2018年博士研究生课程考试试卷

017—2018学年第2学期博士研究生英语课程
考试日期: 2018年6月30日课程编号：
命题教师：范祥涛
Part IEnglish-Chinese Translation(35points)
Directions: In this section 2 passagesin English are to be translated into Chinese.Writeyourtranslationon the ANSWER SHEET.
管理可以分为很多种类，比如行政管理、社会管理、工商企业管理、人力资源管理、情报管理等等。在现代市场经济中工商企业的管理最为常见。每一种组织都需要对其事务、资产、人员、设备等所有资源进行管理。每一个人也同样需要管理，比如管理自己的起居饮食、时间、健康、情绪、学习、职业、财富、人际关系、社会活动、精神面貌（即穿着打扮）等。企业管理可以划为几个分支：人力资源管理、财务管理、生产管理、物控管理、营销管理、成本管理、研发管理等。在企业系统的管理上，又可分为企业战略、业务模式、业务流程、企业结构、企业制度、企业文化等系统的管理。
Passage 2(15points)
管理科学包括的内容，按照其抽象程度，可分为管理哲学、管理学原理和管理学三个层次。管理是一种工作，是人们为实现一定目的而进行的一种活动。管理是管理者为达到一定的目标，运用组织、计划、指挥、控制等职能，来协调组织内各项事务和各种资源的合理组合和利用的一种活动。由此可见，一切管理都是由三个基本要素组成：管理的主体，即管理者；管理的客体，即管理的对象，由人和事组成的一个动态系统；管理的效果，即管理主体作用于管理对象而产生的预期结果，即实现的管理目标。在管理系统中，管理者是管理的主体，在管理中占主导地位，起主导作用。
Passage 1(20points)
The natural philosophy of the Ionians was a series of bold speculations, shrewd guess, and brilliant intuitions rather than the outcome of extensive and careful scientific investigations. These men were perhaps a little over-eager to see the whole picture and so jumped to broad conclusions. But they did discard the older, largely mythical accounts and substituted materialistic and objective explanations of the design and operation of the universe. They offered a reasoned approach in place of fanciful and uncritical accounts and they defended their contentions by reason. These men dared to tackle the universe with their minds and refused to rely on gods, spirits, ghosts, devils, angels, and other mythical agents who might maintain or disrupt nature’s happenings. The spirit of these rational explanations can be expressed in the words of Anaxagoras: “Reason rules the world.”
Passage2(15points)
In the beginning there was an explosion. Not an explosion like those familiar on earth, starting from a definite center and spreading out to engulf more and more of the circumambient air, but an explosion which occurred simultaneously everywhere, filling all space from the beginning, with every particle of matter rushing apart from every other particle. “All space” in this context may mean either all of an infinite universe, or all of a finite universe which curves back on itself like the surface of a sphere. Neither possibility is easy to comprehend, but this will not get in our way; it matters hardly at all in the early universe whether space is finite or infinite.
Passage 1(20points)
管理是人类各种组织活动中最普通和最重要的一种活动。近百年来，人们把研究管理活动所形成的管理基本原理和方法，统称为管理学。作为一种知识体系，管理学是管理思想、管理原理、管理技能和方法的综合。随着管理实践的发展，管理学不断充实其内容，成为指导人们开展各种管理活动、有效达到管理目的的指南。
PartIIChinese-English Translation(35points)
Directions: In this section 2 passagesin Chinese are to be translated into English.Writeyourtranslationon the ANSWER SHEET.
At about one-hundredth of a second, the earliest time about which we can speak with any confidence, the temperature of the universe was abut a hundred thousand million (1011) degrees Centigrade. This is much hotter than in the center of even the hottest star, so hot, in fact, that none of the components of ordinary mater, molecules,or atoms, or even the nuclei of atoms, could have held together. Instead, the matter rushing apart in this explosion consisted of various types of the so-called elementary particles, which are the subject of modern high-energy nuclear physics.