hole 天然气钻井gas drilling 气体钻井gas drive front 气驱前缘gas drive potential 气驱采油可能产量gas drive 气驱gas driven generator 气动发电机gas electric rig 天然气发电机钻机gas embolus 气塞gas enclosure 气包体gas engine 燃气发动机gas entrainment 气体运移gas entry profiling 吸气剖面gas equalizing line 气体平衡管gas equation 气体方程式gas equilibrium 气体平衡gas equipotential surface 气等势面gas eruption 气体喷发gas escape tube 排气管gas escape 气体逸出；漏气gas evolution curve 气体挥发曲线gas evolution 天然气逸出gas exchange 气体交换gas exhaust duct 排气管道gas exhauster 排气机gas expansion drive 气体膨胀驱动；溶解气驱gas expansion porosimeter 气体膨胀孔隙度仪gas expansion 气体膨胀gas exploder 气爆震源gas extraction 气体抽取gas extractor 集气装置gas factor 气-油比gas family 石油气族gas field development 气田开发gas field 气田gas filled capacitor 充气电容器gas filling station 加油站gas filling valve 充气阀gas film 气膜gas filter 气体过滤器gas fittings 煤气设备gas flow dryer 气体干燥器gas flow equation 气体流动方程gas flow velocity 气流速度gas flow 气流gas flowmeter 气体流量计gas flushing 气冲洗gas formation bacterial respiration 气层细菌呼吸作用gas formation volume factor 天然气地层体积系数gas fractionation plant 气体分馏装置gas fracturing 气体压裂gas freed tank 无油品蒸气的储罐gas freeing 脱气gas front advance 气前缘推进gas fuel 天然气燃料gas furnace 煤气炉gas gauge 气体压力表gas generated press sidewall coring tool 产气压入式井壁取心器gas generating amount 生成气量gas generating capacity 气体发生能力gas generating yield 生气率gas generation threshold 生气门限gas generator 气体发生器gas genetimodel 天然气成因模式gas geochemistry 天然气地球化学gas gradient 气柱压力梯度gas gravitometer 气体比重计gas gravity differentiation 天然气重力分异gas gravity 天然气比重gas grid 供气网gas gun 燃气气枪gas halo 气晕gas head 气体压头gas heater 气体加热器gas heating 气体加热gas heave structure 气鼓构造gas heave 气鼓gas holder bell 气柜钟罩gas holder 气柜gas holdup 气体停滞gas horizon 气层gas hose 天然气软管gas hydrate 天然气水合物gas ignition 气体着火gas impermeability test 不透气性试验gas impermeable barrier 不透气的隔挡层gas impurities 气体杂质gas in mud 泥浆中天然气含量gas in place 天然气地质储量gas in solution 溶解气gas inclusion 气体包裹体gas index 天然气指数gas indicator 气体指示物gas industry 天然气工业gas influx detector 气体侵入检测器gas information system 天然气信息系统gas initially in place 天然气原始地质储量gas injection cycle 注气周期gas injection plant 注气站gas injection pressure maintenance 注气压力保持gas injection profile 注气剖面gas injection well 注气井gas injection 注气gas injector 注气井gas inlet 进气gas input factor 注入气油比gas input well 注气井gas inrush 瓦斯喷出；喷气gas instrument 气测仪gas intake 进气gas interference 气体干扰gas invaded zone 气侵带gas ion 气体离子gas ionization counter 气体电离计数器gas ionization 气体电离gas isopotential surface 气等势面gas jet laser cutting 气体喷射激光切割gas jet 气体喷嘴；气体喷流gas kinetics 气体动力学gas kitchen 气灶gas law constant 气体常数gas law 气体定律gas leakage manifestation 气体漏泄显示gas leakage test 漏气试验gas lease 天然气租约gas leg 气腿gas liberation 气体逸出gas lift column 气举柱gas lift cycle 气举周期gas lift ditching method 气举开沟法gas lift efficiency 气举效率gas lift flowing gradient 气举采油压力梯度gas lift mandrel 气举阀工作筒gas lift valve 气举阀gas lift 气举gas line network 输气管网gas line 输气管道gas liquid chromatography 气液色层分离法gas liquid exchanger 气-液换热器gas liquid inclusion 气液包裹体gas liquid ratio 气液比gas liquids 液化石油气gas location 找气gas locking 气锁gas logging 气测井gas loss 气体漏失；汽油蒸气损失gas manometer 气压表gas mantle 气罩gas mask charcoal 防毒面具用活性炭gas mask 防毒面具gas mass spectrometer 气体质谱计gas maturity level 天然气成熟度gas measurement kit 天然气计量器gas membrane 气体薄膜gas metal arc welding 气体保护金属极弧焊gas meter 气体流量计gas migration 天然气运移；气侵gas mixture 气体混合物gas naphtha 气体石脑油gas nipple 气嘴gas odorant 气体增味剂gas odorization 气体添味gas odorizer 气体加味装置gas off-take target 采气目的层gas oil cracking 粗柴油裂解gas oil 瓦斯油gas orifice 喷气孔gas originally in place 天然气原始地质储量gas outburst 气喷gas outlet 排气管gas overriding 气突进gas packer 气封隔器gas partition chromatography 气相分配色谱法gas penetration potential 透气性gas percolation 气体渗泄作用gas permeability test 透气性试验gas permeability 气渗透率；透气性gas permeable layer 可渗气地层gas permeameter 气体渗透率仪gas phase saturation 气相饱和度gas phase 气相gas phototube 充气光电管gas PI 采气指数gas pipe line 输气管道gas piping 输气管gas pit 逸气坑gas plant products 天然气处理装置产品gas plant 天然气处理装置gas plug 气柱gas pocket 小气藏gas pool 气藏gas potentiometric surface 气测势面gas precipitation 气体析出gas pressure gauge 气压计gas pressure welding 气压焊gas probing 天然气探测gas processing 气体处理Gas Processors Association 天然气加工者协会gas producing well 产气井gas production rate 产气量gas productive reservoir 产气层gas productivity index 采气指数gas proofness 防气性gas proportional scintillation counter 气体正比闪烁计数器gas prospect evaluation 含气远景评价gas prospecting 天然气勘探gas province 产气区gas pulsation 气体脉动作用gas pump 气泵gas purification catalyst 气体净化催化剂gas purification 气体净化gas purifier 气体净化器gas radiation counter 气体辐射计数管gas range 含气范围gas ratio 气体比gas ratios method 气比值法gas receiver 储气罐gas recirculation 干气回注gas recovery 气体回收gas recycling 天然气回注gas regulator 天然气调节器gas reinjection 天然气回注gas relative permeability 气体相对渗透率gas release 气体泄出gas relief line 放气管线gas relief valve 气体保险阀gas repressuring 注气保持压力gas reservoir 天然气储层gas retention age 天然气保存年龄gas return 天然气回注gas rig 天然气发动机钻机gas ring 气环gas rock 含气岩gas royalty 天然气开采特许费gas rush 气喷gas sales line 商品天然气管道gas sample scrubber 气样洗涤器gas sample tube 气体采样管gas sample 气样gas sampler 气体采样器gas sampling valve 气体进样阀gas sand 含气砂岩gas saturation 气饱和度gas schist 含天然气片岩gas scrubber 气体洗涤器gas scrubbing station 气体洗涤站gas seal 气封gas seam 瓦斯层gas seepage 天然气渗漏gas segregation 气体偏析gas separator 气体分离器gas shaft 排气烟囱gas shale 含气油页岩gas shield 气体防护gas shielded arc welding machine 气体保护弧焊机gas show 气显示gas showings 气显示gas skin 火山气包层gas slip 气体滑脱gas slippage 气体滑脱gas solubility 气体溶解度gas source rock 气源岩gas source seismic profiler 气动震源地震剖面仪gas source 气体震源；气源gas space 气体空间gas sphere 气界gas spray 气雾gas spring 气泉gas spurts 有机物地表层gas state 气态gas station 加油站gas storage holder 气罐gas storage tank 储气罐gas storage well 储气井gas stove 煤气炉gas streak 含气夹层gas stream 气流gas stringer 低产气井gas stripping column 气提塔gas stripping 气提gas supply 供气gas survey 气测gas sweetening 天然气脱硫gas syringe 气体注射器gas take 滤气阀gas tank truck 气罐车gas tank 储气罐gas tapping machine 管螺纹攻丝机gas tar 煤气焦油gas tension 气体张力gas tester 气体分析器gas thermodynamic 气体热力的gas thermometer 气体温度计gas thermometry 气体温度测量gas thread 管螺纹gas tight test 气密试验gas tight 不透气的gas tongue 气锥gas tracer 气体示踪剂gas transfer differentiation 气体运移分异作用gas transfer separation 气体运移分离gas transmission rate 气体传递速率；气体扩散速率gas transmission 输气gas trap 气体分离器；气体收集器gas treating process 气体净化法gas tungsten arc welding 气体保护钨极弧焊gas turbine driven 燃气轮机驱动的gas turbine engine lubricant 燃气轮机润滑剂gas turbine exhaust 燃气轮机废气gas turbine integration 燃气轮机组合gas turbine meter 气体涡轮流量计gas turbine power plant 燃气轮机发电厂gas turbine powered 燃气轮机驱动的gas turbine 燃气轮机gas utilization project 天然气利用工程gas utilization 天然气利用gas velocity 气流速度gas vent 气孔gas volume 气体体积gas volumeter 气体体积计gas volumeteric chromatography 气体体积色谱gas washer 气体洗涤器gas water separation 气-水分离gas water 气田水gas well dewatering 气井脱水gas well drip 气井分水分油器gas well gas 气井气gas well 气井gas works 天然气厂gas yield 天然气产率gas zone 气层gas 气体；天然气gas-activated rodless subsurface pump 气动井下无杆泵gas-air flame 天然气-空气焰gas-bearing bed 含气层gas-bearing coal seams 煤系气gas-bearing fracture 含气裂缝gas-bearing horizon 含气层gas-bearing net pay 气层有效厚度gas-bearing porosity 含气孔隙度gas-blocked cable 气封电缆gas-bound 气封gas-cap expansion 气顶膨胀gas-cap formation volume factor 气顶地层体积系数gas-cap management 气顶管理gas-cap pool 气顶油藏gas-cap reservoir 气顶油藏gas-charged pressure chamber 充气压力室gas-charged water 充气水gas-chromatography-nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer 气相色谱-核磁共振波谱仪gas-condensate well 凝析气井gas-development agent 发泡剂gas-discharge counter 气体放电计数管gas-dispersion 气体弥散gas-distillate producer 富气气井gas-dominated geothermal field 天然气为主的地热田gas-drive liquid propane method 气驱丙烷段塞采油法gas-drive reservoir 气驱油藏gas-drive zone 气驱带gas-engine-driven 燃气发动机驱动的gas-expansion factor 天然气膨胀系数gas-field water 气田水gas-filled counter tube 充气计数管gas-filled porosity 天然气充满的孔隙度gas-filled thermometer 充气温度计gas-filled tube 充气管gas-filled 充气的gas-film mass transfer coefficient 气膜传质系数gas-fired once-through steam generator 燃气直流式蒸汽发生器gas-fired 烧气的gas-flushed zone 气驱带gas-free crude oil 脱气原油gas-free oil 脱气原油gas-free 不含气的gas-fuel heater 瓦斯点火器；燃气加热器gas-fueled 燃气的gas-gas correlation 气-气对比gas-gathering line 集气管线gas-generating cement 产气水泥gas-generating maceral 造气显微组分gas-holder bell 气罐罩顶gas-holder 储气罐gas-invaded volume 气侵体积gas-kinetic theory 气体分子运动论gas-lift intermitter 间歇气举控制器gas-lift unit 气举装置gas-lift well 气举井gas-liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer 气液色谱-质谱仪gas-liquid chromatography 气液色层分离法gas-liquid distribution 气-液分布gas-liquid equilibrium 气-液平衡gas-liquid interface 气-液界面gas-liquid isosaturation surface 气-液等饱和度面gas-liquid mass ratio 气液质量比gas-liquid pair 气-液对gas-liquid partition chromatography 气液分配色谱gas-liquid partition coefficient 气液分配系数gas-liquid-solid chromatography 气液固色谱gas-locked pump 气锁深井泵gas-marking period 气化周期gas-oil contact 油气接触面gas-oil fluid viscosity 含溶解气石油的粘度gas-oil front 油气前缘gas-oil interface 油气界面gas-oil level 油气界面gas-oil mixture 油气混合物gas-oil permeability 气-油渗透率gas-oil ratio behavior 气油比动态gas-oil ratio limit 气油比界限gas-oil ratio 气油比gas-oil segregation rate 油气分离速率gas-oil separation 油气分离gas-oil separator 油气分离器gas-oil surface 油气界面gas-oil table 油气界面gas-oil transition zone 油-气过渡带gas-oil viscosity ratio 气油粘度比gas-operated corer 气动式取心器gas-operated 气动的gas-per-mile gauge 每英里气体消耗计量器gas-phase polymerization 气相聚合gas-phase titration 气相滴定gas-powered 气驱动的gas-processing plant 天然气处理厂gas-producer 产气井gas-producing area 产气区gas-producing zone 产气层gas-proof 不透气的gas-sample bottle 气样瓶gas-saturated oil 天然气饱和的原油gas-solid adsorption equilibrium 气-固吸附平衡gas-solid adsorption 气-固吸附gas-solid chromatography 气-固色谱法gas-solid equilibrium 气固平衡gas-solid film 气固膜gas-solid phase oxidation catalyst 气固相氧化催化剂gas-solution interface 气液界面gas-steam ratio 气-汽比gas-steam-water fluid 气-汽-水混合流体gas-swept zone 气体波及带gas-to-oil mobility ratio 气油流度比gas-to-oil ratio 地层气油比gas-trap efficiency 气体分离率gas-turbine generator set 燃气轮机发电机组gas-type mass spectrometer 气体型质谱计gas-vacuole 气泡gas-volume ratio 气-液体积比gas-water contact 气水接触面gas-water interface 气-水界面gas-water mobility ratio 气-水流度比gas-water ratio 气-水比gas-water surface 气-水界面gas-water table 气-水界面gas-water transition zone 气-水过渡带gas-welding 气焊；乙炔气焊gas-well back-pressure curve 气井回压曲线gas-well deliverability 气井供气能力gas-yielding polymer 释气聚合物gasbomb 毒气弹gasdynamics 气体动力学gaseity 气态gaseous column 气柱gaseous combustion 气体燃烧gaseous conductance 气体传导gaseous diffusion 气体扩散gaseous exchange 气体对流gaseous film 气态膜gaseous fluid 气态流体gaseous fluidization 气体流化作用gaseous fuel calorific value 气体燃料的热值gaseous fuel 气体燃料gaseous halo 气体晕gaseous hydrocarbon 气态烃gaseous impurities 气体杂质gaseous ion 气体离子gaseous liquid column 含气液柱gaseous mixture 气体混合物gaseous oxygen 气态氧gaseous paraffin 气态石蜡gaseous phase 气相gaseous polymerization 气相聚合gaseous product 气体产物gaseous propellant 气体推进剂gaseous scintillation counter 气体闪烁计数器gaseous solution 气溶体gaseous state 气态gaseous tension 气体压力gaseous tracer 气体示踪剂gaseous transfer differentiation 气体分异作用gaseous well 气井gaseous 气态的gaseousness 气态gaser 伽马射线激射气gash breccia 崩塌角砾岩gash fracture 张口破裂gash joint 张节理；逐渐尖灭的张裂隙gash vein 裂缝脉gash 裂纹gasifiable 可气化的gasification of oil in place 地下原油气化gasification zone 气化带gasification 气化gasifier 气化器；燃气发生器gasiform 气态gasify 气化gasing 充气gasket ring 垫环gasket seal 垫片密封gasket 垫密片；衬垫gasketing 填实；填料gaskick 气涌gasless 无气的gaslight 煤气灯gaslock 气栓Gasman equation 加斯曼方程gaso 汽油gasoclastic sediment 气成碎屑沉积gasogene 煤气发生器；汽水制造机gasohol 乙醇的汽油溶液gasoil horizon 气油界面gasoil separation plant 油气分离站gasol 气体油gasolene 汽油gasoline can 汽油桶gasoline content 汽油含量gasoline cutback asphalt 汽油稀释沥青gasoline engine oil 汽油机油gasoline engine 汽油机gasoline filling station 加油站gasoline fraction 汽油馏分gasoline futures 汽油期货gasoline indicator paste 汽油指示膏gasoline mileage 汽油行驶里程gasoline pick-up fraction 汽油加速馏分gasoline plant 汽油厂gasoline pool 汽油总合gasoline startability 汽油起动性gasoline starting fraction 汽油起动馏分gasoline trap 汽油分离器gasoline 汽油gasoline-base napalm gel fracturing fluid 铅皂型胶状汽油基压裂液gasoline-oil consumption ratio 汽油-润滑油消耗比gasoloid 气溶胶gasometer 气量计gasometry 气测gasoscope 气体检验器gassed out zone 脱气带gassed-out well 气窜井。
物理英文术语及常用词汇
物理英文术语及常用词汇物理英文术语及常用词汇为了方便广大考生更好的'复习,店铺整理了物理英语术语及常用词汇,以供各位考生考试复习参考。
希望对考生复习有所帮助。
物理英文术语及常用词汇篇1力 force重力 gravity摩擦力 friction拉力 traction质量 mass惯量 Interia加速度 acceleration力矩 torque静止 at rest相对 relative能量 energy动能 kenetic energy势能 potential energy功 work动量 momentum角动量 angular momentum能量守恒 energy conservation保守力 conserved force振动 vibration振幅 amplitude波 wave驻波 standing wave震荡 oscillation相干波 coherent wave干涉 interference衍射 diffraction轨道 obital速度 velocity速率 speed大小 magnatitude方向 direction水平 horizental竖直 vertical相互垂直 perpendicular坐标 coordinate直角坐标系 cersian coordinate system 极坐标系 polar coordinate system弹簧 spring球体 sphere环 loop盘型 disc圆柱形 cylinder电学磁学：电子 electron电荷charge电流 current电场 electric field电通量 electric flux电势electirc potential导体 conductor电介质 dieletric绝缘体 insultalor电阻 resistor电阻率 resistivity电容capacitor无穷 infinite横截面 cross ection匀强电场 uniform electric field分布 ditribution磁场 magnetic field磁通量 magnetic flux电感 inductance变压器 transformer频率 frequency周期 period电磁波 electomagnetic wave平面 plane热学：热平衡 thermal equilibrium理想气体 ideal gas热能 thermal energy热量 heat热容 heat capacity外界 surrounding准静态过程 quasi-static process等体过程 isochoric process等压过程 isobaric process等温过程 isothermal process绝热过程 adiabatic process循环 cycle光学光 light光程 optical path光强度 light intensity偏振 polarization 波长 wave length 传播 propagation量子力学（高中好像讲了一点点）原子 atomic 光子 photon光电效应 photo-electric effect物质波 matter wave光谱 spectrum激光 laser衰减 decay辐射 radiation械振动 mechanical vibration简谐振动 simple harmonic oscillation振幅 amplitude周期 period频率 ferquency赫兹 hertz单摆 simple pendulum受迫振动 forced vibration共振 resonnance机械波 mechanical wave介质 medium横波 transverse wave纵波 longitudinal wave波长 wavelength超声波 supersonic wave阿伏加德罗常数 Avogadro constant布朗运动 Brown mation热运动 thermal motion热力学能 thermal energy内能 internal energy热力学第一定律 first law of thermodynamics 能量守恒定律 law of conservation of energy热力学第二定律 second law of thermodynamics 各向同性 isotropy各向异性 anisotropy单晶体 single crystal(monocrystal)多晶体 ploycrystal表面张力 surface tension毛细现象 capillarity液晶 liquid crystal电荷 electric charge电荷量 queantity df electricity正电荷 positive charg负电荷 negative charg库仑定律 Coulomb law静电感应 electrostatic induction感应电荷 inducde charge元电荷 elementary charge电荷守恒定律 law of conservation of charge库仑（电荷单位） coulomb电场 electric fileld电场强度 electric field strength电场线 electric potential电势 electric potential电势差/电压 electric potential difference伏特 volt电容 capacitance电容器 capacitor法拉（电容单位） farad电流 electric current安培（电流单位） ampere电阻 resistance欧姆（电阻单位） ohm电动势 electormotive force(e.m.f.)半导体 semiconductor超导体 superconductor磁性 magnetism磁场 magnetic field磁感线 magnetic induction line安培定则 Ampere rule安培力 Ampere force磁感应强度 magnetic induction左手定则 left-hand rule洛伦兹力 Lorentz force磁通量 magnetic flux电磁感应 elctromagnetic induction感应电流 induction current感应电动势 induction electromotive force电磁感应定律 law of electromagnetic induction 右手定则 right-hand rule自感 self-induction交流 alternating current瞬时值 instantaneous value峰值 peak value有效值 effective value电感 inductance变压器 transformer电能 electric energy电磁场 electromagnetic field电磁波 electromagnetic wave雷达 radar光线 light ray平行光 parallel light实象 real image虚象 virtual image折射 refaction入射角 incident angle反射角 reflection angle折射角 diffraction angle折射率 diffraction index全反射 total reflection临界角 critical angle光导纤维 optical fiber棱镜 prism色散 dispersion光谱 spectrum波的衍射 diffraction of wave波的干涉 interference of waves 红外线 infrared ray紫外线 ultraviolet rayX射线 X-ray电磁波谱 electromagnetic effect 光电效应 photoelectric effect光子 photon普朗克常数 Planck constant波粒二象性 wave-particle duality 概率波 probability wave物质波 matter wave电子 electron质子 proton中子 neutron核子 nucleon同位数 isotope原子核 nucleus能级 energy level基态 ground state激发态 excited state跃迁 transition放射性 radioactivityα射线α rayβ射线β rayγ射线γ ray衰变 decay核反应 nuclear reaction核能 nuclear energy质能方程 mass-energy equation裂变 fission链式反应 chain reaction聚变 fusion热核反应 thermonuclear reaction介子 meson轻子 lepton强子 hadron物理英文术语及常用词汇篇2AAbsolute acceleration 绝对加速度Absolute error 绝对误差Absolute motion 绝对运动Absolute temperature 绝对温度Absolute velocity 绝对速度Absolute zero 绝对零度Absorption 吸收Absorptivity 吸收率Accelerated motion 加速运动Acceleration of gravity重力加速度Acceleration 加速度Accidental error 偶然误差Acoustics 声学Acting force 作用力Adjustment 调节Aether 以太Air pump 抽气机Air table 气垫桌Air track 气垫导轨Alternating current circuit 交流电路Alternating current generator交流发电机Alternating 交流电Altimeter 测高仪Ammeter 安培计Amperemeter 电流计Ampere 安培Ampere’s experiment 安培试验Ampere’s force 安培力Ampere’s law 安培定律Amperemeter 安培计Amplitude 振幅Angle of rotation 自转角转动角Angular acceleration 角加速度Angular displacement 角位移Angular velocity 角速度Anion 负离子Anisotropy 各向异性AnnihilationAnode 阳极Antenna 天线Applied physics 应用物理学Archimedes principle阿基米德原理Area 面积Argumentation 论证Argument 辐角Astigmatoscope 散光镜Atomic nucleus 原子核Atomic physics 原子物理学Atomic spectrum 原子光谱Atomic structure 原子结构Atom 原子Atwood’s machine阿特伍德机Average power 平均功率Average velocity 平均速度Avogadroconstant 阿伏加德罗常数Avogadro law 阿伏加德罗定律Bbalance 天平ballistic galvanometer 冲击电流计band spectrum 带状谱barometer 气压机basic quantity 基本量basic units 基本单位battery charger 电池充电器battery accumulator 蓄电池battery 电池组beam 光束betatron 电子感应加速器Bohr atom model 波尔原子模型Boiling point 沸点Boiling 沸腾Bounce 反弹Bound charge 束缚电荷Bound electron 束缚电子Branch circuit 支路Breakdown 击穿Brightness 亮度Buoyancy force 浮力CCalorifics 热学camera 照相机capacitance 电容capacitor 电容器capillarity 毛细现象cathode ray 阴极射线cathode－ray tude 阴极射线管cathode 阴极cation 正离子cell 电池Celsius scale 摄氏温标Centre of gravity 重心Centre of mass 质心Centrifugal force 离心力Centripetal acceleration 向心加速度Centripetal force 向心力Chain reaction 链式反应Chaos 混沌Characteristic spectrum 特征光谱Charged body 带电体Charged particle 带电粒子Charge 充电Circular hole diffraction 圆孔衍射Circular motion 圆周运动Classical mechanics 经典力学Classical physics 经典物理学Cloud chamber 云室Coefficient of maximum static friction 最大静摩擦系数Coefficient of restitution 恢复系数Coefficient of sliding friction 滑动摩擦系数Coefficient 系数Coil 线圈Collision 碰撞Component force 分力Coherent light 相干光源Component velocity 分速度Composition of forces 力的合成Composition of velocities 速度的合成Compression 压缩Concave lens 凹透镜Concave mirror 凹面镜Concurrent force 共点力Condensation 凝结Condenser 电容器Conducting medium 导电介质Conductor 导体Conservative force field 保守立场Conservative force 保守力Constant force 恒力Constant 常量Continuous spectrum 连续谱Convergent lens 会聚透镜Convex lens 凸透镜Convex mirror 凸面镜Coordinate system 坐标系Coplanar force 共面力Corolis force 科里奥利力Corpuscular property 例子性Corpuscular theory 微粒说Coulomb force 库仑力Coulomb 库仑Coulomb’s law库仑定律counter 计数器creation 产生creepage 漏电crest 波峰critical angle 临界角critical resistance 临界电阻critical temperature 临界温度crystal 晶体current density 电流密度current element 电流元current source电流源current strength 电流强度curvilinear motion 曲线运动cyclotron 回旋加速器DDamped vibration 阻尼震动Damping 阻尼Daniell cell 丹尼尔电池Data processing 数据处理Data 数据Decay衰变Definition of ampere 安培的定义Defocusing 散集Density 密度Derived quantity 导出量Derived unit 导出单位Dielectric 电介质Diffraction pattern衍射图样Diffraction 衍射Diffuse reflection 漫反射Digital timer 数字计时器Dimensional exponent量纲指数Dimension 量纲Diode 二极管Diopter 屈光度Direct current 直流（dc）Direct impact 正碰Direct measurement 直接测量Discharge 放电Disorder 无序物理英文术语及常用词汇篇3physics 物理physics 物理mechanics 力学thermodynamics 热力学electromagnetism 电磁学optics 光学dynamics 动力学force 力velocity 速度acceleration 加速度equilibrium 平衡statics 静力学motion 运动inertia 惯性gravitation 引力relativity 相对gravity 地心引力vibration 震动medium (media) 媒质frequency 频率wavelength 波长pitch 音高intensity 强度echo 回声resonance 回声，洪亮sonar 声纳ultrasonics 超声学electricity 电static electricity 静电magnetism 磁性，磁力magnet 磁体electromagnet 电磁magnetic field 磁场electric current 电流direct current (DC) 直流电alternating current (AC) 交流电electric circuit 电路electric charge 电荷electric voltage 电压electric shock 触电electric appliance 电器conductor 导体insulator 绝缘体semiconductor 半导体battery (cell) 电池dry battery 干电池storage battery 蓄电池electronics 电子学electronic 电子的electronic component (part) 电子零件integrated circuit 集成电路chip 集成电器片，集成块electron tube 电子管vacuum tube 真空管transistor 晶体管amplification (名词)放大amplify (动词)放大amplifier 放大器，扬声器oscillation 震荡optical 光(学)的optical fiber 光学纤维lens 透镜，镜片microscope 显微镜telescope 望远镜magnifier 放大镜microwaves 微波dispersion 色散transparent 透明translucent 半透明opaque 不透明的【物理英文术语及常用词汇】。
磁共振成像技术中英文名词对照
Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography，CE-MRA
对于比巩固磁共振血管成像
Chemical shift selective saturation，CHESS
化教位移采用鼓战
Contrast to noise ratio，CNR
霍我效力
Diameter of spherical volume ,DSV
球形空间曲径
Build-in body coil
内置体线圈
Gradient system ,orgradients
梯度系统
Gradient magnetic field
梯度磁场
Field of view , FOV
视线范畴
Slew rate
沉复时间
True Fast Imaging with Steady-state Precession，True FISP
实稳态进动赶快支集
Turbo spin echo，TSE
赶快自旋回波
Volume interpolated body examination, VIBE
容积内查体部查看
Static magnetic field
静磁场
Signal noise ratio，SNR
疑噪比
Homogeneity
磁场匀称性
Permanent magnet
永磁型磁体
Conventional magnet
常导型磁体
Resistive magnet
阻抗型磁体
Super conducting magnet
超导磁体
Low temperature superconducting material
物理专业常用英语词汇
物理：absolute acceleration 绝对加速absolute error 绝对谍差absolute motion 绝对运动absolute temperature 绝对温度absolute VeIOCity 绝对速度absolute ZerO绝对冬陵absorption 吸收absorptivity 吸收率accelerated motion 加連运动acceleration Ofgravity 重力力I】速度acceleration 加速度accidental error 偶然谍羌acoustics 声学acting force 作用力adjustment 调节aether 以太air PUmP抽气机air table气垫桌air track气垫导轨alternating CUrrent circuit 交流电路alternating CUrrent generator交流发电机alternating CUrrent 交流电altimeter测高仪ammeter 安培i∣amperemeter 电iδi∣∙ampere安培Ampere's experiment 安培实验Ampere's force 安培力Ampere's IaW安培定律amperemeter 安培汁amplitude振幅angle Of rotation 自转角.转动角angular acceleration 和加速度angular displacement 角位移angular VeIOCity 角速度anion负离子anisotropy ⅛向异性annihilation 湮没anode阳极antenna 天线appliedPhySiCS应用物理学ArChimedeSPrineiPIe 阿基米徳原理area面积argumentation 论证argument 辐角astigmatoscope散光镜atomic nucleus 原子核atomic PhySiCS原子物理学atomic SPeCtrUm l¾子光诺atomic StrUctUre 原子结构atom原子AtWOOd ' S machine阿特佈德机average PoWe「平均功率average VeIOCity 平均速度AVOgadrO COnStant 阿伏加寥罗常数AVOgadrO IaW阿伏加1德罗定律balance 天平ballisticgalvanometer 冲击电流汁band SPeCtrUm 帝状谱barometer气压计basicquantity 基本:ft basic UnitS基本单位battery Charger电池充电器battery Z aCCUmUIatOr 諾电池battery电池组beam光束betatron电子感应加速器BOhr atom model玻尔原子模型boiling POint 彿点boiling沸腾bounce反弹bound Charge束缚电荷boundelectron 束缚电子branchCirCUit 支路breakdown 击穿brightness 壳度buoyancy force 浮力CaIOrifiCS 热学Camera臆相机CaPaeitance 电容CaPaeitOr电容器CaPiIIanty毛细现魚CathOde ray阴极射线cathode-ray tube 期极射线管∙CathOde 阴极CatiOn正离子CelI电池CeISiUS SCaIe摄氏温标centre Of gravity 重心centre Of mass 质心Centrifugal force 离心力Centripetal acceleratiOn 向心加速度Centripetal force 向心力Chain reaction 链式反应ChaOS混沌CharaCteriStiC SPeCtrUm 特征光谱Charged body 带电体Charged PartiCle 带电∣⅞子Charge充电CirCUlar hole diffraction関孔衍射CirCUIar motion 圆周运动CIaSSiCal PhySiCS 经典物理学CIOUd Chamber 云室CIaSSiCal mechanics 经典力学5COeffiCient Of maximum StatiC friction嚴人静般瞼系数∞efficient Of restitution 恢复系数∞efficient Of Sliding friction 滑动味擦系数COeffiCient 系数COherent Iight 柿干光JS∞il线圈∞llision 碰撞COmPOnent force 分力COmPOnent VeIOCity 分速度COmPOSitiOn OffO「ces 力的合成∞mposition Of VelOCitieS 速度的合成∞mpression 压缩COnCaVe IenS IUI透敏COnCaVe mirror PU［fi)t⅛ConCUrrent force 共点力∞ndensatiOn 凝结∞ndenser电容器COndUCting medium 导电介质∞nductor 导体COnSerVatiVe force field 保守力场8∏SerVatiVe force 保守力∞nstant force 恒力COnStant 7⅛fi⅛COntinUOUS SPectrUm 连续谱COnVergent IenS 会聚透镀COnVeX IenS 凸透做COnVeX mirror 凸血做COOrdinate SyStem 坐标系COPIanar force 共面力COrOliS force科里奥利力COrPUSCUIar PrOPerty 粒子性COrPUSCUIar theory 微粒说COUlOmb force 库仑力COUIOmb 库仑COUIOmb's IaW库仑宦律COUnter汁数器CreatiOn 产生CreePage iW⅛CreSt波娜CritiCal angle 临界角CntiCal resistance 临界电阻CritiCal temperature 临界ifi度CrYStal 品体CUrrent density 电流密度CUrrent element 电滾元CUrrent SOUrCe 电流滅CUrrent Strength 电流儀度CUrVilinear motion 曲纟戈运动CyClOtrOn回皈加速器dampedVibratiOn 阻尼抿动damping 阻尼DanieII CeIl丹聂耳电池data PrOCeSSing 数据处理data数据decay哀变definitiOn Ofampere 安培的定义defocusing Ift集density 密度derived quantity 导出βtderived Unit导出单位dielectric 电介质diffraction Pattern 衍射图样diffraction 衍射diffuse reflection 没反射digital timer数字计时器dimensional expOnent 址纲播数dimension Ift纲diode二级骨diopter屈光度direct CUrrentrDC 宜流direct impact 正碰direct measurement H接测试discharge 放电disorder 无序dispersion 色散displacement位移divergent IenS 发散透後DOPPler effect多普勒效应double SIit diffraction 双縫衍射driving force 驰动力dryCell干电池echo回声eddyCUrrent 涡流effective VaIUe冇效值elastic body 弹性体elastic force 弹［性］力elasticity 弹性electricCharge 电荷electric CirCUit电路electric COrOna 电∙⅛electric energy 电能electric field 电场electricfield intensity 电场强度electric field Iine 电场线electric flux 电通⅛electric Ieakage iW⅛electric neutrality 电中性electric POtential 电位・电势electric POtentialdifference 电位差∙电势菱electric POtential energy电位能electric POWer 电功率electric quantity ⅛ftelectrification 起电electrification by friction摩擦起电electrified body 帯电体electrode 电极electrolysis5电解electrolyte 电解质electromagnetic damping 电阻尼electromagnetic inductiOn 电磁感应electromagnetic radiation 电够辐鮎electromagnetic WaVe 电磁波electromagnetic WaVe SPeCtrUm电磁波谱electromagnetism induction PhenOmenOn电磁感应现皱electromagnet 电4⅛体electrometer 静电计electromotive force 电动势electron 电子electron beam 电子束electron CIOUd 电子云electron microscope 电子显微镜electron VOIt电子伏特electroscope 脸电器electrostatic equilibrium tff t电平衡electrostatic induction 静电感应electrostatic SCreening 静电屛蔽elementary Charge 基本电荷•元电荷energy能蛾energy IeVel 能级equilibrium 平衡equilibrium COnditiOn 平衡条件equilibrium Of forces 力的平衡equilibrium POSitiOni I z t⅛{⅛Hequilibrium State 平衡态equivalent SOUrCe theorem等效电源定理erect image IE像error i¾差ether以太evaporation 蒸发excitation 激发excitation State 激发态e×periment 实脸experimental PhySiCS 实舫物理学external force 外力eyepiece 11镜far Sight 远视Faraday CyIinder法拉第阴筒Faraday IaW Ofelectromagnetic induction法拉笫电鐵感应定律Faraday1S IaW Ofelectromag netic in duct 法拉笫电磁感应定律farad法拉（电容的单位）filminterference 薄膜干涉finalVeIOCity 来速度first COSmiCVeIOdty 第一宇宙速度fission 裂变fixed-axis rotation 定轴转动flotation balance 浮力秤fluid流体focal Iength 焦距focusing调焦•聚焦focus焦点force 力forced VibratiOn 受迫报动fractal 分形free Charge白由电荷free electron自由电子free PeriOd自由周期freezingPOint ⅛f固点frequency 频率friction force 攣擦力fusion聚变galva no meterItIjiliir gas气体general PhySiCS普通物理学generator发电机goodCOndUCtOr 良导体gravitation引力gravity 重力gravitational POtentialenergy重力势能gravity field 鱼力场groundearth 接上也ground State 基态ground Wire 地线hadron强子half Iife PeriOd 半衰期heat 热heat transfer 传热henry亨利hertz赫兹（频率的单位）HOOke IaW胡克定律humidity 湿度hydrogen包原子hypothesis J l-1& ice POint冰点ideal gas理想气体image像image distance 像距imageheight 像岛imaging 成像imperfect inelasticCOlIiSiOn 非完全弹性碰撞impulse 冲fltincident angle 入射角incident ray 入肘线indirect measurement 何接测fitinduced electric CUrrent 感应电流induced electric field 感应5流inductiOn electromotive force感应电动势induction motor感应电动机inertia 惯性inertial force 惯性力inertial SyStem 惯性系infrared ray 红外线infrasOniC WaVe 次声波initial PhaSe 初位相initial VeIOCity 初速度input输入instantaneous POWer 瞬时功率instantaneous VeIOCity 瞬时速度instrument 仪器insulated COndUCtOr 绝缘导体insulating medium 绝缘介质insulator绝缘体intensity Of SOUnd 沖强interference 干涉interference fringe 干涉条纹interference Pattern「•涉图样interferometer 干涉仪internal energy 内能internal force 内力internal resistance 内阻intonation 声调inVerted image 倒像beam离子束ionization 电离irreversible ProCeSS 不川逆过程isobaric PrOCeSS 等用过程isobar等压线isochoricPrOCeSS等体枳过程isothermal等温线isothermal PrOCeSS 等温过程isotope同位索isotropy各向同性joule條耳(功的单位)JOUIe heat 焦EF热JOUle IaW焦耳定律Joule, IaW焦耳定律KePIer IaW开普勒定律kinematics 运动学kineticenergy 动能Laplace's equation 拉普拉斯方程IaSe「激光•激光器IaW定律IaW Of COnSerVatiOn Ofangular momentum角动:#守恒定律IaW Of ConSerVatiOn Ofenergy 能定律IaW Of COnSerVatiOn Of mass质址守也定律IaW Of COnSerVati On Ofmechanical energy 机械能9也定律IaW Of COnSerVatiOn Ofmomentum 动扯守也定律Le SySteme Intemational d 'Unit e S IH际单位制(Sl)Iead导线Iength长度IenS透镜IenS formula透越公式Lenz,s IaW楞次定律IePtOn轻子IJght ray 光线Iight SOUrCe 光源Iight WaVe 光波Iightning rod 避苗针Iight 光Iine SPeCtrUm 线状谱IineS Of CUrrent 电渍线IineS Of force Of electricfield 电力线IiqUefaCtiOn 液化IiqUefaCtiOn POint 液化点IiqUid液体IOngitUdinal WaVe 纵波IOOP回路LOrentZ force洛仑兹力IUminOUS intensity 发光强度magnetic field 磁场magneticfield intensity 出场强magnetic field Iine ft⅛场线magnetic induction flux 磁感应magnetic induction 險感应⅞8度magn etic in duction IineIK 感应线magnetic material 險性材料magnetic needle ⅛⅛flmagnetic POIe 磁极magnetics⅛S学magnetism 4⅛学magnetization 磁化magnet i⅛体magnifkatiOn 放人率magnifier放A；镀.放人器manometer流体压强i∣∙ mass质嫩mass defect 质Ift亏损mass-ene「gy equation 质能方程matter物质matter WaVe 物质波MaXWeIrS equations 麦克斯韦方程组mean SPeed平均速率mean VelOCity平均速度measurement 测fitmechanical energy 机械能5mechanical motion 机械运动mechanical VibratiOn 机械振动mechanics 力学medium介质melting fusion 熔化melting POint 熔点metre rule 米尺microdetector灵敬电流计micrometer CaliPeri⅛δ⅛⅛）J微器microscope V3Si⅛ microscopic PartiCIe 微观粒子mirror reflectiOn 镜面反射mirror t⅛ mixed Unit SyStem混合单位制modern PhySiCS现代物理学molar VOlUme摩尔体积molecular SPeCtrUm 分子光谱molecular StrUctUre 分子结构moment Of force 力矩momentum Of electromagnetic field电磁场的动St momentum 动知：motor电动机multimeter多用［电］表musical quality 音色N POIe北极natural frequency 固冇须率natural Iight 自然光negative Charge 负电荷negative CryStal 负品体negative ion 负离F negativePIate 负极板network 网络neutralization 中和neutron中子newton牛顿（力的单位）NeWtOn first Iaw牛顿第一宦律NeWtOn SeCOnd IaW 牛顿第•定律NeWtOn third IaW牛顿笫〔定律nonequilibrium State IF F衡态north POIe 北极nucleus force 核力nucleus Of COndenSatiOn ⅛（结核ObjeCt 物ObjeCt distance 物距ObjeCt height 物高ObjeCtiVe 物越ObSerVatiOn 观察Oersted's experiment 奥斯特实脸Ohm欧婀Ohrn IaW欧姆定律Ohmmeter t⅛⅛i∣Ohrn,s IaW欧姆定律OPen CirCUit 开路OPtiCal bench 光貝座OPtiCal Centre Of IenS 透境光心OPtiCal fiber光导纤维OPtiCal glass光学玻璃OPtiCal instrument 光学仪器OPtiCal IeVer 光杠杆OPtiCal Path difference 光程差OPtiCal Path 光程（路）OPtiCaIly denser medium 光密介质OPtiCalIy thinner medium 光疏介质OPtiCS光学Orbit轨道Order有序OSeiIIOgraPh 示波器OUtPUt输岀OVerWeight 超⅛.ParaIlel COnneCtiOn OfCOndenSerS电客器的井联ParaIIelOgram rule 平行四边形定律parallel-resOnance CirCUit井联谐振电路ParameterPartiCle质点•粒子PaSCal IaW帕斯卡定律Path路程Peak峰值Pendulum 摆PenUmbra 半彫PerfeCt COndUctOr 理想导体Perfect elastic COIIiSiOn完全禅性碰撞Perfect inelastic COIliSiOn完全非弹性碰撇PeriOdiCity 周期性PeriOd周期PeriSCOPe潜望镜Permanent magnet 永磁体PermittiVity Of VaCUUm 真空介电常数PermittiVity 电容率PhaSe 位扌IlPhenomenon 现線PhOtOCUrTent 光电流PhOtOeleCtriC CeIl 光电管PhOtOeIeCtriC effect 光电效应PhOtOeleCtrOn 光电子PhOtOgraPhy 照相术PhOtOn光子PhySiCal balance 物理天平PhySiCal quantity 物理fitPhySiCS物理学PieZOmeter 压强计PitCh音调5PIanCk COnStant普朗克常•肚PlaSma等离子体POint Charge 点电荷POIariZatiOn ft⅛振POIariZed Iight 偏振光POIyCryStal 多品体POOr Conductor 不艮导体POSitiVe Charge 正电荷POSitiVe CryStal 正品体POSitiVe ion 正离子POSitiVe PIate 正极板POSitrOn正电子POtential energy 势能POtentiOmeter 电位菱计POWer功率PreSSUre压强.压力Primary ∞il 原线圈PrinCiPIe Of COnStancy Of IightVelOCity光速不变原理PriSm棱镜PrOjeCtile 抛体PrOjectiIe motion 抛休运动PrOjeCtOr投影仪PrOtOn质子PUIIey滑轮PUlIey block 滑轮组quantity Of heat 热址quantization 址子化quantum 址子quantummechanics fi¾ f 力学quantum number 秋子数radar笛达radioactive SOUrCe 放射谏radius Of gyration 回旋半径random motion无规则运动「ange !⅛程rated VOltage额定电斥reacting force 反作用力real image 实像realObjeCt 实物reasOning 推理recoil反冲rectilinearmotion 宜线运动referenceframe參考系.坐标系referenceSyStem 参考系reflectedangle 反射和reflected ray 反射线reflection COeffiCient反射系数reflection IaW 反射定律reflectivity 反射率refracted angle 折射角refracted ray 折射线refraction IaW 折射定律refraction COeffiCient 折射系数refractive index 折射率relative acceleration 和对加速度relative error 对误差relative motion 相对运动relative VelOCity 相对速度relativity 相对论resistance电阻resistance box 电阻箱resistivity 电阻率resistor电阻［器］resolution Offorce 力的分解resolution OfVelOCity 速度的分解resonance共振•共呜resonantfrequency 共振频率resultantforce 合力resultantVeIOCity 合速度reversibility Of OPtiCalPath 光路町逆性reversible PrOCeSS 町逆过程rheostat变阻器right-hand SCreW FUIe 右手螺旋定则rocker火筋rotating magnetic field 旋转礙场rotation自转•转动RUtherfOrd SCattering 卢瑟福敬射RUtherfOrd ［α-particleSCattering」experiment 卢瑟福LattWJ实脸S POIe南极SatUratiOn 饱和SCalar标量SCalar field 标1½场SCanner打描器SeCOnd COSmiC VeIOCity 第二宇宙速度SeIeCtiVe absorption 选择吸收self-induced electromotiveforce门感电动势self-inductance 自感self-induction PhenomenonI r l 感系数SemiCOndUCtOr 半导体Semi-transparent film 半透腹SenSitiVe galvanometer 灵坡电流计SenSitiVity 灵敏度SenSitOmeter 感光计SenSOr传感器SerieS COnn ection OfCOndenSerS电容器的串联SerieS-resOnance CirCUit 串联谐振电路ShOrt CirCUit 垃路ShOrt Sight 近视ShUnt resistor 分流电阻SignifiCant figure 仃效数了SimPIe harmOniC motion(SHM) 简谐运动SimPIe harmonic WaVe 简谐波SimPIe PendUIUm 单摆5SinglecrystakmOnOCryStaI) 单品体Single Slit diffraction 单缝衍射SinUSOidal alternating CUrrent简谐交流电SinUSOidal CUrrent 正弦式电流SIiding friction 淆动摩援Slit狭縫SOIar CeIl太阳能电池SOIenOid煤线管SOlidifiCatiOn 凝固SOlidifying POint 凝固点SOlid固体SOlUtiOn 涪液SOIVatiOn 溶解SOnar声纳SOUnd SOUrCe 筋谏SOUnd VeIOCity 声速SOUnd WaVe 声波SOUnd 声［⅛］SOUrCe电源SOUth POIe 南极SPaCe空间SPark discharge 火花放电SPedal relativity 狭义相对论SPeCifiC heat CaPadty 比热容SPeCtaCleS 眼镜SPeCtral analysis 光谱分析SPeCtral Iine ［光］谱线SPeCtrOgraPh 掇谱仪SPeCtrOgraPhy 摄谱学SPeCtrOSCOPy 光谱学SPeCtrUm 光诺SPeed速率SPheriCal mirror 球面镜SPOntaneOUS radiation 门发辐射SPring balance 弹簧件Stability稳定性StabiliZed CUrrent SUPPly穗流电源StabiliZed VOItage SUPPly穂压电源Standard atmosphericPreSSUre标准人气压Standard CeIl标准电池Standing WaVe 住波StatiC friction 挣除援StatiOnary State 定态Steady CUrrent 恒定电流Steady CUrTent SOUrCe 恒流漁Steady VOItage SOUrCe 也压源Steam POint 汽点StiffneSS劲度［系数］StimUIated radiation 受激辐射StOP WatCh 停茨SUblimatiOn 升华SUPerCOndUCtiVity 超导［电］性SUPerCOnductor 超导体SUPerPOSitiOn PrineiPIe Ofelectric field电场强度叠加原理SUPerPOSitiOn theorem 盜加怎律SUPerSatUratiOn 过度饱和SUPerSOniC SPeed 趙卅速SUPerSOniC WaVe 超声波SUPPIy transformer 电源变压器SUrfaCe resistance 表面电阻SWitCh开关SyStem Of 8ncυrrent forces共点力系SyStem Of PartiCIeS 质点系SyStem Of UnitS 单位制SyStematiC error 系统误差telescope望远敏temperature 淑度tension 张力the IaW Of gravity万有引力定律theorem 原理theorem Of kinetic energy动能定理theorem Of momentum 动Ift定理theoretical PhySiCS 理论物理学theory理论thermal CaPaCity 热容［ft］thermal equilibrium 女冬平衡thermal motion 热运动thermal tranSmiSSiOn 传热thermodynamic SCaIe 〕Ofte mperatu re］热力学温标thermodynamic temperature热力学温度thermometer ⅛l¾i∣thermometric SCaIe 温标thermOnUClear reaction 热核反应thick IenS厚透镜thin IenS薄透境third COSmiC VeIOCity 第三宇宙速度three-phasealternatingCUrrent三相［交变］电流time 时IfiJtimer定时器•计时器5torsion balance Jllft-total reflection 全反射trajectory 轨道transformer 变压器transistor 品体管tramSitiOn 跃迁translation 平移transmissiOn Iine 传输线transmissivity 透射率transverse WaVe 横波triboelectrification 嘖擦起电triode三极管trough波谷tuning fork 音叉turbulent flow 祸流UItraSOUnd WaVe 趙声波UItraViOIet ray 紫外线Umbra本影UndUIatOry PrOPerty 波动性UnifOrm dielectric 均匀电介质UnifOrm motion 匀速运动Unit单位Unit SyStem 单位制UniVerSal COnStant 普适UniVerSal gravitatiOn 万有引力UniVerSal meter 多用［电］表VaCUUm tube JC空管VaCUUm 真•空VaIUe Of amplitude ⅛⅛ffi VaPOriZatiOn 汽化VariabIe 变IftVeCtOr Xft VeIOCity Of Iight 光速VeIOCity 速度VenfiCatiOn 脸证Vernie「游标Vernier CaIiPer 游标卡尺VibratiOn 掘动VieWing angle 视角VieWing field 视场VirtUal image 虚像VirtUal ObjeCt 虚物VirtUal VaIUe 有效值ViSibiIity 见度ViSibIe Iight 可见光VOltage 电压VOItage division CirCUit 分压电路VOltaiC CeIl伏打电池VOItmeter伏特汁VOItmeter-ammeter method伏安法VOlt伏特VOIUme体枳VOrteX electric field 涡族电场Watt瓦待WaVe equation波动方程WaVe theory 波动说WaVelength 波长WaVe-PartiCIe dualism 波粒二仪性WaVe 波Weight ⅛ffiWeightIeSSness 失磴White Iight 白光WOrk 功WOrk function 逸岀功X-ray X射线YOUng experiment 杨氏实脸ZerO Iine 零线α -decay α 衰变a -PartiCIe a 粒子a -ray a射线β -decay β 衰变B -ray B射线Y-decay Y 哀变Y-ray Y射线5。
极低频磁场对细胞因子受体基因表达及转录因子影响的研究
２００２年浙江大学博士学位论文检测低至Ｏ．０１“ｇ含景的ｍＲＮＡ，并且在一份总ＲＮＡ样品中可同时检测和半定量多种ｍＲＮＡ。
在本研究中用核酶保护法检测０．１或０．８ｍＴ强度的磁场暴露长达７２小时后ＨＬ６０细胞相关细胞因子受体基因的ｍＲＮＡ表达改变。
此外，有研究认为ＥＭＦ能影响细胞信号转导过程，而细胞信号转导的最终效应是影响转录因子的活性。
已有报道认为电磁场作为一种环境物理因素可以影响包括ＡＰ．１、ＡＰ．２、ＳＰ．１及ＨＳＦ在内的多种转录因子的ＤＮＡ结合活性。
ＣＲＥＢ和ＮＦ—ＫＢ是两种非常重要的转录因子。
ＣＲＥＢ最初被认为是ｃＡＭＰ依赖的信号通路转录激活因子，可被ｃＡＭＰ依赖的蛋白激酶所磷酸化。
对ＣＲＥＢ的生物学功能的研究表明它在细胞繁殖、分化及适应性反应等细胞生理过程中有重要作用。
受各种蛋白激酶如ＰＫＡ、ＰＫＣ、ＭＡＰＫ以及ＣａＭＫ激活后ＣＲＥＢ以同源二聚体或异源二聚体的形式激活目标基因转录。
ＮＦ—ＫＢ是一组与相应ＤＮＡ结合后可行使广泛转录激活功能的异源二聚体蛋白复合物。
它与细胞和病毒的启动子或增强子区域１０．ｂｐ的通用序列结合后调控细胞凋亡、分化和急性期反应。
ＮＦ．ＫＢ在胞浆中与其抑制蛋白ＩＫＢ结合处于非激活状态，当细胞受到适当刺激后ＩＫＢ快速磷酸化、泛素化和降解从而激活ＮＦ—ＫＢ。
结合ＥＭＦ对细胞信号转导通路影响的研究数据，推测ＥＭＦ很可能、ｆ７会影响磁场辐照后ＨＬ６０细胞的转录因子ＣＲＥＢ和ＮＦ．ＫＢ的ＤＮＡ结合活性。
｝＿７～一／本部分的研究目的是检测５０Ｈｚ磁场辐照对转录因子ＣＲＥＢ和ＮＦ—ＫＢ的ＤＮＡ结合活性的影响，并探讨参与此磁场反应的信号通路。
第一部分：极低频磁场对细胞因子受体基因表达的影响．在ＨＬ６０细胞中研究了５０Ｈｚ极低频正弦磁场对细胞因子受体基因表达的影响。
伍场辐照系统主要由一对边长３６ｃｍ、高度８ｃｍ、１６８匝的Ｈｅｌｍｈ。
ｌｔｚ线圈，一只等长等高、６０匝的中置补偿线圈，两只变压器及细胞培养箱构成。
磁共振中一些常用简化附缩写用语
( Homonuclear chemical shift ) COrrelation SpectroscopY
CP
Cross Polarization
CPD
Composite-Pulse Decoupling
CP/MAS
Cross Polarization/Magic Angle Spinning
BBDR
Broad Band Double Resonance
BIRD
Bilinear Rotation Decoupling
BOLD
Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent
BR-24
Burum & Rhim (pulse sequence)
CAMELSPIN
Cross-relaxation Appropriate for Minimolecules Emulated by Locked SPNs
GRASS
Gradient-Recalled Acquisition in the Steady State
GRASP
Gradient-Accelerated Spectroscopy
GROPE
Generalized compensation for Resonance Offset and Pulse length errors
MQ(C)
Multiple-Quantum ( Coherence )
MQF
Multiple-Quantum Filter
MQMAS
Multiple-Quantum Magic-Angle Spinning
MQS
Multi Quantum Spectroscopy
E电流的磁场
Discuss： ： Long straight solenoid： β1 = π , β 2 = 0
⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗⊗
B = µ 0 nI
Inside the solenoid, the B every point are equality. β1 = π , β 2 = π / 2 µ 0 nI One end of half-solenoid: B= 2 β1 = π / 2, β 2 = π Direction: axis direction
equal to µ0 times the algebraic sum of the currents
Several distributing of magnetic field line
A long straight wire
A circular current
Magnetic field lines of a solenoid
4 Magnetic flux 磁通量
The magnetic flux passing through a surface S is defined by the surface integral: v v Φm = ∫ dΦm = ∫ BdS cos α dΦm = B ⋅ dS = BdS cd Magnetic Induction
1 Magnetic field 磁场
v 2 Magnetic Induction 磁感应强度 B
Current or Magnet
Magnetic field
Current or Magnet
The magnetic force on motionless charges is zero. The magnetic force on moving charges can be tested. The electric field was defined by means of the force on the charge at rest The magnetic field can be defined by examining the force on moving charges v Direction The force on moving charges is zero B Fmax (T) Magnitude B = qv
磁场的生物效应(biologicaleffectofmagneticfield)物理小百科
磁场的生物效应（biologicaleffectofmagneticfield）物理小
百科
广泛的阅读有助于学生形成良好的道德品质和健全的
人格，向往真、善、美，摈弃假、恶、丑;有助于沟通个人与外部世界的联系，使学生认识丰富多彩的世界，获取信息和知识，拓展视野。
快一起来阅读磁场的生物效应(biologicaleffectofmagneticfield)物理小百科吧~
磁场的生物效应（biologicaleffectofmagneticfield）
磁场的生物效应(biologicaleffectofmagneticfield)
研究磁场生物效应的领域也称为磁生物学。
其中包括地磁场和人工磁场对生物的作用。
地磁场强度较弱，小于80A/m(1Oe)生物定向是地磁场作用的事例之一。
澳大利亚指南白蚁会定向筑巢，鲨鱼通过自身产生的电场对地磁场定向，Blakemore(1981年)发现螺旋菌能准确地游向北磁极方向，鸟类根据磁场和重力场定向。
K.V.Frisch对蜜蜂的舞蹈语言和地磁场作用机理的精心研究，在1973年获得了诺贝尔奖。
大量研究报道表明，一定条件的强磁场会影响生物大分子的构象和功能，会使染色体变异，影响DNA复制和蛋白质表达，刺激或抑制细胞生长，旋转磁场可打碎体内结石。
磁效应对组织、器官、神经系统乃至整体都有影响。
磁场的生物效应研究对生物工程和现代医学具有重要的意义。
由查字典物理网独家提供磁场的生物效应(biologicaleffectofmagneticfield)物理小百科，希望给大家提供帮助。
核磁共振分子运动学分析实验指导说明书
Diffusion experiments with Vnmrj 2.2C and 2.2D.E. Alvarado. University of Michigan. 04/12/10The diffusion coefficient of a molecule in solution depends on its effective molecular weight, size and shape, and can be used to estimate its relative molecular size (its hydrodynamic radius). It has applications in organic and inorganic chemistry3,5, for example to determine molecular weight in polymers, biopolymers and other aggregated materials. It can also be used to study molecular interactions and complexation processes in chemistry and to determine association constants. Recently, a method to estimate the molecular mass of small molecules in dilute aqueous and organic solutions was developed8.The present manuscript refers to diffusion experiments with Vnmrj 2.2C and 2.2D and Chempack 4.1. The software contains several pulse sequences for different experiments. Check the Vnmr manual for details. Here we will use the the pulse sequence DgcsteSL_cc (DOSY gradient compensated stimulated echo with spin lock and convection compensation), which is an enhancement of the classical PGSE (Pulsed Gradient Spin-Echo) pulse sequence.The PGSE pulse sequence, as originally proposed by Stejskal and Tanner 40 years ago is perhaps the easiest to understand, see the Figure 1 below. Briefly, after applying a 90° pulse, the nuclear spins of the sample will start precessing along the main magnetic field and dephase according to their absorption frequencies at this field. Then, a magnetic field gradient of strength gzlvl1 and duration gt1 is applied along the z axis of the tube and the spins will now be dephased due to their location in the gradient. After a short delay, a 180° pulse is applied that has the effect of inverting the precession direction. If the spins have not undergone translational motion along the z axis, the second applied gradient will be identical to the first, canceling its effect and the spins refocus (produce a spin- echo). However, if there was motion the effective magnetic field experienced by the spins during the second gradient will be different to the first and the spins will not completely refocus. The resulting signal will have a decreased intensity. The amount of attenuation is proportional to the displacement along the z axis, the gradient strength and the diffusion delay. Many other, more complex pulse sequences are available6,10,11, with portions aimed at increasing sensitivity and reducing artifacts, but they all follow the same principle.Figure 1. Classic PGSE pulse sequence.To measure molecular diffusion in a solution, a series of spectra with increasing gradient strengths must be recorded, Figure 2. By fitting the intensity (or integration) of the peaks to the Stejskal-Tanner function as described later, the diffusion constants can be calculated. And from the diffusion coefficients it is possible to calculate the hydrodynamic radius via the Stokes-Einstein equation2.This document contains only enough information to setup a basic experiment with Varian's Vnmrj software and analyze the results. Extensive discussions of diffusion experiments and its applications can be found in thechemical literature, in the references below and in advanced NMR texts.Figure 2. Sections of a DgcsteSL_cc experiment of a solution of sucrose in D2O. The anomeric hydrogen of sucrose at 5.42 ppm is shown on the left while the residual HDO signal at 4.79 ppm is shown on the right. Notice the sigmoidal shape of the decay and how the HDO signal decays faster.Experiment setupSome recommendations: If your solvent is organic, it is advisable to have TMS in solution so it can be used as a reference in the calculation8. If it is D2O, the residual solvent signal (HDO) can be used as the reference. It is very important to regulate and have a very stable and homogeneous temperature. Extreme (low and high) temperatures may produce convection currents inside the tube that are difficult to avoid and lead to errors. During the experiment, the parameters should be chosen so that the intensities of the signals of interest decay from 100% to about 20%.After inserting the sample and loading the shims, shim the magnet quickly (you will need to reshim later) and take a quick spectrum. Reduce the spectral width to your sample's needs and take a new spectrum. Display the optimized spectral width, transmitter offset, and gain (type sw?tof?gain?) and write down the results. When measuring diffusion on nuclei other than proton, the following parameters are also reset by the setup macro and the correct values will need to be reentered: tn, dn, tpwr and pw (set pw to the 90º value of the nucleus you want to measure). From the Experiments menu or from the Experiment Panel (on the Holding tab at the left side of vnmrj) select DgcsteSL_cc. Set sw, tof and gain to the values you just found (and do the same for the other parameters if the nucleus is not H1). Set the desired temperature, for example by typing “temp=25 su” on the command line, and while the temperature is stabilizing, adjust the remaining parameters that follow. Most of the parameters can be set from the Acquire, Pulse Sequence panel shown below.Of particular importance for this experiment are three parameters. The D iffusion delay (del) is the amount of time allowed for the molecules to diffuse. Larger molecules will move slower and may require long periods of time for an accurate measurement, while small molecules move faster and require short diffusion delays. If the diffusion delay is set too short, the peaks will not have enough time to decay sufficiently for an accurate determination; and if it is too long, the signals will decrease in intensity to zero well before the end of the experiment and the last few spectra will contain only noise. Additionally, the diffusion delay should not be too long because signal intensity also decreases due to relaxation during this delay and thermal convection processes have more time to interfere with the experiment. It is for those reasons that in general the diffusion delay should be between 50 and 200 ms. If more time is required, it is better to increase the diffusion gradient length (gt1) instead. For example, a gradient length of 2 ms with a delay of 400 ms is equivalent to a gradient of 4 ms with a delay of 200 ms. Good values to start for medium size organic molecules in low viscosity solvents are: diffusion gradient length = 2 ms, diffusion delay = 200 ms. Double the gradient length for water and other viscoussolvents. Change the values of these parameters in the parameter panel as shown.For this and other diffusion experiments we have to collect a series of spectra where the diffusion gradient (whose length we just defined above) has increasing gradient strengths. This is accomplished by setting up in an array the values of the Diffusion gradient level (gzlvl1) from 0 to the maximum value allowed by the gradient amplifier. In our Inovas and 400MRs the maximum value is 2048. These numbers are in an arbitrary scale without units provided by a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). The calibration for these DAC numbers to gauss/cm was performed by the NMR Facility staff and is shown in the parameter panel as “DAC to G”. For example, in our Inova 500 with the “id” probe, DAC_to_G has been calibrated with D2O at 25 °C and has a value of 0.00961 gauss/cm·DAC. Thus the maximum gradient for this probe/instrument is 19.7 gauss/cm or 1.97 T/m. To setup the array you can either click on [Setup coarse gradient array] or on [Setup DOSY using conditions above]. The first sets up an array of only 8 gradients while the second sets up an array using the Number of increments shown above (15 is the default). The coarse array is useful for running a quick experiment to determine if the diffusion delay and diffusion length are appropriate to the sample.Before starting the experiment select Alternate gradient signs on odd scans and Lock gating during gradients. If solvent presaturation is needed, check one of the options d1 only, del only or both and set the saturation frequency (it has to be determined before this experiment in a presaturation experiment). Do not increase the power to more than 5. Set the number of scans desired (nt), the relaxation delay (d1) and check the experimental time. When everything is what you want, click on [Acquire] to start the acquisition. ProcessingMost of the processing can be done from the Process, DOSY process panel shown below. First, enable a line broadening of 0.3 or 0.5 and click on [Process all spectra]. Carefully phase the first spectrum and verify that the phasing is consistent for all spectra in the array using the buttons. Select integral mode and manually cut the integral into regions. Apply a baseline correction to all the spectra in the array with [Baseline correct all spectra]. This step is very important to obtain more accurate peak intensities or integrals. Select the peaks to use in the calculation with the minimum threshold tool . When you click on [Calculate full DOSY] the calculations will be performed and the results displayed in tabular form and a 2D dosy spectrum will be shown. Notice that the calculation is always done with the value of DAC_to_G that was read from the configuration files when the spectrum was acquired. If you run your own calibration and want to re-calculate the diffusioncoefficients using your own value, click on [Recall original NMR spectra] and then, on the command line type: setvalue('DAC_to_G', your_gcal, 'processed') where your_gcal is your DAC_to_G calibration. Then click on [Calculate Full DOSY] again.Also notice that if the 2D display is being shown and you click on [Calculate Full DOSY] again, the data gets corrupted and you will have to reload and reprocess you spectrum again. If you want to recalculate a different section of the spectrum or use different parameters, click on [Recall original NMR spectra] first.After the calculation, you can display the line fitting of an individual peak in the spectrum to the Stejskal-Tanner equation by entering a peak number in Peak #_ and clicking on [Show fit for Peak # above]. The actual data will be shown along with the fitted curve and a curve showing the differentials between the two. This is useful to determine if one or more of the individual spectra contains data that deviates considerably from the trend and may need to be discarded. When this happens, the [Calculate Full DOSY with dialog] can be useful. This button allows individual spectra to be omitted from the analysis. Remember to click on [Recall original NMR spectra] first.According to the manual, the Calibration Flag option corrects systematic errors in the experiment. Unfortunately, the manual doesn't mention how these errors are corrected.In general, the interface to this one and other diffusion experiments is very buggy; be cautious. For example, the “Fiddle” buttons (for deconvolution) do not work. The Use Integral Values option does not work. And do not click on the [Plot DOSY] button; not only it doesn't work, but it also freezes Vnmrj.Manual analysisWhile Vnmrj's analysis routines give you a quick and easy way to calculate diffusion coefficients from the spectra, you will get better control of the analysis by measuring peak heights or integrals and doing your own calculations. Stejskal and Tanner have shown that the intensity of the signals in diffusion experiments is described by the following equation:ln(I/I0) = -γ2 δ2 G2(∆ - δ/3) Dwhere:I = intensity or integral of the peak at a given GI0 = intensity or integral of the peak at G = 0γ = magnetogyric constant of the nucleus (for 1H, γ = 2.675 x 108 T-1 s-1 )δ = diffusion gradient length (parameter gt1)∆ = diffusion delay (parameter del)G = gradient field strength (gzlvl1[n] * DAC_to_G)D = diffusion coefficientWith the list of integrals or intensities, a Stejskal-Tanner attenuation plot can be constructed (see Figure 3). This is a plot of ln(I/I0) vs. G2 , and from the slope of this plot the diffusion coefficient D can be extracted. Alternatively, the data can also be fitted directly to the equation I = I0 exp[ -(γδ g)2 (∆ – δ/3) D] using line fitting programs like QtiPlot, Origin, Scientist, SigmaPlot, etc.Figure 3. Stejskal-Tanner plot of a solution of a ruthenium coordination complex in CD2Cl2 at25 C. From the plot, the diffusion coefficients of TMS and of the compound were measured as23.3x10-10 and 9.0x10-10 m2/s respectively. Having TMS in the solution allows the determination ofthe solution's viscosity and of the compound's hydrodynamic radius8. The measured compound'sradius gives an insight into its dimerization process (A ↔ AA).To produce a list of integrals, transform the spectra, select integral regions, carefully correct the bias and slope of the integrals and perform baseline correction as described before. Display the Process, Integration panel (shown below), select Partial under Integral Display Mode, position vnmrj's cursor on top of one of the integrals, select Single Peak under Normalize Area To:, type in a number in Integral Area and click on [Set Integral Value]. The list of integrals for the current spectrum only, normalized to the value entered will be shown on the right side of the panel. You can now generate a list of integrals for all the spectra with the macro UMdli. With this macro you can have the list printed or emailed to you in a format convenient to copy and paste to a line fitting program.With the difussion coefficient, the hydrodynamic radius of a compound in solution can be calculated from the Stokes-Einstein equation:r H =kbT 6 Dwherek b = Boltzman constant, 1.3806 x 10-23 kg m2 s-2 K-1T = temperatureη = viscosity of the solution at temperature TD = diffusion coefficientCalibrationThe parameter DAC_to_G must be calibrated to do the calculations. This parameter is a conversion for the units of the gradient amplifier (DAC units) to gradient in gauss/cm. The parameter has already been calibrated in our spectrometers but you may wish to verify it or recalibrate it yourself. This is done with a sample of known diffusion coefficient like HDO in D2O (the residual solvent peak in D2O). Regulate the temperature and allow at least 10 minutes to equilibrate, run a diffusion experiment and after Fourier transformation and baseline correction select Use Peak Heights, expand the region around the HDO peak and type“dosy_grad_calib” to recalibrate. The macro will ask for the expected value of the peak in units of 10-10m2/s (e.g., for HDO at 25 °C enter 19.02). Known values4 can be found in the table below. Use a diffusion gradient length of 2 ms, a diffusion delay of 100 ms and a long relaxation delay of at least 10 seconds for D2O at 25 °C (it is better to use D2O doped with 0.1 mg/mL GdCl3 so that a shorter delay can be used). TypeDAC_to_G? to print the new calculated value.Sample Diffusion coefficient410% D2O in 90% H2O at 25 °C22.7 x10-10 m2/sHDO in D2O at 5 °C10.34 x10-10 m2/sHDO in D2O at 25 °C19.02 x10-10 m2/sHDO in D2O at 45 °C30.27 x10-10 m2/ssucrose in D2O at 25 °C 4.4 x10-10 m2/s (this lab 01/18/10)References[1] C.S. Johnson Jr. Prog. Nucl. Mag. Res. Spectrosc.34, 203-256 (1999).[2]P.S. Pregosin. Prog. Nucl. Mag. Res. Spectrosc.49, 261-288 (2006)[3]Y. Cohen, L. Avram and L. Frish. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.44, 520-554 (2005)[4] B. Antalek. Concepts Magn. Reson. 14, 225-258 (2002)[5][P.S. Pregosin, P.G. Anil Kumar and I. Fernandez. Chem. Rev.105, 2977-2998 (2005)[6]M.D. Pelta, H. Barjat, G.A. Morris, A.L. Davis and S.J. Hammond. Magn. Reson. Chem. 36, 706-714(1998).[7]Chemical Properties Handbook. C.L. Yaws, Ed. McGraw-Hill 1999. (online access;/knovel2/Toc.jsp?BookID=49)[8] C. A. Crutchfield and D. J. Harris. J. Magn. Reson.185, 179-182 (2007)[9]Stefano Chimichi in http://www.chimorg.unifi.it/public/chimichi/nmrsolv.html[10]Varian manual, Vnmrj 2.2C: “NMR Spectroscopy, User Guide” Chapter 10.[11]J.C. Cobas, P. Groves, M. Martín-Pastor, A. De Capua. Curr. Anal. Chem. 1, 289-305 (2005). Appendix 1. Useful constantsSolvent Temp,°C Viscosity (η), kg · s-1 · m-1D2O20 1.2467 x 10-325 1.095 x 10-3H2O20 1.0016 x 10-3250.8909 x 10-3CDCl325?0.55 x 10-3200.57 x 10-3CD2Cl2250.417 x 10-3200.436 x 10-3CH3OH200.59 x 10-3CD3OD200.52 x 10-3 Acetone-d6200.34 x 10-3 DMSO-d620 2.4 x 10-3 Toluene-d8200.58 x 10-3 Benzene-d6200.69 x 10-3 Acetonitrile-d3200.39 x 10-3 Pyridine-d5200.97 x 10-3From http://www.chimorg.unifi.it/public/chimichi/nmrsolv.html and other sources.Some conversion constants:1 Pa·s (Pascal-second) = 1 kg s-1 m-11 P (1 poise) = 1 g·cm−1·s−1.The relation between poise and pascal-seconds is:10 P = 1 kg·m−1·s−1 = 1 Pa·s,1 cP = 0.001 Pa·s = 1 mPa·s.Appendix 2. For versions previous to vnmrj 2.2C/chempack 4.1.Earlier versions of vnmrj contain even more bugs than 2.2C; be careful. Essentially you can follow the same procedures described here but you will have to enter all parameters manually. The full list of parameters and other information about the experiment can be found in the manual page (go to the Process/Text Output panel and click on [Sequence Manual] ). Run DgcsteSL_cc and verify or modify the parameters (suggested starting values are in parenthesis):Parameter Typical value Commentdel0.1-0.5 (0.2)diffusion delay (in seconds)gt10.001-0.005 (0.002)Diffusion gradient length (in seconds)gzlvl110-2000Diffusion gradient level, arrayed (in dac units)d13-5 (5.0)relaxation delay (seconds)nt8*n (8)number of transientsspin0sample spinning must be offss8steady state transientslb0.5line broadeningSet up a linear array of gzlvl1 values (Menu: Acquisition>Parameter arrays). Typically 20 values, from 10 to 2000 in increments of 100. In principle, the first value should be 0 but in practice this value gives unpredictable results; use 10 instead. Use the command array('gzlvl1', 20, 0, 100)gzlvl1[1]=10 to setup the array or set it up from the menu Acquisition > Parameter Arrays.When the experiment is finished, transform and phase the first or second spectrum. Integrate the spectrum and define all integration regions (even those not needed). Apply a baseline correction to all the spectra in the array manually or with UMbc. Normalize one region to 1 or to 100 and create a list of integrals for all the spectra in the array with the UMdli macro. Process the data manually.。
磁耦合Mn2 ＋ -Mn2 ＋离子对发光行为研究进展
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４Ａｐｒ.ꎬ２０２２㊀㊀收稿日期:２０２２￣０１￣０５ꎻ修订日期:２０２２￣０１￣２８㊀㊀基金项目:国家自然科学基金(５１７７２１０４)资助项目ＳｕｐｐｏｒｔｅｄｂｙＮａｔｉｏｎａｌＮａｔｕｒａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅＦｏｕｎｄａｔｉｏｎｏｆＣｈｉｎａ(５１７７２１０４)文章编号:１０００￣７０３２(２０２２)０４￣０４８２￣１９磁耦合Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对发光行为研究进展朱兴路１ꎬ宋恩海１ꎬ邹炳锁２∗ꎬ叶㊀柿１∗(１.华南理工大学材料科学与工程学院ꎬ发光材料与器件国家重点实验室ꎬ广东省光纤激光材料与应用技术重点实验室ꎬ广东广州㊀５１０６４１ꎻ２.广西大学资源环境与材料学院ꎬ广西有色金属及特色材料加工重点实验室ꎬ广西南宁㊀５３０００４)摘要:过渡金属Ｍｎ２＋掺杂的半导体/绝缘体作为发光材料在照明㊁显示等领域具有重要应用ꎮＭｎ２＋离子具有５个未成对的ｄ电子ꎬ掺杂在发光材料中通常具有高自旋态ꎬ其容易与近邻的Ｍｎ２＋离子发生交换或超交换作用即磁相互作用ꎮ此类相互作用可在分子尺度下对电子自旋产生很强的束缚能力ꎬ使得磁耦合Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对的发光行为不同于孤立Ｍｎ２＋离子的发光行为ꎬ如荧光寿命变短㊁异常的发射波长红移/蓝移㊁多峰发射以及异常的磁光现象等ꎮ但由于受到浓度猝灭㊁缺陷㊁声子耦合㊁能量传递㊁与半导体激子的ｓｐ￣ｄ交换作用等多因素的影响以及测试技术的限制ꎬ对Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子间磁相互作用的确认及其对发光行为的影响仍存在较多争议ꎮ随着研究的不断深入和一些新的表征手段如光磁测量技术的引入ꎬ上述问题可以得到部分解决ꎮ本文首先简要介绍过渡金属离子磁相互作用类型及其理论基础ꎻ然后综述Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子间磁相互作用对其吸收光谱㊁发射光谱㊁荧光寿命和磁光效应的影响ꎬ并着重比较探讨了能证明Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋磁相互作用的存在及其作用类型的不同技术手段ꎻ最后进行总结并对此类材料在ＬＥＤ器件等领域的潜在应用进行了展望ꎮ关㊀键㊀词:Ｍｎ２＋ꎻ磁相互作用ꎻ发光中图分类号:Ｏ４８２.３１㊀㊀㊀文献标识码:Ａ㊀㊀㊀ＤＯＩ:１０.３７１８８/ＣＪＬ.２０２２０００６ＰｒｏｇｒｅｓｓｏｆＬｕｍｉｎｅｓｃｅｎｔＢｅｈａｖｉｏｒｓｏｆＭｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋ＰａｉｒｗｉｔｈＭａｇｎｅｔｉｃＣｏｕｐｌｉｎｇＩｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎＺＨＵＸｉｎｇ￣ｌｕ１ꎬＳＯＮＧＥｎ￣ｈａｉ１ꎬＺＯＵＢｉｎｇ￣ｓｕｏ２∗ꎬＹＥＳｈｉ１∗(１.ＳｔａｔｅＫｅｙＬａｂｏｒａｔｏｒｙｏｆＬｕｍｉｎｅｓｃｅｎｔＭａｔｅｒｉａｌｓａｎｄＤｅｖｉｃｅｓａｎｄＧｕａｎｇｄｏｎｇＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｉａｌＫｅｙＬａｂｏｒａｔｏｒｙｏｆＦｉｂｅｒＬａｓｅｒＭａｔｅｒｉａｌｓａｎｄＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＴｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓꎬＳｃｈｏｏｌｏｆＭａｔｅｒｉａｌｓＳｃｉｅｎｃｅａｎｄＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇꎬＳｏｕｔｈＣｈｉｎａＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙꎬＧｕａｎｇｚｈｏｕ５１０６４１ꎬＣｈｉｎａꎻ２.ＧｕａｎｇｘｉＫｅｙＬａｂｏｆＰｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇｆｏｒＮｏｎ￣ｆｅｒｒｏｕｓＭｅｔａｌｓａｎｄＦｅａｔｕｒｅｄＭａｔｅｒｉａｌｓꎬＳｃｈｏｏｌｏｆＲｅｓｏｕｒｃｅｓꎬＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｓａｎｄＭａｔｅｒｉａｌｓꎬＧｕａｎｇｘｉＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙꎬＮａｎｎｉｎｇ５３０００４ꎬＣｈｉｎａ)∗ＣｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇＡｕｔｈｏｒｓꎬＥ￣ｍａｉｌ:ｚｏｕｂｓ＠ｇｘｕ.ｅｄｕ.ｃｎꎻｍｓｙｅｓ＠ｓｃｕｔ.ｅｄｕ.ｃｎＡｂｓｔｒａｃｔ:ＴｒａｎｓｉｔｉｏｎｍｅｔａｌｉｏｎＭｎ２＋ｄｏｐｅｄｓｅｍｉｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｏｒｓ/ｉｎｓｕｌａｔｏｒｓａｓｌｕｍｉｎｅｓｃｅｎｔｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓｈａｖｅｆｏｕｎｄｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓｉｎｔｈｅｆｉｅｌｄｓｏｆｌｉｇｈｔ￣ｅｍｉｔｔｉｎｇｄｉｏｄｅｓａｎｄｄｉｓｐｌａｙｓ.Ｄｕｅｔｏｔｈｅｆｉｖｅｕｎ￣ｐａｉｒｅｄｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｓｏｆＭｎ２＋ａｎｄｎｏｒｍａｌｌｙｔｈｅｈｉｇｈ￣ｓｐｉｎｓｔａｔｅｗｈｅｎｕｓｅｄａｓｄｏｐａｎｔｓｉｎｌｕｍｉｎｅｓｃｅｎｔｍａｔｅ￣ｒｉａｌｓꎬｔｈｅｅｘｃｈａｎｇｅｏｒｓｕｐｅｒｅｘｃｈａｎｇｅｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎꎬｉ.ｅ.ꎬｍａｇｎｅｔｉｃｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎꎬｓｈｏｕｌｄｅａｓｉｌｙｔａｋｅｐｌａｃｅｂｅｔｗｅｅｎＭｎ２＋ｉｏｎａｎｄｔｈｅｎｅａｒｅｓｔｎｅｉｇｈｂｏｒＭｎ２＋ｉｏｎ.ＴｈｅｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｃａｎｇｅｎｅｒａｔｅａｓｔｒｏｎｇｂｉｎｄｉｎｇｆｏｒｃｅａｔｔｈｅｍｏｌｅｃｕｌａｒｓｃａｌｅｔｏｔｈｅｓｐｉｎｏｆｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｓꎬｍａｋｉｎｇｔｈｅｌｕｍｉｎｅｓｃｅｎｔｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒｓｏｆＭｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋ｐａｉｒｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｆｒｏｍｔｈａｔｏｆｉｓｏｌａｔｅＭｎ２＋ꎬｌｉｋｅｔｈｅｓｈｏｒｔｅｎｅｄｄｅｃａｙｌｉｆｅｔｉｍｅꎬａｂｎｏｒｍａｌｒｅｄｓｈｉｆｔ/ｂｌｕｅｓｈｉｆｔｏｆｔｈｅｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｓꎬｍｕｌｔｉ￣ｂａｎｄｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｓａｎｄｕｎｕｓｕａｌｍａｇｎｅｔｏ￣ｏｐｔｉｃｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒ.Ｈｏｗ￣ｅｖｅｒꎬｔｈｅｃｏｎｆｉｒｍａｔｉｏｎａｎｄａｓｓｉｇｎｍｅｎｔｏｆｍａｇｎｅｔｉｃｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｉｎＭｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋ｐａｉｒａｎｄｉｔｓｅｆｆｅｃｔｏｎ㊀第４期朱兴路ꎬ等:磁耦合Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对发光行为研究进展４８３㊀ｌｕｍｉｎｅｓｃｅｎｃｅｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒｉｓｓｔｉｌｌｃｏｎｔｒｏｖｅｒｓｉａｌｂｅｃａｕｓｅｏｆｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎｑｕｅｎｃｈｉｎｇꎬｄｅｆｅｃｔꎬｐｈｏｎｏｎｃｏｕｐｌｉｎｇꎬｅｎｅｒｇｙｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒꎬｔｈｅｓｐ￣ｄｅｘｃｈａｎｇｅｃｏｕｐｌｉｎｇｂｅｔｗｅｅｎＭｎ２＋ｉｏｎｓａｎｄｅｘｃｉｔｏｎａｎｄｔｈｅｌｉｍｉｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｅｓｔｉｎｇｉｎｓｔｒｕｍｅｎｔｓ.Ｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｄｅｅｐｅｎｉｎｇｏｆｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈａｎｄｔｈｅｉｎｔｒｏ￣ｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｓｏｍｅｎｅｗｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓ(ｌｉｋｅｔｈｅｐｈｏｔｏｍａｇｎｅｔｉｓｍｍｅａｓｕｒｅｍｅｎｔ)ꎬｔｈｅａｂｏｖｅｉｓｓｕｅｓｃａｎｂｅｐａｒｔｌｙｓｏｌｖｅｄ.Ｔｈｉｓｒｅｖｉｅｗｆｉｒｓｔｌｙｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｅｓｔｈｅｆｕｎｄａｍｅｎｔａｌｔｈｅｏｒｙａｎｄｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅｏｆｍａｇｎｅｔｉｃｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｂｅ￣ｔｗｅｅｎｔｒａｎｓｉｔｉｏｎｍｅｔａｌｉｏｎｓ.ＴｈｅｎｔｈｅｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｏｆｍａｇｎｅｔｉｃｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｏｆＭｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋ｐａｉｒｏｎｔｈｅａｂｓｏｒｐｔｉｏｎｓｐｅｃｔｒａꎬｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｓｐｅｃｔｒａꎬｄｅｃａｙｌｉｆｅｔｉｍｅꎬａｎｄｍａｇｎｅｔｏ￣ｏｐｔｉｃａｌｅｆｆｅｃｔａｒｅｒｅｖｉｅｗｅｄ.Ｔｈｅｖｉｒｏｕｓｍｅａｓｕｒｅ￣ｍｅｎｔｍｅｔｈｏｄｓｗｅｒｅｅｍｐｈａｔｉｃａｌｌｙｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄａｎｄｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｄｔｏｐｒｏｖｅｔｈｅｅｘｉｓｔａｎｃｅｏｆｍａｇｎｅｔｉｃｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｉｎＭｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋ａｎｄａｓｓｉｇｎｔｈｅｔｙｐｅｏｆｉｎｔｅｒａｔｉｏｎ.ＦｉｎａｌｌｙꎬｓｕｍｍａｒｙａｎｄｓｏｍｅｏｕｔｌｏｏｋｓａｒｅｇｉｖｅｎꎬｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｉｎｇｔｈｅｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｓｕｃｈｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓｉｎｔｈｅｆｉｅｌｄｏｆＬＥＤｓｄｅｖｉｃｅｓ.Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ:Ｍｎ２＋ꎻｍａｇｎｅｔｉｃｃｏｕｐｌｉｎｇｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎꎻｌｕｍｉｎｅｓｃｅｎｃｅ１㊀引㊀㊀言Ｍｎ２＋离子具有５个未成对的ｄ电子ꎬ在５个３ｄ轨道中具有２５２种填充方式并产生１６个光谱项:６Ｓ㊁４Ｐ㊁４Ｄ㊁４Ｆ㊁４Ｇ㊁２Ｓ㊁２Ｐ㊁２Ｄ(１)㊁２Ｄ(２)㊁２Ｄ(３)㊁２Ｆ(１)㊁２Ｆ(２)㊁２Ｇ(１)㊁２Ｇ(２)㊁２Ｈ㊁２Ｉ[１]ꎮ在晶体场作用下ꎬ这些光谱项发生能级劈裂ꎬ其行为可以用Ｔａｎａｂｅ￣Ｓｕｇａｎｏ(ＴＳ)图来描述ꎮＭｎ２＋的发光归属于４Ｔ１ң６Ａ１辐射跃迁ꎬ属于宇称和自旋双重禁阻跃迁ꎬ因此其荧光寿命通常在几毫秒~几十毫秒量级[２]ꎮＭｎ２＋的激发态能级较多且能隙较小ꎬ处于高激发态的ｄ电子通常会弛豫到最低激发态能级ꎬ因此处于晶体单格位的Ｍｎ２＋发光光谱通常是单峰ꎮ此外ꎬ由于Ｍｎ２＋的３ｄ电子裸露在最外层ꎬ其发光容易受到晶体场环境的影响ꎬ通过调节化学配位环境可实现绿光到红光的发射[２￣３]ꎮ这些独特的发光性质使Ｍｎ２＋成为发光材料领域重要的激活剂离子ꎮ商用发光材料中含Ｍｎ２＋的材料有白光卤粉Ｃａ５(ＰＯ４)３ＣｌʒＳｂ３＋ꎬＭｎ２＋㊁绿粉Ｚｎ２ＳｉＯ４ʒＭｎ２＋㊁ＢａＡｌ１２Ｏ１９ʒＭｎ２＋和ＢａＭｇＡｌ１０Ｏ１７ʒＥｕ２＋ꎬＭｎ２＋等ꎮ在近紫外激发的荧光材料转换的白光ＬＥＤ器件中ꎬ以Ｍｎ２＋离子为红光发射中心的Ｅｕ２＋或Ｃｅ３＋共激活的荧光材料是具有应用潜力的红光材料ꎬ如Ｂａ３ＭｇＳｉ２Ｏ８ʒＥｕ２＋ꎬＭｎ２＋[４]㊁ＳｒＺｎ２(ＰＯ４)２ʒＥｕ２＋ꎬＭｎ２＋[５]㊁Ｍ３ＭｇＳｉＯ８(Ｍ＝ＣａꎬＳｒꎬＢａ)ʒＥｕ２＋ꎬＭｎ２＋[６]㊁Ｂａ２Ｃａ(Ｂ３Ｏ６)２ʒＥｕ２＋ꎬＭｎ２＋[７]㊁Ｃａ５(ＰＯ４)３ＣｌʒＥｕ２＋ꎬＭｎ２＋[８]等ꎮ但Ｍｎ２＋的４Ｔ１ң６Ａ１宇称￣自旋双重禁阻跃迁的特性导致其荧光寿命较长ꎬ使得材料在光子激发密度大的情况下容易达到光效饱和ꎬ进而影响器件性能的提升[８￣１０]ꎮ在Ｍｎ２＋掺杂体系中ꎬ研究发现ꎬ随着掺杂浓度的提高会出现一些不寻常的发光现象ꎬ例如单格位多峰发射㊁近红外发光㊁微秒量级的荧光寿命以及磁光效应减弱等[１１￣１６]ꎮ研究者把这些现象主要归因于Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋之间的磁相互作用ꎮ铁磁(ＦＭ)材料和反铁磁(ＡＦＭ)材料内部离子磁矩有序排列(其中前者平行排列ꎬ后者反向平行排列)的原因是材料内部存在附加磁场(又称分子场)ꎮ分子场来源于相邻原子或离子间发生的交换作用[１７￣２０]ꎮ在ＦＭ材料中分子场场强可以高达１０７Ｇｓꎬ如此强的内磁场使材料内部磁矩自发平行排列ꎻＡＦＭ或亚铁磁材料(ＦＩＭ)中的分子场主要来源于两过渡金属离子间通过所键连的中间阴离子产生的超交换作用ꎬ在这种相互作用下离子磁矩反向平行排列ꎮ尽管ＡＦＭ和ＦＩＭ材料中的分子场场强相比于ＦＭ材料大大减小ꎬ但仍然对材料的物理性质如发光有重要的影响[１７ꎬ２０]ꎮ目前ꎬ人们对Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子之间的磁相互作用与其发光机理的认识仍然不足甚至存在相互矛盾的地方ꎬ特别是后者夹杂着材料基质声子耦合㊁浓度猝灭等因素的干扰ꎮ本文综述了Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对磁相互作用对其吸收光谱㊁发射光谱㊁荧光寿命以及磁光现象的影响及其研究进展ꎬ特别介绍引入光磁测量技术来推测在有/无光照条件下Ｍｎ２＋自旋组态的变化来阐释磁相互作用下的发光行为ꎮ最后进行总结并展望ꎮ２㊀磁耦合离子对与发光相关理论简介Ｍｎ２＋与最近邻Ｍｎ２＋之间无论以ＦＭ还是４８４㊀发㊀㊀光㊀㊀学㊀㊀报第４３卷ＡＦＭ方式发生相互作用ꎬ当体系的热能(温度)升高到足以克服离子间的交换作用时ꎬ有序排列的磁矩被破坏ꎬ导致材料磁性变为顺磁性ꎮ图１(ａ)给出了发生ＡＦＭ㊁ＦＭ有序转变的典型的磁化率￣温度曲线ꎮ尽管在磁有序温度以上体系表现出顺磁行为ꎬ即磁无序ꎬ但仍然会存在着ＡＦＭ或ＦＭ相互作用ꎮ研究表明ꎬ在高于居里温度(ＴＣ)/奈尔温度(ＴＮ)时存在Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋磁相互作用的体系ꎬ发光性质与没有磁相互作用的顺磁性材料不同ꎮ可用示意图对此进行说明ꎬ如图１(ａ)(ⅰ)所示ꎬ当Ｍｎ２＋通过中间的配体离子与相邻Ｍｎ２＋发生ＡＦＭ相互作用时ꎬ在ＴＮ温度以下相邻Ｍｎ２＋的磁矩反向平行有序排列ꎻ当温度超过ＴＮ时ꎬ相邻两Ｍｎ２＋离子间仍然存在ＡＦＭ相互作用(如绿色虚线框所示)ꎬ只是宏观上磁矩无序排列ꎮ同理ꎬＦＭ体系的有序磁矩在ＴＣ以上时体现顺磁性ꎬ但两Ｍｎ２＋离子间仍然存在ＦＭ相互作用(如绿色虚线框所示ꎬ如图１(ａ)(ⅲ))ꎮ而Ｍｎ２＋以孤立形式存在时它们之间没有磁相互作用ꎬＭｎ２＋的磁矩排列杂乱无章ꎬ属于顺磁性(ＰＭꎬ如图１(ａ)(ⅱ))ꎮ图１㊀(ａ)Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子间发生ＡＦＭ相互作用(ⅰ)㊁无长程磁相互作用(ⅱ)㊁ＦＭ相互作用(ⅲ)时在ＴＮ/ＴＣ温度前后Ｍｎ２＋磁矩的排列示意图ꎻＭｎ２＋￣Ｘ￣Ｍｎ２＋超交换作用(Ｘ为配体离子)构型示意图:(ｂ)１８０ʎꎬ(ｃ)９０ʎꎻ(ｄ)Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对电子能级的∣６Ａ１６Ａ１>和∣６Ａ１４Ｔ１>ꎮＦｉｇ.１㊀(ａ)ＳｃｈｅｍａｔｉｃｄｉａｇｒａｍｓｏｆｍａｇｎｅｔｉｃｍｏｍｅｎｔａｒｒａｎｇｅｍｅｎｔｏｆＭｎ２＋ｉｏｎｓｗｉｔｈａｎｔｉｆｅｒｒｏｍａｇｎｅｔｉｃ(ＡＦＭ)ｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎ(ⅰ)ꎬｗｉｔｈｏｕｔｍａｇｎｅｔｉｃｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎ(ⅱ)ꎬｗｉｔｈｆｅｒｒｏｍａｇｎｅｔｉｃ(ＦＭ)ｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎ(ⅲ).Ｓｃｈｅｍａｔｉｃｄｅｐｉｃｔｉｏｎｏｆ１８０ʎｔｙｐｅ(ｂ)ａｎｄ９０ʎｔｙｐｅ(ｃ)ｓｕｐｅｒｅｘｃｈａｎｇｅｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｂｅｔｗｅｅｎＭｎ２＋￣Ｘ－￣Ｍｎ２＋.(ｄ)ＴｈｅｓｐｌｉｔｔｉｎｇｏｆｅｎｅｒｇｙｌｅｖｅｌｓｏｆＭｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋ｐａｉｒｉｎ６Ａ１６Ａ１>ａｎｄ∣６Ａ１４Ｔ１>ｓｔａｔｅ.掺杂在固体中的两个Ｍｎ离子处于最近邻阳离子格位时(相距约０.５ｎｍ)ꎬ根据所形成的Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对的耦合几何构型ꎬ典型的超交换相互作用结构有两种[１７]:１８０ʎ和９０ʎ(如图１(ｂ)~(ｃ))ꎮ研究表明ꎬ过渡金属离子间的超交换作用强度与构型有关ꎬ当联接构型为１８０ʎ时ꎬ离子间电子云重叠程度最大ꎬ超交换作用强度较强ꎻ反之ꎬ９０ʎ超交换作用弱[２１]ꎮ此外ꎬ超交换作用强度随离子间距离的增加而减小ꎬ当两个相邻的过渡金属离子间距大于０.５ｎｍ时ꎬ超交换作用强度急剧下降ꎮＶｉｎｋ等[２２]曾提出Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋通过超交换作用可形成新发光中心ꎬ两个Ｍｎ２＋离子分别以Ａ和Ｂ表示ꎬ它们之间的自旋相互作用通过海森堡哈密顿量ＨＡＢ进行描述[２３]:ＨＡＢ＝－２Ｊ(ＳＡＳＢ)ꎬ(１)其中ＳＡ和ＳＢ分别表示过渡金属离子Ａ和Ｂ的自旋量子数ꎬＪ表示交换耦合参数ꎬ该离子对的能级能量Ｅ(Ｓ)取决于ＨＡＢ并通过下式表示:Ｅ(Ｓ)＝－Ｊ[Ｓ(Ｓ＋１)－ＳＡ(ＳＡ＋１)－ＳＢ(ＳＢ＋１)]ꎬ(２)其中Ｓ为离子对总自旋量子数ꎮ离子间磁相互作用的类型可以通过Ｊ来进行判断ꎮ当Ｊ>０时ꎬ离子间发生ＦＭ相互作用ꎻ当Ｊ<０时ꎬ离子间发生ＡＦＭ相互作用ꎮ在单个Ｍｎ２＋离子中ꎬ基态能级为６Ａ１(Ｓ＝５/２)ꎬ最低激发态能级为４Ｔ１(Ｓ＝３/２)ꎬ电子在它们之间的跃迁为自旋禁阻跃迁(ΔＳ＝１)ꎮ当Ｍｎ２＋与邻近的Ｍｎ２＋通过交换作用形成Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对时ꎬ其基态ＳＡ＝ＳＢ＝５/２ꎬ从而Ｓ有５个分量ꎬ即５ꎬ４ꎬ３ꎬ２ꎬ１ꎬ０ꎮ当离子对吸收一个光子后ꎬ其中一个离子处于４Ｔ１能级ꎬ另一个离子处㊀第４期朱兴路ꎬ等:磁耦合Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对发光行为研究进展４８５㊀于６Ａ１ꎬ则Ｓ分量有４ꎬ３ꎬ２ꎬ１ꎮ由此可以得到Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对从∣６Ａ１４Ｔ１>到∣６Ａ１６Ａ１>跃迁的各个可能的能级(如图１(ｄ)所示)ꎮ从图１(ｄ)可知ꎬ有些跃迁是ΔＳ＝０的自旋允许跃迁ꎮ因此ꎬＭｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对的磁相互作用可以改变电子的自旋组态ꎬ打破孤立Ｍｎ２＋的ｄ￣ｄ跃迁自旋禁阻选律ꎬ进而影响Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对的发光寿命ꎮ３㊀Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对发光行为及其研究进展３.１㊀吸收光谱在一些Ｍｎ２＋高掺杂浓度的体系中ꎬ其吸收光谱在低温下出现精细结构ꎬ如ＭｃＣｌｕｒｅ[２４]在研究Ｍｎ２＋掺杂的ＺｎＳ吸收光谱时发现４７０ｎｍ和５１０ｎｍ两个吸收峰在４.２Ｋ下出现劈裂(如图２所示)ꎮ他认为该吸收峰的劈裂可能与Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋相互作用有关ꎮ为证明这一点ꎬＭｃＣｌｕｒｅ通过这些峰劈裂能量计算Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对能级的交换耦合常数ꎬ结果表明Ｊ＝－９ｃｍ－１ꎮ该数值与β￣ＭｎＳ变温磁化率拟合的耦合常数Ｊ＝－８.７ｃｍ－１相近ꎬ说明在该ＺｎＳ体系中Ｍｎ２＋倾向于聚集且Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋间有ＡＦＭ相互作用ꎮ根据这些吸收峰劈裂的拟合结果ꎬＭｃＣｌｕｒｅ进一步提出这些精细结构是Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对能级在四面体场下发生劈裂所导致的ꎮ此外ꎬＭｃＣｌｕｒｅ还发现离子对的磁相互作用可以极大地影响Ｍｎ２＋吸收光谱的强度ꎮ由于孤立的Ｍｎ２＋在光激励下的电子跃迁是双重禁阻跃迁(自旋和宇称)ꎬ其吸收光谱强度通常比较弱ꎬ但在一些高Ｍｎ２＋掺杂浓度的体系中可以观测到强的(４Ｅｇꎬ４Ａ１ｇ)吸收峰ꎬ比低浓度Ｍｎ２＋掺杂体系的吸收光谱强度大一个数量级左右[２４]ꎮ该现象可归因于Ｍｎ２＋与相邻Ｍｎ２＋发生磁相互作用ꎬ其导致Ｍｎ２＋禁阻跃迁的自旋选律部分解禁[２４￣２５]ꎮＦｅｒｇｕｓｏｎ等[２６￣２７]通过监测ＫＭｎＦ３和不同Ｍｎ２＋掺杂浓度的ＫＺｎＦ３变温吸收光谱ꎬ研究Ｍｎ２＋离子由孤立到聚集形成离子对的吸收光谱变化ꎮ尽管高Ｍｎ２＋掺杂浓度的ＫＺｎＦ３与低浓度掺杂的样品有相似的吸收光谱形状ꎬ但前者在(４Ｅｇꎬ４Ａ１ｇ)能级及其附近能级对应的吸收峰强度要远大于后者的强度ꎮ作者认为这种异于孤立Ｍｎ２＋吸收光谱的行为是由Ｍｎ２＋间聚集形成Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对并发生磁相互作用部分打破了Ｍｎ２＋自旋禁阻跃迁的限制导致的ꎮ此外ꎬ作者还研究发现ＫＭｎＦ３对应吸收峰的振子强度高达９.５ˑ１０－７ꎬ强于单个Ｍｎ２＋的吸收峰振子强度(<１.７ˑ１０－８)ꎮ图２㊀ＺｎＳʒ５％ＭｎＳ(ｃｕｂｉｃ)在４.２Ｋ和７７Ｋ下的吸收光谱[２４]Ｆｉｇ.２㊀ＴｈｅａｂｓｏｒｐｔｉｏｎｓｐｅｃｔｒａｏｆＺｎＳʒ５％ＭｎＳ(ｃｕｂｉｃ)ａｔ４.２Ｋａｎｄ７７Ｋ[２４]３.２㊀发射光谱Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋磁相互作用会导致原孤立的Ｍｎ２＋发射峰位移动ꎮ通常ꎬ随着温度升高材料的晶格会膨胀ꎬ导致晶体场场强减弱ꎮ根据ＴＳ图ꎬ六配位的Ｍｎ２＋从４Ｔ１到６Ａ１的跃迁能量随晶体场强度减小而增加ꎬＭｎ２＋的发射峰向高能量方向移动(蓝移)[２８￣３１]ꎮ因此ꎬ随温度升高发射峰发生红移的现象就可能与Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋间的相互作用有关ꎬ很早之前就有相关报道[２２]ꎮ最近的研究如Ｏｒｉｖｅ等[３２]在Ｍｎ２(ＨＰＯ３)Ｆ２体系中ꎬ发现在１０~１５０Ｋ温度范围内Ｍｎ２＋的发射峰随温度升高而红移(如图３(ａ)所示)ꎬ这与前述的晶体场理论不符ꎮＺｈａｎｇ等[３３]在研究ＣａＺｎＯＳʒＭｎ２＋体系时用Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对的相互作用来解释随着Ｍｎ２＋浓度增加其发射峰红移的现象ꎮ如图３(ｂ)所示ꎬ当Ｍｎ２＋掺杂浓度由０.００５提高到０.１时ꎬ其发射峰出现了~８ｎｍ的红移ꎬ由橙黄光变为红光ꎮ作者认为在高掺杂浓度下Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对的浓度增加且晶胞体积变大ꎬＭｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋间相互作用减小４Ｔ１与６Ａ１能级间的能隙ꎬ表现为光谱红移ꎮ但由于Ｍｎ２＋的吸收峰与发射峰存在部分重叠ꎬ其自吸收也可导致发光峰随浓度增大而红移ꎮ此外ꎬ如果Ｍｎ２＋离子掺杂造成晶格收缩也可能导致光谱红移ꎮ因此ꎬ研究磁耦合Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子４８６㊀发㊀㊀光㊀㊀学㊀㊀报第４３卷对发光的变化或者规律需要排除自吸收㊁掺杂引起晶格膨胀/收缩对光谱移动的影响ꎮＭｎ２＋的多峰发射也是研究焦点ꎮ１９６７年ꎬＧｕｍｌｉｃｈ等[３４]在研究ＺｎＳʒＭｎ２＋体系时ꎬ发现室温下只有一个位于~５９０ｎｍ的发射峰ꎻ当温度降到１４０Ｋ以下时ꎬ出现了两个分别位于６３５ｎｍ和７４５ｎｍ的发光峰ꎮ作者认为这种Ｍｎ２＋的多峰发射是由Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子间的磁相互作用导致ꎮＧｏｅｄｅ等[３５]也发现室温下ＺｎＳʒＭｎ体系中Ｍｎ２＋的浓度达到３２％时会在原黄光发射峰附近出现一个能量更低的红光发射峰ꎬ且这两个发射峰具有相似的激发光谱ꎮ研究者们还在其他Ｍｎ２＋掺杂体系中观测到Ｍｎ２＋的多峰发射ꎬ如Ｍｎ２＋掺杂的ＣｄＳ纳米晶[３６]㊁ＺｎＳ纳米颗粒[３７]㊁ＺｎＳｅ量子点[３８]㊁ＣｄＳ纳米线[３９￣４０]和ＺｎＳｅ纳米带[４１]㊁ＫＺｎＦ３[４２]㊁ＫＭｇＦ３[１１]㊁ＣａＯ[４３]㊁ＡＭｎＸ３(Ａ＝ＮＨ４ꎬＲｂꎬＫꎻＸ＝ＦꎬＣｌ)[４４]等以及ＢａＭｎＦ４[４５]和ＲｂＭｎＣｌ４[４６]ꎬ并认为这些发射峰是由Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋磁相互作用导致的ꎬ即磁耦合的Ｍｎ２＋２＋离子对可以形成一个新的发光中心ꎮ但这些峰的归属指认则有争议ꎮ例如在Ｍｎ２＋掺杂的ＺｎＳｅ纳米带中观测到４６１ꎬ５３４ꎬ５８５ꎬ６４６ｎｍ的发射峰(如图３(ｃ)所示)[４７]ꎬＨｏｕ等认为其中４６１ｎｍ的发射峰来源于ＺｎＳｅ激子复合ꎬ５８５ｎｍ发射峰是孤立Ｍｎ２＋的发光ꎬ而５３４ｎｍ和６４６ｎｍ发射峰则与Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋磁相互作用有关ꎮ为了进一步地指认ꎬ作者用密度泛函理论计算(ＤＦＴ)分别计算了以ＡＦＭ和ＦＭ耦合的Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对的ｄ轨道能带间的能级差ΔＥ(ｄ￣ｄ)ꎬ结果表明ＡＦＭ耦合的ΔＥ(ｄ￣ｄ)＝２.７１ｅＶ(５７１ｎｍ)ꎬＦＭ耦合的ΔＥ(ｄ￣ｄ)＝１.７３ｅＶ(７１７ｎｍ)ꎮ作者认为ꎬ当两个Ｍｎ２＋离子以ＦＭ耦合时ꎬ两个Ｍｎ２＋离子的电子自旋平行分别占据成键轨道和反键轨道(能级)ꎬ导致电子从最低激发态跃迁到基态(图３(ｄ)最左边示意图的红色箭头)的能量减少ꎻ而以ＡＦＭ耦合时ꎬ电子自旋反平行占据在反键轨道(能级)上ꎬ造成最低激发态到基态(图３(ｄ)最右边示意图的绿色箭头)的能量间隙增大ꎻ这是以ＡＦＭ/ＦＭ耦图３㊀(ａ)Ｍｎ２(ＨＰＯ３)Ｆ２在５１４ｎｍ激发下的变温发射光谱[３２]ꎻ(ｂ)ＣａＺｎ１－ｘＯＳʒｘＭｎ２＋(ｘ＝０.００５~０.１)的发射光谱[３３]ꎻ(ｃ)ＺｎＳｅʒＭｎ２＋在４０５ｎｍ激发下的室温发射光谱ꎻ(ｄ)顺磁性单Ｍｎ２＋离子㊁Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对分别以铁磁和反铁磁耦合时的发光跃迁示意图[４７]ꎮＦｉｇ.３㊀(ａ)Ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ￣ｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｓｏｆＭｎ２(ＨＰＯ３)Ｆ２ｕｎｄｅｒｔｈｅｅｘｃｉｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆ５１４ｎｍ[３２].(ｂ)Ｔｈｅｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎ￣ｄｅ￣ｐｅｎｄｅｎｔｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｓｐｅｃｔｒａｏｆＣａＺｎ１－ｘＯＳʒｘＭｎ２＋(ｘ＝０.００５－０.１)[３３].(ｃ)ＥｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｓｐｅｃｔｒａｏｆＺｎＳｅʒＭｎ２＋ｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｅｘ￣ｃｉｔａｔｉｏｎｗａｖｅｌｅｎｇｔｈｏｆ４０５ｎｍ.(ｄ)Ｓｃｈｅｍａｔｉｃｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｔｒａｎｓｉｔｉｏｎｓｆｏｒｐａｒａｍａｇｎｅｔｉｃ(ＰＭ)Ｍｎ２＋ａｎｄＭｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋ｐａｉｒｗｉｔｈｍａｇｎｅｔｉｃ(ＦＭｏｒＡＦＭ)ｃｏｕｐｌｉｎｇｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎ[４７].㊀第４期朱兴路ꎬ等:磁耦合Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对发光行为研究进展４８７㊀合的Ｍｎ２＋离子对发光峰相对于孤立Ｍｎ２＋发射发生蓝移和红移的原因ꎬ即５３４ｎｍ和６４６ｎｍ发光峰分别归属于ＡＦＭ和ＦＭ耦合的Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对ꎮ此外ꎬＫａｍｒａｎ等[４８]在Ｍｎ２＋掺杂ＣｄＳ体系也建立了相应的掺杂模型ꎬ即用ｎ＝１ꎬ２ꎬ３ꎬ４ꎬ５个Ｍｎ２＋替代超胞ＣｄＳ中不同位点的Ｃｄ２＋并赋予Ｍｎ２＋不同的自旋磁矩ꎬ计算其ｄ能级间的能量间隙ꎮ计算结果显示ꎬ当单个Ｍｎ２＋离子掺入到ＣｄＳ中时ꎬΔＥ(ｄ￣ｄ)＝２.１７６６ｅＶꎬ与低浓度Ｍｎ２＋掺杂样品的发光能量相近ꎮ当相邻的Ｍｎ２＋离子掺杂个数大于１并以ＦＭ耦合时ꎬ体系的ΔＥ(ｄ￣ｄ)<２.１７６６ｅＶꎻ而当Ｍｎ２＋离子间以ＡＦＭ的方式发生耦合时ꎬ体系的ΔＥ(ｄ￣ｄ)>２.１７６６ｅＶꎮ作者以此对发光光谱位置进行了指认ꎮＳｏｎｇ等也发现在氟化物钙钛矿ＫＭｇ１－ｘＦ３ʒｘＭｎ２＋(ｘ＝０.０１~１)体系中[１１](Ｍｇ２＋只有一种格位ꎬ即Ｍｎ２＋也只有一种格位)ꎬ随着掺杂离子Ｍｎ２＋浓度的增加ꎬ除了常见的红光发射峰(~６００ｎｍ)外还出现了新的近红外发光峰(~７６０ｎｍꎬ光谱形状及发光衰减如图４(ａ)~(ｄ)ꎬ也说明随图４㊀(ａ)ＫＭｇ１－ｘＦ３ʒｘＭｎ２＋(ｘ＝０.０１~１)体系在３９６ｎｍ激发光下的室温发射光谱ꎻ(ｂ)ＫＭｇ１－ｘＦ３ʒｘＭｎ２＋(ｘ＝０.０１~１)体系的激发光谱ꎻ(ｃ)ＶＩＳ发射峰的荧光寿命ꎻ(ｄ)ＮＩＲ发射峰的荧光寿命ꎻ(ｅ)两个ＡＦＭ/ＦＭ耦合的Ｍｎ２＋离子替代２ˑ２ˑ４ＫＭｇＦ３超胞中Ｍｇ２＋离子的六种可能模型的形成能(Ｅ)ꎻ(ｆ)ＫＭｇ１－ｘＦ３ʒｘＭｎ２＋(ｘ＝０.０１~１)体系的ＥＸＡＦＳ谱[１１]ꎮＦｉｇ.４㊀Ｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎ￣ｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｓｐｅｃｔｒａ(λｅｘｃ＝３９６ｎｍ)(ａ)ａｎｄｅｘｃｉｔａｔｉｏｎｓｐｅｒｔｒａ(ｂ)ｏｆＫＭｇ１－ｘＦ３ʒｘＭｎ２＋(ｘ＝０.０１－１).Ｄｅｃａｙｃｕｒｖｅｓｏｆｖｉｓｉｂｌｅｌｉｇｈｔ(ＶＩＳ)ｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ(ｃ)ａｎｄｎｅａｒ￣ｉｎｆｒａｒｅｄｌｉｇｈｔ(ＮＩＲ)ｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ(ｄ)ｏｆＫＭｇ１－ｘＦ３ʒｘＭｎ２＋(ｘ＝０.０１－１).(ｅ)Ｔｈｅｅｎｅｒｇｙｏｆｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎ(Ｅ)ｆｏｒｓｉｘｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅｍｏｄｅｌｓｗｉｔｈａ２ˑ２ˑ４ｓｕｐｅｒｃｅｌｌｏｆＫＭｇＦ３ʒＭｎ２＋ꎬｉｎｗｈｉｃｈｔｗｏＭｇ２＋ｉｏｎｓａｒｅｓｕｂｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｄｂｙｔｗｏＡＦＭ￣ｏｒＦＭ￣ｃｏｕｐｌｅｄＭｎ２＋ｉｏｎｓ.(ｆ)ＴｈｅＥＸＡＦＳｓｐｅｃｔｒａｏｆＫＭｇ１－ｘＦ３ʒｘＭｎ２＋(ｘ＝０.０１－１)[１１].４８８㊀发㊀㊀光㊀㊀学㊀㊀报第４３卷着Ｍｎ２＋浓度的增加ꎬ除了浓度猝灭效应外还可以形成新的发光中心ꎮ由于Ｍｎ２＋最外层ｄ电子与其他离子之间存在一定的离域相互作用ꎬ有可能形成一种磁极化子或自旋极化子ꎬ因此Ｍｎ２＋离子掺杂浓度超过某个临界值时具有相互聚集和耦合的趋势ꎮ进一步地ꎬ通过对具有不同Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋距离的超胞模型进行第一性原理计算ꎬ结果表明具有反铁磁耦合的Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｆ－￣Ｍｎ２＋距离最短的模型在结构优化后形成能最低(图４(ｅ))ꎬ即最稳定(长程序的情况下)ꎮ对掺杂不同Ｍｎ２＋浓度的样品进行Ｍｎ２＋的扩展边Ｘ射线吸收精细结构(ＥＸＡＦＳ)表征ꎬ也发现Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｆ－￣Ｍｎ２＋(Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对)的聚集现象ꎬ且出现聚集时Ｍｎ２＋的浓度与出现近红外发光峰时的浓度相近ꎬ如图４(ｆ)ꎻ此外ꎬ从具有不同Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｆ－￣Ｍｎ２＋连接构型(即键角)的变温光谱还可以进一步推断反铁磁耦合的Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对是这个~７６０ｎｍ近红外发光峰的发光中心ꎬ如图５[１１]ꎮ具体地ꎬ以具有完美钙钛矿结构的ＫＭｎＦ３(øＭｎ２＋￣Ｆ－￣Ｍｎ２＋为１８０ʎ)㊁ＭｎＦ６八面体间共顶点连接但有畸变的ＮａＭｎＦ３(øＭｎ２＋￣Ｆ－￣Ｍｎ２＋为１４１ʎ~１４７ʎ)和同时具有ＭｎＦ６八面体共面连接和共顶点连接的ＣｓＭｎＦ３(øＭｎ２＋￣Ｆ－￣Ｍｎ２＋分别为８８ʎ和１７７ʎ)为对象ꎬ研究它们在１０~３００Ｋ下的变温荧光光谱(如图５(ａ)~(ｃ)所示)ꎮ发现ＫＭｎＦ３在１０Ｋ下具有６５６ｎｍ和７８０ｎｍ两个发射峰ꎬ其中前者归属于Ｍｎ２＋的４Ｔ１到６Ａ１跃迁发射ꎬ后者则归属于Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对由∣６Ａ１４Ｔ１>到∣６Ａ１６Ａ１>的发光ꎮ与ＫＭｎＦ３类似ꎬＮａＭｎＦ３在１０Ｋ下也同时具有６００ｎｍ和７７２ｎｍ发射峰ꎬ可见发射峰强度随温度升高迅速衰减ꎻ近红外发射峰强度随温度升高而增强并在１５０Ｋ达到最大ꎬ随后下降ꎮＣｓＭｎＦ３在１０Ｋ下仅有一个６００ｎｍ发射峰ꎬ温度升高至５０Ｋꎬ另一个位于７９５ｎｍ发射峰出现ꎬ可见发射峰随温度升高而红移ꎮ如前所述ꎬＭｎ２＋离子间的相互作用与Ｍｎ２＋离子和配体的轨道重叠程度有关[４９]ꎮ当Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｆ－￣Ｍｎ２＋的键角越接近１８０ʎꎬＭｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋间轨道重叠程度最大ꎬ其耦合作用最强ꎻ当该键角发生较大畸变时ꎬ如在ＮａＭｎＦ３中Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋间的耦合作用减图５㊀ＫＭｎＦ３(ａ)㊁ＮａＭｎＦ３(ｂ)和ＣｓＭｎＦ３(ｃ)的变温发射光谱ꎻ(ｄ)ＡＢ(１－ｘ－ｙ)Ｆ３ʒＹｂ３＋ｙ/Ｍｎ２＋ｘ(ｘ＝０.２０ꎻｙ＝０.００５ꎻＡ＝ＫꎬＲｂꎬＣｓꎻＢ＝ＭｇꎬＺｎꎬＣｄ)的室温上转换发光光谱[１１]ꎮＦｉｇ.５㊀Ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ￣ｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｓｏｆＫＭｎＦ３(ａ)ꎬＮａＭｎＦ３(ｂ)ａｎｄＣｓＭｎＦ３(ｃ).(ｄ)Ｒｏｏｍ￣ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｕｐｃｏｎｖｅｒｓｉｏｎｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｓｐｅｃｔｒａｏｆＡＢ(１－ｘ－ｙ)Ｆ３ʒＹｂ３＋ｙ/Ｍｎ２＋ｘ(ｘ＝０.２０ꎻｙ＝０.００５ꎻＡ＝ＫꎬＲｂꎬＣｓꎻＢ＝ＭｇꎬＺｎꎬＣｄ)[１１].㊀第４期朱兴路ꎬ等:磁耦合Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对发光行为研究进展４８９㊀弱ꎮ上述三种材料的可见和近红外发光的变温行为是Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋间磁耦合作用㊁温度猝灭和ｄ电子离域效应共同作用的结果ꎮ另外ꎬ在Ｍｎ２＋掺杂的具有立方钙钛矿结构的ＫＢＦ３(Ｂ＝ＭｇꎬＺｎꎬＣｄ)和ＡＣｄＦ３(Ａ＝ＫꎬＲｂꎬＣｓ)体系中ꎬＭｎ２＋除了有可见(ＶＩＳ)发射峰外ꎬ在７００~９００ｎｍ范围还有一个近红外(ＮＩＲ)发射峰(如图５(ｄ)所示)ꎮ根据Ｂ位离子的大小ꎬ推测Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｆ－和Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋间距离在箭头方向的化合物中不断增加ꎬＶＩＳ发射峰蓝移ꎬ这与单Ｍｎ２＋离子的ＴＳ图相符ꎬ即晶体场强度减小ꎬ发射峰蓝移[２８￣２９]ꎮ而ＮＩＲ发射峰的红移则可能是因为距离增大而Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋间磁相互作用急剧减小导致的ꎮ３.３㊀荧光寿命研究者们早已注意到了Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋间磁相互作用可缩短Ｍｎ２＋荧光寿命ꎮ如在Ｍｎ２＋掺杂的ＭｇＳ㊁ＳｒＳ和ＣａＳ材料中[５０￣５２]ꎬ当Ｍｎ２＋掺杂浓度大于某个值时其荧光寿命衰减曲线由微秒级快衰减和毫秒级慢衰减两部分组成ꎬ前者归因于Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对的形成ꎮ１９９４年ꎬＢａｒｔｈｏｕ等[５３]发现在Ｍｎ２＋掺杂的Ｚｎ２ＳｉＯ４中ꎬ随着掺杂浓度的升高ꎬ室温寿命由１５ｍｓ衰减到１.７５ｍｓꎬ荧光寿命曲线由单指数衰减行为变为双指数衰减行为ꎮ作者也认为是Ｍｎ２＋聚集形成Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对导致的ꎮ但由于浓度猝灭的干扰ꎬ这一结论存疑ꎮＶｉｎｋ等[２２]利用海森堡￣哈密顿量公式推导了ＡＦＭ相互作用的Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对最低激发态∣６Ａ１４Ｔ１>和基态∣６Ａ１６Ａ１>的能级分布ꎬ提出当电子由∣６Ａ１４Ｔ１>跃迁到∣６Ａ１６Ａ１>组态能级上时ꎬ某些裂分的能级跃迁ΔＳ＝０ꎬ即自旋允许ꎮ孤立Ｍｎ２＋的由４Ｔ１到６Ａ１的电子能级跃迁是双重禁阻的ꎬ其荧光寿命长达毫秒级ꎮ当Ｍｎ２＋与相邻Ｍｎ２＋发生ＡＦＭ相互作用时ꎬ部分自旋禁阻跃迁变为自旋允许跃迁ꎬ导致荧光寿命缩短ꎮ但由于多数研究对象为Ｍｎ２＋掺杂的体系ꎬ随着掺杂浓度增加其存在浓度猝灭等因素的干扰ꎬ使得该理论缺少直接有效的实验证据ꎮ为了排除浓度猝灭㊁声子等因素的干扰ꎬＺｈｕ等以纯锰基质材料ＣｓＭｎＣｌ３(ＣＭＣ)和它的水合物ＣｓＭｎＣｌ３ ２Ｈ２Ｏ(ＣＭＣ Ｈ２Ｏ)为研究对象ꎬ利用光磁测量技术来表征材料在有/无光照条件下自旋组态的变化ꎬ以期获得Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋磁耦合相互作用与其荧光寿命关系的更有效证据[１４]ꎮ如图６(ａ)所示ꎬＣＭＣ和ＣＭＣ Ｈ２Ｏ的发射峰分别位于６４６ｎｍ和６２２ｎｍꎬ两者在室温下的荧光衰减曲线均为单指数衰减(如图６(ｂ))ꎮ具有较强声子能量的ＣＭＣ Ｈ２Ｏ的荧光寿命为２７５μｓꎬ而具有较低声子能量的ＣＭＣ荧光寿命明显比ＣＭＣ Ｈ２Ｏ短ꎬ约为１５９μｓꎮ当温度为１０Ｋ时ꎬＣＭＣ(τ＝５５３μｓ)的荧光寿命稍长于ＣＭＣ Ｈ２Ｏ(τ＝４２４μｓ)ꎬ但也远小于孤立Ｍｎ２＋的毫秒级荧光寿命ꎮ随着温度升高ꎬＣＭＣ荧光寿命衰减速率比ＣＭＣ Ｈ２Ｏ快ꎬ且在２５０Ｋ以后ＣＭＣ的荧光寿命短于ＣＭＣ Ｈ２Ｏ[５４]ꎮ通过与ＣＭＣ Ｈ２Ｏ对比ꎬ在排除了声子能量和浓度猝灭的因素后ꎬ可以肯定ＣＭＣ荧光寿命的缩短与Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋磁相互作用有关ꎮ电子顺磁共振(ＥＰＲ)㊁磁化曲线测试和ＤＦＴ计算结果表明ＣＭＣ具有强的ＡＦＭ相互作用ꎬ其Ｗｅｉｓｓ温度θ＝－１９３.１４Ｋꎬ远强于ＣＭＣ Ｈ２Ｏ(θ＝－４１.６３Ｋ)ꎮ光磁测量结果显示ＣＭＣ Ｈ２Ｏ在光激发条件下的变温摩尔磁化率(χｍ)小于无光照条件下的变温χｍ(图６(ｃ))ꎬ但相差不大ꎻ而Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋具有强反铁磁相互作用的ＣＭＣ在光激发条件下的χｍ明显强于无光照的情况ꎬ特别是在ＴＮ温度以下(如图６(ｄ)所示)ꎮ该现象可以通过图６(ｅ)来解释ꎬ当光子将Ｍｎ２＋电子由基态能级激发到激发态能级时ꎬＭｎ２＋的电子自旋总数发生变化ꎬ根据磁化率χ表达式[１８]:χ＝Ｎｇ２μ２Ｂ３ｋＴＳ(Ｓ＋１)ꎬ(３)其中ꎬＮ为阿伏伽德罗常数ꎬμＢ为波尔磁子ꎬｋ为玻尔兹曼常数ꎬｇ为朗德因子ꎬＳ为电子自旋总数ꎮ由公式(３)可知Ｓ与χ成正相关ꎮ对于孤立的Ｍｎ２＋离子来说ꎬ电子处于基态能级时ꎬＳ为５/２ꎬ电子跃迁到最低激发态能级时ꎬＳ变为３/２ꎻ而对于具有理想的ＡＦＭ相互作用的Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋体系来说ꎬ电子处于∣６Ａ１６Ａ１>基态时ꎬＳ为０ꎻ电子跃迁到∣４Ｔ１６Ａ１>激发态能级时ꎬＳ变为１ꎮ据此可以推断ꎬ对于孤立的Ｍｎ２＋离子ꎬ电子跃迁前后Ｓ变小ꎬ导致光激发下其χｍ变小ꎻ而对于具有ＡＦＭ磁相互作用的Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋体系ꎬ电子跃迁前后Ｓ会变大ꎮ但实际情况会更复杂ꎬ因为在连续光照条件下处于光激发态(这里为了区别磁基态和磁激发态)的Ｍｎ２＋相对于光基态的Ｍｎ２＋少得多ꎬ且它们的浓度处于动态平衡中ꎮ此外ꎬＭｎ２＋４９０㊀发㊀㊀光㊀㊀学㊀㊀报第４３卷图６㊀ＣＭＣ和ＣＭＣ Ｈ２Ｏ室温下的激发和发射光谱(ａ)以及荧光寿命(ｂ)ꎻＣＭＣ Ｈ２Ｏ(ｃ)和ＣＭＣ(ｄ)在无光照(暗态)和４３６ｎｍ光照射下的变温摩尔磁化率ꎻ(ｅ)理想状态下孤立Ｍｎ２＋和反铁磁相互作用的Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋处于基态和激发态的自旋状态[１４]ꎮＦｉｇ.６㊀Ｒｏｏｍ￣ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｅｘｃｉｔａｔｉｏｎ/ｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｓｐｅｃｔｒａ(ａ)ａｎｄｄｅｃａｙｃｕｒｖｅｓ(ｂ)ｏｆＣＭＣａｎｄＣＭＣ Ｈ２Ｏ.Ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ￣ｄｅｐｅｎｄ￣ｅｎｔｍａｇｎｅｔｉｚａｔｉｏｎｃｕｒｖｅｓｍｅａｓｕｒｅｄｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ(ｄａｒｋ)ｏｒｗｉｔｈ４３６ｎｍｉｌｌｕｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｆｏｒＣＭＣ Ｈ２Ｏ(ｃ)ａｎｄＣＭＣ(ｄ).(ｅ)ＳｃｈｅｍａｔｉｃｄｉａｇｒａｍｏｆｓｐｉｎｓｔａｔｅｏｆｉｓｏｌａｔｅＭｎ２＋ａｎｄＭｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋ｐａｉｒｗｉｔｈＡＦＭｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎａｔｅｘｃｉｔｅｄｓｔａｔｅａｎｄｇｒｏｕｎｄｓｔａｔｅ[１４].处于光激发态的寿命也会影响光磁响应性质ꎮ对于ＣＭＣ体系ꎬ在光照条件下部分Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋磁相互作用被破坏ꎬ此时存在ｂ(孤立Ｍｎ２＋光基态)㊁ｃ(Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋光激发态)和ｄ(Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋光基态)三种状态ꎬ整体的Ｓ仍然会大于无光照条件下的Ｓꎬ从而导致４３６ｎｍ光照下ＣＭＣ的χｍ大于无光条件下的χｍꎮ通过光磁测量技术可揭示Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋的ＡＦＭ相互作用对其自旋组态的影响ꎬ进而影响其发光寿命ꎮ此外ꎬ如果一个体系存在ＡＦＭ和ＦＭ作用相互竞争的现象ꎬ会使Ｍｎ２＋的发光衰减行为与前述不同ꎮ如在ＣｓＭｎＦ３(ＣＭＦ)体系中[５５]ꎬ室温下可以观测到两个明显分离的发光峰ꎬ一个位于６００ｎｍ(ＶＩＳ)ꎬ一个位于７９５ｎｍ(ＮＩＲ)(图７(ａ))ꎮ这两个发射峰都具有相似的激发光谱ꎬ但荧光衰减却截然不同ꎮＶＩＳ荧光寿命仅４７μｓꎬＮＩＲ荧光寿㊀第４期朱兴路ꎬ等:磁耦合Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对发光行为研究进展４９１㊀图７㊀在３９５ｎｍ激发下ＣＭＦ的发射光谱(ａ)和荧光衰减曲线(ｂ)ꎻ(ｃ)在１０００Ｏｅ外场强度下ＣＭＦ的变温摩尔磁化率曲线ꎻ(ｄ)ＣＭＦ中的磁相互作用:Ｊ１表示共顶点ＭｎＦ６八面体间的(Ｍｎ１￣Ｍｎ２)１８０ʎ超交换作用ꎬＪ２ＤＥ表示共面ＭｎＦ６八面体间的(Ｍｎ２￣Ｍｎ２)直接交换作用ꎬＪ２ＳＥ表示共面ＭｎＦ６八面体间的(Ｍｎ２￣Ｍｎ２)的９０ʎ超交换作用ꎻＣＭＦ处于光照和无光照条件下的ＴＮ温度以下的变温摩尔磁化率曲线(ＺＦＣ表示零场冷)(ｅ)及ＴＮ温度以上的变温摩尔磁化率曲线(ｆ)[５５]ꎮＦｉｇ.７㊀Ｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｓｐｅｃｔｒｕｍ(ａ)ａｎｄｄｅｃａｙｃｕｒｖｅｓ(ｂ)ｏｆＣＭＦｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｅｘｃｉｔａｔｉｏｎｗａｖｅｌｅｎｇｔｈｏｆ３９５ｎｍ.(ｃ)Ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ￣ｄｅｐｅｎｄ￣ｅｎｔｍａｇｎｅｔｉｚａｔｉｏｎｕｎｄｅｒａｍａｇｎｅｔｉｃｆｉｅｌｄｏｆ１０００ＯｅｆｏｒＣＭＦ.(ｄ)ＭａｇｎｅｔｉｃｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｈｅＣｓＭｎＦ:Ｊ１ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｃｏｒ￣ｎｅｒ￣ｓｈａｒｅｄｏｃｔａｈｅｄｒａ(Ｍｎ１￣Ｍｎ２)ｇｉｖｅｎｂｙ１８０ʎＳＥｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄＪ２ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｆａｃｅ￣ｓｈａｒｅｄｏｃｔａｈｅｄｒａ(Ｍｎ２￣Ｍｎ２)ｇｉｖｅｎｂｙｄｉｒｅｃｔｍｅｔａｌ￣ｍｅｔａｌｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎ(Ｊ２ＤＥ)ａｎｄ９０ʎＳＥｉｎｔｅｒａｃｔｉｏｎ(Ｊ２ＳＥ).Ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ￣ｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔｚｅｒｏ￣ｆｉｅｌｄｃｏｏｌｉｎｇ(ＺＦＣ)ｍａｇｎｅｔｉｚａｔｉｏｎｗｉｔｈｏｕｔ(ｄａｒｋ)ｏｒｗｉｔｈ４３６ｎｍｉｌｌｕｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｂｅｌｏｗＴＮ(ｅ)ａｎｄａｂｏｖｅＴＮ(ｆ)ｆｏｒＣＭＦ[５５].命长达１.４５ｍｓ(如图７(ｂ)所示)ꎮ这与其他一些存在Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋磁相互作用诱导多峰发射的体系不同ꎬ通常在Ｍｎ２＋掺杂的ＫＺｎＦ３和ＫＭｇＦ３中ＶＩＳ和ＮＩＲ发射峰室温荧光寿命均比较短ꎬ仅为几十微秒ꎬ在具有ＡＦＭ相互作用的ＣＭＣ中也仅１５９μｓ[１１ꎬ１４ꎬ４２]ꎮ低温下ꎬＣＭＣ中具有ＡＦＭ相互作用的Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋发光寿命约几百微秒ꎬ而ＣＭＦ中ＶＩＳ和ＮＩＲ荧光寿命均比较长ꎬ分别为１５.２２ｍｓ和９.８０ｍｓꎮ监测ＶＩＳ和ＮＩＲ两个发射峰在１０~３００Ｋ温度范围内的变化趋势ꎬ发现前者的强度和荧光寿命随温度升高而急剧衰减ꎬ且峰位明显红移ꎻ而后者的强度和荧光寿命随温度变化的趋势则相对缓和ꎬ峰位几乎没有移动ꎮ结合材料晶体结构进行分析ꎬＣＭＦ的ＭｎＦ６八面体之间有两种不同的桥连方式ꎬ其中Ｍｎ１与Ｍｎ２八面体以共顶点线型连接(øＭｎ２＋￣Ｆ－￣Ｍｎ２＋为１７７.４１ʎ)ꎬＭｎ２与Ｍｎ２八面体以共面的形式连接(øＭｎ２＋￣Ｆ－￣Ｍｎ２＋为８８.１４ʎ)ꎬ不同的桥连方式可能导致复杂的磁相互作用ꎬＶＩＳ和ＮＩＲ发光的不同变温行为则可能是不同磁相互作用相互竞争的结果ꎮ利用磁性和光磁测量可揭示该相互竞争过程ꎮ磁性测量结果表明ＣＭＦ的θ＝－９８.６４Ｋꎬ在５３Ｋ以下为ＡＦＭ有序ꎬ场冷(ＦＣ)和零场冷(ＺＦＣ)曲线并不重合(如图７(ｃ)所示)ꎬ说明体系还存在铁磁或亚铁磁序ꎻ在５３~１００Ｋ范围内ꎬ则表现出亚铁磁的行为ꎮ结合ＣＭＦ的磁结构对此进行解释(如图７(ｄ)所示)ꎬＭｎＦ６八面体共顶点连接的Ｍｎ１￣Ｍｎ２具有强的ＡＦＭ相互作用(Ｊ１<０)ꎻＭｎＦ６八面体共面连接的Ｍｎ２￣Ｍｎ２间ＦＭ超交换相互作用(键角约９０ʎꎬＪ２ＳＥ)和弱的ＡＦＭ直接交换作用(Ｊ２ＤＥ)ꎬＪ２ＳＥ与Ｊ２ＤＥ共同决定Ｍｎ２￣Ｍｎ２间磁相互作用(Ｊ２)ꎮ由于３ｄ轨道半径较小导致其ｔ２ｇ轨道重叠程度小ꎬ使得Ｊ２ＤＥ通常都小于Ｊ１ꎮ由于轨道有效重叠程度的差异ꎬ在数值上Ｊ２也小于Ｊ１ꎮ在１００~３００Ｋ温度区间内ꎬ热能大于Ｊ１ꎬ体系内Ｍｎ２＋磁矩呈无序排列ꎻ当温度下降到１００Ｋ以下时ꎬ热能小于Ｊ１ꎬ三层共顶点的ＭｎＦ６八面体形成呈亚铁磁有序排列ꎻ当温度下降到５０Ｋ以下时ꎬ热能小于Ｊ２ꎬ共面ＭｎＦ６八面体间出现ＦＭ有序ꎻ但由于Ｊ１远强于Ｊ２ꎬ体系整体磁矩呈ＡＦＭ排列ꎮ对材料进行光磁测量ꎬ结果显示在２~５３Ｋ温度范围内(图７(ｅ))ꎬ４３６ｎｍ光照条件下的χｍ大于暗态下的χｍꎬ体现ＡＦＭ相互作用的特征ꎬ即Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋激发态自旋量子数大于其基态ꎻ在５３~１００Ｋ范围内则相反ꎬ即４３６ｎｍ光照条件下的χｍ小于暗态下的χｍ(图７(ｆ))ꎬ即Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋激发态自旋量子数小于其基态ꎮ此外ꎬ通过对比具有ＡＦＭ相互作用的ＣＭＣ(图６(ｄ))ꎬ可以发现ＣＭＦ在ＴＮ以下光激发态与暗态的χｍ曲线差异小一些ꎮ这些都说明由于ＣＭＦ中存在着复杂的磁相互作用的竞争ꎬ使得低温条件下ＶＩＳ和ＮＩＲ的荧光寿命显著大于具有相似结构的ＣＭＣꎮ３.４㊀磁光现象除了Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子间有磁相互作用以外ꎬ在半导体中掺杂Ｍｎ２＋离子可以与半导体的激子发生ｓｐ￣ｄ磁交换作用ꎬ这种相互作用加剧Ｍｎ２＋掺杂半导体能带结构的塞曼分裂ꎬ导致其分裂能比非掺杂半导体大两个数量级左右[５６￣５８]ꎮ通常可用磁圆偏振发光光谱仪(ＭＣＰＬ)和磁圆偏振度(ＤＣＰ(有时也用ＣＰ表示))对这种塞曼分裂进行表征ꎮＤＣＰ可以通过公式(４)进行描述:Ｐ＝ΔＩＩ＝(Ｉδ＋－Ｉδ－)(Ｉδ＋＋Ｉδ－)ꎬ(４)其中Ｉδ＋和Ｉδ￣分别为δ＋和δ－偏振光的发光强度[５９￣６１]ꎮ当掺入Ｍｎ２＋离子时ꎬ材料的塞曼分裂从由半导体固有的本征性质主导转变为由Ｍｎ２＋￣激子的ｓｐ￣ｄ磁交换作用主导ꎮＭｎ２＋掺杂半导体的塞曼分裂随外磁场的增强逐渐饱和ꎬ相应的变磁场ＤＣＰ曲线与用布里渊磁化曲线拟合的结果一致[５６￣５７ꎬ６２]ꎮ由于Ｍｎ２＋与激子存在ｓｐ￣ｄ磁交换作用ꎬＭｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋磁相互作用对Ｍｎ２＋掺杂半导体材料磁光现象的影响不易区分ꎬ鲜有文献报道相关的研究ꎮ尽管如此ꎬ在一些Ｍｎ２＋掺杂体系中ꎬ当Ｍｎ２＋浓度增加时其磁光行为出现一些异常ꎬ说明体系可能存在Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋磁相互作用ꎮ例如ꎬ２０１１年Ｖｉｓｗａｎａｔｈａ等[１５]发现在Ｍｎ２＋ʒＺｎＳｅ/ＣｄＳｅ中将掺杂浓度从０.８Ｍｎ/ｃｏｒｅ提高到９.６Ｍｎ/ｃｏｒｅꎬＤＣＰ值由４０％下降至５％(如图８(ａ)所示)ꎬ作者认为这可能是由于体系内Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对的形成并增多导致的ꎮ２０１４年Ｂｒａｄｓｈａｗ等[１６]也探讨了Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋磁相互作用对Ｍｎ２＋掺杂ＺｎＳｅ半导体磁光现象的影响ꎮ作者依据Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对的荧光寿命明显小于孤立Ｍｎ２＋的特征ꎬ利用时间分辨的磁圆偏振发光光谱研究磁光现象并进一步探讨Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对处于激发态的磁性质ꎮ在外磁场Ｂ＝６Ｔ㊁温度为１.７Ｋ时ꎬ材料在５９０ｎｍ处出现δ＋和δ－的偏振发光(如图８(ｂ)所示)ꎮ作者还测试了Ｍｎ２＋掺杂浓度为０.５２％㊁１.５％和３.５％的Ｚｎ１－ｘＭｎｘＳｅ样品的时间分辨磁圆偏振光谱ꎮ为分辨样品中Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对的圆偏振信号ꎬ引入ＰＴＩ和ＰＴＤ:ＰＴＩ＝ΔＩＩ()ｔң¥ꎬ(５)ＰＴＤ＝ΔＩＩ()ｔң０－ＰＴＩꎬ(６)其中ＰＴＩ表示时间ｔ趋向无穷时的ＤＣＰ值ꎬＰＴＤ表示从光发射第０秒与时间趋向无穷的ＤＣＰ的差值ꎮ通常Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对的发光衰减寿命比孤立Ｍｎ２＋的荧光寿命小一个数量级以上[２２ꎬ４２ꎬ６３]ꎬＰＴＤ可以表示Ｍｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对的ＤＣＰ值ꎻ而当时间ｔ趋向于无穷时ꎬＭｎ２＋￣Ｍｎ２＋离子对的跃迁发射和激发能快速达到一个平衡状态ꎬ体系的偏振发光主要由具有长荧光寿命的孤立Ｍｎ２＋的。
磁共振常用术语英汉对照_
磁共振常用术语中英文对照磁场： magnetic field脑部线圈head coil颈椎线圈neck coil乳房线圈breast coil体线圈body coil膝盖线圈knee coil踝关节线圈ankle coil肩线圈shoulder coil腕关节线圈wrist coil通用线圈genral purpose coil矩阵线圈array coil梯度线圈gradient coil二维成像2D imaging三维成像3D imaging自旋磁矩: spin precessing旋转坐标系：rotating frame ofreference射场RF field射频脉冲RF pulse磁化强度矢量magnetic field vector 横向衰减transverse decay静态场static field static magnetic field信号signal系统参数system parameter自由感应衰减free indaction decay 波谱spectrum化学位移chemical shift自旋密度spin density相位phase矩阵 array频率编码frequency encoding脉冲序列pulse sequence梯度回波gradient echo自旋回波spin echo反转恢复inversion recoveryK空间K space梯度方向性gradient directivity分立角flip angle非线性non-linearuty 多维成像multi-dimensional imaging化学位移成像chemical shift imaging傅利叶Fourier 离散diffusion图像重建image reconstruction射频线圈RF coil噪音noise分辨率resolution空间分辨率spatial resolution填零内插zero padding interpolation投影 projection滤波filter信噪比signal to noise ratio对比度constrast谱分析spectroscopy病理信号采集physiological signalacquisition模值magnitude选片slice selection校对射频场RF calibration磁体外壳magnet covers匀场电源shim power supply被动匀场passive shim梯度功放gradient amplifier射频梯度功放RF amplifier射频滤波器RF filter谱仪spectrometer工作站console射频屏蔽房RF shield room射频线RF cable梯度线gradient cable空调A/C (air conditional)影片机film printer病床patient trolley对讲机intercom。
第六章磁场
磁感应强度
10－4 3×10－5 6×10－5 10－10 10－12
二、毕奥－萨伐尔定律类Biblioteka 比静电场: dqdE
?
磁 场： Idl
dB
E
dE
B dB
Idl dB
r
I
dB
P * r Idl
dB
0 4
Idl er
r2
B
l
0 4
Idl er
r2
磁感强度 叠加原理
0 称真空磁导率
0 4 107 N • A2
应用1
长为L的载流直导线，通有电流I。确定与 导线垂直距离为a 处的磁感强度。
解：按毕－萨定律，容易判断导线上
I
各电流元在P点产生的所有dB的方向 相同，所以，P点磁场的大小为：
dl
L
l
r
B
dB
L
0 L 4
I dl sin r2
由几何关系可知
在高技术领域，磁技术在扮演着重要的角色。磁悬浮 列车就是利用磁相互作用而悬浮的。其产生磁场的磁 体一般是永磁体或超导磁体或它们组合的复合磁体。
动画1：磁悬浮现象 动画2：磁悬浮现象 动画3：超导磁悬浮
在丁肇中领导的用于寻找太空中的反物质和暗物质的α 磁谱仪中，磁场有重要作用。下图是1998年由“发现号 ”航天飞机载入太空的α磁谱仪中由中国科学家设计制 造的关键部件永磁体系统，小图是在“和平号”空间站 上拍摄的在“发现号”航天飞机上的阿尔法磁谱仪。
+
Nvv
o
F 0
x
z
带电粒子在磁场中沿其
他与方 特v向定运直动 线时 所组垂成F直的于平面.
当带电粒子在磁场中 垂直于此特定直线运动时 受力最大.
物理英文术语
物理力force重力gravity摩擦力friction拉力traction质量mass惯量Interia加速度acceleration力矩torque静止at rest相对relative能量energy动能kenetic energy势能potential energy功work动量momentum角动量angular momentum能量守恒energy conservation保守力conserved force振动vibration振幅amplitude波wave驻波standing wave震荡oscillation相干波coherent wave干涉interference衍射diffraction轨道obital速度velocity速率speed大小magnatitude方向direction水平horizental竖直vertical相互垂直perpendicular坐标coordinate直角坐标系cersian coordinate system极坐标系polar coordinate system弹簧spring球体sphere环loop盘型disc 圆柱形cylinder电学磁学：电子electron电荷charge电流current电场electric field电通量electric flux电势electirc potential导体conductor电介质dieletric绝缘体insultalor电阻resistor电阻率resistivity电容capacitor无穷infinite横截面cross ection匀强电场uniform electric field分布ditribution磁场magnetic field磁通量magnetic flux电感inductance变压器transformer频率frequency周期period电磁波electomagnetic wave平面plane热学：热平衡thermal equilibrium理想气体ideal gas热能thermal energy热量heat热容heat capacity外界surrounding准静态过程quasi-static process这几个比较容易搞混我就经常搞混等体过程isochoric process等压过程isobaric process等温过程isothermal process绝热过程adiabatic process循环cycle光学光light光程optical path光强度light intensity偏振polarization波长wave length传播propagation量子力学（高中好像讲了一点点）原子atomic光子photon光电效应photo-electric effect物质波matter wave光谱spectrum激光laser衰减decay辐射radiation械振动mechanical vibration简谐振动simple harmonic oscillation振幅amplitude周期period频率ferquency赫兹hertz单摆simple pendulum受迫振动forced vibration共振resonnance机械波mechanical wave介质medium横波transverse wave纵波longitudinal wave波长wavelength超声波supersonic wave阿伏加德罗常数Avogadro constant布朗运动Brown mation热运动thermal motion热力学能thermal energy内能internal energy热力学第一定律first law of thermodynamics 能量守恒定律law of conservation of energy热力学第二定律second law of thermodynamics各向同性isotropy各向异性anisotropy单晶体single crystal(monocrystal)多晶体ploycrystal表面张力surface tension毛细现象capillarity液晶liquid crystal电荷electric charge 电荷量queantity df electricity正电荷positive charg负电荷negative charg库仑定律Coulomb law静电感应electrostatic induction感应电荷inducde charge元电荷elementary charge电荷守恒定律law of conservation of charge库仑（电荷单位）coulomb电场electric fileld电场强度electric field strength电场线electric potential电势electric potential电势差/电压electric potential difference伏特volt电容capacitance电容器capacitor法拉（电容单位）farad电流electric current安培（电流单位）ampere电阻resistance欧姆（电阻单位）ohm半导体semiconductor超导体superconductor磁性magnetism磁场magnetic field磁感线magnetic induction line安培定则Ampere rule安培力Ampere force磁感应强度magnetic induction左手定则left-hand rule洛伦兹力Lorentz force磁通量magnetic flux电磁感应elctromagnetic induction感应电流induction current感应电动势induction electromotive force电磁感应定律law of electromagnetic induction 右手定则right-hand rule自感self-induction交流alternating current瞬时值instantaneous value峰值peak value有效值effective value电感inductance变压器transformer电能electric energy电磁场electromagnetic field电磁波electromagnetic wave雷达radar光线light ray平行光parallel light实象real image虚象virtual image折射refaction入射角incident angle反射角reflection angle折射角diffraction angle折射率diffraction index全反射total reflection临界角critical angle光导纤维optical fiber棱镜prism色散dispersion光谱spectrum波的衍射diffraction of wave波的干涉interference of waves 红外线infrared ray紫外线ultraviolet rayX射线X-ray电磁波谱electromagnetic effect 光电效应photoelectric effect光子photon普朗克常数Planck constant波粒二象性wave-particle duality 概率波probability wave物质波matter wave激光laser电子electron质子proton中子neutron核子nucleon同位数isotope原子核nucleus能级energy level基态ground state激发态excited state跃迁transition放射性radioactivity α射线α rayβ射线β rayγ射线γ ray衰变decay核反应nuclear reaction核能nuclear energy质能方程mass-energy equation 裂变fission链式反应chain reaction聚变fusion热核反应thermonuclear reaction 介子meson轻子lepton强子hadron。
电子信息工程专业英语词典
电子信息工程专业常用词汇Aabbreviation n. 缩写accelerator n. 加速者，加速器accommodate v. 使适应，使调节accumulate v. 积聚, 堆积accumulator n. 累加器acquisition n. 获得，采集acquisition time 采集时间Activate a. 激活的active circuit 有源电路address line 地址线aforementioned a. 上述的，前述的algebra n.代数学alphanumeric a. 字母数字的alternating current 交流电流amber n.琥珀色analog n.模拟量analogous a.类似的，模拟的analog-to-digital converter（ADC）模数转换器analytical a. 分析的，解析的anode n. 阳极appropriate a. 合适的approximation n. 近似值assemblage n. 集合assembly language 汇编语言asymmetry n. 不对称attenuate v. 削弱，减弱，衰减attenuator n.衰减器Bband-gap energy 带隙能band-reject 带阻base n. 基极base 2 以2 为基数base-emitter current 基射电流bead n. 珠型bi-directional 双向的binary a. 二进位的bipolar a. 双极性的bipolar power 双极性电源block v. 阻塞Boolean n. 布尔Boolean algebra 布尔代数breadboard n.试验板breakdown voltage 击穿电压bridge arm 桥臂bridge circuit 桥路bulk n.大块，大批，体积；v. 越来越大，使更大Ccalibration n. 刻度calibration n.标度, 刻度, 校准canonical n. 牧师礼服，法服；a. 依教规的，权威的capacitance n.电容量cascade adj.级联的cathode n. 阴极Celsius a. 摄氏的Celsius a. 摄氏的channel n.通道characteristic n. 特性charge n. 电荷v.充电Choke v. 窒息,阻塞circuit n.电路circuitry n. 电路，线路cobalt n. 钴coefficients n. 系数collector n. 集电极common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) 共模抑制比common mode voltage 共模电压comparator n. 比较器compatible a.兼容的compensation n. 补偿, 赔偿complement n. 补充物compromise n.；v. 妥协，折中concession n. 让步，妥协conditioning n. 调节，调理conduct n.导体conduction band 传导带conductivity n. 传导性，传导率configuration n.配置constant n. 常数，恒量contiguous a. 邻近的，接近的control line 控制线control-oriented 控制方向conversion time 转换时间, 变换时间coulomb n. 库仑counter n. 计数器criterion n. 标准critical frequency 临界频率, 截止频率crocodile n. 鳄鱼cumbersome a. 麻烦的cumbersome a. 笨重的cursor n. 光标Cycle n. 循环, 周期Ddata line 数据线deactivate a. 非激活的decimal a. 十进位的, 小数的decimal a. 十进位的，小数的decode v. 解码，译解deduce v. 推论, 演绎出delicate a. 细致优雅的，微妙的，美味的deposit vt.存放, 堆积designate v. 指定desktop n. 桌面deterioration n. 恶化，退化dielectric n. 电介质dielectric strength 电介质强度, 绝缘强度differential amplifier 差动放大器differentiator n. 微分器diffuse v. 散播，使（光线）漫射digital a. 数字的digital-to-analog converter（DAC）数模转换器diode n.二极管direct current 直流电流disc n. 圆盘型discharge v.放电discrete adj.不连续的, 离散的dispatch v. 分发，派遣dissipate v. 使⋯⋯消散（浪费）divert v. 转移divide v. 分开，分类divider circuit 分压电路drift n. 漂流物, 漂流；v. 漂流Dual-Slope Ramp ADC 双积分ADCEelectrode n.电极electrolytic capacitor 电解电容electrolytic lead 电解铅electromotive a. 电的，电动的electromotive force 电势electron n. 电子emitter n. 发射极encapsulation n. 封装，包装encase v. 包围，装入箱内，把⋯⋯装入箱中，包起encode v. 编码entanglement n. 纠缠牵累epoxy n. 环氧基树脂equate vt. 等同，使相等equilibrium n. 平衡, 均衡erroneous a. 错误的，不正确的establish vt. 建立evaluate v. 评估，评价evolve v. 进展，进化execute v. 执行exemplify v. 例证，例示expansion slot 扩展槽exponential a.指数的exponential decay 指数式衰减Ffabricate v. 制造，装配factor n.因子Fahrenheit a. 华氏的；n. 华氏温度计farad n. 法拉feedback n.反馈ferrite n. 铁氧体filter n. 滤波器fine-tuning 调整finite open loop gain 有限开环增益first order system 一阶系统flowchart n.流程图fluctuation n. 波动，起伏flux line 磁通线follower n. 跟随器forward voltage 正向电压fraction n. 分数, 小部分, 破片fractional a.分数的full-duplex 全双工Ggalvanometer n.检流计gauge n. 标准度量，计量器generic a. 一般性的，标准样本应用程序Germanium n. 锗gyration n. 回旋，回转，旋转Hhardware n.硬件hard-wired 硬件线路Henry n. 亨，亨利hexadecimal n. 十六进制，十六进制的high-performance 高性能Hole n.空穴hysteresis 滞后作用，磁滞现象Iideal inverting amplifier 理想反向放大器impedance n. 阻抗impede v. 妨碍，阻碍，阻止impurity n. 杂质incandescent a. 白热的，发白热光的increment n.增量increment n. 增加(增加物，增量，余差) induce v.感应inductance n. 电感，感应系数inductor n.电感器inequality n. 不等式inevitably ad. 不可避免地infrared a. 红外线的initialization values 初始值initiate v. 开始，初始instantaneous a. 瞬间的，即刻的instrumentation amplifier 仪器放大器insulate v. 使⋯⋯绝缘,隔insulator n.绝缘体，绝热器integral n. 积分integrated circuit 集成电路integrator n.积分器interpret n.解释interrupt n. 中断interval n. 间隔inverter n. 变换器inverting input 反向输入isolation n. 隔离，孤立issue v. 发出Llatch v. 锁存lead compensation 导线补偿leakage n. 泄漏linkage n. 联系，连锁，结合logarithm n.对数loop n.循环lower-lying energy state 低电能态low-ripple source 低纹波源low-ripple 低纹波Mmacro a. 巨大的，突出的；n. 宏指令magnetic field 磁场magnitude n.大小, 数量mainline glue 主流程综述maneuver n. 演习，调遣，策略；v. 调遣，演习，用计策measurement junction 测量点megohm n.兆欧（姆）memory n. 存储器memory-read instruction 读存储器指令metallic a. 金属的microwave band 微波带宽microwave oven 微波炉millivolt n.毫伏misuse vt.＆n. 误用,滥用mnemonic a. 助记的，记忆的modulo n. 模数；按模计算molecule n. 分子multimeter n. 万用表multiplexer n.多路器multiplication n. 乘法，增加Multiply v.乘, 增加multivibrator n. 多谐振荡器Nnegligible a. 可以忽略的, 微不足道的nibble n. 轻咬，啃；v. 咬，一点点地咬，慢慢啃nickel n.镍nonideal adj.非理想的noninverting input 同向输入nonlinear a. 非线性的non-page-oriented 面向非页面的nonsymmetrical a. 不对称的nonvolatile a. 永久的，长存的，不挥发的，非挥发性的notch filter 槽型滤波器null n.零, 空numerator n.分子Oobsolete a. 已废弃的，过时的obstacle n. 障碍octal a.八进制的offset n. 偏移offset current 偏移电流ohm n.欧姆omega n. 希腊字母的最后一个字Ωopcode(operand code) 操作码open-collector 集电极开路operational amplifier 运算放大器optimize v. 使⋯⋯完美，使⋯⋯完善；v.优化overlap n.（数）交迭，相交Pparallel a. 并行的parity n. 同等,同格,同位passive band-pass filter 无源带通滤波器pedestrian n.行人Peltier effect 珀耳帖效应peripheral a.外设的, n. 外设peripheral a.外围的peruse v. 熟读,精读,阅读pictorial a. 绘画的n. 画报pinout 管脚引出platinum n. 白金plumb n. 测水锤，垂直；a. 垂直的；v. 探测，了解pointless a.无意义的polarise vt. 极化polyester n.聚酯polystyrene n. 聚苯乙烯potential n.电位，电势potential drop 电位降，势能落差precautions n. 预防，保护prefix n. 前缀prescaler n. 预换算装置，预定标器printed circuit board 印制电路板procedure n. 程序，步骤processor 处理器program n. 编程，程序Program Status Word(PSW) 程序状态字prolong v. 延长，拖延propagation n. 增殖，繁殖，传播proportionately ad. 相称地，成比例地pull-up 上拉Qquadrature n.正交，九十度相位差quote n. 引用；v. 引述, 举证, 报价Rradial a. 光线的，光线状的，放射状的ramp voltage 斜坡电压range n.幅度, 范围ratings n. 额定值capacitor [k__p_sit_] n.电容器recipient n. 接受者rectangular wave 矩形波rectifier diode 整流二极管reference n. 参考reference junction 参考点register n. 寄存器relay n. 继电器reliability n. 可靠性remedial a. 治疗的，补救的，矫正的repeatable a. 可重复的reposition n. 新位置；v. 改变⋯⋯的位置resistance coefficient 电阻系数resistive a. 电阻的resistor n.电阻restrict v.限制reverse voltage 反向电压rising (or falling) edge 上升（下降）沿rod n. 棒型rudimentary a. 基本的，初步的，起码的，根本的Ssample-and-hold 采样保持saturate vt.使饱和scheme n. 方案，蓝图，框架Seebeck effect 塞贝克效应self-nulling 自回零semiconductor n. 半导体semiconductor n. 半导体sensitivity n. 灵敏度sequence n. 序列，顺序sequential a. 连续的shaft n.轴sheath n. 鞘，叶鞘, 翅鞘shorthand n.速记shunt vt. 分流（器）siblings n. 兄弟signal diode 信号二极管silicon n. 硅sinusoidal a. 正弦曲线的slope n.斜率Socket n. 插座software n.软件soldering n. 焊接，锡焊，低温焊接span n. 跨距square wave 方波Stack Pointer (SP) 堆栈指针stipulate v.规定stipulation n. 约束，约定，规定strobe n. 闸门(频闪观测器，频闪放电管)；v. 闸(选通，发出选通脉冲)stuff n. 材料，原料，东西；v. 填满，塞满subroutine n. 子程序subscript n.下标，标记Successive Approximation ADC 逐次逼近ADCsuffix n. 后缀superimpose vt. 重叠(安装, 添加)supplier n. 供应商Ttally n. 标签(手执计数器，对应物)；v. 计算(记录) tantalum n.钽（金属元素）Teflon n. 聚四氟乙烯theoretical a. 理论上的thermal a. 热的，热量的thermal a. 热的，热量的thermistor n. 热敏电阻thermocouple n. 热电偶thermoelectric a. 热电的thermometer n. 温度计thermostat n. 恒温器thermostatic a. 温度调节装置的Thévenin equivalent circuit 戴维南等效电路timer n. 计时器，定时器tolerance n.容限，公差，允许误差traffic table 切换表；交通图transient response 暂态响应transistor n. 晶体管transparent a. 可为某种射线所透射的，透明的trigger n.触发器trimmer adj. 可变的tri-state buffer 三态缓冲器truncate v. 截去tube n.电子管tune v. 调谐twin-T filter 双T 滤波器twist n. 扭曲；v. 拧，扭曲Uultraviolet-Erasable 紫外线可擦除的uncertainty n. 不确定unidirectional n.单向性的unipolar a. 单极性的USART （Universal Serial Asynchronous Receiver & Transmitter）通用串行异步收发器VVacuum n. 真空，空间，真空吸尘器valence n. 化合价valence band 价(电子)带valence band 价（电子）带valence electron 价电子valve n.阀variation n. 变化, 变动versus n.对抗vibrate v. (使)振动，(使)摇摆；摇动，震动vibration n. 震动，颤动voltage detector 电压侦测器voltage follower 电压跟随器voltage regulator 稳压器，电压调节器WWheatstone bridge 惠斯登电桥Zzener diode 稳压二极管，齐纳二极管zener voltage 齐纳电压zeroing n. 零位调整电子信息工程专业常用词组Aabbreviated dialing 快速呼叫，缩位拨号acquisition time 采集时间active circuit 有源电路address space 地址空间alternating current 交流电流amplitude modulation 调幅，波幅调制anti-alias 抗锯齿，平滑API（Application Programming Interface）应用编程接口assembly language 汇编语言automatic call re-routing 自动呼叫转移BBackward and Binary Compatibility向后二进制方式兼容backward compatibility 向后兼容；反向兼容性band-gap energy 带隙能band-reject 带阻bi-directional 双向的bi-directional 双向的bipolar power 双极性电源biquad （a stage containing two poles and up to two zeros）两象限bluetooth 蓝牙技术board-level assemblies 板级装配bottleneck 瓶颈breakdown voltage 击穿电压bridge arm 桥臂bridge circuit 桥路Ccarrier wave 载波cellular telephone 移动电话circuit switched 电路切换co-axial cable 同轴电缆coaxial cables 同轴电缆common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) 共模抑制比common mode voltage 共模电压conduction band 传导带connection-oriented 面向连接的control-oriented 控制方向conversion time 转换时间, 变换时间critical frequency 临界频率, 截止频率critical region 临界代码段Ddetailed billing 详细话单dielectric strength 电介质强度, 绝缘强度differential amplifier 差动放大器direct current 直流电流divider circuit 分压电路Eelectrical impulse 电磁脉冲，电脉冲electrolytic capacitor 电解电容electrolytic lead 电解铅electromagnetic energy 电磁能electromotive force 电势embedded system 嵌入式系统executable code 可执行代码expansion slot 扩展槽exponential decay 指数式衰减FFeature compatibility 特征兼容性fiber optic cable 光导纤维电缆fibre optic cable 光缆；光纤电缆FIFO（First-In First-Out）先入先出file system 文件系统finite open loop gain 有限开环增益first order system 一阶系统fixed-point 定点flip-flop 触发器floating point operation 浮点操作，浮点运算floating-point 浮点floppy disk 柔性塑料磁盘，(软)塑料磁盘，软盘flux line 磁通线forward voltage 正向电压Fourier Transform 傅立叶变换frequency modulation 调频FTP（File Transfer Protocol）文件传输协议full-duplex 全双工fundamental frequency 基波频率Ggeneral-purpose 通用的GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) 通用分组无线业务Hhard-wired 硬件线路hifi (High Fidelity) 高保真度high level programming language 高级编程语言high-fidelity 高保真high-performance 高性能HTTP（Hypertext Transfer Protocol）WWW 服务程序所用的协议Iideal inverting amplifier 理想反向放大器initialization values 初始值instantaneous power consumptions 瞬时功率耗散instrumentation amplifier 仪器放大器integrated circuit 集成电路interface equipment 接口设备interprocess communication 进程间通信interrupt-off 中断隔离inverting input 反向输入Llead compensation 导线补偿linux 一种可免费使用的UNIX 操作系统，运行于普通PC 机上little-endian 小端模式lower-lying energy state 低电能态Mmagnetic field 磁场measurement junction 测量点memory access 存储器存取memory mapping 存储器映射microwave band 微波带宽microwave oven 微波炉MIPS（Million Instructions Per Second）每秒百万条指令MMU（Memory Management Unit）存储器管理单元monopole antenna 磁单极子，单极天线Moore‟s law 摩尔定律Nnoninverting input 同向输入non-page-oriented 面向非页面的notch filter 槽型滤波器numerically-intensive 高强度数字运算Oobject code 目标代码OEM（Original Equipment Manufacturer）初始设备制造厂家offset current 偏移电流opcode(operand code) 操作码operating system 操作系统operational amplifier 运算放大器optical fiber 光缆OS compatibility 操作系统兼容性Ppacket switched 包交换paging system 分页系统parallel communication 并行通信passive band-pass filter 无源带通滤波器PDA （Personal Digital Assistant）个人数字助理Peltier effect 珀耳帖效应phase modulation 调相, 相位调制pinout 管脚引出pocket PC 与Palm 齐名的掌上电脑平台point-of-sale 销售点系统potential drop 电位降，势能落差power consumption 功耗，消耗Power PC IBM 和Apple 公司联合生产的个人台式机PPP（Peer.Peer Protocol）端对端协议printed circuit board 印制电路板Program Status Word(PSW) 程序状态字Rramp voltage 斜坡电压rectifier diode 整流二极管reference junction 参考点resistance coefficient 电阻系数reverse voltage 反向电压RF connector 射频连接器ROM（read only memory）只读存储器round-off 舍入round-robin scheduling 轮式调度；循环调度RTOS（Real-Time Operating System）实时操作系统rule of thumb 经验法则SSeebeck effect 塞贝克效应seismic vibrations 地震颤动self-nulling 自回零serial communication 串行通信signal diode 信号二极管single precision floating point 单精度浮点数source code 源代码Source compatibility 源代码兼容性spinlock 旋转锁spread-sheet 总分析表，棋盘式对照表Stack Pointer (SP) 堆栈指针Ttear down 拆除，拆毁Thévenin equivalent circuit 戴维南等效电路Tool compatibility 开发工具兼容性trade-off 权衡(折中，换位，比较评定，放弃，交换) traffic table 切换表；交通图transient response 暂态响应troubleshooting 发现并修理故障，解决纷争twin-T filter 双T 滤波器Uultraviolet-Erasable 紫外线可擦除的USART （Universal Serial Asynchronous Receiver & Transmitter）通用串行异步收发器Vvalence band 价(电子)带valence band 价（电子）带valence electron 价电子virtual memory 虚拟内存voltage detector 电压侦测器voltage follower 电压跟随器voltage regulator 稳压器，电压调节器WWheatstone bridge 惠斯登电桥Zzener diode 稳压二极管，齐纳二极管zener voltage 齐纳电压专业术语常用名词缩写中英文对照表AA:Antenna amplifier 开线放大器AA:Architectural Acoustics建筑声学AC:Analogue Controller 模拟控制器ACD:Automatic Call Distribution 自动分配话务ACS:Access Control System出入控制系统AD:Addressable Detector地址探测器ADM:Add/Drop Multiplexer分插复用器ADPCM:Adaptive Differential ulse Code Modulation 自适应差分脉冲编码调制置AWG:American Wire Gauge美国线缆规格BAC:Building Automation & Control net建筑物自动化和控制网络BAM:Background Administration Module后管理模块BBER:Background Block Error Ratio背景块误码比BCC:B-channel Connect ControlB通路连接控制BD:Building DistributorBEF:Buiding Entrance Facilities 建筑物入口设施BFOC:Bayonet Fibre Optic Connector大口式光纤连接器BUL：Back up lighting备用照明C:Container 容器CA:Call Accounting电话自动计费系统CATV:Cable Television 有线电视CC:Call Control 呼叫控制CC:Coax cable 同轴电缆CCD:Charge coupled devices 电荷耦合器件CCF:Cluster Contril Function 簇控制功能CD:Campus Distributor 建筑群配线架CD:Combination detector 感温，感烟复合探测器CDCA:Continuous Dynamic Channel Assign 连续的动态信道分配CDDI:Copper Distributed Data 合同缆分布式数据接口CDES:Carbon dioxide extinguisbing system 二氧化碳系统CDMA:Code Division Multiplex Access 码分多址CF:Core Function 核心功能CFM:Compounded Frequency Modulation 压扩调频繁CIS:Call Information System 呼叫信息系统CISPR:Internation Special Conmittee On Radio Interference 国际无线电干扰专门委员会CLNP:Connectionless Network Protocol 无连接模式网络层协议CLP:Cell Loss Priority信元丢失优先权CM:Communication Module 通信模块CM:Configuration Management 配置管理CM:Cross-connect Matrix交叉连接矩阵CMI:Coded Mark Inversion传号反转码CMISE:Common Management Information Service公用管理信息协议服务单元CPE:Convergence protocol entity 会聚协议实体CR/E:card reader /Encoder (Ticket reader )卡读写器/编码器CRC:Cyclic Redundancy Check 循环冗佘校验CRT:Cathode Ray Tabe 显示器，监视器，阴极射线管CS: Convergence service 会聚服务CS:Cableron Spectrum 旧纳档块化技术CS:Ceiling Screen 挡烟垂壁CS:Convergence Sublayer合聚子层CSC:Combined Speaker Cabinet 组合音响CSCW:Computer supported collaborative work 计算机支持的协同工作CSES:Continuius Severely Errored Second 连续严重误码秒CSF:Cell Site Function 单基站功能控制CTB:Composite Triple Beat 复合三价差拍CTD：Cable Thermal Detector 缆式线型感温探测器CTNR:carrier to noise ratio 载波比CW:Control Word 控制字D:Distortion 失真度D:Distributive 分布式DA:Distribution Amplifier 分配的大器DBA:Database Administrator数据库管理者DBCSN:Database Control System Nucleus数据库控制系统核心DBOS:Database Organizing System 数据库组织系统DBSS:Database Security System 数据库安全系统DC:Door Contacts大门传感器DCC:Digital Communication Channel数字通信通路DCN:Data Communication Network 数据通信网DCP-I:Distributed Control Panel -Intelligent智能型分散控制器DCS:Distributed Control System集散型控制系统DDN:Digital Data Network 数字数据网DDS:Direct Dignital Controller直接数字控制器DDW:Data Describing Word 数据描述字DECT:Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication增强数字无绳通讯DFB:Distributed Feedback 分布反馈DID:Direct Inward Dialing 直接中继方式，呼入直拨到分机用户DLC:Data Link Control Layer 数据链路层DLI:DECT Line InterfaceDODI:Direct Outward Dialing One 一次拨号音DPH:DECT PhoneDRC:Directional Response Cahracteristics 指向性响应DS:Direct Sound 直正声DSP:Digital signal Processing 数字信号处理DSS：Deiision Support System 决策支持系统DTMF:Dual Tone Multi-Frequency 双音多频DTS:Dual -Technology Sensor 双鉴传感器DWDM:Dense Wave-length Division Multiplexing 密集波分复用DXC:Digital Cross-Connect 数字交叉连接E:Expander 扩展器EA-DFB:Electricity Absorb-Distributed Feedback 电吸收分布反馈ECC:Embedded Control Channel 嵌入或控制通道EDFA:Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier掺饵光纤放大器EDI:Electronic Data Interexchange 电子数据交换EIC:Electrical Impedance Characteristics 电阻抗特性EMC：Electro Magnetic Compatibiloty 电磁兼容性EMI:Electro Magnetic Interference 电磁干扰EMS:Electromagnetic Sensitibility 电磁敏感性EN:Equivalent Noise 等效噪声EP:Emergency Power 应急电源ES:Emergency Sooket 应急插座ES:Evacuation Sigvial疏散照明ESA:Error SecondA 误码秒类型ＡESB:ErrorSecondB 误码秒类型ＢESD:Electrostatic Discharge静电放电ESR:Errored Second Ratio 误码秒比率ETDM:Electrical Time Division Multiplexing电时分复用ETSI:European Telecommunication Standards Institute 欧洲电信标准协会FAB:Fire Alarm Bell 火警警铃FACU:Fire Alarm Contrlol Unit 火灾自动报警控制装置FC:Failure Count 失效次数FC:Frequency Converter 频率变换器FCC:Fire Alarm System 火灾报警系统FCS:Field Control System 现场总线FCU：Favn Coil Unit风机盘管FD:Fire Door 防火门FD:Flame Detector 火焰探测器FD:Floor DistributorFD:Frequency Dirsder 分频器FDD:Frequency Division Dual 频分双工FDDI：Fiberdistributed Data Interface光纤缆分布式数据接口。
物理英文术语
物理英文术语物理力force重力gravity摩擦力friction拉力traction质量ma惯量Interia加速度acceleration力矩torque静止atret相对relative能量energy动能keneticenergy势能potentialenergy功work动量momentum角动量angularmomentum能量守恒energyconervation保守力conervedforce振动vibration振幅amplitude波wave驻波tandingwave震荡ocillation相干波coherentwave干涉interference衍射diffraction轨道obital速度velocity速率peed大小magnatitude方向direction水平horizental竖直vertical 相互垂直perpendicular坐标coordinate直角坐标系ceriancoordinateytem极坐标系polarcoordinateytem 弹簧pring球体phere环loop盘型dic圆柱形cylinder电学磁学：电子electron电荷charge电流current电场electricfield电通量electricflu某电势electircpotential 导体conductor电介质dieletric绝缘体inultalor电阻reitor电阻率reitivity电容capacitor无穷infinite横截面croection匀强电场uniformelectricfield分布ditribution磁场magneticfield磁通量magneticflu某电感inductance变压器tranformer频率frequency周期period电磁波electomagneticwave平面plane热学：热平衡thermalequilibrium理想气体idealga热能thermalenergy 热量heat热容heatcapacity外界urrounding准静态过程quai-taticproce这几个比较容易搞混我就经常搞混等体过程iochoricproce等压过程iobaricproce等温过程iothermalproce绝热过程adiabaticproce循环cycle光学光light光程opticalpath光强度lightintenity偏振polarization波长wavelength传播propagation量子力学（高中好像讲了一点点）原子atomic光子photon光电效应photo-electriceffect物质波matterwave光谱pectrum激光laer衰减decay辐射radiation械振动mechanicalvibration简谐振动impleharmonicocillation振幅amplitude周期period频率ferquency赫兹hertz单摆implependulum受迫振动forcedvibration共振reonnance机械波mechanicalwave介质medium横波tranverewave纵波longitudinalwave波长wavelength超声波uperonicwave阿伏加德罗常数Avogadrocontant布朗运动Brownmation热运动thermalmotion热力学能thermalenergy内能internalenergy 热力学第一定律firtlawofthermodynamic能量守恒定律lawofconervationofenergy热力学第二定律econdlawofthermodynamic各向同性iotropy各向异性aniotropy单晶体inglecrytal(monocrytal)多晶体ploycrytal表面张力urfacetenion毛细现象capillarity液晶liquidcrytal电荷electriccharge电荷量queantitydfelectricity正电荷poitivecharg负电荷negativecharg库仑定律Coulomblaw静电感应electrotaticinduction感应电荷inducdecharge元电荷elementarycharge电荷守恒定律lawofconervationofcharge库仑（电荷单位）coulomb 电场electricfileld电场强度electricfieldtrength电场线electricpotential电势electricpotential电势差/电压electricpotentialdifference伏特volt电容capacitance电容器capacitor法拉（电容单位）farad电流electriccurrent安培（电流单位）ampere电阻reitance欧姆（电阻单位）ohm电动势electormotiveforce(e.m.f.)半导体emiconductor超导体uperconductor磁性magnetim磁场magneticfield磁感线magneticinductionline安培定则Ampererule安培力Ampereforce磁感应强度magneticinduction左手定则left-handrule洛伦兹力Lorentzforce磁通量magneticflu某电磁感应elctromagneticinduction感应电流inductioncurrent感应电动势inductionelectromotiveforce电磁感应定律lawofelectromagneticinduction右手定则right-handrule自感elf-induction交流alternatingcurrent瞬时值intantaneouvalue峰值peakvalue 有效值effectivevalue电感inductance变压器tranformer电能electricenergy电磁场electromagneticfield电磁波electromagneticwave雷达radar光线lightray平行光parallellight实象realimage虚象virtualimage折射refaction入射角incidentangle反射角reflectionangle折射角diffractionangle折射率diffractioninde某全反射totalreflection 临界角criticalangle光导纤维opticalfiber棱镜prim色散diperion 光谱pectrum波的衍射diffractionofwave波的干涉interferenceofwave红外线infraredray紫外线ultravioletray某射线某-ray电磁波谱electromagneticeffect光电效应photoelectriceffect光子photon普朗克常数Planckcontant波粒二象性wave-particleduality概率波probabilitywave物质波matterwave激光laer电子electron质子proton中子neutron核子nucleon同位数iotope原子核nucleu能级energylevel基态groundtate激发态e某citedtate跃迁tranition放射性radioactivityα射线αrayβ射线βrayγ射线γray衰变decay核反应nuclearreaction核能nuclearenergy质能方程ma-energyequation裂变fiion链式反应chainreaction聚变fuion热核反应thermonuclearreaction介子meon轻子lepton强子hadron。
物理专业英语词汇(D)
物理专业英语词汇(D)物理专业英语词汇(D)物理专业英语词汇(D)d bandd 带d quarkd 夸克d'alembert's operator达朗伯算符d'alembert's paradox达朗伯佯谬d'alembert's principle达朗伯原理d'alembertian达朗伯算符d'arsonval galvanometer达松伐耳电疗d/a conversion数模转换d/a converter数字模拟转换器dalitz pair达利兹对dalitz plot达利兹图damped阻尼的damped oscillation阻尼振荡damped vibration阻尼振荡damped wave阻尼波damping阻尼damping coefficient阻尼因数damping coil阻尼线圈damping constant阻尼常数damping factor阻尼因数damping force阻尼力dangerous diagram危险图dangling bond自由键daniell cell丹尼耳电池dark adaptation暗适应dark cathode space阴极暗区dark current暗电流dark discharge暗放电dark field暗场dark field image暗场象dark field method暗场法dark line spectrum吸收光谱dark matter暗物质dark nebula黑暗星云dark space暗区data数据data bank数据库data base数据库data communication数据传输data compression数据压缩data processing数据处理data recorder数据记录器data relay satellite数据中继卫星data set数据集date line日界线dating测定年代daughter atom子体原子daughter nucleus子核davisson germer's experiment船逊革茉实验davydov splitting达维多夫分裂daylight昼光daylight factor昼光因数daylight illumination昼光照明daylight lamp昼光灯daylight light昼光照明daylight lighting昼光照明dc current transformer直龄流dc generator直立电机dc motor直羚动机dc transformers直龄压器dc voltage直羚压de broglie frequency德布罗意频率de broglie wave德布罗意波de broglie wavelength德布罗意波长de gennes factor德坚涅因子de haas van alphen effect德哈斯范阿尔文效应de sitter space time德呜时空de sitter universe德呜宇宙deactivation减活化dead beat不摆的dead beat galvanometer不摆电疗dead load静负荷dead room静室dead time死时间dead water死水dead weight静重dead weight piston gage自重活塞式压力计deafness聋度debuncher散束器debye德拜debye function德拜函数debye radius德拜半径debye scherrer camera德拜谢乐照相机debye shielding distance德拜屏蔽距离debye temperature德拜温度debye waller factor德拜瓦勒因数debye's specific heat formula德拜比热公式deca十decahedron十面体decametre wave十米波decatron十进位计数管decay衰变decay chain衰变链decay constant蜕变常数decay curve衰变曲线decay event衰变事件decay particle衰变粒子decay product衰变产物decay rate衰变率decay scheme衰变图decay series衰变链decay time衰变时间deceleration减速deci分decibel分贝decibelmeter分贝计decimal counting circuit十进位计数电路decimal system十进制decimeter分米decimetre wave分米波declination赤纬declination axis赤纬轴declination circle赤纬盘declinometer磁偏计decoder译码机decoloring消色decomposition分解decontamination去污decoration装饰decoupling去耦decrease减少decrement衰减deduction推论deductive method演绎法deed 形电极deep hologram深全息图deep inelastic scattering深度非弹性散射deep irradiation深部照射deep survey深巡天deexcitation去激活defect缺陷defect cluster缺陷群defecton缺陷子deflagration wave爆燃波deflecting coil偏转线圈deflecting electrode致偏电极deflecting field偏转场deflecting force偏转力deflecting plate偏转板deflection偏转deflection method偏转法deflection system偏转系统deflector偏转器deflector coil偏转线圈deflector field偏转场deflector plate偏转板defocusing散焦defocusing lens发散透镜deformation应变deformation energy形变能deformation potential形变势deformed nucleus变形核degassing除气degeneracy简并degenerate fermi gas简并费密气体degenerate gas简并气体degenerate level简并能级degenerate semiconductor简并型半导体degenerate star简并星degenerate state简并态degeneration简并化degradation of energy能的退降degraded color递减色degree度degree celsius摄氏度degree fahrenheit华氏度degree of accuracy精确度degree of burn up燃耗度degree of coherence相干度degree of coupling耦合度degree of crystallinity结晶度degree of depolarization去偏振度degree of dissociation离解度degree of freedom自由度degree of ionization电离度degree of obscuration食分degree of order秩序度degree of purity纯度degree of stability稳定度deionization消电离dekatron十进位计数管delay时滞delay circuit延迟电路delay line延迟线delay time延迟时间delayed coincidence延迟符合delayed fluorescence迟滞荧光delayed fracture延迟破坏delayed neutron缓发中子dellinger phenomenon德林格尔现象delphinus海豚座delta connection三角形连接delta electron电子delta function函数delta rays射线delta resonance共振delta state状态demagnetization退磁demagnetization curve退磁曲线demagnetization energy去磁能demagnetization field去磁场demagnetizing factor去磁因数demagnetizing force去磁力demarcation划分界线dematerialization消没demodulation解调demodulator解调demonstration表演denaturation变性dendrite枝晶体dendritic structure师状结构denominator分母densimeter比重计densimetry密度测定densitometer显象密度计density密度density distribution密度分布density matrix密度矩阵density of states态密度density wave密度波deoxyribonucleic acid脱氧核糖核酸depleted uranium贫铀depletion layer过渡层depolarization去极化depolarizer退极化剂deposit淀积depression气旋depression of freezing point冰点降低depth of focus焦深depth of penetration穿透深度derived unit导出单位desaturated color不饱和色descent velocity下降速度desensitization减敏感design of experiments试验设计deslandres table德兰得尔表desorption解吸destruction破坏destruction test破坏试验detachment脱离detailed balance细致平衡detailed balancing principle细致平衡原理detectable可检测的detection探测detection limit检出界限detection of nuclear explosions核爆炸的探测detector探测器检波器detector tube检波管detonation爆炸detonation wave爆炸波deuterium氘deuterium nuclei氘核deuterium oxide重水deuteron氘核deuteron beam氘核束deuteron stripping氘核剥裂deuton氘核developer显象剂developing显象developing solution显象剂development显象development accelerator显象加速剂deviation偏差deviation prism偏转棱镜devitrification失去透迷dew point露点dew point hygrometer露点湿度计dewar bottle杜瓦瓶dewar vessel杜瓦瓶df laser氟化氘激光器df 激光器diabatic potential传热势diagram图diagrammatical method图解法dial标度盘dialysis渗析diamagnet抗磁体diamagnetic抗磁性的diamagnetic material抗磁质diamagnetic substance抗磁质diamagnetic susceptibility抗磁磁化率diamagnetism抗磁性diameter直径diamond金刚石;稳定区diamond structure金刚石结构diaphanous透媚diaphragm光栏;隔膜;振动板diaphragm gauge膜片真空仪表diapositive透谬片diascopic projection透射放映diastrophism地壳蚀变diathermancy透热性diathermic透热的diatomic二原子的diatomic gas二原子气体diatomic molecule二原子分子dichroism二色性dichromatism二色性dielectric电介质;电介质的dielectric absorption电介质吸收dielectric after effect电介质后效dielectric amplification电介质放大dielectric amplifier电介质放大器dielectric anomaly电介质异常dielectric breakdown电介质哗dielectric constant介电常数dielectric dispersion电介质色散dielectric function电介质函数dielectric heating电介质加热dielectric hysteresis电介质滞后dielectric lens电介质透镜dielectric loss介电损耗dielectric loss angle介电损耗角dielectric loss factor电介质损耗系数dielectric polarization电介质极化dielectric property介电特性dielectric relaxation电介质弛豫dielectric strain电分质变形dielectric strength电介质强度dielectric substance电介质dielectrics电介质dielectronic recombination双电子性复合difference equation差分方程difference in optical path程差difference method差动法difference number中子盈余difference tone差音differential amplifier差动放大器differential cross section微分截面differential galvanometer差动电疗differential method差动法differential operator微分算符differential permeability微分磁导率differential scattering cross section微分散射截面differential thermometer差示温度计differential transformer差动变压器differentiating circuit微分电路diffracted wave衍射波diffraction衍射diffraction absorption衍射吸收diffraction angle衍射角diffraction crystallography衍射晶体学diffraction disc衍射盘diffraction dissociation衍射离解diffraction efficiency衍射效率diffraction figure衍射图diffraction fringe衍射条纹diffraction function衍射函数diffraction grating衍射光栅diffraction image衍射象diffraction microscopy衍射显微术diffraction pattern衍射图diffraction ring衍射环diffraction scattering衍射散射diffraction spectrograph衍射光栅摄谱仪diffraction spectrum衍射光谱diffractometer衍射计diffuse double layer扩散双层diffuse molecular spectrum扩散分子光谱diffuse nebula弥漫星云diffuse reflection漫反射diffuse scattering漫散射diffuse series漫线系diffused junction diode扩散结二极管diffused junction transistor扩散结型晶体管diffused light漫射光diffused radiation散射辐射diffuser扩散器扩压段;漫射体diffusing surface扩散面diffusion扩散diffusion cloud chamber扩散云室diffusion coefficient扩散系数diffusion constant扩散常数diffusion current扩散电流diffusion equation扩散方程diffusion equilibrium扩散平衡diffusion layer扩散层diffusion length扩散长度diffusion potential扩散电位diffusion pump扩散泵diffusion zone扩散带diffusive equilibrium扩散平衡diffusivity of heat热扩散率digital circuit数字电路digital computer数字计算机digital filter数字滤波器数字过滤器digital multimeter数字万用表digital oscilloscope数字示波器digital signal数字信号digital to analog conversion数模转换digital to analog converter数字模拟转换器digital voltmeter数字伏特计digitizer数字转换器dilatancy膨胀性dilatant flow膨胀流dilatation膨胀dilatation invariance扩张不变性dilation伸长dilatometer膨胀计dilute magnetic alloy稀磁合金dilute solution稀溶液dilution稀释dimension因次dimensional analysis量纲分析dimensional equation量纲方程dimensional method量纲分析法dimensional regularization维数正规化法dimensional theory量纲理论dimensionless parameter无量纲参数dimensionless quantity无量纲量dimensionsless unit无量纲单位dimer二聚物dimorphism二形diode二极管diode laser二极管激光器diode transistor logic二极管晶体管逻辑diopter屈光度dioptric屈光的dioptric system折光组dioptrics屈光学dip倾角diplopia复视dipolar gas偶极气体dipole偶极子dipole antenna偶极天线dipole electric field偶极电场dipole magnetic field偶极磁场dipole moment偶极矩dipole oscillation偶极振动dipole radiation偶极辐射dipole transition偶极跃迁dipping refractometer浸式折射计;浸没折射计diquark双夸克dirac bracket狄喇克括号dirac electron狄喇克电子dirac equation狄喇克方程dirac theory of electron狄喇克电子论direct current直流direct current amplifier直僚大器direct driven antenna直接驱动天线direct exchange interaction直接交换相互酌direct illumination直接照明直照direct lighting直接照明直照direct reaction直接反应direct transition直接跃迁direct vision prism直视棱镜direct vision spectroscope直视分光镜direction方向directional定向的directional antenna指向天线directional coupler定向耦合器directional effect方向效应directional focusing方向聚焦directional gain指向性指数directivity方向性directivity index指向性指数disagreement不符合disbalance不平衡disc laser盘形激光器discharge放电discharge chamber放电室discharge in vacuum真空放电discharge lamp放电灯discharge potential放电电位discharge tube放电管discharge voltage放电电位disclination向错discomposition effect位移效应discontinuity不连续discontinuity surface不连续面discontinuous flow不连续流discord不谐和音discrete absorption线吸收discrete energy level离散能级discrete filter离散滤波器discrete pulses不连续脉冲discrete spectrum不连续光谱discrete state不连续状态discriminator甄别器鉴频器disintegration分解disintegration chain蜕变链disintegration constant蜕变常数disintegration particle衰变粒子disintegration rate衰变率disintegration series蜕变链disjoining pressure楔裂压disk laser盘形激光器disk of galaxy星系盘dislocation位错dislocation density位错密度dislocation line位错线dislocation pile up位错堆积dislocation source弗朗克里德源disorder无序disorder order transformation无序有序转变disorder parameter无序度disordered crystal无序晶体disordered state无序态disordered system无序系统disperse system弥散系dispersed fluorescence method分散荧光法dispersed phase弥散相dispersing medium色散介质dispersing prism色散棱镜dispersion色散dispersion forces分散力dispersion formula色散公式dispersion medium色散介质dispersion relations色散关系dispersion surface色散面dispersive medium色散介质dispersive power色散率dispersoid弥散体displacement位移displacement current位移电流displacement flux位移通量displacement law位移律displacement operator位移算符displacement spike离位峰displacive type ferroelectrics位移型铁电体display unit显示装置disposition配置disruption破裂disruptive voltage哗电压dissipated power耗散功率dissipation耗散dissipation function耗散函数dissipation of energy能量耗散dissipative force耗散力dissipative process耗散过程dissipative structure耗散结构dissipative system耗散系统dissociation离解dissociation constant离解常数dissociation energy离解能dissociation equilibrium离解平衡dissociation limit离解极限dissociative capture离解俘获dissociative diffusion离解扩散dissociative ionization离解电离dissociative recombination离解复合distance of distinct vision糜距离distant collision远程碰撞distant control遥控distillation蒸镏distilled water蒸馏水distorted image畸变象distorted wave畸变波distorted wave born approximation扭曲波玻饵似distorted wave impulse approximation扭曲波脉冲近似distortion畸变distortion factor失真系数distortionless不失真的distributed amplifier分布式放大器distributed capacity分布电容distributed constant分布常数distributed feedback laser分布反馈型激光器distributed ion pump分布型离子泵distributed load分布负载distributed parameter分布参数distribution超函数distribution coefficient分布系数distribution function分布函数distribution law分布定律distribution ratio分布系数disturbance扰动disturbed motion受摄运动disturbed sun活动太阳diurnal aberration周日光行差diurnal parallax周日视差divergence发散divergent pencil of rays发散光束diverging lens发散透镜divertor分流偏滤器divided circle分度弧division of wavefront波阵面分割dna脱氧核糖核酸dna repairdna 修复document information system文献信息系dodecahedron十二面体domain畴domain energy磁畴能量domain pattern磁畴图样domain wall磁畴壁dominant wave吱dominant wavelength吱长donkey electron驴电子donor施主给予体donor atom施汁子donor bond施贮donor center施中心donor level施周级dopant掺杂物doped crystal掺杂晶体doping加添加剂doping density掺杂浓度doppler broadening多普勒致宽doppler displacement多普勒位移doppler effect多普勒效应doppler free spectroscopy多普勒自由光谱学doppler free two photon spectroscopy多普勒自由双光子光谱学doppler principle多普勒原理doppler shift多普勒位移doppler width多普勒宽度dorado剑鱼座dosage剂量dosage measurement剂量测定dosage rate剂量率dose剂量dose equivalent剂量当量dose meter剂量计dose rate剂量率dose rate meter剂量率测量计dosimeter剂量计dosimetry剂量测定double beam spectroscopy双线束光谱学double beta decay双衰变double bond双键double bridge双臂电桥double charged双电荷的double clad optical fiber双层光学纤维double coincidence双符合double concave lens双凹透镜double convex lens双凸透镜double curvature双曲率double diffraction method双衍射法double exchange interaction双变换相互酌double focusing双聚焦double galaxy双重星系double group双值群double harmonic buncher双谐波聚束器double heterojunction双异质结double heterostructure semiconductor laser双异质结构半导体激光器double layer双层double lens双透镜double mirror双镜double pendulum双摆double pulse双脉冲double pulse generator双脉冲发生器double reference beam holography双参考光束全息学double reflection双反射double refraction双折射double refraction of flow怜双折射double resonance spectrograph双重共振摄谱仪double star双星doublet双重线doublet method双重线法doublet objective双合透镜doublet splitting双重线分裂doublet structure双重线结构doublet system双重系统doubly charged双电荷的doughnut环形室dove prism道威棱镜down quarkd 夸克draco天龙座draconic month交点月drag阻力drag coefficient阻力系数draper classification德雷伯分类drell ratio德勒尔比drift漂移drift chamber漂移室drift energy漂移能drift instability漂移不稳定性drift transistor漂移晶体管drift tube漂移管drift velocity漂移速度driving force驱动力dry adiabatic process干绝热过程dry air干空气dry bulb thermometer干球温度表dry cell干电池dry type recording干式记录dryelement cell干电池dual control两级控制dual lattice双晶格dual model对偶模型dual space对偶空间dual temperature exchange process双温交换过程dual transformation对偶变换dualism二重duality二象性duantd 形电极duct导管ductility延性dufour effect达福效应dulong petit's law杜隆普蒂定律dumbbell model哑铃模型dummy load虚负载duopigatron双彭宁源装置duoplasmatron双等离子管duration持续时间dust core压粉铁芯dust counter尘埃计数器计尘器dwarf矮星dwarf cepheid矮造父变星dwarf galaxy矮星系dwarf star矮星dyadic system二进位制dye laser染料激光器dynamic behavior动态行为dynamic characteristic动特性dynamic electricity动电dynamic equilibrium动态平衡dynamic error动态误差dynamic head动压头dynamic instability动态不稳定性dynamic load动负载dynamic polarizability动态极化率dynamic pressure动压力dynamic programming动态程序设计dynamic resistance动阻力dynamic response动特性dynamic stability动态稳定性dynamic stress动态应力dynamic test冲辉验dynamic transition动态跃迁dynamic viscosity动力粘度dynamical friction动摩擦dynamical parallax动力学视差dynamical similarity动力学相似dynamical structure factor动力学结构因子dynamical symmetry动力学对称性dynamical theory of diffraction动力学衍射理论dynamical variables动力学变量dynamics动力学dynamitron地那米加速器高频高压发生器并激式高频高压加速器dynamo发电机dynamo theory发电机理论dynamometer测力计dynatron负阻管dynatron effect负阻效应dyne达因dynode倍增电极dyon双荷子dyson equation捶方程dysprosium镝物理专业英语词汇(D) 相关内容:。
Triad Magnetics指导器件：磁性物质指南说明书
M A G N E T I C S Guide to Inductors: InductanceTRIAD MAGNETICS’ GUIDE TO INDUCTORSLodestone, one of the most common iron core oxides, is made of the mineral magnetite.As its name implies, it is naturally magnetic.Though its magnetic properties were known upon its discovery in antiquity, no major research was done into magnetite until Hans Christian Oersted discovered the relationship between electricity and magnetism in 1820. He posited and proved that a magnetic effect could be created by flowing electricity.Following Oersted, Joseph Henry and Michael Faraday studied coil circuits, proving that the spark created by circuits during a current interruption was caused by an electromotive force created by the coil itself. Further, they proved that magnetic movement can produce electrical current. Together, these three men are considered to be the fathers of modern electronics.Inductance and Related ParametersTechnicians and electrical engineers alike regularly use or encounter inductors in the courseof their work. The design and manufacture of such inductors is best left to specialists, but it is important for anyone using them to have a thorough understanding of their basic functional and operational principles.InductanceWhen the electric current flowing through a coil is varied, such as an AC flow, this change creates a similar change in the coil’s magnetic field.The resultant change in magnetic field induces a second current, in opposition to the source current, in the coil. This is known as self-inductance, or inductance, which is defined as the property of an electric circuit that opposes changes to the current that is flowing through it. More specifically, inductance (represented as L in equations and measurements) is the amount that rate of change in current is multiplied by in order to obtain the induced electromagnetic force (EMF). The equation for this is: e = –L(di/dt).Here inductance, L, is the constant — it is referred to as the coefficient of self-induction and is measured in henrys (H). It is negative in the equation to indicate that the inductance voltagehas opposite polarity from the source voltage. One henry is equivalent to an induced EMF of1 volt per one ampere-per-second of current change.The amount of inductance in a coil is determined by the amount of flux linking that coil.The amount of flux itself is determined by the size of the coiled wire, the number of turnsin the coil, and the arrangement of those turns. The presence, or absence, of a magnetic material in the core of the coil is also a factor.FluxThe energy stored in the form of magnetic flux is known as a flux linkage. This energy level is determined by the inductance of the coil and the value of the coil’s current, represented by this equation: W = ½LI 2. In this way, an inductor can be used to store energy in addition to its primary transfer capabilities.The flux of a coil (ø) is measured by number of lines or by maxwells (Mx). The number oflines of force per unit area, the flux density (B), is measured in gauss. Flux density is a measure of maxwells per square centimeter and is proportional to magnetizing force (H), depending on the permeability (µ) of the core medium: B = µH.A coil is not required to have a magnetic material core in order to have inductance. Coils with high frequencies in particular do not require a magnetic core. On the other hand, they are basically essential for a reasonable amount of inductance to exist in medium and low frequency coils.PermeabilityThe permeability of a medium is defined as the ratio between lines of force in a mediumand the number of lines the same magnetizing force would create in air.The amount of permeability is further complicated by two factors. The first is hysteresis, or the concept that the permeability of an iron core depends on the core’s past usage, or its “history” so to speak. The second is the presence of an incoming DC current flow into the coil.The presence of DC flow in a coil makes incremental permeability a necessary factor in establishing inductance. Incremental permeability is the permeability of a magnetic material to AC currents that are superimposed on top of a DC current.Time ConstantsIt is normal for inductors to have some ohmic losses. These losses, when in series with inductance (L), are represented as a resistance (R). As voltage (V) is applied to an inductor, the current gradually rises to its steady value (V/R), as represented by this equation:The time constant, L/R = T, is a measure of the time,in seconds, it takes a given current to reach 63.2% ofits ultimate value. An inductor’s current decay followsa logarithmic curve provided by a similar equation:Inductors from TriadOver the course of more than 70 years, TriadMagnetics has emerged as a leading manufacturer of high quality magnetics components, including toroidal and power inductors. Our inductors maintain some of the highest available levels of stability when used in a diverse range of temperature and voltage applications.To learn more about Triad Magnetics’ custom magnetics components, custom design services, or inductors in general, visit today.I r = [(V/R)(1 − ε−tR/L )]I d = [(V/R)(ε −t/T )]。