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英文投稿流程
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Title page
Inductively coupled plasma orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ICP-oa-TOF-MS) analysis of heavy metal content in Indocalamus tesselatus samples Yu-Yue Qin a, *, Zhi-Hong Zhang a, Lin Li b, Chun-Sheng Chen a, Sha Shun a, Yin-Chuan Huang c aInstitute of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 650550, Kunming, China b College of Light Industry and Food Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China c Nansha entry-exit inspection and quarantine bureau, 511455, Guangzhou, China Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 13888195681; fax: +86 871 5729591 E-mail address: rabbqy@ (Y.Y. Qin).
抽水蓄能电站分部调试计划内容
抽水蓄能电站分部调试计划内容1.本次调试计划旨在验证抽水蓄能电站各个分部设备的性能和安全性。
This commissioning plan aims to verify the performance and safety of the equipment in each part of the pumped storage power station.2.首先，我们将对水泵站进行调试，检查其启动、停止和自动调节功能。
First, we will commission the pump station to check its start, stop, and automatic regulation functions.3.紧接着，我们将进行高速运行试验，检验水轮机和发电机的运转稳定性。
Next, we will conduct high-speed operation tests to check the running stability of the turbine and generator.4.然后，我们将进行水库和压力隧道的压力测试，确保其承压能力和安全性。
Then, we will perform pressure tests on the reservoir and pressure tunnel to ensure their pressure-bearing capacity and safety.5.同时，还需要对输水管道和冷却系统进行泄漏测试以及稳定性检查。
At the same time, it is necessary to conduct leak tests and stability checks on the water supply pipeline and cooling system.6.接着，我们将对变压器和开关设备进行电气性能测试，确保其运行正常。
质量管理体系专业英语
一组质量管理体系术语(中英双语English Chinesereceipt (入厂接受,验收，进货handling 搬运packaging 包装storage 保存protection 保护comparison 比较identification 标识replacement of identification mark 标识标志更换maintenance of identification 标识的保持records of identification control 标识控制记录tender 标书normative document 标准文件supplemental 补充nonconforming product 不合格品control of nonconforming product 不合格品控制control procedure of nonconforming products 不合格品控制程序tendency of nonconformance 不合格倾向purchasing 采购verification of purchased product 采购的产品验证purchasing process 采购过程purchasing control procedure 采购控制程序purchasing information 采购信息reference standard 参照标准reference instructions 参照细则stockhouse 仓库measurement，analysis and improvement 测量,分析和改进measurement result 测量结果control procedure of monitoring and measuring devices 测量设备控制程序planning 策划preservation of product 产品保护control procedure for maintenance, replacement and records of product identification 产品标识的保持, 更换及记录控制程序procedure for product identification and traceability 产品标识和可追溯性程序conformity of product 产品的符合性monitoring and measurement of product 产品的监督和测量product plan 产品方案control procedure for product preservation 产品防护控制程序method of product release 产品放行方法conformity of product,product conformity 产品符合性product realization 产品实现planning of product realization 产品实现策划product characteristics 产品特性input to product requirements 产品要求的输入product status 产品状态final acceptance of product 产品最后验收procedure 程序program documents 程叙文件continual improvement 持续改进procedure for continual improvement of quality management system 持续改进质量体系程序adequacy 充分性storage location 存放地点agency personnel 代理人员submission of tenders 递交标书adjustment 调整,调节statutory and regulatory requirements 法律法规要求rework，vt 返工repair, vt 返修subcontractor 分承包方annex 附录improvement 改进improvement actions 改进措施on —the-job training 岗位技能培训responsibility of individual department and post 各部门，各岗位职责change identification 更改标记change order number 更改单编号process sheets 工艺单process specification 工艺规程procedure(process card 工艺规程(工艺卡process characteristics 工艺特性Job Description Format 工种描述单work environment 工作环境impartiality 公正性functional requirements 功能要求supplier 供方supplier evaluation procedure 供方评价程序supplier provided special processes 供方提供的特殊过程verification at supplier's premises 供方现场验证supply chain 供应链criteria for supplier selection, evaluation and re-evaluation 供应商选择、评估和再评估准则communication 沟通customer 顾客customer property 顾客财产control procedure for customer property 顾客财产控制程序customer feedback 顾客反馈Customer Service Contact Form 顾客服务联系表customer cummunications 顾客沟通customer satisfaction 顾客满意statistical analysis of customer satisfaction 顾客满意度统计分析customer complaint 顾客投诉identificaion of customer requirements 顾客要求的识别management review 管理评审records from management review 管理评审记录management review control procedure 管理评审控制程序management representative 管理者代表management responsibility 管理职责specified limits of acceptability 规定的可接受界限specified use 规定的用途process 过程complexity of processes 过程的复杂性monitoring and measurement of processes 过程的监视和测量operation of process 过程的运行status of processes 过程的状态process approach 过程方法process controls 过程控制process control documents 过程控制文件process performance 过程业绩appropriateness 合适性changes to contractor 合同的更改contract review control procedure 合同评审控制程序internet sales 互联网销售environmental conditions 环境条件monogram pragram requirements 会标纲要要求type of activities 活动类型infrastructure 基础建设infrastructure 基础设施fundamentals and vocabulary 基础与词汇control of records 记录控制technical specificaion 技术规范process trace sheet 加工跟踪单monitoring and measurement 监视和测量monitoring and measuring device 监视和测量装置control of monitoring and measuring devices 监视和测量装置控制check method 检查方法frequency of checks 检查频次calibration status 检定状态inspection and test control procedure 检验和试验控制程序identification procedure for inspection and test status 检验和试验状态标识程序inspection witness point 检验见证点inspection hold point 检验住手点buildings 建造物delivery 交付post —delivery activities 交付后的活动delivery activities 交付活动interface 接口acceptance of contract or orders 接受合同或者定单type of medium 介质类型experience 经验correction action 纠正措施Corrective action response time 纠正措施答复时间,纠正措施响应时间management procedure for corrective actions 纠正措施管理程序corrective action response times 纠正措施响应时间development activity 开辟活动traceability mark 可追溯性标志objectivity 客观性Customer Service Log 客户服务记录簿control feature 控制特性，控制细节control features 控制细则periodic assessment of stock 库存定期评估justification 理由routine 例程，惯例,常规质量职能分配表论证范围internal communication 内部沟通internal audit 内部审核internal audit procedure 内部审核程序internally controlled standard 内控标准internal audit 内审results of internal and external audits 内外部审核结果competence 能力training 培训training needs 培训需要evaluate 评价records of the results of the review 评审结果的记录review output 评审输出review input 评审输入Purchase Requisition 请购单authority 权限validation 确认concession 让步human resources 人力资源job training of personnel 人员岗位培训qualification of personnel 人员资格equipment control procedure 设备控制程序device type 设备类型order of design changes 设计更改通知单design and development control procedure 设计和开辟控制程序design and development 设计开辟design and development planning 设计开辟策划control of design and development changes 设计开辟更改控制design and development review 设计开辟评审design and development validation 设计开辟确认design and development outputs 设计开辟输出design and development inputs 设计开辟输入design and development verification 设计开辟验证design validation 设计确认design documentation 设计文件编制design acceptance criteria 设计验收准则design verification 设计验证audit program 审核大纲conduct of audits 审核行为audit criteria 审核准则production process control 生产过程控制production process control procedure 生产过程控制程序production and service provision 生产和服务提供control of production and service provision 生产和服务提供的控制validation of processes for production and service provision 生产和服务提供过程的确认production order 生产令identification and traceability 识别和可追溯性identification and traceability maintenance and replacement 识别和可追溯性维护与替换invalidate 使失效market survey 市场调研suitability 适宜性scope 合用范围controlled condition 受控状态terms and definitions 术语与定义analysis of data 数据分析sequence 顺序transfer of ownership 所有权转移system document 体系文件statistical technique 统计方法outsource(vt a process 外包过程external source 外部来源documents of external origin 外来文件outsource，vt 外协unique identification 惟一的标识maintenance 维护Document Change Control 文件更改控制Request For Document Change (RDC 文件更改需求单control of documents 文件控制documentation requirements 文件要求enquiry 问询,询价field nonconformity analysis 现场不符合分析relevance 相关性interaction 相互作用detail design 详细设计，详图设计，零件设计,施工设计sales department 销售部sales contract 销售合同checklist 校验表,一览表,检查一览表calibration 校准submission of action plans 行动计划的递交documented procedures 形成文件的程序documented statement 形成文件的声明performance requirements 性能要求licensee responsibilities 许可证持有者责任acceptance criteria 验收准则verification arrangement 验证安排verification results 验证结果customer focus 以客户为关注点, 以客户为焦点awareness 意识introduction 引言，概述,介绍normative references 引用标准application 应用visit to user 用户访问review of requirements related to the product 有关产品的要求评审competent 有能力的effectiveness 有效性determination of requirements related to the product 与产品有关的要求的确定customer —related processes 与顾客有关的过程preventive action 预防措施management procedure for preventive actions 预防措施管理程序planned results 预期的结果intended use 预期的用途procedure for competence，knowledge and training of personnel 员工能力，知识和培训程序personnel training procedure 员工培训程序supporting services 支持性服务functions 职能部门responsibility 职责assignment of responsibility 职责分工workmanship 创造工艺manufacturing acceptance criteria 创造验收准则quality policy 质量方针quality programs 质量纲领quality management system 质量管理体系quality management system planning 质量管理体系策划performance of the quality management system 质量管理体系业绩quality plan 质量计划quality records 质量记录quality objectives 质量目标quality audit 质量审核quality manual 质量手册quality problem handling form 质量问题处理单quality requirements 质量要求allocation table of quality responsibilities 质量职能分配表availability of resources 资源的可获得性resource management 资源管理allocation of resources 资源配置provision of resources 资源提供general requirements 总要求，普通要求constituent part 组成部件organization 组织continual improvement of the organization 组织的持续改进size of organization 组织的规模Organizational Diagram 组织机构图final acceptance 最终验收work instructions 作业指导书。
2023年山东省高考英语真题及答案解析
2023年山东省高考英语真题及答案解析本试卷共12页。
考试结束后, 将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
注意事项: 1. 答题前, 考生先将自己的姓名、准考证号码填写清楚, 将条形码准确粘贴在考生信息条形码粘贴区。
2. 选择题必须使用2B铅笔填涂; 非选择题必须使用0.5毫米黑色字迹的签字笔书写, 字体工整、笔迹清楚。
3. 请按照题号顺序在答题卡各题目的答题区域内作答, 超出答题区域书写的答案无效; 在草稿纸、试卷上答题无效。
4. 作图可先使用铅笔画出, 确定后必须用黑色字迹的签字笔描黑。
5. 保持卡面清洁, 不要折叠, 不要弄破、弄皱, 不准使用涂改液、修正带、刮纸刀。
第一部分听力（1-20小题）在笔试结束后进行。
第二部分阅读(共两节，满分50分)第一节(共15小题;每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
ABike Rental & Guided ToursWelcome to Amsterdam, welcome to MacBike. You see much more from the seat of a bike! Cycling is the most economical, sustainable and fun way to explore the city, with its beautiful canals, parks, squares and countless lights. You can also bike along lovely landscapes outside of Amsterdam.Why MacBikeMacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam. With over 2,500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at strategic locations, we make sure there is always a bike available for you. We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with foot brake (刹车), bikes with hand brake and gears (排挡), bikes with child seats, and children’s bikes.PricesGuided City ToursThe 2.5-hour tour covers the Gooyer Windmill, the Skinny Bridge, the Rijksmuseum, Heineken Brewery and much more. The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour, starting at 1:00 pm every day. You can buy your ticket in a MacBike shop or book online.1. What is an advantage of MacBike?A. It gives children a discount.B. It of offers many types of bikes.C. It organizes free cycle tours.D. It has over 2,500 rental shops.2. How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days?A. €15.75.B. €19.50.C. €22.75.D. €29.50.3. Where does the guided city tour start?A. The Gooyer, Windmill.B. The Skinny Bridge.C. Heineken Brewery.D. Dam Square.BWhen John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A dirty stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge (污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it! Within weeks it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse — like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou, a city in southeast China.“Ecological design” is the name John gives to what he does. “Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,” he says. “You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”4. What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs?A. He was fond of traveling.B. He enjoyed being alone.C. He had an inquiring mind.D. He longed to be a doctor.5. Why did John put the sludge into the tanks?A. To feed the animals.B. To build an ecosystem.C. To protect the plants.D. To test the eco-machine.6. What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou?A. To review John’s research plans.B. T o show an application of John’s idea.C. To compare John’s different jobs.D. To erase doubts about John’s invention.7. What is the basis for John’s work?A. Nature can repair itself.B. Organisms need water to survive.C. Life on Earth is diverse.D. Most tiny creatures live in groups.CThe goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.To do so, I divided the book into two parts. In part one, I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy: the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.In the final chapter of part one, I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so, I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hear these participants’ stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate (培养) a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters, I examine issues such as the importance of solitude (独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.8. What is the book aimed at?A. Teaching critical thinking skills.B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.C. Solving philosophical problems.D. Promoting the use of a digital device.9. What does the underlined word “declutter” in paragraph 3 mean?A. Clear-up.B. Add-on.C. Check-in.D.Take-over.10. What is presented in the final chapter of part one?A. Theoretical models.B. Statistical methods.C. Practical examples.D. Historical analyses.11. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two?A. Use them as needed.B. Recommend them to friends.C. Evaluate their effects.D. Identify the ideas behind them.DOn March 7, 1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds” effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren’t always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won’t cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estima tes be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the accuracy of the estimate will go down.But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist (转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have a discussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.” Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.12. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?A. The methods of estimation.B. The underlying logic of the effect.C. The causes of people’s errors.D. The design of Galton’s experiment.13. Na vajas’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if ________.A. the crowds were relatively smallB. there were occasional underestimatesC. individuals did not communicateD. estimates were not fully independent14. What did the follow-up study focus on?A. The size of the groups.B. The dominant members.C. The discussion process.D. The individual estimates.15. What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’ studies?A. Unclear.B. Dismissive.C. Doubtful.D. Approving.第二节(共5小题;每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
江苏小微企业危险废物平台操作流程
江苏小微企业危险废物平台操作流程1.小微企业登录江苏危险废物平台的方式有多种，可以选择使用统一社会信用代码或者工商注册号进行登录。
Small and micro enterprises have multiple ways to log in to the Jiangsu hazardous waste platform, they can choose to log in using their unified social credit code or business registration number.2.登录成功后，小微企业可以查看平台上关于危险废物处理和处置的相关信息，包括政策法规、操作指南等。
After successful login, small and micro enterprises can view relevant information on hazardous waste treatment and disposal on the platform, including policies, regulations, operation guides, etc.3.小微企业需要填写申请表格，并提供相关证明文件以申请使用江苏危险废物平台进行废物处理。
Small and micro enterprises need to fill out the application form and provide relevant supporting documents to apply for using the Jiangsu hazardous waste platform for waste treatment.4.申请表格一旦提交后，平台管理员会进行审核，并在一定时间内给予答复。
Once the application form is submitted, the platform administrator will review it and provide a response within a certain period of time.5.若申请通过，小微企业可以开始在平台上发布关于危险废物处理的需求信息。
安全设施设计专篇 审查流程
安全设施设计专篇审查流程1.安全设施设计专篇审查流程是非常重要的。
The review process of safety facility design is very important.2.首先需要明确定义安全设施的类型和功能。
First, it is necessary to define the types and functions of safety facilities.3.确保安全设施符合当地的法规和标准要求。
Ensure that safety facilities comply with local regulations and standards.4.评估安全设施的可靠性和持久性。
Evaluate the reliability and durability of safety facilities.5.检查安全设施的安装位置和布局是否合理。
Check if the installation location and layout of safety facilities are reasonable.6.确认安全设施是否易于使用和维护。
Confirm if safety facilities are easy to use and maintain.7.检查安全设施的警示标识和指示说明是否清晰可见。
Check if the warning signs and instructions for safety facilities are clearly visible.8.确认安全设施的使用方式是否符合人体工程学原则。
Confirm if the usage of safety facilities complies with ergonomic principles.9.检查安全设施的供电和通信系统是否稳定可靠。
Check if the power supply and communication systems of safety facilities are stable and reliable.10.确保安全设施的选择和设计符合特定工作场所的需求。
CEJ-D-11-03258
*Highlights
Highlights:
A TiO2 pillared montmorillonite (TiO2/MMT) has been successful synthesized. The TiO2/MMT contained anatase TiO2 in the interlayer and on the external surface. These anatase TiO2 nanoparticles were responsible for arsenic photoactive sorption. Without UV light, 4.58 mg of As(III) and 4.86 mg As(V) were removed by TiO2/MMT. With UV light, the sorption capacities of As(III) and As(V) were increased. The TiO2/MMT is a promising adsorbent in arsenic-contaminated groundwater.
Chemical Engineering Journal Manuscript Draft Manuscript Number: CEJ-D-11-03258 Title: TiO2 pillared montmorillonite as a photoactive adsorbent of arsenic under UV irradiation Article Type: Original Article Section/Category: Environmental Chemical Engineering Keywords: Titanium dioxide; Pillared montmorillonite; Arsenic; Adsorption; Photocatalysis Abstract: A TiO2 pillared montmorillonite (TiO2/MMT) adsorbent was used to remove As(III) and As(V) from aqueous solution with or without UV irradiation. The adsorption kinetics, role of pH, effect of UV, and column experiments are discussed herein. The Ti-polyoxocations in pillared montmorillonite were crystallised to anatase in the interlayer and on the external surface with hydrothermal treatment. The anatase TiO2 exhibited not only an improved arsenic adsorption capacity, but also enhanced photocatalytic efficiency. The TiO2/MMT adsorbent was characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and nitrogen adsorption-desorption techniques. The interlayer d-spacing and BET-specific surface area increased after intercalation of TiO2 in montmorillonite. Without UV irradiation, 4.58 mg of As(III) and 4.86 mg As(V) were removed by TiO2/MMT. With UV irradiation, the adsorption capacities of As(III) and As(V) were 5.19 and 5.16 mg g−1, respectively, and the equilibrium concentrations of both As(III) and As(V) were below 10 µg L−1. In addition, column experiments of arsenic-contaminated groundwater removal were conducted using granular TiO2/MMT packed in a 10-cm-ID column with initial arsenic concentrations of 120, 220 and 410 µg L−1. The results indicated that TiO2/MMT is a promising adsorbent for As(III) and As(V) removal from arsenic-contaminated water.
Sample_Technical_Check
<Journal Name><Manuscript Title>Dear Editor,Thank you for your useful comments and suggestions on the language and structure of our manuscript. We have modified the manuscript accordingly, and detailed corrections are listed below point by point:1)In its current state, the level of English throughout your manuscript does not meet the journal'srequired standard. Authors have the responsibility to present their papers in good Englishwhich can be understood by the journal's readership without difficulty.9We have revised the WHOLE manuscript carefully and tried to avoid any grammar or syntax error. In addition, we have asked several colleagues who are skilled authors ofEnglish language papers to check the English. We believe that the language is nowacceptable for the review process.2)Please note that your abstract (250 words) has exceeded the maximum length of 150 words forresearch articles in this journal.9The abstract has been revised and its word count is now 149.3)Figures should be cited in sequential order in the main text. In your manuscript, Fig. 6 isprovided but not cited. Please check and revise accordingly.9Now all figures are provided and cited in sequence in the main text.4) A cover letter should include the following statement: the manuscript has not been previouslypublished, is not currently submitted for review to any other journal, and will not be submitted elsewhere before a decision is made by this journal. This is not seen in your cover letter.9The required information is now included in the cover letter.5)The manuscript, including references, figure captions and tables, should be typewritten inuniform lettering and sizing, and with double spacing throughout.9We now have used uniform lettering and sizing throughout the manuscript, with double spacing.6)Please note that the reference style must conform strictly to the journal’s Guide for Authors.To specify one problem in the reference list provided, journal names are not abbreviated andpage span not provided.9We have checked all the references and formatted them strictly according to the Guide for Authors. Especially, journal names have been abbreviated and page span provided.The manuscript has been resubmitted to your journal. We look forward to your positive response.<Signature>Note: This sample sheet demonstrates how the “Responses to Technical Check Results” should be composed. It may differ from the requirements of the journal you submitted to. Please follow the “Technical Check Results” sent to you when revising your manuscript and refer to the specific journal’s Guide for Authors if necessary.。
医疗设备故障处理方法及处理流程
医疗设备故障处理方法及处理流程1.当医疗设备发生故障时，应立即停止使用并通知相关人员。
When medical equipment malfunctions, it should be stopped immediately and relevant personnel should be notified.2.确保现场安全，避免对患者造成任何风险。
Ensure the safety of the site and avoid any risks to the patients.3.检查设备是否正确连接电源和其他相关线路。
Check if the equipment is properly connected to power and other related circuits.4.关闭设备电源，并拔掉电源插头，确保设备不会继续运行。
Turn off the power of the equipment and unplug the power plug to ensure that the equipment does not continue to operate.5.根据设备手册或相关文件，查找故障排除方法。
Refer to the equipment manual or related documents to find troubleshooting methods.6.如果无法自行处理故障，立即联系设备维修人员或厂家服务支持。
If the malfunction cannot be handled by oneself, immediately contact the equipment maintenance personnel or the manufacturer's service support.7.在维修人员抵达之前，尽量不操作设备或任何可能影响故障的部件。
Before the maintenance personnel arrive, try not to operate the equipment or any parts that may affect the malfunction.8.如果可能的话，记录下故障出现的具体情况和细节，以便维修人员了解整个情况。
FortiADC
A PPLICATION D ELIVERY C ONTROLLER FortiADC™ 4.0 Release Notesfor D Series Models & FortiADC-VMFortiADC™ 4.0 Release Notes for D Series Models & FortiADC-VMApril 3, 2014Revision 1Copyright© 2014 Fortinet, Inc. All rights reserved. Fortinet®, FortiGate®, FortiCare® and FortiGuard® and certain other marks are registered trademarks of Fortinet, Inc., and other Fortinet names herein may also be registered and/or common law trademarks of Fortinet. All other product or company names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Performance and other metrics contained herein were attained in internal lab tests under ideal conditions, and actual performance and other results may vary. Network variables, different network environments and other conditions may affect performance results. Nothing herein represents any binding commitment by Fortinet, and Fortinet disclaims all warranties, whether express or implied, except to the extent Fortinet enters a binding written contract, signed by Fortinet’s General Counsel, with a purchaser that expressly warrants that the identified product will perform according to certain expressly-identified performance metrics and, in such event, only the specific performance metrics expressly identified in such binding written contract shall be binding on Fortinet. For absolute clarity, any such warranty will be limited to performance in the same ideal conditions as in Fortinet’s internal lab tests. Fortinet disclaims in full any covenants, representations, and guarantees pursuant hereto, whether express or implied. Fortinet reserves the right to change, modify, transfer, or otherwise revise this publication without notice, and the most current version of the publication shall be applicable.Technical Documentation Knowledge Base Forums https:///forums Customer Service & Support https://Training FortiGuard Threat Research & Response License Agreement /doc/legal/EULA.pdf Document Feedback Email: *********************Table of contentsIntroduction (4)What’s new (5)Upgrade instructions (6)Hardware model & VM support (6)Upgrading from release 3.2.1 (6)Upgrading from release 3.0.0, 3.1.0, or 3.2.0 (6)Upgrading from releases earlier than 3.0 (6)Rebuilding the logging database (6)Resolved issues (7)Known issues (8)Image checksums (11)Fortinet 3 FortiADC™ 4.0 Release NotesIntroductionThis document provides a list of new and changed features, upgrade instructions and caveats,resolved issues, and known issues for FortiADC™ 4.0 build 0004 for D series models andFortiADC-VM.FortiADC provides load balancing, both locally and globally, and application delivery control.For additional documentation, please visit:/fadc.htmlFortinet 4 FortiADC™ 4.0 Release NotesWhat’s newBefore upgrading, review the following changes for impact to your unique network.•VDOMs –Virtual Domains (VDOMs) allow you to divide a FortiADC into two or more virtual units that are configured and function independently. The administrator for each VDOMcan view and manage the configuration for his or her domain. The admin administratorhas access to all VDOM configurations.•Caching – A RAM cache is a cache of HTTP objects stored in FortiADC's system RAM that are reused by subsequent connections to reduce the amount of load on the back-endservers.•IP Reputation – You can now block source IP addresses that have a poor reputation using data from the FortiGuard IP Reputation Service.•Layer 2 server load balancing – Load balance layer 3 routers, gateways or firewalls.Useful when the request’s destination IP is unknown and connections need to be loadbalanced between multiple next hop gateways. Supports HTTP, HTTPS and TCPS profilesonly.•Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) support – The new OSPF feature allows FortiADC to learn dynamic routes from or redistribute routes to neighboring routers.•HTTPS profile type for virtual servers – The HTTPS profile type provides a standalone HTTPS profile and replaces the need to use an HTTP profile with SSL checked.•Consistent Hash IP – The persistence policy type Hash IP has changed to Consistent Hash IP. Consistent hashing allows FortiADC to achieve session persistence moreefficiently than traditional hashing.•Enhanced logso FortiADC now supports a third type of log – attack log.o You can now download log messages using the FortiADC web UI.o The format of logs has changed. Because of this format change, if you upgradefrom FortiADC 3.x, use the execute log-rebuild command to rebuild the logdatabase.o FortiADC now exports log reports in HTML or PDF format only. RTF and plain textreports are no longer supported.Fortinet 5 FortiADC™ 4.0 Release NotesUpgrade instructionsHardware model & VM supportFortiADC™ 4.0 for D series models supports:•FortiADC 200D•FortiADC 1500D•FortiADC 2000D•FortiADC 4000D•FortiADC-VMUpgrading from release 3.2.1Upgrade from FortiADC 3.2.1, build 0154, using the web UI or CLI via SSH/Telnet. Due to logformat changes the log database needs to be rebuilt after the upgrade. See instruction below.Upgrading from release 3.0.0, 3.1.0, or 3.2.0To upgrade from FortiADC 3.0-3.2.0, first upgrade to 3.2.1, build 0154. Then follow theinstructions for upgrading from 3.2.1 using a clean install.Upgrading from releases earlier than 3.0Upgrading from releases prior to FortiADC 3.0 is not supported. Contact support for additionalinstructionsRebuilding the logging databaseTo support the new log message format, after you upgrade from a previous version, use theexecute log-rebuild command to rebuild the logging database.Fortinet 6 FortiADC™ 4.0 Release NotesResolved issuesThe resolved issues listed below do not list every bug that has been corrected with thisrelease. For inquires about a particular bug, please contact Fortinet Customer Service &Support.Table 1: Resolved issuesBug ID Description0222954 At times the system clock is faster than a normal clock0231963 FortiADC returns an empty reply on a specific query if Traffic Log isenabledFortinet 7 FortiADC™ 4.0 Release NotesKnown issuesThis section lists the known issues of this release, but is not a complete list. For inquires abouta particular bug, please contact Fortinet Customer Service & Support.Table 2: Known issuesBug ID Description0224253 Virtual server statistic files fills up the /tmp space0216943 Daemon 'update' continuously sent DNS requests0209152 Response delays when Syn Cookie is enabled and DDoS attack is inprogress0222675 When LLB and “rt-cache-reverse” are enabled traffic can be routed viareverse interface even when there's no route defined0221177 Cannot change an existing 'destination' entry to blank in Policy Route0220531 QoS not working properly when using an IP range0219247 Changing QoS configuration can cause existing sessions to hang forseveral seconds0209896 FTP data connections hang0222414 Adding a new LLB gateway or enabling/disabling an interface effectsexisting traffic0224375 Incorrect LLB source NAT when traffic rebalanced upon gateway re-balancing0214421,Issues viewing logs after generating a report02242420223699 System time does not correctly sync to the HA standby appliance0223497 L7 persistence information does not sync to the HA standby afterfailover0208499 Configuration restore does not work properly in HA clusters0220819 Subtype column filter in log tab does not filter correctly0221002 Protocol column filter in log tab does not work0210637 Upgrade from FortiADC 2.0 might crash the system0194525 HA standby flash drive deletedFortinet 8 FortiADC™ 4.0 Release Notes0204359 NTLM authentication fails0209761 IPv6 connection limit fails when output interface set to ‘all’0208497 All HA appliances will stay in standby if their age is the same andoverride is disabled0208499 HA configuration restoration does not work properly0207477 ‘Unset monitor’ fails in HA mode0236374 Cannot upgrade 200D to FortiADC 4.0 build 0002 using the web UI236603 If you create a VDOM and delete it soon after, the system reboots0236920 Should add the 'backup/restore full-configuration ' command to thebackup/restore the certificate, error page0236798 When network interface is configured with an IPv6 address, snmpaccess does not work0236778 A VDOM admin should be allowed to use the diagnose and executecommands0236928 If an IPv6 network interface address is used as a virtual server address,the IPv6 address does not work after a reboot.0237106 After deleting a network interface's IPv6 address, the correspondingroute is not deleted0237110 netd crashed after configuring a L4 virtual server with a full-NAT IP poolthat uses the same interface0224873 When link-aggregate is enabled, configuration restore fails0220545 Cannot delete VLAN interface when it is used in a static route0236612 Interface is set as a physical interface after enabling VDOM and creatingan aggregate interface0237285 Add secondary IP function is needed when configuring interface IPaddress0236775 Cannot view log from web UI0220759 'communication failure' or 'communication failure(store)'is oftendisplayed when viewing log0236773 Daemon 'mysqld' frequently restarts0236410 The daemons 'flg_accessd' and 'mysqld' are busy even though there islog generation or indexing activity0236427 In web UUI, cannot set the HTTP and HTTPS healthcheck match type to'string'Fortinet 9 FortiADC™ 4.0 Release Notes0237099 For a virtual server, cannot use both the web UI and CLI to add multiplerouting/rewrite list0236777 Super admin user can change the IP reputation configuration using theCLI but not the web UI0236605 OSPF does not work in 'VDOM disable' mode0236581 OSPFD crashes0236389 The backup server function does not work for a L4 virtual server0233389 The backup server function does not work for a Radius virtual server0236636 Administrative access via a dynamic interface (such as PPPoE, DHCP)does not work0236638 Web UI should have attack log option on remote log configuration page0236403 Dynamic detection for a link load balancing proximity route does notwork0237281 Layer 2 virtual server should not rely on route to serverFortinet 10 FortiADC™ 4.0 Release NotesFortinet 11FortiADC™ 4.0 Release NotesImage checksumsTo verify the integrity of the firmware file, use a checksum tool and compute the firmware file’sMD5 checksum. Compare it with the checksum indicated by Fortinet. If the checksums match,the file is intact.MD5 checksums for Fortinet software and firmware releases are available from FortinetCustomer Service & Support. After logging in to the web site, near the bottom of the page,click the Firmware Image Checksums button. (The button appears only if one or more of yourdevices has a current support contract.) In the File Name field, enter the firmware image filename including its extension, then click Get Checksum Code.Figure 1: Customer Service & Support image checksum tool。
Sample_Technical_Check投稿技术审核
Note: This sample sheet demonstrates how the “Responses to Technical Check Results” should be composed. It may differ from the requirements of the journal you submitted to. Please follow the “Technical Check Results” sent to you when revising your manuscript and refer to the specific journal’s Guide for Authors if necessary to create your “Responses” sheet, and DO NOT upload this sample sheet.<JOURNAL TITLE><MANUSCRIPT TITLE>Dear editor,Thank you for your useful comments and suggestions on the language and the structure of our manuscript. We have modified the manuscript accordingly, and the detailedcorrections are listed below point by point:1)In its current state, the level of English throughout your manuscript does notmeet the journal's required standard. Authors have the responsibility topresent their papers in good English which can be understood by the journal'sreadership.9We revised the WHOLE manuscript carefully to avoid language errors. In addition, we asked several colleagues who are skilled authors to checkthe English. We believe that the language is now acceptable for thereview process.2)Please note that your abstract (250 words) exceeds the maximum length of 150words for research article.9The abstract has been revised and the word count is now 149.3)Figures should be cited sequentially in the text. Fig. 6 is provided, but notcited; please check and revise accordingly.9Now all figures are provided and cited sequentially in the text.4)The cover letter provided should include the following: the manuscript has notbeen previously published, is not currently submitted for review to any otherjournal, and will not be submitted elsewhere before one decision is made.9The required information has been included in the cover letter.5)Type the whole manuscript with uniform lettering and sizing, and with doubleline spacing, including references, figure captions and tables.9We have typed the whole manuscript in uniform lettering and sizing, and with double line spacing.6)Please note that the reference list must conform strictly to the Guide forAuthors. Journal names should be abbreviated and page span should be provided.9We have checked all the references and formatted them strictly according to the Guide for Authors. Especially the journal names have beenabbreviated and page span provided.The manuscript has been resubmitted to your journal. We look forward to your positive response.<Signature>1。
SCI 投稿经历
今天收到邮件，我的一篇Journal of Applied Physics 论文已被接收，心情当时还是有点激动。
虽然这个杂志的影响因子不是很高，大概2.2左右吧，这也不是我的第一篇SCI论文，但回想这一年发文章的坎坎坷坷，以及亲身经历的四川大地震，心里还是有很多的感触。
这篇论文是我在2008年二月份完成的最初稿，于二月九号投到Physics Letters A上，在经历了Technical check，with editor，under review后，于三月二十号收到编辑的决定信，当时就傻了－拒稿！受打击了。
下面是编辑的信以及审稿意见，我想把它贴出来与虫友们分享，一方面我认为，通过看审稿人的意见，可以帮助大家更好地写作，提高自己的科研水平和能力，另一方面也是答谢小木虫上很多无私的虫友们，是他们将自己的投稿经历贴在网上，与大家分享，我想我没有理由不拿出来哈！同时，也希望小木虫的虫子们能继续发扬这种精神，大家同舟共济，共同提高！好了，废话说了一大堆，不说了，下面是Physics Letters A 的审稿意见：Ms. Ref. No.: ××××××Title: ×××××Physics Letters ADear professor ××,Reviewers' comments on your work have now been received. You will see that they are advising against publication of your work. Therefore I must reject it.For your guidance, I append the reviewers' comments below.Thank you for giving us the opportunity to consider your work.Yours sincerely,×××（编辑名）EditorPhysics Letters AReviewers' comments:Reviewer #2: ManuscriptThe authors present results of the 3D electron potential ofa gated quantum point contact in a AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure.In contrast to earlier studies, it is now possible to derive thepotential landshape without any adjustable parameter. The resultsstill agree with earlier investigations using simpler phenomenologicalmodels. Since the used nextnano3 program is available since acouple of years, I wonder why this has not been done earlier.The authors emphasize an application of their results. Havingthe complete potential landshape might help, in the future,to better understand the quantized acoustoelectric current inSETSAW devices and to improve their performance.However, the authors do not show or even discuss how this canbe achieved. Therefore I believe that in the present form the paperis not suitable for publication.The authors should consider the following suggestions, questions,and remarks.1) Page 1, first paragraph'... due to the negatively applied gate voltage ...'. It is the SAWthat drives the electrons through the contact, not the gate voltage.Maybe replace this sentence by '..., depending on the applied gatevoltage'.2) Page 3, paragraph starting with 'Generally, the quantized ...''... with fixed x = 1050 nm and ...'. Skip the '.0'. One could addthat this is exactly at the center of the device.3) At the end of the same paragraph is '... once the bias is below ...'Should this not be the gate instead of the bias voltage?4) Page 4, paragraph starting with 'As we know, in the ...''... To be different from previous calculations ...' replace by'... In contrast to previous calculations ...'.5) The strongly different behaviour above and below the pinch-offvoltage is not obvious for the non-experts. All curves look moreor less the same. One could, for example, add another figure, orinsert, to show the potential height versus gate voltage.6) How do these theoretical results of potential height versus gatevoltage compare with experiments? There exists at least onereport to determine the potential height of quantum-point contactsbelow pinch-off as function of gate voltage (Gloos et al., Phys.Rev. B 73, 125326 (2006)). Possibly, one could also compare thepresent data with 3D simulations of quantum dots (Vasileska et al., Semicond. Sci. Technol. 13, A37 (1998)).7) Figure 1，It would be better to mark the distance between the two metal gatesas the relevant parameter, and not the size of one gate.8) Figure 3The numbering of the two density axes looks rather odd. Could it notbe done with integers, like 3 instead of 3.2 or 3.0?9) Figure 5 (b)Should there not be an anomaly or kink in the potential near the Fermilevel?在仔细读了审稿人的意见后，我觉得审稿人提出的5）和6)意见非常好，后来自己想想，决定把文章来个彻底的修改。
2023年湖北省武汉市统招专升本英语自考真题(含答案)
2023年湖北省武汉市统招专升本英语自考真题(含答案)一、单选题(20题)1.him do this job by himself（）A.Why don't letB.Why not lettingC.Why not letD.Why you not to let2.They are studying the Solar System's planet, Saturn, and its moons（）A.second largestB.two largestrgest secondrgest two3.Brass（黄铜）is ______ gold in color（）A.similar withB.familiar withC.familiar toD.similar to4.Before using your new pressure cooker, read the following（）carefullyA.noticesB.ordersC.advertisementD.instructions5.（）his last word, he got into a taxi and disappeared in no timeA.FinishingB.FinishedC.Having finishedD.To finish6.The travelers are going to Taiwan,（）they plan to stay for two or three daysA.thatB.whichC.whenD.where7.It wasn’t such a good dinner（）she had promised usA.thatB.whichC.asD.what8.After a long walk on a hot day, one often feels ______（）A.exhaustiveB.exhaustingC.exhaustD.exhausted9.really worries George is that his parents expect too much of him（）A.WhatB.ThisC.WhicheverD.It10.—What do you think of the professor's speech?—I was listening very carefully but I could not everything he said. He spoke too many local idioms（）A.take onB.take inC.take upD.take over11.The grain output of this year is much higher than _____ of last year（）A.thatB.suchC.whichD.what12.The black coal there is a sharp ____ white snow（）A.contract withB.content withC.contact toD.contrast to13.It was____________ of you not to disturb these old people late at night（）A.patientB.considerateC.deliberateD.modest14.Listening is an active, not a _______, behaviour consisting of hearing, understanding and remembering（）A.considerateB.sensitiveC.reliableD.passive15.What would have happened（）as far as the river bankA.Bob had walked fartherB.if Bob should walk fartherC.had Bob walked fartherD.if Bob walked farther16.The secretary worked late into night,（）a long speech for the presidentA.preparingB.to prepareC.preparedD.was preparing17.______ on time according to the instruction, these pills will be quite effective（）A.TakingB.Being takenC.TakenD.Having taken18._____ finished his work, he had to stay at home on the weekend（）A.Having not beenB.Being notC.Not havingD.Having not19.______ from far away, the 600meter tower is stretching into the sky（）A.SeeB.SeeingC.To seeD.Seen20.People living in cities _______ to suffer from stress more than people in the countryside（）A.intendB.leanC.tendD.incline二、选词填空题(10题)21.3.____22.Students at university can learn and make friends 1 will last a lifetime.However,the cost of studying is on the rise.This increase means that most students can get into money trouble 2 they do not know how to manage their money. It is not just the course fees.Students must also 3 for room and board.In addition,they may spend money 4 clothes,travel,and other things. Thus,students need to budget 5 .At most universities teachers can give students suggestions on how to spend their money.The first thing they suggest is to write down your 6 ,for example,the money you will get from your family or a part-time job.Then list all of your expenses.Put your expenses into two 7 : those that change (food,books,travel),and those that will stay the same (tuition,room and board).Add together all of your expenses. When you do this,you find it is 8 to plan out your budget.This means you can save your money,rather than trying to 9 from others.As you can see,there is more to learn at university than just 10 is taught in the classroom.____23.Researchers have found that people who go to concerts,shows and museums can live longer than 1 who do not.Experts from University College London have been examining the lifestyles of over 6,700 British people 2 15 years.They 3 how often the people went out and what kinds of events they attended.They found that people over 50 years old 4 regularly went to concerts were about 30 percent 5 likely to die over the next 14 years.The researchers said the over50s could extend their life 6 engaging with the arts.In addition to living longer concertgoers could also have more fun. The UK Health Secretary Matt Hancock believes there could be a lot of 7 in the research.He said arts and culture could 8 things like mental health,aging and loneliness.He 9 announced plans for the UK’s National Health Service to use the arts to help people live a healthier life.One researcher said,“Our results highlight the importance of 10 to explore new social factors that affect our health.” 1.____三、情景对话(10题)24.6.____25.3（）A.What do you think is to happen?B.People have been talking of it recentlyC.Is there anything that we can do?D.Do you think it’s possible that it will happen?E.What’s the problem then26.75.____（）27.Mary: Hello! 71John: Sure, my name is John Smith and I'm from a small town called Brentwood in Essex which is in England.Mary: OK, Essex. 72John: That's in the southeast.Mary: Southeast?John: Yeah, yeah. It's attached to London, just next to London.Mary: Oh, OK, but you said it's a small town.John: It's relatively small.73Mary: Oh, when I think of a small British town, you know, I think of really old houses, and nothing's changed.74John: The cinema in Brentwood actually closed down, but it does have a very nice health centre and, as I said, lots of parks to play in.Mary:75A. The population is only about 50,000.B. Wow, it sounds like a nice place to live in.C. Which part of England is that?D. Do you have modern stuff, like a health club, a movie theatre or things like that?E. Can you introduce yourself, please71.____（）28.Kay: Hello. Sue!Sue: Hi. Kay!Kay: 71Sue: No. No one has told me about the match.72Kay: Although the opposing team was strong, our school won at last.Sue:73They are really good basketball players.Kay: Yes. They can play basketball better than others because they practice much more. I always see them practicing on the playground in the gym and sometimes running around the school track.Sue: 74Kay: Yes. And either John or Tim will be chosen as the Best School Athlete of the Year.Sue: Wow! 75Kay: I think so.A. Who won?B. How hard they practice!C. They are cool, aren't they?D. Did you go to see the basketball game yesterday?E. I know that both John and Tim are on the team71.____（）29.74.____（）30.73.____（）31.M: Do you think our manager is going to have a new factory built?W: I simply don't know.M: 71W: He may have plans, but he hasn't yet spoken to me about them.M: 72W: Of course. Right now we can't produce goods quickly. People have to wait six months for their goods.M: 73W: It's to find land to build the new factory. But some people don't want good agricultural land to be built on.M: 74W: Our manager will persuade the government to let him build a new factory. M: 75W: I don't think so. We just have to trust our manager.A. What do you think is to happen?B. People have been talking of it recently.C. Is there anything that we can do?D. Do you think it's possible that it will happen?E. What's the problem then71.____（）32.Peter: Good afternoon. My name is Peter. I'm the general manager of the personnel department. I'll be interviewing you. Please sit down.Jon: 71 My name's Jon Smith.Peter: Well, Jon, it's a pleasure to meet you.72Jon: I've been a manager at Nike for over three years. I won Manager of the Year Award two years ago, and I got promoted last August.Peter: OK. Tell me about yourself, such as your personality.Jon:73 I think before I act, and if something goes wrong in our company I always remain calm. I never shout at my employees. And I've never lost my temper.Peter: 74Jon: I think I'm good at solving problems.75 I also love challenges. I work well under pressure. When my boss pushes me to finish a project early, I always get it done and never complain.Peter: Jon, you seem like a very good manager. I like your ambition. You're very confident and motivated. Well, our interview is over.A. I enjoy approaching problems directly.B. Nice to meet you.C. What are your strengths?D. Tell me about your work experience.E. I think I'm very level-headed71.____（）33.Mary: Hello!1John: Sure, my name is John Smith and I’m from a small town called Brentwood in Essex which is in England.Mary: OK, Essex.2John: That’s in the southeast.Mary: Southeast?John: Yeah, yeah. It’s attached to London, just next to London.Mary: Oh, OK, but you said it’s a small town.John: It’s relatively small.3Mary: Oh, when I think of a small British town, you know, I think of really old houses, and nothing’s changed.4John: The cinema in Brentwood actually closed down, but it does have a very nice health centre and, as I said, lots of parks to play in.Mary:51（）A.The population is only about 50,000B.Wow, it sounds like a nice place to live inC.Which part of England is that?D.Do you have modern stuff, like a health club, a movie theatre or things like that?E.Can you introduce yourself, please四、翻译(10题)34. 这本书是我看过的最有趣的一本。
2023年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语(新课标Ⅰ卷)(含答案)
2023年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(新课标Ⅰ卷)英语学科本试卷共12页。
考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
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2.选择题必须使用2B铅笔填涂；非选择题必须使用0.5 毫米黑色字迹的签字笔书写，字体工整、笔迹清楚。
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第一部分听力(1-20 小题)在笔试结束后进行。
第二部分阅读(共两节，满分５０分)第一节 (共15小题;每小题2.5分,满分37.5分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
ABike Rental &Guided ToursWelcome to Amsterdam, welcome to MacBike. You see much more from the seat of a bike!Cycling is the most economical, sustainable and fun way to explore the city, with its beautiful canals, parks, squares and countless lights. You can also bike along lovely landscapes outside of Amsterdam.Why MacBikeMacBike has been around for almost 30 years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam. With over 2,500 bikes stored in our five rental shops at strategic locations, we make sure there is always a bike available for you. We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety, including basic bikes with foot brake (刹车), bikes with hand brake and gears(排挡), bikes with child seats, and children's bikes.PricesThe 2.5-hour tour covers the Gooyer Windmill, the Skinny Bridge, the Rijksmuseum, Heineken Brewery and much more. The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour, starting at 1:00 pm every day. You can buy your ticket in a MacBike shop or book online.1. What is an advantage of MacBike?A. It gives children a discount.B. It of offers many types of bikes.C. It organizes free cycle tours.D. It has over 2,500 rental shops.2. How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days?A.€15.75.B.€19.50.C.€22.75.D.€29.50.3. Where does the guided city tour start?A. The Gooyer, Windmill.B. The Skinny Bridge.C. Heineken Brewery.D. Dam Square.BWhen John Todd was a child, he loved to explore the woods around his house, observing how nature solved problems. A ditry stream, for example, often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived. When he got older, John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.After studying agriculture, medicine, and fisheries in college, John went back to observing nature and asking questions. Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria (细菌)? Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals? With the right combination of animals and plants, he figured, maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did. He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge(污泥). First, he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other. Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals. He placed them in the tanks and waited. Little by little, these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem. After a few weeks, John added the sludge.He was amazed at the results. The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it!Within weeks, it had all been digested, and all that was left was pure water.Over the years, John has taken on many big jobs. He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage (污水) from 1,600 homes in South Burlington. He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou,a city in southeast China.“Ecological design”is the name John gives to what he does.“Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,”he says.“You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening. Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”4. What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs?A He was fond of traveling. B. He enjoyed being alone.C. He had an inquiring mind.D. He longed to be a doctor.5 Why did John put the sludge into the tanks?A. To feed the animals.B. To build an ecosystem.C. To protect the plants.D. To test the eco-machine.6. What is the author's purpose in mentioning Fuzhou?A. To review John's research plans.B. To show an application of John's idea.C. To compare John's different jobs.D. To erase doubts about John's invention.7. What is the basis for John's work?A. Nature can repair itself.B. Organisms need water to survive.C. Life on Earth is diverse.D. Most tiny creatures live in groups.CThe goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism, including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works, and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it's right for you.To do so,I divided the book into two parts. In part one,I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism, starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people's digital lives increasingly intolerable, before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy:the digital declutter.This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days. At the end of the thirty days,you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.In the final chapter of part one,I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter. In doing so,I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in 2018 in which over 1,600 people agreed to perform a digital declutter. You’ll hearthese participants’stories and learn what strategies worked well for them, and what traps they enc ountered that you should avoid.The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate(培养)a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle. In these chapters,I examine issues such as the importance of solitude(独处) and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use. Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices, which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter.You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.8. What is the book aimed at?A. Teaching critical thinking skills.B. Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.C. Solving philosophical problems.D. Promoting the use of a digital device.9. What does the underlined word“declutter”in paragraph 3 mean?A. Clear-up.B. Add-on.C. Check-in.D. Take-over.10. What is presented in the final chapter of part one?A. Theoretical models.B. Statistical methods.C. Practical examples.D. Historical analyses.11. What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two?A. Use them as needed.B. Recommend them to friends.C. Evaluate their effects.D. Identify the ideas behind them.DOn March 7,1907, the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the “wisdom of crowds”effect. The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases, the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors, those errors aren't always the same. Some people will tend to overestimate, and some to underestimate. When enough of these errors are averaged together,they cancel each other out, resulting in a more accurate estimate. If people are similar and tend to make the same errors, then their errors won't cancel each other out. In more technical terms, the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent. If for whatever reasons, people’s errors become correlated or dependent, the acc uracy of the estimate will go down.But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist(转折) on this classic phenomenon. The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have adiscussion, the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals. For instance, the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from 20 independent individuals.In a follow-up study with 100 university students, the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion. Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates? Did they follow those least willing to change their minds? This happened some of the time, but it wasn’t the dominant response. Most frequently, the groups reported that they “shared arguments and reasoned together.”Somehow,these arguments an d reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error. Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.12. What is paragraph 2 of the text mainly about?A. The methods of estimation.B. The underlying logic of the effect.C. The causes of people's errors.D. The design of Galton's experiment.13. Navajas ’ study found that the average accuracy could increase even if .A. the crowds were relatively smallB. there were occasional underestimatesC. individuals did not communicateD. estimates were not fully independent14. What did the follow-up study focus on?A. The size of the groups.B. The dominant members.C. The discussion process.D. The individual estimates.15 What is the author's attitude toward Navajas'studies?A. Unclear.B. Dismissive.C. Doubtful.D. Approving.第二节 (共5小题;每小题2.5分,满分12.5分)阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
2008年考研英语真题与答案解析
2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is 1 to say it anyway. He is that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently3 any institution. He helped popularize the idea that some diseases not 4thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.5 he, however, might tremble at the6 of what he is about to do. Together with another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only7 that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in 8are a particularpeople originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of 100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the 12 of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, 13 . They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. These facts, 14 , have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been 15 to social effects, such as a strong tradition of 16 education. The latter was seen as a (an) 17 of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately 18 . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has19 them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 state of affairs.1.[A] selected [B] prepared [C] obliged [D] pleased2.[A] unique [B] particular [C] special [D] rare3.[A] of [B] with [C] in [D] against4.[A] subsequently [B] presently [C] previously [D] lately5.[A] Only [B] So [C] Even [D] Hence6.[A] thought [B] sight [C] cost [D] risk7.[A] advises [B] suggests [C] protests [D] objects8.[A] progress [B] fact [C] need [D] question9.[A] attaining [B] scoring [C] reaching [D] calculating10.[A] normal [B] common [C] mean [D] total11.[A] unconsciously[B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely[D] unaccountably12.[A] missions [B] fortunes [C] interests [D] careers13.[A] affirm [B] witness [C] observe [D] approve14.[A] moreover [B] therefore [C] however [D] meanwhile15.[A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on [D] put down16.[A] assessing [B] supervising [C] administering [D] valuing17.[A] development [B] origin [C] consequence [D] instrument18.[A] linked [B] integrated [C] woven [D] combined19.[A] limited [B] subjected [C] converted [D] directed20.[A] paradoxical [B] incompatible [C] inevitable [D] continuousSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1While still catching up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at least one undesirable category. “Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men,” according to Dr. Yehuda, chief psychiatrist at New York’s Veteran’s Administration Hospital.Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affect the stress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the same conditions. In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats had their ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responsesbecame equal to those of the males.Adding to a woman’s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased “opportunities” for stress. “It’s not necessarily that women don’t cope as well. It’s just that they have so much more to cope with,” says Dr. Yehuda. “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men’s,” she observes, “it’s just that they’re de aling with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.”Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes. “I think that the kinds of things that women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature. Men go to war and are exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence. The kinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating.”Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college. “I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.” Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother. “It’s the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt.I lived from paycheck to paycheck.”Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. A lvarez’s experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before it threatens your health and your ability to function.21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22. Dr. Yehuda’s research suggests that women .[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress[C] are more capable of avoiding stress[D] are exposed to more stress23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be .[A] domestic and temporary[B] irregular and violent[C] durable and frequent[D] trivial and random24. The sentence “I lived from paycheck to paycheck.” (Line 5, Para. 5) shows that .[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money[B] Alvarez’s salary barely covered h er household expenses[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?[B] Response to Stress: Gender Difference[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say?[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2It used to be so straightforward. A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the author’s names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.No longer. The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money fromgovernment–funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has just issued a report describing the far-reaching consequences of this. The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, madehandsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and Medical Publishers says that there are more than 2,000 publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.This is now changing. According to the OECD report, some 75% of scholarly journals are now online. Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified by the report’s authors. There is theso-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements. There is open-access publishing, typically supported by asking the author (orhis employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities or international laboratories support institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least for the publication of papers.26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses .[A] the background information of journal editing[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers[D] the traditional process of journal publication27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that .[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to .[A] cover the cost of its publication[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it[C] allow other online journals to use it freely[D] complete the peer-review before submission30. Which of the following best summarizes the text?[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.[D] Publication is rendered easily by online service.Text 3In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of the only three players in the National Basketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have generally stopped growing. Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago, today’s people—especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations—apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s.And they aren’t likely to get any taller. “In the general population to day, at this genetic, environmental level, we’ve pretty much gone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright State University. In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from the increasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories and nutrients—notably, protein —to feed expanding tissues. At the start of the 20th century, under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way. But as diet and health improved, children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height—5'9" for men, 5'4" for women—hasn’t really changed since 1960.Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. “There are some real constraints that are set by th e genetic architecture of the individual organism,” says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.Genetic maximums can change, but don’t expect this to happen soon. Claire C. Gordon, senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration. She says that, unlike those for basketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large, “you could use today's data and feel fairly confident.”31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to .[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S.[C] compare different generations of NBA players[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?[A] Genetic modification.[B] Natural environment.[C] Living standards.[D] Daily exercise.33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future .[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable35. The text intends to tell us that .[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern[B] human height is becoming even more predictable[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has alteredText 4In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw—having extracted them from the mouths of his slaves.That’s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their history books. But recently,many historians have begun to focus on the role slavery played in the lives of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation’s early leaders and the fragile nature of the country’s infancy. More significant, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery was wrong—and yet most did little to fight it.More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of their time. While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Owning slaves was “like having a large bank account,” says W iencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for the “peculiar institution,” including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.And the statesmen’s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the Electoral College. Once in office, Jefferson extended slavery with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.Still, Jefferson freed Hemings’s children—though not Hemings herself or his approximately 150 other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal after observing the bravary of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strong opposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his will. Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia.36. George Washington’s dental surgery is mentioned to .[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.37. We may infer from the second paragraph that .[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson’s life.[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.39. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.40. Washington’s decision to free sla ves originated from his .[A] moral considerations.[B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.[D] political stand.Part BDirections:In the following text, some segments have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each ofthe numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else instead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41)_______________.Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42) _______________. Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) _______________. Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on either side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44) _______________. These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote “The A&P as a State of Mind” wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45) _______________.Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times—and then again—working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily add words, sentences andcorrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B] After you have already and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It’s probably best to write the introduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C] It’s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrible, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the setting influences Sammy’s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one that described Lengel’s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P “policy” he enforces.[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in “A&P” the student brings together the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel’s store policies.[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don’t use ou tlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first time around. Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)In his autobiography，Darwin himself speaks of his intellectualpowers with extraordinary modesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but (46)he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason he felt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well founded the charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power of reasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species” is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits, could havewritten it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that “I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.” (49)He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: “Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.” (50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.Section III WritingPart A51. Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CDin your luggage that you forgot to return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) make an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2008年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）答案详解Section I Use of English一、文章总体分析这是一篇议论文。
英语新一卷 -回复
２０２３年高考英语试卷（新课标Ｉ）本试卷共12页。
考试结束后,将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
注意事项:1.答题前,考生先将自己的姓名、准考证号码填写清楚,将条形码准确粘贴在考生信息条形码粘贴区。
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第一部分听力（1-20小题）在笔试结束后进行。
第二部分阅读(共两节，满分50分)第一节(共15小题;每小题2.5分，满分37.5分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
ABike Rental&Guided ToursWelcome to Amsterdam,welcome to MacBike.You see much more from the seat of a bike!Cycling is the most economical,sustainable and fun way to explore the city,with its beautiful canals,parks,squares and countless lights.You can also bike along lovely landscapes outside of Amsterdam.Why MacBikeMacBike has been around for almost30years and is the biggest bicycle rental company in Amsterdam.With over2,500bikes stored in our five rental shops at strategic locations,we make sure there is always a bike available for you.We offer the newest bicycles in a wide variety,including basic bikes with foot brake(刹车),bikes with hand brake and gears(排挡),bikes with child seats,and children’s bikes.PricesHand Brake,Three Gears Foot Brake,No Gears1hour€7.50€5.003hours€11.00€7.501day(24hours)€14.75€9.75Each additional day€8.00€6.00Guided City ToursThe2.5-hour tour covers the Gooyer Windmill,the Skinny Bridge,the Rijksmuseum,Heineken Brewery and much more.The tour departs from Dam Square every hour on the hour,starting at1:00pm every day.You can buy your ticket in a MacBike shop or book online.1.What is an advantage of MacBike?A.It gives children a discount.B.It of offers many types of bikes.C.It organizes free cycle tours.D.It has over2,500rental shops.2.How much do you pay for renting a bike with hand brake and three gears for two days?A.€15.75.B.€19.50.C.€22.75.D.€29.50.3.Where does the guided city tour start?A.The Gooyer,Windmill.B.The Skinny Bridge.C.Heineken Brewery.D.Dam Square.BWhen John Todd was a child,he loved to explore the woods around his house,observing how nature solved problems.A ditry stream,for example,often became clear after flowing through plants and along rocks where tiny creatures lived.When he got older,John started to wonder if this process could be used to clean up the messes people were making.After studying agriculture,medicine,and fisheries in college,John went back to observing nature and asking questions.Why can certain plants trap harmful bacteria(细菌)?Which kinds of fish can eat cancer-causing chemicals?With the right combination of animals and plants,he figured,maybe he could clean up waste the way nature did.He decided to build what he would later call an eco-machine.The task John set for himself was to remove harmful substances from some sludge(污泥).First,he constructed a series of clear fiberglass tanks connected to each other.Then he went around to local ponds and streams and brought back some plants and animals.He placed them in the tanks and waited.Little by little,these different kinds of life got used to one another and formed their own ecosystem.After a few weeks,John added the sludge.He was amazed at the results.The plants and animals in the eco-machine took the sludge as food and began to eat it!Within weeks,it had all been digested,and all that was left was pure water.Over the years,John has taken on many big jobs.He developed a greenhouse-like facility that treated sewage (污水)from1,600homes in South Burlington.He also designed an eco-machine to clean canal water in Fuzhou,a city in southeast China.“Ecological design”is the name John gives to what he does.“Life on Earth is kind of a box of spare parts for the inventor,”he says.“You put organisms in new relationships and observe what’s happening.Then you let these new systems develop their own ways to self-repair.”4.What can we learn about John from the first two paragraphs?A.He was fond of traveling.B.He enjoyed being alone.C.He had an inquiring mind.D.He longed to be a doctor.5.Why did John put the sludge into the tanks?A.To feed the animals.B.To build an ecosystem.C.To protect the plants.D.To test the eco-machine.6.What is the author’s purpose in mentioning Fuzhou?A.To review John’s research plans.B.To show an application of John’s idea.C.To compare John’s different jobs.D.To erase doubts about John’s invention.7.What is the basis for John’s work?A.Nature can repair itself.anisms need water to survive.C.Life on Earth is diverse.D.Most tiny creatures live in groups.CThe goal of this book is to make the case for digital minimalism,including a detailed exploration of what it asks and why it works,and then to teach you how to adopt this philosophy if you decide it’s right for you.To do so,I divided the book into two parts.In part one,I describe the philosophical foundations of digital minimalism,starting with an examination of the forces that are making so many people’s digital lives increasingly intolerable,before moving on to a detailed discussion of the digital minimalism philosophy.Part one concludes by introducing my suggested method for adopting this philosophy:the digital declutter. This process requires you to step away from optional online activities for thirty days.At the end of the thirty days, you will then add back a small number of carefully chosen online activities that you believe will provide massive benefits to the things you value.In the final chapter of part one,I’ll guide you through carrying out your own digital declutter.In doing so,I’ll draw on an experiment I ran in2018in which over1,600people agreed to perform a digital declutter.You’ll hearthese participants’stories and learn what strategies worked well for them,and what traps they encountered that you should avoid.The second part of this book takes a closer look at some ideas that will help you cultivate(培养)a sustainable digital minimalism lifestyle.In these chapters,I examine issues such as the importance of solitude(独处)and the necessity of cultivating high-quality leisure to replace the time most now spend on mindless device use.Each chapter concludes with a collection of practices,which are designed to help you act on the big ideas of the chapter. You can view these practices as a toolbox meant to aid your efforts to build a minimalist lifestyle that words for your particular circumstances.8.What is the book aimed at?A.Teaching critical thinking skills.B.Advocating a simple digital lifestyle.C.Solving philosophical problems.D.Promoting the use of a digital device.9.What does the underlined word“declutter”in paragraph3mean?A.Clear-up.B.Add-on.C.Check-in.D.Take-over.10.What is presented in the final chapter of part one?A.Theoretical models.B.Statistical methods.C.Practical examples.D.Historical analyses.11.What does the author suggest readers do with the practices offered in part two?e them as needed.B.Recommend them to friends.C.Evaluate their effects.D.Identify the ideas behind them.DOn March7,1907,the English statistician Francis Galton published a paper which illustrated what has come to be known as the“wisdom of crowds”effect.The experiment of estimation he conducted showed that in some cases,the average of a large number of independent estimates could be quite accurate.This effect capitalizes on the fact that when people make errors,those errors aren’t always the same.Some people will tend to overestimate,and some to underestimate.When enough of these errors are averaged together, they cancel each other out,resulting in a more accurate estimate.If people are similar and tend to make the same errors,then their errors won’t cancel each other out.In more technical terms,the wisdom of crowds requires that people’s estimates be independent.If for whatever reasons,people’s errors become correlated or dependent,the accuracy of the estimate will go down.But a new study led by Joaquin Navajas offered an interesting twist(转折)on this classic phenomenon.The key finding of the study was that when crowds were further divided into smaller groups that were allowed to have adiscussion,the averages from these groups were more accurate than those from an equal number of independent individuals.For instance,the average obtained from the estimates of four discussion groups of five was significantly more accurate than the average obtained from20independent individuals.In a follow-up study with100university students,the researchers tried to get a better sense of what the group members actually did in their discussion.Did they tend to go with those most confident about their estimates?Did they follow those least willing to change their minds?This happened some of the time,but it wasn’t the dominant response.Most frequently,the groups reported that they“shared arguments and reasoned together.”Somehow, these arguments and reasoning resulted in a global reduction in error.Although the studies led by Navajas have limitations and many questions remain the potential implications for group discussion and decision-making are enormous.12.What is paragraph2of the text mainly about?A.The methods of estimation.B.The underlying logic of the effect.C.The causes of people’s errors.D.The design of Galton’s experiment.13.Navajas’study found that the average accuracy could increase even if________.A.the crowds were relatively smallB.there were occasional underestimatesC.individuals did not communicateD.estimates were not fully independent14.What did the follow-up study focus on?A.The size of the groups.B.The dominant members.C.The discussion process.D.The individual estimates.15.What is the author’s attitude toward Navajas’studies?A.Unclear.B.Dismissive.C.Doubtful.D.Approving.第二节(共5小题;每小题2.5分，满分12.5分)阅读下面短文，从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
模板Response to Technical Check Results
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2024届广东省广州市普通高中毕业班综合测试(二)英语试卷
绝密★启用前2024年广州市普通高中毕业班综合测试(二)英语注意事项：微信公众号IAI English1．答卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号填写在答题卡上。
2．回答选择题时，选出每小题答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。
回答非选择题时，将答案写在答题卡上，写在本试卷上无效。
3．考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。
微信公众号IAI English第二部分阅读理解（共两节，满分50分）第一节（共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳答案。
ATrain the important skills modern editors use to evaluate and enhance writing for clarity,precision and accuracy.In this course,students will learn how an editor approaches a submitted piece,going beyond sentence-level error and looking at the big picture around accuracy,style and organization.Understanding the different challenges in an editor's job,students will get a behind-the-scenes look at this sometimes busy and often exciting career. Meanwhile,students will grow their own technical editing skills and return home a more competent editor.Using Gen Z Era as their case study,students will meet and study under the people who decide what topics are relevant and valuable to the audience and who determine the overall editorial strategy,ensuring that the content meets the standards and tone of the publication.微信公众号IAI EnglishCourse Highlights●Visit the media city and attend lectures by award-winning guest speakers.●Assess articles as well as question and coach the authors to get the best piece possible.●Connect with professionals who manage the development and publication of accurate and worthy content.●Edit one piece into a well-written and fact-checked article in the style of Gen Z Era.Price●Residential Program(Students live on campus):$6,600●Day Program(Students commute to class every day):$5,500(Graduating seniors can have a$400discount if applying before May2,2024.)Term Date:July9-July21,2024Application Deadline:Friday,May31,2024Contact Admission:******************21.Which is the probable name of the course?A.Career Development in Media.B.Editorial Decision-making.C.Fundamentals of Editing.D.Introduction to Publication.22.What will students do in the course?A.Interview award-winning guests.B.Help authors improve their articles.C.Connect with professional publishers.D.Edit one article for Gen Z Era.23.A graduating senior applying for a Day Program on April30,2024should pay_______.A.$5,100B.$5,500C.$6,200D.$6,600BCourage is a huge theme in my life,a quality I constantly seek,appreciate,and analyze.The root of“courage”is“cor,”the Latin word for heart.Originally,courage meant“to speak one’s mind by telling all one's heart.”While courage is often associated with heroism nowadays,I believe true courage lies in being open and honest about who we are and how we feel.I recently witnessed an example of true courage.During a mountain-climbing trip with my15-year-old daughter and some college students,I noticed her struggling to keep up with the group.Despite my suggestions to rest,she persisted until she couldn't breathe properly.Panicked,I called out to the front for help,but there was no response,and we had no cellphone signal. Fortunately,two students just came back to check out on us.They offered assistance and calmed us down.As we continued at a slower pace,they shared their own experiences,from starting out as beginners like my daughter to becoming consistently among the first to reach the peak.“You know,”one of them said,looking at my daughter,“I was just like you when I started.But with practice and proper pace,you'll get there too.”“Yeah,don't let your lack of experience stop you,”the other added.“It's okay to admit when you're struggling or not feeling alright.In fact,it's important to speak up and ask for help when you need it.That's how we improve and grow.”微信公众号IAI EnglishReaching the mountain top was a huge relief for both my daughter and me.However,the two students addressed the celebrating group directly,emphasizing the importance of staying together in tough environments. Their words led the group to apologize to us for overlooking our struggle.I was totally amazed at their bravery,and my daughter learned that it's okay to be the least experienced in a group.Courage,I've come to realize,has a ripple effect.Each time we choose courage,we inspire those around us to be a little brave r and make the world a little better.24.Why does the author mention the original meaning of courage?A.To argue for the true essence of courage.B.To question the common belief of courage.C.To show the changing meaning of courage.D.To compare different interpretations of courage.25.What did the two students suggest the daughter do?A.Challenge her own limits.B.Seek help whenever possible.C.Keep to a suitable pace.D.Stick with experienced climbers.26.Which action in the mountain-climbing story is an example of true courage?A.The mother asked the girl to rest.B.The girl tried hard not to fall behind.C.The group celebrated the reach of the top.D.The two students pointed out the group's fault.27.What does the author intend to tell us?A.Kindness connects us all.B.Being a beginner takes courage.C.With courage,everyone can be perfect.D.We don't have to be a hero to be brave.C“It's not unusual for guests to feel emotional when they discover the story behind our food,”says Patrick Navis.“Not to mention when they taste it.One even cried with happiness.”The setting for these tearful scenes? Navis's restaurant in a Dutch city.Here,the owner and his team create experimental food using herbs,roots, flowers and nuts—some common,others less so.微信公众号IAI EnglishMost of these ingredients(食材)come from the Ketelbroek Food Forest nearby.To the untrained eye,it's like an ordinary wood.But there's one key difference:everything in it is edible.It was set up in2009by Dutch botanist and environmentalist Noah Eck as an experiment in slow farming,to see what would happen if the right combination of food plants were left to grow together like a natural forest,without chemicals.“It's the first‘food forest’of its kind in Europe and we’re one of the few restaurants around the world cooperating in this way,”says Navis.“We have over400different species of edible plants we plan our menus around, including some we previously knew little about."He harvests the ingredients and,with his fellow chefs,works them into beautifully presented tasting menus,served in a dining room hidden in the backstreets of the city,“To us,fine dining is not about the fame of a restaurant,its location,expensive decoration,fancy cooking and wine list,”says Navis.“It's about adding value through creativity and using ingredients nobody knows of,which are grown with great attention.”However,he adds,luxury cooking can be about enhancing everyday ingredients, too.“When looking at cooking in this way,who can argue that caviar(鱼子酱),for example,is more valuable than a carrot grown with specialist knowledge?”微信公众号IAI EnglishExperimentation is extremely important to Navis.In the next five years,he hopes to open an outdoor restaurant.But for now,the most important thing is to continue focusing on how plants are being grown and the perennial system used in the Food Forest,reducing the need for replanting each season.28.What can we learn about Navis's restaurant?A.It is well received by its guests.B.It serves food with moving stories.C.It offers experimental food for free.D.It is known for its rare food sources.29.How is Ketelbrock Food Forest different from ordinary woods?A.It is a natural forest.B.Diverse plants coexist in it.C.Plants there take longer to grow.D.It provides safe food ingredients.30.What is the key element of fine dining according to Navis?A.Convenient locations.B.Expensive ingredients.C.Innovative menus.D.Fancy cooking techniques.31.What does“the perennial system”in the last paragraph probably refer to?A.The sustainable farming practice.B.Farming with proper use of chemicals.C.Natural farming without human intervention.D.An experimental farm for an outdoor restaurant.DMy father started learning French at57,drawn by the potential benefits of bilingualism in delaying dementia (失智症).Now,20years later,he's on his third teacher.Many people like my father have attempted to pick up a new language.But can this really boost brain health?According to experts,regularly using a new language brings cognitive(认知的)benefits.If you're trying to recall the right words in another language,your brain is forced to inhibit your mother tongue.This process,called cognitive inhibition,helps improve your brain function.Repeating this process makes your brain more resistant to diseases like dementia.The more you challenge your brain,the better it functions,even if your brain health starts to decline.However,evidence for the benefits of learning a second language in your60s is weaker.Research by Dr.Leo Antoniou found that older Italians who took English lessons for four months didn't see any difference in their cognition scores,but people who didn't saw their scores decline.Prof.Diana Smith's2023studies found similarresults.微信公众号IAI EnglishResearchers offered a few potential explanations for their disappointing results.One is that the participants were highly motivated volunteers,probably of high cognitive level for their age,making it hard to see any improvements.“When choosing participants,we have to be careful,are they really representative of the population?”said Dr.Judith Ware.Another is that the language interventions were perhaps too short.These studies have used language lessons that“were very different in their length and frequency,”said ura Grossman.To Dr.Antoniou,the limited findings are not entirely surprising.No one would say that learning a new language for six months would be the same as having used two languages for your entire life.But he does think that language lessons can provide cognitive benefits by being cognitively stimulating.微信公众号IAI English Perhaps more important,Prof.Grossman said,learning another language offers other potential advantages, like traveling or connecting with new communities.My father,for example,has remained pen friends with his first teacher and traveled to France numerous times.And at76,he's as sharp as ever.32.What happens in the process of“cognitive inhibition”?A.Memory improves.B.Native language is held back.C.Dementia is cured.D.Brain health worsens.33.Which is a possible explanation for the disappointing research results?A.The intervention of the first language.B.The great length of the language course.C.The poor choice of research participants.D.The age difference of the research subjects.34.Whose opinion does the author support by mentioning his father's experience?A.Leo Antoniou's.B.Diana Smith's.C.Judith Ware's.ura Grossman's.35.Which of the following is a suitable title for the text?A.Is it never too late to learn a new language?B.Can learning a new language delay dementia?C.Why does my father start learning a new language?D.How does learning a new language benefit aging brain?第二节（共5小题；每小题2.5分，满分12.5分）根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。