电大期末考试 最新备考题库计算机专业英语复习资料(王欣)

计算机专业英语课程考核说明
一、有关说明
1。

考核对象
国家开放大学开放教育专科信息系统开发与维护专业学生。

2. 启用时间
2015年秋季学期。

3。

考核目标
考核学员在计算机开发和应用中运用英语知识的能力，包括掌握并熟练运用常见的专业英语词汇、词组和句型，阅读一般计算机英语文献,以及对难度适当的文献进行翻译的能力。

4。

考核依据
本课程考核说明是依据国家开放大学《计算机专业英语课程教学大纲》、文字教材《计算机专业英语》（穆志纯主编，中央广播电视大学出版社2004年6月第1版)制定的。

本课程考核说明是课程考核命题的基本依据。

5。

考核方式及计分方法
本课程考核采用形成性考核与终结性考试相结合的方式。

形成性考核占课程综合成绩的50%，终结性考试占课程综合成绩的50％。

课程考核成绩统一采用百分制，即形成性考核、终结性考试、课程综合成绩均采用百分制。

课程综合成绩达到60分及以上(及格），可获得本课程相应学分。

二、考核方式与要求
（一）形成性考核
1. 考核目的
加强对学生平时自主学习过程的指导和监督,重在对学生自主学习过程进行指导和检测，引导学生按照教学要求和学习计划完成学习任务，达到掌握知识、提高能力的目标，提高学生的综合素质。

2.考核手段
形成性考核成绩包括形成性作业成绩和学习过程表现成绩两部分，形成性作业成绩课程综合成绩30%，学习过程表现成绩占课程综合成绩20％.学习过程表现成绩评定由分部(省校）负责设计组织。

形成性作业采用纸质形成性考核册。

3。

形成性考核任务的形式及计分方法
形成性作业任务列表
每次形考任务按照百分制计分，所得分数平均分即为课程的形成性作业成绩。

（二）终结性考试
1。

考试目的
终结性考试是在形成性考核的基础上，对学生学习情况和学习效果进行的一次全面检测.
2. 命题原则
第一，本课程的考试命题严格控制在教学大纲规定的教学内容和教学要求的范围之内.
第二，考试命题覆盖本课程教材的1-9章，既全面,又突出重点。

第三,每份试卷所考的内容,覆盖本课程教材所学内容的70%以上章节。

第四,试题难度适中.一般来讲，可分为：容易、适中、较难三个程度,所占比例大致为:容易占30％，适中占50％，较难占20%.
3. 考试手段
网络考试。

4。

考试方式
闭卷。

5。

考试时限
60分钟。

三、终结性考试题型及规范解答举例
Ⅰ. Vocabulary(词汇，60分)
(一）．Fill in the blanks with the corresponding Chinese expressions that list below。

（写出下列词组的汉语。

共20分，每题2分)
1．central processing unit（CPU）
2．operating system
3．hard disk
4．management information system
5． electronic commerce
6． data warehouse
7． Software engineering
8．Property Window
9． machine language
10．computer virus
(二)．Fill in the blanks with the corresponding English abbreviations that list below 。

(从下
面方框中选择合适英语缩写。

共20分，每题2分)
1．随机存储器 2．局域网
3．传输控制协议 4．文件传送［输]协议
5．通用串行总线 6．面向对象编程
7．集成开发环境 8．结构化查询语言 9．数据库管理系统 10．多文档界面 （三）Fill in the blanks with the corresponding English abbreviations that list below 。

(从下面方框中选择合适英语缩写。

共20分,每题2分) 1。

input
2。

high —level language
3. structured programming
4。

functional testing
5. multimedia
6. switch
7。

firewall
8. application software
9. system software
10. audio
Ⅱ. Comprehension( 阅读理解,40分）
Passage A
During initial days of computing ， software was largely developed by small groups of people 。

When this software was to be maintained by another set of people ， it used to be a
( )
nightmarish experience. When large commercial projects were to be handled, it used to be an
almost impossible task to keep the time and budget under control, and projects used to get delayed
and many projects were abandoned halfway. There was no systematic procedure for the software
development; everything was done on ad hoc basis 。

This ad hoc approach led to the ‘software
crisis’。

Over the last few decades there has been a tremendous growth in information technology and
its impact on everyday life 。

Complex software systems have become critical to the operation of
many systems in areas such as banking ， communications, manufacturing ， power generation ，
and transportation 。

Progress in computer science and accumulated experience with industrial
production of software have led to the emergence of software engineering as a separate discipline.
The software engineering discipline has been defined as ”the applicati on of systematic,
disciplined ， quantifiable approaches to the development ， operation, and maintenance of
software 。

” that is ， the application of engineering to software .
The computer science discipline concerns with developing large applications. Software
engineering covers not only the technical aspects of building software systems, but also
management issues, such as directing programming teams, scheduling, and budgeting 。

For developing a software product, the development process is divided into different stages. A
convenient way of splitting the whole process is to divide the development into the following five
stages ：
Requirements Analysis ＆ Specification : define the system requirements in detail
Design : specify system architecture and modules in detail
Coding ： produce source code
Testing ： deal with unit testing and system testing
Maintenance ： fix bugs, enhance features and adapt across platforms 。

（一)Tell whether the following statements are true （T ） or false(F) according to the
passage A 。

(根据上文的内容判断下列句子的正误。

20分，每题2分）
1. During initial days of the development of software, everything was done in discipline 。

2. The definition of software engineering is "the application of systematic ， disciplined,
quantifiable approaches to the development ， operation ， and maintenance of software 。

" 3. For developing a software product ， you need design, coding and testing 。

4. software engineering is the application of engineering to software 。

5。

Software engineering only covers the technical aspects of building software systems. Passage B
A computer virus is a computer program that is created to make and spread copies of itself.
The program may however also be designed to have other effects on the systems it infects ，
ranging from the annoying to the disastrous.
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
Virus attacks are growing rapidly these days. According to BusinessWeek， the 76，404 attacks reported in the first half of 2003 ne arly match previous year’s total number。

As new antivirus tools are more powerful than before， the virus writers are getting a lot smarter with newer and creative ways to attack network systems。

Let's first examine some common virus types：
Basic Virus - a piece of software code that is developed to attack computers and network systems via email or Internet connections. It quickly replicates itself and gradually attaches to files， programs or the hard drive。

Trojan Horses —This is a program that doesn't replicate when entering a system but can be effectively used to open 'back doors.' Trojan Horses allow hackers to take control over a particular system or to steal very important data.
Worm — this type of virus is able to spread itself automatically over the network from one computer to the next. During a worm attack，users’ computers get infected without even having to click open email attachment or any program, etc。

Since it is very difficult to avoid the virus, your best defense is a powerful antivirus program。

In order to fight with such viruses， the software vendors should focus on making their products more robust. This may ask for a trade—off between user—friendliness and security。

In specific cases it may require line—by-line inspection， code retooling and even systems automation to defend the installed programs。

(二）、choose the best answer according to the passage B。

(根据上文的内容选择正确的答案.20分,每题2分)
1．A computer virus is a computer program that is created to make and spread of itself. A．programs B．virus C． copies D．files
2．Worm spread itself except by .
A．network B．E—mail C．program D．hardware
3．Antivirus program can scan and virus。

A．clean B．produce C．replicate D．make
4．Trojan Horses 。

A．quickly replicate itself and gradually attache to files, programs or the hard drive. B．infect the computer without even having to click open email attachment or any program。

C．allow hackers to take control over a particular system or to steal very important data。

D．avoid the virus to attack computer。

5．According to BusinessWeek, the attacks reported in the first half of 2003 nearly match pr evious year’s total number.
A． 86,404 B． 76,404 C．56，354 D．34,876
参考答案
Ⅰ. Vocabulary（词汇，60分）
(一）．Fill in the blanks with the corresponding Chinese expressions that list below。

(写出下列词组的汉语。

共20分,每题2分）
1．J 2．F 3．D 4．G 5．I
6． A 7．C 8．H 9． B 10．E
（二）．Fill in the blanks with the corresponding English abbreviations that list below. (从下面方框中选择合适英语缩写。

.共20分,每题2分)
1．E 2．A 3．C 4．D 5。

F 6. H 7．I 8．J 9．G 10．B (三）Match the following words and expressions in the left column with those similar in meaning in the right column。

（将左列的词汇与右列相应的汉语匹配。

共20分，每题2分)
1．B 2．C 3．F 4．G 5.H 6. I 7．J 8．D 9．F 10．A
Ⅱ。

Comprehension(阅读理解，40分)
（一)Tell whether the following statements are true(T） or false(F) according to the passage
A.（根据上文的内容判断下列句子的正误.20分，每题2分）
1. F
2.T 3。

F 5.T 6。

F
(二）、choose the best answer according to the passage B。

（根据上文的内容选择正确的答案.20分，每题2分)
1．C 2。

D 3。

A 4。

C 5. B
四、课程考核的内容和要求
课程考核内容原则上按重点掌握、掌握、了解三个不同层次的要求出题。

其中重点掌握的内容约占80％,掌握的内容约占15％，了解的内容约占5％。

1．需要重点掌握的内容包括：
涉及以下知识点的基本专业词汇、词组和句型：
●计算机系统硬件组成：CPU, RAM， ROM, I/O System
●计算机操作系统:定义，分类，Windows XP的简单应用
●计算机应用软件:定义，分类，Word XP的简单应用
●数据库系统：基础知识，分类，SQL Server的简单应用
●程序设计：概述,编程语言简介，Visual Basic 的简单开发
●软件工程：概述，面向对象的分析,软件测试
●计算机网络:基础知识，因特网,TCP/IP协议
●计算机应用系统：管理信息系统,电子商务，多媒体系统
●其他：数据仓库，网络安全
2．需要掌握的内容包括：
(1)涉及以上知识点、篇幅适中的一般英文文献的阅读
(2)涉及以上知识点、难度适当、篇幅较短的英文文献的翻译
3．需要了解的内容包括：
涉及以下知识点的专业词汇、词组和句型：
●计算机系统硬件：分类,显示器和系统单元，辅助存储器,扩展卡,虚拟现实
输出设备，先进输入设备
●计算机操作系统：操作系统性能,操作系统简史,UNIX系统概述，Windows
XP家庭版，Windows NT操作系统
●计算机应用软件：Winzip, Macromedia Flash, 办公自动化及其形式
●数据库系统:数据库安全性，Web数据库访问的类型，数据库的类型，SQL
Server管理，SQL Server备份和还原
●程序设计：过程化、结构化和面向对象的对比,程序语言的历史，Java,
VB6的新特点， VB中的类
●软件工程：软件的生命周期，软件开发过程，面向对象的语言，软件质量
保证,软件维护
●计算机网络：在通信介质中发送数据，网络拓扑，网络搜索策略，电子邮
件,网络连接,ISDN
●计算机应用系统：管理信息系统类型,ERP系统,电子商务的优势，电子商务
引发的问题，多媒体计算机简介，MP3简介
●其他:数据仓库中对时间的处理,病毒防护基础,网络安全和社会工程
英语复习题
阅读理解
一、Fill in the blanks with suitable words or expressions from the list given below, and change the form where necessary. （从下面方框中选择合适的词或表达，以其适当的形式填空.)
1．。

There are 3
machine language __ , which can be run directly by computer； __ assembly language ___ and _ high-level language ___. There are different high—level programming languages。

Fortunately, most of them have many kinds of construct in common and vary only in the way that these must be __ written ___ . Therefore, first thing to be decided about a task is to choose which programming language is best suited for the job。

2．
and the arithmetic / logic unit (ALU) . The control unit is responsible for directing and coordinating most of the computer systems activities. The ALU performs all the arithmetic and logical （comparison） functions — that is， it adds， subtracts， multiplies, divides， and does comparisons.
3．
Microsoft Word XP is the current Window version of Word, and documents created in Word XP can be easily _ incorporated into Excel， Power Point and Access files。

In the interface of Word, the _ title bar __ displays the name of the current application and name of the current document； the __ menu bar lists the names of the menus available； the ___ toolbar gives the user quick access to frequently used editing functions； the __ ruler enables the user to change left and right margin.
4．
， is a method to
， you have to systematically approach the problem. You have to understand the __ requirements （what the software is supposed to do）, carry out the design, do the __ coding ___， carry out a rigorous testing and if the software is as per the requirements, release the software to the customer. Subsequently, if the customer wants some changes——refinements or enhancements then the software has to be ___ modified ______。

二．根据上文的内容判断下列句子的正误
（1）．
The central processing unit （CPU） is the heart of the computer systems。

Among other things， its configuration determines whether a computer is fast or slow in relation to other computers。

The CPU is the most complex computer system component， responsible for directing most of the computer system activities based on the instructions provided。

As one computer generation has evolved to the next， the physical size of the CPU has often become smaller and smaller， while its speed and capacity have increased tremendously. Indeed, these changes have resulted in microcomputers that are small enough to fit on your desk or your lap.
The CPU comprises the control unit and the arithmetic / logic unit (ALU).
The control unit is responsible for directing and coordinating most of the computer systems activities。

It determines the movement of electronic signals between main memory and the arithmetic/logic unit, as well as the control signals between the CPU and input/output devices。

The ALU performs all the arithmetic and logical (comparison） functions — that is, it adds， subtracts, multiplies, divides, and does comparisons. These comparisons, which are basically “less than"，“greater than", and “equal to"， can be combined into several common expressions， such as “greater than or equal to”。

The objective of most instructions that use comparisons is to determine which instruction should be executed next.
Tell whether the following statements are true(T） or false(F） according to the passage A。

（根据上文的内容判断下列句子的正误)
1.With the development of computer， the physical size of the CPU has often become bigger and
bigger. （F）
2.The movement of electronic signals between main memory and the ALU as well as the control
signal between the CPU and input /output devices are controlled by the control unit of the CPU。

( T）
3.The CPU comprises the control unit and memory。

（F ）
4.The control unit performs all the arithmetic and logical (comparison） functions. ( F )
5.The central processing unit (CPU） is the heart of the computer systems. （T )
（2）．
For a Web user， the home page is the first Web page that is displayed after starting a Web browser like Netscape’s Navigator or Microsoft’s Internet Explorer. The browser is usually preset(预置) so that the home page is the first page of the browser manufacturer。

However, you can set it to open
to any Web site。

For example， you can specify （指定)that http://www。

yahoo. com or http：
//www。

whatis。

com be your home page。

You can also specify that there be no home page （a blank space will be displayed） in which case you choose the first page from your bookmark list or enter a Web address.
For a Web site developer, a home page is the first page presented when a user selects a site on the World Wide Web. The usual address for a Web site is the home page address, although you can enter the address （Uniform Resource Locator） of any page and have that page sent to you.。

Tell whether the following statements are true（T） or false(F） according to the passage A。

(根据上文的内容判断下列句子的正误)
1。

Home pages for a Web user or a Web site developer have the same meanings.
( F）
2。

The home page displayed on a Web browser is usually preset by the browser manufacturer。

（T）
3。

The home page for a Web user can be reset to any Web site you prefer.
（T）
4。

You have to enter or select Web addresses every time with a blank space on your Web browser. ( T ）
5. Web addresses usually lead to relative home pages。

( T )
(3）.
Personal computer software is based on specific operating systems and machines。

The famous PC operating systems are DOS， Windows, OS/2， Unix， Linux, Mac OS.
DOS （Disk Operating System) was the most popular operating system for IBM and IBM—compatible 16 bit personal computers。

DOS is no longer widely used because it has a number of limitations.
Microsoft built Windows as an extension of the widely installed DOS operating system. Windows provides not only a graphical user interface (GUI）， but also memory management and multitasking capabilities.
Unix is an interactive, multi—user, multitasking operating system that is highly supportive of communications and networking. At present, Unix is primarily used for workstations, minicomputers，and server computers in multi—user environments.
Linux is the free Unix。

It has all of the features you would expect of a modern, fully fledged Unix: true multitasking, virtual memory, shared libraries， demand loading, shared， proper memory management and TCP/IP networking.
Mac OS （Machintosh Operating System) supports multitasking and networking and has a highly praised graphical user interface. Multimedia capabilities of this operating system allow Macintosh users to integrate video clip， stereo sound， and animated sequences with conventional text and graphics software。

Tell whether the following statements are true（T） or false（F） according to the passage A.（根据上文的内容判断下列句子的正误）
1.Personal computer software is dependent on specific operating systems and machines。

（T )
2.DOS can only work with 32—bit microprocessor. （F）
3.Windows is the 32-bit operating system with networking capability and Internet access. （T）
4.Unix is an interactive，multi-user，multitasking operating system。

(T）
5.The Linux operating system is free。

It is the modified version of Unix running on PCs. （T）（4）。

During initial days of computing， software was largely developed by small groups of people。

When this software was to be maintained by another set of people， it used to be a nightmarish experience。

When large commercial projects were to be handled， it used to be an almost impossible task to keep the time and budget under control， and projects used to get delayed and many projects were abandoned halfway。

There was no systematic procedure for the software development; everything was done on ad hoc basis。

This ad hoc approach led to the ‘software crisis’.
Over the last few decades there has been a tremendous growth in information technology and its impact on everyday life. Complex software systems have become critical to the operation of many systems in areas such as banking， communications， manufacturing, power generation, and transportation. Progress in computer science and accumulated experience with industrial production of software have led to the emergence of software engineering as a separate discipline. The software engineering discipline has been defined as ”the application of systematic， disciplined， quantifiable approaches to the development, operation， and maintenance of software." that is， the application of engineering to software .
The computer science discipline concerns with developing large applications. Software engineering
covers not only the technical aspects of building software systems, but also management issues, such as
directing programming teams， scheduling, and budgeting。

For developing a software product, the development process is divided into different stages。

A
convenient way of splitting the whole process is to divide the development into the following five
stages:
Requirements Analysis ＆ Specification: define the system requirements in detail
Design： specify system architecture and modules in detail
Coding: produce source code
Testing: deal with unit testing and system testing
Maintenance： fix bugs， enhance features and adapt across platforms.
Tell whether the following statements are true（T） or false(F） according to the passage A.（根
据上文的内容判断下列句子的正误）
3.During initial days of the development of software, everything was done in discipline. (F）
4.The definition of software engineering is ”the application of systematic， disciplined，
quantifiable approaches to the development， operation， and maintenance of software.”（T ) 3。

For developing a software product, you need design， coding and testing. （F）
5. software engineering is the application of engineering to software . (T）
5。

Software engineering only covers the technical aspects of building software systems. （F )
（5)。

Microsoft Word， known as Word, is a very powerful Windows word—processing package。

It
is a member of Microsoft office. Word offers many features, including desktop publishing and
access to the World Wide Web. Because Word is part of the Microsoft Office， documents created
in Word can be easily incorporated into Excel， PowerPoint and Access files. Word has several
editions: Word 97， Word 2000 and Word XP. Microsoft Word XP is the current Windows version
of this word processor。

The following figure is the introduction of Word XP.
Fig。

1 The interface of Word XP
•Title bar– displays the name of the current application and name of the current document
•Menu bar– lists the names of the menus available
•Standard toolbar– gives you quick access to frequently used editing functions. Names of buttons
are displayed when the mouse rested over them。

•Scroll bars– used to move through a document – vertical and horizontal
•Ruler–enables you to change left and right margins and to set or remove tab stops.
•Text area–where you can edit your document。

•Status bar– displays current document information。

Tell whether the following statements are true（T) or false(F） according to the passage A。

（根据上文的内容判断下列句子的正误）(10分，每题2分）
1.Microsoft Word XP is a member of Microsoft office 2000 .
（F）
2. Word doesn’t have the feature to accessing to World Wide Web。

( F )
3。

Documents created in Word are hard to be incorporated into Powerpoint.
（F）
4。

Title bar displays the names of the application and document. （T )
5。

In the text area， you can edit your document.
( T )
（三）、根据上文的内容选择正确的答案。

1
Natural languages are designed to facilitate the communication between humans。

Programming
languages are designed to facilitate the communication between human and computers。

A
programming language is a notation for describing computation in computer—readable and human-
readable form。

A programming language represents a special vocabulary and a set of grammatical rules for instructing a computer to perform specific tasks。

Broadly speaking, it consists of a set of statements or expressions understandable to both people and computers. People understand these instructions because they use human (English and mathematical） expressions。

Computers, in the other hand，process these instructions through use of special programs, which， known as compiler, decode the instructions from people and create machine—language coding。

Just like we have many different languages in use throughout the world for us humans to communicate with， there are different languages that we use to communicate with a computer . There are three levels of programming languages：
Machine language
Assembly language
High—level language
choose the best answer according to the passage 。

(根据上文的内容选择正确的答案.）
1。

Programming languages are designed to facilitate the communication between human
and .( A )
A。

computers B。

people C。

hardware D. software
2。

A programming language is a notation for describing computation which can be understand by both . （C）
A. computer and machine
B. human and software
C. computer and human D。

software and hardware
3。

Computers understand the programming language through ( B）， which translate the programming language into machine-language that computer can understand。

A。

assembly language B。

compiler C。

machine language D。

high—level language
4. The following are the three levels of the programming language
except .( D）。

A. machine language B assembly language. C. high-level language D。

compiler
5.which of the following language can be directly understood by computer？ ( A ）
A. machine language B。

assembly language C。

high-level language D. compiler
2
In order to solve a computational problem, its solution must be specified in terms of a sequence of computational steps， each of which may be performed by a human or a digital computer . If you want to solve the computational problem with a computer， you should learn how to program. The task of developing programs for the solution of computational problems is referred to as programming。

Computer programming is the process of planning and creating a sequence of steps for a computer to follow。

In general， this process will help us resolve a problem, which is either too tedious or difficult to work out otherwise 。

So programming is breaking a task down into small steps。

Programming is sometimes contrasted with coding. Coding generally refers to the writing of programs for given program specification， while programming includes the task of preparing the program specification as well as that of writing the program. The text of a program is sometimes referred to as code, and lines of program text are referred to as lines of code， especially in the case of machine-language programs. The term coder is used to describe a person engaged exclusively in implementing program specifications prepared by others.
What's actually involved in programming — the actual process of writing programs？Here’s a quick overview of the process：
· Write a program.
· Compile the program。

· Run the program。

· Debug the program.
· Repeat the whole process until the program is finished.
choose the best answer according to the passage .（根据上文的内容选择正确的答案.）
1．If you want to solve the computational problem with a computer, you should learn how
to .（ B）
A. calculate
B. program C。

add D。

subtract
2. Computer programming is the process of planning and creating a sequence of
（A） for a computer to follow.
A. steps
B. process
C. lines
D. graphics
3。

The term coder is used to describe D。

A。

machine B. computer C. keyboard D。

person
4。

In order to solve a computational problem， you can let a person or a (B）
to do it。

A. machine
B. computer C。

keyboard D. mouse
5。

Which of the following is not the stages of programming? ( C )
A. Write a program。

B。

Debug the program.
C. Print the program。

D。

Compile the program.
3
A computer virus is a computer program that is created to make and spread copies of itself。

The program may however also be designed to have other effects on the systems it infects， ranging from the annoying to the disastrous.
Virus attacks are growing rapidly these days。

According to BusinessWeek, the 76,404 attacks reported in the first half of 2003 nearly match previous year’s total number. As new antivirus tools are more powerful than before， the virus writers are getting a lot smarter with newer and creative ways to attack network systems。

Let's first examine some common virus types：
Basic Virus — a piece of software code that is developed to attack computers and network systems via email or Internet connections。

It quickly replicates itself and gradually attaches to files，programs or the hard drive.
Trojan Horses —This is a program that doesn't replicate when entering a system but can be effectively used to open ’back doors。

' Trojan Horses allow hackers to take control over a particular system or to steal very important data.
Worm - this type of virus is able to spread itself automatically over the network from one computer to the next。

During a worm attack， users' computers get infected without even having to click open email attachment or any program， etc。

Since it is very difficult to avoid the virus, your best defense is a powerful antivirus program. In order to fight with such viruses, the software vendors should focus on making their products more robust。

This may ask for a trade—off between user-friendliness and security。

In specific cases it may require line-by-line inspection， code retooling and even systems automation to defend the installed programs.
choose the best answer according to the passage.(根据上文的内容选择正确的答案。

）
1．A computer virus is a computer program that is created to make and spread ( C ) of itself.
A．programs B．virus C． copies D．files
2．Worm spread itself except by D .
A．network B．E-mail C．program D．hardware
3．Antivirus program can scan and A virus.
A．clean B．produce C．replicate D．make
4．Trojan Horses C 。

A．quickly replicate itself and gradually attache to files， programs or the hard drive。

B．infect the computer without even having to click open email attachment or any program。

C．allow hackers to take control over a particular system or to steal very important data. D．avoid the virus to attack computer。

5．According to BusinessWeek, the B attacks reported in the first half of 2003 nearly match previous year’s total number。

A． 86,404 B． 76,404 C．56,354 D．34,876
4
The Internet， then known as ARPANET, was brought online in 1969， which initially connected
four major computers at universities in the southwestern US 。

The early Internet was used by
computer experts , engineers， scientists， and librarians。

There was nothing friendly about it. There
were no home or office personal computers in those days， and anyone who used it, whether a
computer professional or an engineer or scientist or librarian, had to learn to use a very complex
system。

The Internet matured in the 1970's as a result of the TCP/IP architecture。

As the commands for E-mail, FTP ， and telnet were standardized, it became a lot easier for non—technical people to learn to
use the nets。

It was not easy by today’ s standards by any means, but it did open up use of the Internet
to many more people in universities in particular。

Other departments besides the libraries，
computer， physics, and engineering departments found ways to make good use of the nets -- to communicate with colleagues around the world and to share files and resources.
In 1991, the first really friendly interface to the Internet was developed at the University of Minnesota. The University wanted to develop a simple menu system to access files and information on campus through their local network.
Since the Internet was initially funded by the government, it was originally limited to research，education, and government uses. Commercial uses were prohibited unless they directly served the goals
of research and education。

This policy continued until the early 1990's, when independent
commercial networks began to grow.
1． 2。

3. 4。

5.
Choose the best answer according to Passage.( 根据上文的内容选择正确的答案。

）
1. How many computers were connected to the initial Internet in 1969 ? （B）
A。

Ten B. Four C。

Twenty D. Three
2. Only A could use the early Internet.
A. computer experts, engineers， scientists， and librarians
B. any experts， engineers, scientists, and librarians
C。

computer experts, engineers, scientists， and students
D。

experts, engineers, and scientists in universities in US
3。

The Internet became a lot easier for non—technical people to learn and use because of the common B .
A. commands
B. protocols
C. topologies D。

architecture
4. The first really friendly interface to the Internet appeared with the introduction of a （C）
system for files and information access.
A。

computer B. operating C. menu D. application
5. Which statement is not true according to Passage C？（D )
A。

Many more people in universities began to use the Internet in the 1970s，but it wasn’t as user-friendly as to day’s standards。

B. The restrictions to commercial uses changed as the independent commercial networks were not funded by the government。

C。

Commercial uses were allowed for the early Internet if they directly served the goals of research
and education。

D. The early Internet was logged in from home or office personal computers.
5
A computer system can roughly be divided into three components:
·The hardware (memory, CPU， arithmetic—logic unit， various bulk storage, I/O, peripheral devices…)
·System software （operating system， compilers, editors， loaders, utilities。

.。

)
·Application software （database systems, business programs..。

)
A computer system can be described or shown in the following Figure。

Fig. 1 Conceptual view of a computer system
The central processing unit (CPU） is located on chips inside the system unit。

The CPU is the
brain of the computer。

This is the place where the computer interprets and processes information。

The operating system is the first component of the systems programs that interests us here。

Systems programs are programs written for direct execution on computer hardware in order to make。