Multicenter large-scale study of prognostic impact of HER2
肝移植术后严重门静脉狭窄的三维可视化成像与门静脉支架植入术疗效分析
· 论著·肝移植术后严重门静脉狭窄的三维可视化成像与门静脉支架植入术疗效分析赵洪强 刘影 马建明 李昂 于里涵 童翾 吴广东 卢倩 张跃伟 汤睿【摘要】 目的 分析肝移植术后严重门静脉狭窄的三维成像特征与优势，评估门静脉支架植入术效果。
方法 回顾性分析10例肝移植术后因严重门静脉狭窄接受门静脉支架植入的患者的临床资料，分析严重门静脉狭窄的影像学特征、三维重建的成像优势及介入治疗效果。
结果 10例患者中狭窄类型包括向心性缩窄3例，曲折成角致狭窄2例，受压狭窄2例，长段狭窄和（或）血管闭塞3例。
三维重建图像在狭窄的准确判断、狭窄类型的辨别和狭窄累及长度判断方面具有优势。
所有患者均成功接受门静脉支架植入术，支架植入后门静脉最狭窄处直径较治疗前增加[（6.2±0.9）mm 比（2.6±1.7）mm ，P <0.05]，吻合口流速较治疗前下降[（57±19）cm/s 比（128±27）cm/s ，P <0.05]，近肝处门静脉主干流速较治疗前增加[（41±6）cm/s 比（18±6）cm/s ，P <0.05]。
1例患者因介入穿刺引起肝内血肿，经保守观察治疗后好转，其余患者均未出现相关并发症。
结论 三维可视化技术可以立体直观展示狭窄部位、特征与严重程度，有利于临床医师进行治疗决策和辅助介入操作。
及时的门静脉支架植入术可以有效逆转病变进程并改善门静脉血流。
【关键词】 肝移植；血管并发症；门静脉狭窄；介入治疗；三维可视化成像；门静脉支架；血流加速；门静脉高压【中图分类号】 R617, R543 【文献标志码】 A 【文章编号】 1674-7445（2024）01-0011-08Analysis of three-dimensional visualization imaging of severe portal vein stenosis after liver transplantation and clinical efficacy of portal vein stent implantation Zhao Hongqiang *, Liu Ying, Ma Jianming, Li Ang, Yu Lihan, Tong Xuan, Wu Guangdong,Lu Qian, Zhang Yuewei, Tang Rui. *Hepatopancreatobiliary Center , Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital Affiliatal to Tsinghua University , Key Laboratory of Digital Intelligence Hepatology of Ministry of Education , School of Clinical Medicine , Tsinghua University , Beijing 102218, ChinaCorresponding author: Tang Rui, Email: ******************【Abstract 】 Objective To analyze three-dimensional imaging characteristics and advantages for severe portal vein stenosis after liver transplantation, and to evaluate clinical efficacy of portal vein stent implantation. Methods Clinical data of 10 patients who received portal vein stent implantation for severe portal vein stenosis after liver transplantation were retrospectively analyzed. Imaging characteristics of severe portal vein stenosis, and advantages of three-dimensional reconstruction imaging and interventional treatment efficacy for severe portal vein stenosis were analyzed.DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1674-7445.2023201基金项目：国家自然科学基金重点项目（81930119）；中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程创新单元（2019-I2M-5-056）；北京清华长庚医院青年启动基金资助项目（12019C1012）作者单位： 102218 北京，清华大学附属北京清华长庚医院肝胆胰中心 数智肝胆病学教育部重点实验室 清华大学临床医学院（赵洪强、刘影、李昂、于里涵、童翾、吴广东、卢倩、张跃伟、汤睿）；拉萨市人民医院普外科（马建明、汤睿）作者简介：赵洪强（ORCID 0000-0002-8544-2865），博士，住院医师，研究方向为肝脏移植的临床与基础研究，Email ：*************************通信作者：汤睿（ORCID 0000-0003-3118-3842），博士，副主任医师，研究方向为肝脏移植的临床与基础研究，Email ：******************第 15 卷 第 1 期器官移植Vol. 15 No.1 2024 年 1 月Organ Transplantation Jan. 2024 Results Among 10 patients, 3 cases were diagnosed with centripetal stenosis, tortuosity angulation-induced stenosis in 2 cases, compression-induced stenosis in 2 cases, long-segment stenosis and/or vascular occlusion in 3 cases. Three-dimensional reconstruction images possessed advantages in accurate identification of stenosis, identification of stenosis types and measurement of stenosis length. All patients were successfully implanted with portal vein stents. After stent implantation, the diameter of the minimum diameter of portal vein was increased [(6.2±0.9) mm vs. (2.6±1.7) mm, P<0.05], the flow velocity at anastomotic site was decreased [(57±19) cm/s vs. (128±27) cm/s, P<0.05], and the flow velocity at the portal vein adjacent to the liver was increased [(41±6) cm/s vs. (18±6) cm/s, P<0.05]. One patient suffered from intrahepatic hematoma caused by interventional puncture, which was mitigated after conservative observation and treatment. The remaining patients did not experience relevant complications. Conclusions Three-dimensional visualization technique may visually display the location, characteristics and severity of stenosis, which is beneficial for clinicians to make treatment decisions and assist interventional procedures. Timely implantation of portal vein stent may effectively reverse pathological process and improve portal vein blood flow.【Key words】Liver transplantation; Vascular complication; Portal vein stenosis; Interventional therapy; Three-dimensional visualization imaging; Portal vein stent; Accelerated blood flow; Portal hypertension术后门静脉狭窄是肝移植主要的血管并发症之一，尽管发生率低，但可能造成移植物丢失、患者死亡等严重后果[1]。
我的教育英语作文
Education is a fundamental aspect of human development and societal progress.It is not merely a process of acquiring knowledge but also a means of personal growth and social integration.In this essay,I will discuss the importance of education,the challenges faced in the educational system,and the role of education in shaping the future.The Importance of Education1.Personal Development:Education is crucial for the intellectual and emotional growth of an individual.It helps in developing critical thinking skills,problemsolving abilities, and creativity.It also fosters a sense of curiosity and a desire to learn,which are essential for personal development.2.Social Integration:Education plays a vital role in integrating individuals into society.It imparts values,norms,and social skills that are necessary for harmonious coexistence.It also helps in understanding and respecting cultural diversity,which is crucial in our increasingly globalized world.3.Economic Growth:A welleducated populace is a key driver of economic development. Education equips individuals with the skills needed for employment and entrepreneurship, contributing to a countrys economic prosperity.4.Civic Responsibility:Education instills a sense of civic responsibility and encourages active participation in democratic processes.It helps individuals understand their rights and responsibilities,fostering a more informed and engaged citizenry.Challenges in the Educational SystemDespite its importance,the educational system faces numerous challenges:1.Access to Education:Inequality in access to education is a significant issue, particularly in developing countries.Factors such as poverty,gender discrimination,and geographical isolation can limit educational opportunities for many.2.Quality of Education:Even where access is available,the quality of education can vary greatly.Overcrowded classrooms,outdated curricula,and a lack of qualified teachers are common problems that affect the educational experience.3.Technological Integration:With the rapid advancement of technology,integrating digital tools and resources into the educational process is becoming increasingly important.However,this presents challenges in terms of infrastructure,training,andensuring equitable access to technology.4.Lifelong Learning:The concept of lifelong learning is gaining prominence as the pace of change in the job market accelerates.The educational system must adapt to support continuous learning and skill development throughout an individuals life.The Role of Education in Shaping the FutureEducation is a cornerstone for building a better future.It is through education that we can:1.Promote Equality:By ensuring equal access to quality education,we can reduce social and economic disparities and promote a more equitable society.2.Encourage Innovation:Education fosters a culture of inquiry and experimentation, which is essential for driving innovation and addressing the complex challenges of the future.3.Prepare for the Future of Work:As the nature of work evolves,education must equip individuals with the skills needed for the jobs of tomorrow,including digital literacy, adaptability,and the ability to work in diverse and dynamic teams.4.Sustain Global Development:Education is a key factor in achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals,contributing to poverty reduction,health improvement, and environmental sustainability.In conclusion,education is a powerful tool for personal and societal transformation.It is our collective responsibility to ensure that education is accessible,equitable,and of high quality,empowering individuals to contribute positively to the world around them.As we look to the future,the role of education in shaping a more just,prosperous,and sustainable world cannot be overstated.。
强化优化专业人才队伍建设_提升重大科技基础设施效能
政策与管理研究Policy & Management Research引用格式：杨锡怡, 张玲玲, 柳卸林, 等. 强化优化专业人才队伍建设提升重大科技基础设施效能. 中国科学院院刊, 2024, 39(4): 737-747, doi:10.16418/j.issn.1000-3045.20240206001.Yang X Y, Zhang L L, Liu X L, et al. Strengthen and optimize professional talent team building to enhance effectiveness of large-scale research infrastructures. Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2024, 39(4): 737-747, doi: 10.16418/j.issn.1000-3045.20240206001. (in Chinese)强化优化专业人才队伍建设提升重大科技基础设施效能杨锡怡1张玲玲2,3,4柳卸林1,2周小宇1*1 上海科技大学创业与管理学院上海2012102 中国科学院大学经济与管理学院北京1001903 中国科学院大数据挖掘与知识管理重点实验室北京1001904 中国科学院大学数字经济监测预测预警与政策仿真教育部哲学社会科学实验室（培育）北京100190摘要重大科技基础设施（以下简称“大设施”）的建设和运行不仅涉及基础科研问题，还涉及复杂的工程和管理问题。
强化优化专业人才队伍建设是全面提升大设施效能的关键因素。
目前我国在大设施人员经费支持、人才考核和激励制度建设上对设施专业工程、技术和管理人才的关注不足，严重降低了大设施专业人才队伍的稳定性和工作积极性，进而直接制约了大设施科学和社会效益的发挥。
通过对我国多个大设施进行调研，梳理了在人才队伍建设方面的问题与困难。
引入稳定学习的多中心脑磁共振影像统计分类方法研究
第37卷第1期湖南理工学院学报(自然科学版)V ol. 37 No. 1 2024年3月 Journal of Hunan Institute of Science and Technology (Natural Sciences) Mar. 2024引入稳定学习的多中心脑磁共振影像统计分类方法研究杨勃, 钟志锴(湖南理工学院信息科学与工程学院, 湖南岳阳 414006)摘要:针对现有统计分析方法在多中心统计分类任务上缺乏稳定性的问题, 提出一种引入稳定学习的多中心脑磁共振影像的统计分类方法. 该方法使用多层3D卷积神经网络作为骨干结构, 并引入稳定学习旁路结构调节卷积网络习得特征的稳定性. 在稳定学习旁路中, 首先使用随机傅里叶变换获取卷积网络特征的多路随机序列, 然后通过学习和优化批次样本采样权重以获取卷积网络特征之间的独立性, 从而改善跨中心分类泛化性. 最后, 在公开数据库FCP中的3中心脑影像数据集上进行跨中心性别分类实验. 实验结果表明, 与基准卷积网络相比, 引入稳定学习的卷积网络具有更高的跨中心分类正确率, 有效提高了跨中心泛化性和多中心统计分类的稳定性.关键词:多中心脑磁共振影像分析; 卷积神经网络; 稳定学习; 跨中心泛化中图分类号: TP183 文章编号: 1672-5298(2024)01-0015-05 Research on a Classification Approach for Multi-site Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analysis byIntroducing Stable LearningYANG Bo, ZHONG Zhikai(School of Information Science and Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology, Yueyang 414006, China) Abstract: Aiming at the lack of stability of existing statistical analysis methods suitable for single site tasks in a multi-site setting, a statistical classification approach integrating stable learning for multi-site brain magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) analysis tasks was proposed. In the proposed approach, a multi-layer 3-dimensional convolutional neural network(3D CNN) was used as the backbone structure, while a stable learning module used for improving the stability of features learning by CNN was integrated as bypassing structure. In the stable learning module, the random Fourier transform was firstly used to obtain the random sequences of CNN features, and then the independence between different sequences was obtained by optimizing sampling weights of every sample batch and improving the cross-site generalization. Finally, a cross-site gender classification experiment was conducted on the 3 brain MRI data site from the publicly available database FCP. The experimental results show that compared with the basic CNN, the CNN with stable learning has a higher accuracy in cross-site classification, and effectively improves the stability of cross-center generalization and multi-center statistical classification.Key words: multi-site brain MRI analysis; convolutional neural network; stable learning; cross-site generalization0 引言经典机器学习方法使用训练数据集来训练模型, 然后使用训练好的模型对新数据进行预测. 确保该训练—预测流程的有效性, 主要基于两点[1]: 一是理论上满足独立同分布假设, 即训练数据和新数据均独立采样自同一统计分布; 二是训练数据量要充分, 能够准确描述该统计分布.在大量实际应用中, 收集到的数据往往来自不同数据域, 不满足独立同分布假设, 导致经典机器学习方法在此场景下性能显著退化, 在某一个域中训练得到的模型完全无法迁移到其他域的数据上, 跨域泛化性差[2]. 磁共振影像(Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MRI)分析领域也同样存在此类问题. 为增大数据量以获得更优的训练效果, 单中心脑MRI分析已逐渐发展到多中心脑MRI分析. 虽然多中心影像数据量显著增收稿日期: 2023-06-19基金项目:湖南省研究生科研创新项目(CX20221231,YCX2023A50); 湖南省自然科学基金项目“面向小样本脑磁共振影像分析的数据生成技术与深度学习方法研究”(2024JJ7208)作者简介: 杨勃, 男, 博士, 教授. 主要研究方向: 机器学习、脑影像分析16 湖南理工学院学报(自然科学版) 第37卷长, 但由于存在机器参数、被试生理参数等诸多不同, 不同中心的数据无法满足独立同分布假设, 导致多中心统计分析表现出较差的稳定性[3,4].为提升多域分析的稳定性, 近年来机器学习理论研究从因果分析角度提出一系列基于线性无关特征采样的稳定预测方法[5,6], 并在低维数据上取得了一定效果, 初步展现出在多域分析上的巨大潜力. Zhang等[7]在此基础上提出稳定学习方法, 扩展了以前的线性框架, 以纳入深度模型. 由于在深度模型中获得的复杂非线性特征之间的依赖关系比线性情况下更难测量和消除[8,9], 因此稳定学习采用了一种基于随机傅里叶特征(Random Fourier Features, RFF)[10]的非线性特征去相关方法; 同时, 为了适应现代深度模型, 还专门设计了一种全局关联的保存和重新加载机制, 以减少训练大规模数据时的存储和计算成本. 相关实验表明, 稳定学习结合深度学习在高维图像识别任务上表现出较好的稳定性[7].本文尝试将稳定学习引入多中心脑MRI 的统计分类任务中, 将稳定学习与3D CNN 结合, 解决跨中心泛化性问题, 提高多中心分类稳定性. 首先介绍本研究设计的融合稳定学习的3D CNN 网络架构; 然后介绍稳定学习特征独立性最大化准则; 最后与基准3D CNN 分别在公开数据集FCP 中的3中心脑MRI 数据集上进行对比分类实验. 实验结果表明, 引入稳定学习的卷积网络具有更高的跨中心分类正确率, 有效提高了多中心脑MRI 统计分类的稳定性.1 融合稳定学习的3D CNN 架构设计融合稳定学习的3D CNN 总体架构设计如图1所示. 首先使用3D CNN 提取脑MRI 的3D 特征, 再将特征分别输出至稳定学习旁路和分类器主路进行训练. 稳定学习旁路使用随机傅里叶变换模块提取3D特征的多路RFF 特征, 然后使用样本加权解相关模块(Learning Sample Weighting for Decorrelation, LSWD)优化样本采样权重. 最后使用样本权重对分类器的预测损失进行加权, 以加权损失最小化为优化目标进行反向传播.图1 融合稳定学习的3D CNN 总体架构设计2 特征独立性最大化2.1 基于随机傅里叶变换的随机变量独立性判定设X 、Y 为两个随机变量, ()X f X 、()Y f Y 、(,)f X Y 分别表示X 的概率密度、Y 的概率密度以及X 和Y 的联合概率密度, 若满足(,)()()X Y f X Y f X f Y =,则称随机变量X 、Y 相互独立.当X 、Y 均服从高斯分布时, 统计独立性等价于统计不相关, 即Conv (,)((())(()))()()()0X Y E X E x Y E Y E XY E X E Y =--=-=,其中Conv (,)⋅⋅为两随机变量之间的协方差, ()E ⋅为随机变量的期望.第1期 杨 勃, 等: 引入稳定学习的多中心脑磁共振影像统计分类方法研究 17在本文深度神经网络中, 随机变量,X Y 就是脑MRI 的3D 特征变量. 设有n 个训练样本, 可将其视为对随机变量,X Y 分别进行了n 次采样, 获得了对应的随机序列12(,,,)n X x x x = 和12(,,,)nY y y y = . 可使用随机序列之间的协方差进行无偏估计:Conv 111()111,1n n n i j i j i j j X Y x x y y n n n ===⎛⎫⎛⎫=-- ⎪ ⎪-⎝⎭⎝⎭∑∑∑ . 需要指出的是, 若,X Y 不服从高斯分布, 则Conv0(),X Y = 不能作为变量独立性判定准则. 文[9]指出, 此情形下可将随机序列,X Y 转换为k 个随机傅里叶变换序列{RFF },){RFF }()(i i k i i kX Y ≤≤后再使用协方差进行判定.随机傅里叶变换公式为RFF ,)()(s i i i X X ωφ+ ~(0,1),i N ω~Uniform(0,2π),iφi <∞. 其中随机频率i ω从标准正态分布中采样得到, 随机相位i φ从0~2π之间的均匀分布中采样得到.通过随机傅里叶变换可获得如下两个随机矩阵RFF(),RFF()n k XY ⨯∈ : 1212RFF()(RFF ,RFF ,,RFF ),R .()())FF()(F ()RF ,RF ,()(F ,RFF ())k kX X X X Y Y Y Y == 计算这两个随机矩阵的协方差矩阵:Conv T111111(((RFF ),RF ()()()(F())RFF RFF RFF RFF 1)n n n i j i j i j j X Y X X Y Y n n n ===⎡⎤=--⎢⎣⎥-⎣⎦⎡⎤⎢⎥⎦∑∑∑ . 若||Conv 2(RFF(),RFF())||0,F X Y = 则可判定随机变量,X Y 相互独立. 本文参照文[6]建议, 固定5k =.2.2 基于样本加权的特征独立性最大化在融合稳定学习的深度神经网络中, 通过LSWD 模块优化样本权重并最大化特征之间的独立性, 优化准则如下:,1,j |arg min |()m i j i L =<=∑w Conv (RFF(w ⨀i Q ), RFF(w ⨀2))||j F Q , T s.t.,n >=0w w e .其中1n i ⨯∈ Q 为网络输出的第i 个特征序列, ⨀为Hamard 乘积运算, 1n ⨯∈ w 为n 个样本的权重, e 为全1向量. 上述优化准则, 可使得深度神经网络输出特征两两之间相互独立.3 实验结果与分析3.1 实验数据与预处理实验数据来自网上公共数据库1000功能连接组计划(1000 Functional Connectomes Project, FCP). 该公共数据库收集了35个中心合计1355名被试的脑MRI 数据. 本实验使用了FCP 中3个中心的数据集, 分别为:北京(Beijing)、剑桥(Cambridge)和国际医学会议(ICBM)[11], 主要任务是使用其中的3D 脑结构MRI 数据完成性别分类. 其中, Beijing 数据集包含被试样本140个(男性70个/女性70个), Cambridge 数据集包含被试样本198个(男性75个/女性123个), ICBM 数据集包含被试样本86个(男性41个/女性45个).在Matlab 2015中使用SPM8工具包对原始脑结构MRI 数据进行如下数据预处理:第1步 脑影像颅骨剥离;第2步 分割去颅骨脑影像为灰质、白质和脑脊液3部分(本实验仅使用灰质数据);第3步 标准化预处理, 将脑影像统一配准到MNI(Montreal Neurological Institute)模版空间;第4步 去噪与平滑预处理, 使用高斯平滑方法平滑标准化灰质影像.预处理后, 最终得到尺寸大小为121×145×121的3D 结构影像.18 湖南理工学院学报(自然科学版) 第37卷此外, 为减少后续计算量, 通过尺度缩放操作将预处理后的3D 结构影像尺寸进一步缩小至64×64×64.然后使用Z-Score 标准化方法对每个中心的数据分别进行中心偏差校正.3.2 分类器参数设置分别测试了基准3D CNN 和融合稳定学习的3D CNN 的多中心脑MRI 分类性能. 其中3D CNN 架构部分,两种分类器均采用同样的网络架构和参数, 具体如下.网络层数设计为5层, 每层包含2个3D 卷积操作(with padding), 2个ReLU 非线性映射操作和1个3D maxpooling 操作(每层窗宽均为2). 其中, 第1层卷积核尺寸为7×7×7, 第2~5层卷积核尺寸均为3×3×3, 1~5层输出通道大小分别为32、64、128、256、512.使用Pytorch 1.12.0平台搭建网络. 训练时, 初始学习率固定为0.001, 使用Adam 优化器进行训练,batchsize 固定为128(男女样本各64个).3.3 跨中心性别分类实验采用域泛化实验设置LOSO(Leave One Site Out)来测试不同分类器的跨中心脑MRI 分类的泛化能力, 即留一个中心数据作为测试数据, 其他中心数据作为训练数据. 在训练过程中, 确保用于测试的中心数据完全隔离. 实验重复三次, 使用不同的随机种子, 取平均值作为最终结果. 跨中心分类平均正确率见表1.表1 跨中心分类平均正确率(%)对比方法 测试中心 总体平均分类正确率(Cambridge, ICBM)-Beijing (Beijing, ICBM)-Cambridge (Cambridge, Beijing)-ICBMbase 75.76 73.91 72.48 74.05stable 78.11 75.59 75.97 76.56* base: 基准3D CNN; stable: 融合稳定学习的3D CNN.由表1可知, 融合稳定学习的3D CNN 在(Cambridge, ICBM)-Beijing 、(Beijing, ICBM)-Cambridge 、(Cambridge, Beijing)-ICBM 三个LOSO 分类测试中平均分类正确率分别提升2.35、1.68、3.49个百分点, 总体平均类正确率则提升2.51个百分点. 实验结果验证了引入稳定学习后, 跨中心泛化性得到明显提升.进一步绘制三个LOSO 分类任务的PR(Precision-Recall)曲线和ROC(Receiver Operating Characteristic)曲线, 并计算AUC(Area Under the Curve), 以评估分类方法的跨中心预测性能, 如图2~3所示.(a) (Cambridge, ICBM)-Beijing (b) (Beijing, ICBM)-Cambridge(c) (Cambridge, Beijing)-ICBM图2 跨中心分类ROC 曲线(a) (Cambridge, ICBM)-Beijing (b) (Beijing, ICBM)-Cambridge(c) (Cambridge, Beijing)-ICBM图3 跨中心分类PR 曲线 图2显示, 在三个LOSO 分类任务中融合稳定学习的3D CNN 的ROC 曲线明显优于基准3D CNN, 其AUC 值也分别提升了0.01, 0.05和0.05. 此外, 由每个LOSO 分类的三次随机实验统计得到的标准差相比基第1期 杨 勃, 等: 引入稳定学习的多中心脑磁共振影像统计分类方法研究 19 准3D CNN 显著下降了1个数量级， 也很好地证实了融合稳定学习的3D CNN 具有很好的多中心分类稳定性. 图3中, 除第1个LOSO 分类任务无法确定两种方法的优劣外, 在后两个LOSO 分类任务上, 融合稳定学习的3D CNN 表现明显优于基准3D CNN.最后绘制三个LOSO 分类任务训练过程中测试正确率变化曲线, 结果如图4所示.(a) (Cambridge, ICBM)-Beijing (b) (Beijing, ICBM)-Cambridge(c) (Cambridge, Beijing)-ICBM图4 跨中心分类训练过程中测试正确率变化情况 图4显示, 三个LOSO 分类任务在训练迭代到100代后, 融合稳定学习的3D CNN 的测试分类正确率稳定优于基准3D CNN, 进一步展示了引入稳定学习的多中心脑MRI 分类的有效性.4 结束语为解决多中心脑MRI 分类的稳定性问题, 本文提出引入稳定学习的统计分类方法, 设计融合稳定学习的3D CNN 架构, 通过学习样本权重提升特征之间的统计独立性, 从而提高对未知中心数据的跨中心预测能力. 通过3中心公共数据集性别分类实验, 最后验证了融合稳定学习的3D CNN 分类模型的有效性. 实验表明, 将稳定学习引入多中心脑MRI 统计分类任务中, 可以改善跨中心分类方法的泛化性能, 从而进一步提高多中心脑MRI 统计分类的稳定性.参考文献:[1] 周志华. 机器学习[M]. 北京: 清华大学出版社, 2016.[2] GEIRHOS R, RUBISCH P, MICHAELIS C, et al. ImageNet-trained CNNs are biased towards texture; increasing shape bias improves accuracy androbustness[EB/OL]. (2018-11-29)[2024-3-20]. https:///abs/1811.12231.[3] ZENG L L, WANG H, HU P, et al. Multi-site diagnostic classification of schizophrenia using discriminant deep learning with functional connectivityMRI[J]. EBioMedicine, 2018, 30: 74−85.[4] 李文彬, 许雁玲, 钟志楷, 等. 基于稳定学习的图神经网络模型[J]. 湖南理工学院学报(自然科学版), 2023, 36(4): 16−18.[5] KUANG K, XIONG R, CUI P, et al. Stable prediction with model misspecification and agnostic distribution shift[C]//Proceedings of the AAAI Conferenceon Artificial Intelligence, 2020, 34(4): 4485−4492.[6] KUANG K, CUI P, ATHEY S, et al. Stable prediction across unknown environments[C]//Proceedings of the 24th ACM SIGKDD International Conferenceon Knowledge Discovery & Data Mining, New York: Association for Computing Machinery, 2018: 1617–1626.[7] ZHANG X, CUI P, XU R, et al. Deep stable learning for out-of-distribution generalization[C]// Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on ComputerVision and Pattern Recognition, IEEE Computer Society, 2021: 5368−5378.[8] LI H, PAN S J, WANG S, et al. Domain generalization with adversarial feature learning[C]//Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Visionand Pattern Recognition, IEEE Computer Society, 2018: 5400−5409.[9] GRUBINGER T, BIRLUTIU A, SCHONER H, et al. Domain generalization based on transfer component analysis[C]//Proceedings of the 13th InternationalWork-Conference on Artificial Neural Networks, Springer, 2015: 325−334.[10] RAHIMI A, RECHT B. Random features for large-scale kernel machines[C]//Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Neural InformationProcessing Systems, 2007: 1177–1184.[11] JIANG R, ABBOTT C C, JIANG T, et al. SMRI biomarkers predict electroconvulsive treatment outcomes: accuracy with independent data sets[J].Neuropsychopharmacology, 2018, 43(5): 1078−1087.。
仪器分析双语教学的思考与探索
作 者简 介 ： 蔡艳（ １ ９ ８ ２ 一 ） ， 女， 浙 江 宁波 人 ， 浙 江万 里 学 院生 物 与环 境 学 院讲 师 ， 研究方向： 基础 及 分析 化 学 。
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艳 ．陆菁 菁 ： 仪 器分析双 语教 学 的思考 与探 索
中图 分 类号 ：Ｇ４ ２ ０ 文 献标 识 码 ：Ａ 文章 编 号 ：１ ６ ７ １ —２ ２ ５ ０（ ２ ０ １ ３） Ｏ ６ —０ｌ １ ０—０ ３
仪 器分 析作 为一 门应用 性较 强的学 科 ， 由于 国外新 仪器及 新技 术 的大量 涌现 ， 使 用频 率越 来越 高 ． 而 这 些仪 器 及技 术 的应用 软件 和说 明书几 乎全部 采 用英 文 ， 若 要熟 悉 掌握 它们 ， 就 必 须具 备 一定 的专 业英
１ ． ２ 教 学 内容 的合理 调整 和优化
在双语 教 学 的实 施过 程 中 ， 选择 和整合 双语 教学 内容 十分必 要＿ １ Ｉ 。由于学 生的英 语水 平存 在差 异 ， 因 此 不是所 有 的仪 器分 析 内容都 适合 于双 语 教学 ， 也 不是 使用 了双语 教学 就 一定 有 好 的效果 ， 所 以需 要 根 据教 学 的实 际情况对 教学 内容 进行合 理 的调整 与优化 。为保证 教学 质量 ． 课题 组选 取 了仪器 分析 课程 中 紫 外光谱 、 原 子吸 收光谱 、 原子 发射 光谱 、 气相 色谱 、 液相 色谱等 内容 开展双 语教 学 。 而且根 据食 品质量 与 安 全专业 的特 点 ， 突出 了分离 检测 的 内容 （ 如色 谱部 分 ） ， 并 且理 论 与实验部 分 的双语教 学 同步进行 。
高二下人教版英语课文
人教版新教材高二（下）Unit 11 Scientific achievementsAZHONGGUANCUNWhatever great achievements the future may have in store for China, it is likely that many of them will be born in northwestern Beijing．Zhongguancun, in Beijing‟s Haidian District，is the new centre for Chinese science and technology. It is home to the Chinese Academy of Sciences and more than ten famous universities, including Peking University and Tsinghua University．Zhongguancun was set up as a special economic zone in the late l990s and quickly became the leader of China‟s hi-tech industry．The science centre got started in the early l980s, when Chen Chunxian, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Sciences，opened a private research and development institute．Within the next ten years, more than a hundred scientific and hi-tech companies moved into the area and new hi-tech centres developed around the original Zhongguancun Garden．They all have their own characteristics，but they all share the spirit of creativity and scientific skill that have made Zhongguancun a success．The science park is also home to a growing number of overseas Chinese who have grasped the opportunity to develop their ideas at home．Xiang Y ufang is one of those who have returned to China after studying and working abroad．Zhongguancun made it possible for him to follow his dreams and help the country he loves．“I studied abroad because I wanted to see more of the world and work with some of the top scientists in my field．I never felt really comfortable abroad，and I missed everything about China．When I got my master‟s degree，I wanted to return home but couldn‟t find a company where I could use what I had learnt．I worked abroad for a few years and then I heard about Zhongguancun．I knew it was perfect for me.”Yufang talked to some friends from his university in Beijing and they helped arrange for his return．He left his job in the foreign company and came back to Beijing．“I was so happy．It was wonderful，like a dream come true．I could do the work I wanted to do and do something good for my country at the same time．I will never forget how happy I was when I set foot in China again and was back with my friends and family．”Yufang has been in China for three years now and is doing well．He lives in Beijing and runs a small company based in Zhongguancun together with two friends．Zhongguancun has had a positive effect on business as well as science．Today，there are more than 8,000 hi-tech companies in Zhongguancun．More than half of them are IT companies．The park is home to Chinese computer giants Lenovo and Founder and more than twenty famous international companies．One of the mottos for the park一“Relying on science, technology and knowledge to increase economic power”— makes it clear that science and business can and must work together to build the future．Another motto helps explain the success of the park: “Encouraging pioneering work and accepting failure.” Great scientific achievements are the results of years of failure，years of trying to create something that has never existed before．The researchers and scientists in Zhongguancun know that they can only reach the top if they are ready to deal with and learn from failure．Not all the new companies can succeed，but the spirit and creativity they represent are more important than money．As Yufang puts it：“We are not making that much money yet，but we are excited about all the new technology and great ideas that are coming to life in Zhongguancun．”Choose the correct answers．There may be more than one correct answer．1. According to the author, Zhongguancun is home to________________．A. some famous research institutes and universitiesB. many IT companiesC. more and more returned overseas ChineseD. a number of science parks2. What is NOT true about Zhongguancun?A. It is located in Haidian District, in northwestern Beijing．B. It was set up as a special economic zone in the 1990s．C. Most of its companies are doing IT business．D. It is not a good place for new companies．3. According to the reading，Xiang Yufang returned to China and opened a company in Zhongguancun because__________________.A. he wanted to see more of the worldB. he enjoyed working with the best scientists in his fieldC. he could enjoy his work and contribute to his country at the same timeD. he missed his friends and family4. According to the graph in the passage，how many of the people who work in Zhongguancun have a master‟s degree or above?A. 25,0010B. 30,000C. 35,000D. 180,0005. How is ……failure‟‟ understood in Zhongguancun?A. There are fewer failures in Zhongguancun．B. Many of its researchers and scientists will try hard not to fail．C. Failure is a necessary part of being successful．D. The best thing about failure is that you learn every time you fail．BRed hot achievementsChinese history is filled with great achievements in science and technology．Since the early 1990s，China has been enjoying a boom in scientific and technological development．The success is no accident．In 1995，the Chinese government put forward a plan for “rejuvenating the nation by relying on science and education‟‟ and it has helped Chinese scientists make many breakthroughs．The results are impressive．Exploring spaceCSA，the Chinese Space Agency，has developed the highly successful Long March rocket series．The rockets are safe and have been used to send satellites into space and to prepare for the nation‟s first manned space flight．Solving the mysteries of lifeChina has long been a leader in the field of genetic research aimed at improving agriculture．One of the most important achievements is a new kind of rice which allows farmers to increase production．Over the past twenty years，China also became part of an international research programme which examined the human body．In 2000，Chinese scientists announced that they had completed their part of the international human genome project，proving that Chinese scientists are among the world‟s best．E-volutionIt seems to be love at first byte for China and computers．The Internet is becoming increasingly popular and a new high-speed broadband network was recently started．Chinese computer engineers have also developed the supercomputer Shenwei，one of the world‟s fastest computers，and built the Nation‟s first humanoid robot．Fighting cancerFor the first time ever, scientists have been able to create a chemical element that can fight cancer cells．The breakthrough，made by scientists in Shanghai，gives hope to cancer patients all over the world and makes China one of the world leaders in the battle against the deadly disease．CIntegrating SkillsThe ages of manHuman achievements come in all shapes and sizes. Knocking two rocks together can be just as important as sending a man to the moon. When ancient humans learnt to use stone tools and make fire, it meant the beginningof modern society. Later discoveries —bronze, iron, steam, electricity, to name a few —continued the development of society and shaped history．So important were these achievements that we often divide human history into time periods named after the latest technology of the time：the Stone Age，the Bronze Age，the Iron Age and so on．In modern times，scientific achievements have continued to drive the development of society．The eighteenth and nineteenth centuries saw the widespread use of electricity and the birth of the steam engine，leading to factories and cities as we know them today．It was also the beginning of public education and the modern branches of science．The twentieth century brought us cars，nuclear power and space exploration，and is sometimes called the “Atomic Age” or the“Space Age”．Recently, he effect of computers and the Internet has given rise to the idea that we are living in the“Information Age”．The connection between science and society is easy to see．Whatever the“age”，each time period is shaped by the latest and most advanced technology．Scientific achievements also lead to new discoveries and inventions．In some cases，new technology makes it possible for scientists to answer questions and solve problems that once were too difficult．With more and better information，scientists can develop new theories，which in turn lead to future scientific achievements．The wheel of scientific development keeps on turning．It takes time for a new technology to enter everyday life．In most cases，the first to use it are governments and businesses．For example，electricity was first used in factories and did not become available to homes until several years later. The same was true for computers and cellphones. In the early days，computers were so large，expensive and difficult to use that only government and industry experts could use them．Soon，however, the technology became cheaper and programmes were developed for people who had little or no training．New technologies also show the role and importance of scientific achievements in society．At first，A new technology is seen as a rare and valuable resource that can strengthen a country and its economy．Later on，scientists and businessmen develop products that can be bought and used by ordinary consumers．At the same time．it becomes easier and cheaper to make the products，which means that more people can afford to buy products using the new technology．The computer chip is perhaps the best example．When it was first developed，a computer chip was very expensive and could only be made by a small group of experts in developed countries．Today, the technology is well known and computer chips are made in factories all over the world．Our ability to understand and use new technologies has also developed over the years. Science has become perhaps the most important field of study and many governments view science and technology as key to the development of a country．Schools and universities pay special“attention to modern technology, both as subjects to study and as tools for teaching．In China, as in most countries，provinces and cities build “technology parks”，such as Zhongguancun，to make sure that companies and customers can benefit from the latest advances in science．By supporting research and development，a government can make new technologies and products available to us faster and at lower cost．We have come a long way since the earliest days of humankind，but new discoveries are as important as ever．Whatever the next“age”may be，it is sure to change our life and the way we understand the world and ourselves．Choose the best answer1. According to the reading, sending-a man to the moon was _______ making simple stone tools in ancient times．A. more important thanB. less important thanC. just as important as2. Electricity and the steam engine led to modern __________________．A. public educationB. factories and citiesC. science3. Contemporary society is sometimes called the________________．A. Information AgeB. Space AgeC. Atomic Age4. The first users of new technologies are usually _________________．A. ordinary peopleB. governments and companiesC. universitiesUnit 12 Fact and fantasyAJules Verne: the Father of Science FictionJules V erne was born in 1828，in France．His father sent him to Paris to study law, but instead Verne developed his love for the theatre．To make a living，Verne had to write and sell stories．He spent many hours m Pads libraries studying botany, applied science and many other subjects．He used the latest ideas and technical inventions of his day in his books．Many of the instruments in his novels will remind the reader of Dr Benjamin Franklin‟s experiments with electricity．By taking the scientific developments of his day one step further, Jules Verne laid the foundation of modern science fiction．He also suggested how inventions could be used in the future to allow man to do things that were considered impossible m his own time．Jules Verne died in 1905，long before any of his dreams came true．At the beginning of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea，one of Verne‟s most famous novels, ships are disappearing all over the world and it is believed to be caused by a sea monster．Dr Aronnax, his servant and a Canadian whale hunter set out to find the monster．After months of searching they find it and in the collision that follows，the three companions are thrown overboard．In their efforts to survive，they find themselves on the surface of the monster itself, which turns out to be a submarine．They are taken on board and Captain Nemo decides not to kill them but make them his permanent guests．From that day on they start planning their escape．Captain Nemo takes Dr Aronnax and his friends on a voyage across the oceans．His submarine，the Nautilus, is an extraordinary ship. The furniture is precious and huge glass windows that can be opened and closed give a view of the underwater world．The ship is also very strong and protected with thick iron plates. Electricity is used for light，heating，power and to defend the ship against attacks．All that is needed for life on board comes from the ocean．The food aboard the Nautilus is all seafood．Dressed in diving suits，Captain Nemo and his guests walk around in this magic world，lighted by the lamps of the ship．They find themselves surrounded by colourful rocks，fishes，seashells and plants，all waving and moving slowly in the blue waters．Readers have wondered about the character of Captain Nemo ever since the book was published. You could say he is someone you will neither like nor dislike．You might think that he is a cruel man because he keeps Aronnax and the others as prisoners and destroys ships. But at other moments you will find him gentle and weak，as when he cries about the lost lives of people drowned in ships that have sunk．Another wonderful story is that of Journey to the Centre of the Earth．The story begins with the discovery of an ancient document in an old book．The document explains how to find a secret road to the centre of the earth．Two men decide to go on this adventure and travel to Iceland，where they enter the earth through a chimney in a dead volcano．Their guide leads them through a narrow passage deep into the earth．Passing throughlayers of coal and marble they go deeper and deeper．They drink the water from a boiling underground river and after many days they reach a huge lake or underground ocean．Walking along its shores they go through forests of mushrooms and plants that lived on the earth millions of years ago．They build a raft to cross the sea and are attacked by ancient sea creatures．In the end，their raft is drawn into a fast stream and with ever increasing speed they are shot out of a volcano in southern Italy.BThe Story Of Dr FrankensteinNo human being could have passed a happier childhood than myself．Instead of children‟s play and adventure，I was driven by a desire to learn．I was not interested in the structure of languages or law．I wanted tolearn the secrets of heaven and earth．My father was not scientific，so I had to look for a road without having a map．I entered the search for wisdom and dreamt of finding a wav to cure any disease．I read all the books I could find that threw light upon these matters．I studied maths and physics and the works of many brilliant scientists．At the age of seventeen，my parents sent me to university．However, I found all that was taught at university very disappointing and decided that I would pioneer a new way, explore unknown powers，and unfold to the world the deepest mysteries of nature．One of the phenomena that attracted my attention was the structure of the human body and any animal that was alive．I often asked myself where the principle of life came from．After days and nights of incredible labour, I discovered the cause of life and how to create life from dead matter．When I found this amazing power placed within my hands，I hesitated a long time thinking how I should use it．Although I knew how to create life，how to prepare a body for it with all its muscles and organs still remained a difficult job．I doubted at first whether I should try to create a being like myself, or one of simpler organisation．But soon I dreamt of nothing else but the creation of a creature as complete and wonderful as man．It was with these feelings that I began the creation of a human being．As the small size of the parts slowed down my speed，I decided to make the being much larger than man，about eight feet in height．With these ideas，spending some months collecting and arranging materials，I began．Who can imagine the horrors of my secret work? I collected bones from graves and cut up dead bodies．Many of my materials came from butcher shops and hospitals．It was on a night in November that I looked at the result of my work．I collected my instruments around me, with which I would light the flame of life in the dead thing that lay at my feet．It was already one in the morning, and my candle was nearly burnt out，when I saw the dull yellow eyes of the creature open．I looked at the horrible monster that I had created．He opened the curtain of the bed，and his eyes, if eyes they may be called, looked at me．His hair was black and his teeth as white as snow, but his skin was yellow．When his thin black lips opened，nothing came but some strange sounds．While unfinished，he was ugly, but now he was a living horror．CIntegrating SkillsM r Cavor’s Flying MachineWhen I first met Mr Cavor, he was about to finish building the machine in which he planned to travel to the moon．As it had neither wings nor an engine，I was amazed and asked him how his machine could fly．The secret lay in a new material which he had developed．Applied in his machine, it would cut off the earth‟s power, which science calls gravity, to keep things on the ground．If Mr Cavor‟s machine would be free from the pull of gravity, nothing would keep it from flying off into the sky．I still could not understand how it would work，so I asked him to explain it to me．Cavor said that for many years he had been doing research into materials that could block all kinds of energy in the form of waves. “Energy,” he said, “such as light or heat，X-rays，electricity or gravity, exists in the form of waves that act on bodies at a distance.” Almost all materials block some form of energy．Glass，for example，blocks heat，but it lets light pass through, so that it is useful as a fire screen．Metals，on the other hand，block light，but electrical energy and heat pass through them very well．So far，it sounded like a class of basic physics, and I had no difficulty understanding him．“Gravity passes through all known materials.” he said. “You can use screens of various sorts to cut off the light or heat，or electrical influence of the sun．You can screen things with sheets of metal from radioactivity, but nothing will cut off the gravity of the earth．Yet why there should be nothing is hard to say.” Cavor did not see why such a material，which he called Cavorite，should not exist．He argued that such a material was possible and，under certain conditions，could be made．He explained it to me as follows.” Everybody knows that the air has weight and that it presses on everything on the surface of the earth，no less than fourteen and a half pounds to the square inch．But over a sheet of Cavorite this is not the case，because it blocks the gravity from the earth below it．The next step would be to build a machine in which to apply that great discovery.” Cavor was proud to show me the first model．“It‟s like this,” he said. “Nothing above a layer of Cavorite weighs anything，and everything above it goes up into the air．The material itself moves up too and We are going up with it.” “Like Jules Verne‟s thing in A Trip to the Moon,” I said，but Cavor did not read any fiction．“Imagine a ball,” he explained, “large enough to hold two people and their luggage．It will be made of steel and thick glass，and on the outside，Cavorite．As soon as the Cavorite cools down，it is no longer affected by gravity, and off you fly.”“But then what is to prevent the machine from traveling in a straight line into space for ever?” I asked. “That‟s a practical problem for which I will still need to find a solution,” Cavor said, “but don‟t worry, I already have the beginning of an idea.”Unit 13 The water planetAThe Properties Of WaterEarth is an ocean planet．About three billion years ago，life on our planet began in the deep blue seas．Ninety-nine percent of the living space on earth is in the oceans．Marine life is incredibly rich and varied．There are about five million species in the oceans and we have yet to learn much about them．Life in the oceans ranges from the tiniest plankton all the way up to giants like sharks and whales．What makes the ocean such a great place to live? The answer is water．Chemical StructureThe chemical structure of water makes it an excellent medium for life．Water is actually quite simple，but the Way the water molecule is formed gives water its unique properties．The water molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom．They form a polar molecule，that is，one with a slightly positive end and a slightly negative end．Because water is polar, it can break down both solids and gases．The nutrients in whatever falls into the ocean quickly become available to other living creatures．The chemical structure of water also makes it different from almost everything else on earth．Water is a liquid at room temperature and has a relatively high freezing point．SalinityWhen dissolved gases and solids mix with pure water, the result is sea water, or salt water．The salinity of the earth‟s oceans is about thirty-five parts per thousand，meaning that there are about thirty-five grammes of dissolved solids and gases in one kilogramme of water．Even though the pure water is what gives sea water its main properties，the salinity of sea water affects both its weight and freezing point．Salt water has a lower freezing point and is heavier than pure water．DensityDensity is the relationship between mass and volume and is measured in kilogrammes per cubic metre ( kg/m3 )．The density of pure water is 1,000 kg/m3，meaning that one cubic metre of water weighs one thousand kilogrammes. If a substance has a higher density, say 5,000 kg/m3，it will not float on water．Marine animals and plants take advantage of the density of water．With the right kind of body, it is possible to float around in the ocean and let the water do the work．When water freezes，its density decreases．If it did not．the oceans would be frozen solid．Heat CapacityHeat capacity is the amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of a substance by one degreecentigrade．The heat capacity of water is relatively high．Water can absorb and give off a lot of heat without big changes in temperature，thus creating a stable environment．Most animals and plants are sensitive to large or sudden changes in temperature．so the ocean is a safe and comfortable habitat．The water in the oceans also keeps the temperature of the earth steady by absorbing and giving off heat．Ocean MotionSince changes in salinity and temperature affect water‟s density, the water in the ocean is always moving．Dense water sinks and less dense water is pushed to the surface．This circulation adds energy to the marine ecosystems and moves nutrients around．Isn‟t it amazing that a single substance can be so important to our planet and even the whole universe? Water，which seems so simple and common, is what makes life possible．Of all the resources on earth —oil，gas，gold and so on —nothing is as precious as a drop of rain．Learning about the properties of water helps us understand life on our planet．The most important thing we can learn about water, however, is that we must protect it and use it wisely．Our future depends on it．CNature’s Nursery: EstuariesAs the oceans are the source of life on earth, the estuaries are our planet‟s nurseries. An estuary is the body of water where a river meets the ocean. Salt water from the ocean and fresh water from the river mix together in an estuary．This mixing of fresh and salt water creates a unique environment filled with life of all kinds—a zone between the land and the sea．Estuaries are the homes of thousands of animals and plants．Many cities and towns are built near estuaries，and a lot of fish is caught in estuaries．Estuaries are great places for nature‟s young ones．Here，animals can enjoy all the benefits of the oceans without having to face many of the dangers．Tides provide energy for the ecosystems，but estuaries are protected from waves and storms by islands，mud or sand．Nutrients arrive in estuaries from both the land and the ocean．The density of living creatures is higher than in any other habitat on earth．The diversity of life in estuaries is incredible —birds, fish, marine mammals，shellfish and other species all come here to live, feed and reproduce．Estuaries are also important because they absorb nutrients and pollutants from water coming from inland sources，thus cleaning our water．Unfortunately, this function also makes estuaries very sensitive to environmental pollution．Since estuaries protect animals and plants from storms and floods and prevent erosion，protecting estuaries is very important．Finally, estuaries provide both recreation and education for human beings．Most of us enjoy fishing，swimming and having fun on the beach，and scientists and students have endless opportunities to study a variety of life in the habitat．Estuaries also contribute to the economy through tourism and fishing．Reading comprehension:1. Why are estuaries such good places for nature‟s young ones?2. What does density mean in this passage?3. How do estuaries affect the water that passes through them?4. Why are estuaries more sensitive to pollution than other areas?5. Why are estuaries important to human beings?Integrating SkillsDLIFE IN THE OCEANThe earth‟s oceans can reach depths of up to 11,000 metres．That is deep enough to cover Mt Qomolangma! The oceans are incredibly large and contain several different habitats．To make it easier to describe the various parts of the oceans．marine scientists usually divide the oceans into five zones．Each zone is different mainly as a result of how much sunlight reaches it．Most of the life in the ocean can be found in the first zone，which begins at the surface and goes down about 200 metres．Because there is sunlight at this level, plants are able to grow．Marine animals such as dolphins，sharks，sea turtles and sea lions，and of course a variety of fish，live in the sunlit part of the ocean．It is difficult to hide from other animals in this area，but many species have adapted by becoming dark on the top and light on the bottom．This makes it difficult to see them against the dark water below and the blue sky above．The second zone starts at 200 metres and goes down to about 1,000 metres．Some sunlight can reach this level．but it is not enough for plants to grow．Because this zone is relatively dark，many of the creatures that live here are able to make light with their body．The light from these animals makes the water look like a sky with moving stars in it．The third zone of the ocean is dark．This place，about 3,000 metres deep，may not seem a likely habitat, but there are more creatures here than one might think．Most of the animals that live here are black or red because of the lack of light．At this depth, a slow shower of what looks like snow is falling．This phenomenon, called“marine snow”，is actually nutrients falling towards the bottom of the ocean．It is an important source of food for the creatures that live in the deep．Below 4,000 metres，the temperature is near freezing and there is no light at all．In fact，the zone is so dark and empty that scientists named this zone after the Greek word for“no bottom”．There is not much life to be found in this cold and unpleasant part of the ocean，but some small creatures still manage to survive here despite the high water pressure．Few of the animals in the ocean can dive this deep．One exception is the sperm whale，which slows its heartbeat in order to reach this zone as it hunts for food．The very deepest part of the ocean is found 2,000 metres further down．At this depth，the water pressure is extremely high and life is very difficult for the few creatures that live here．Compared to the other zones, this one has very little life．Since there is no light here，some of the animals do not have eyes．When scientists explored the very deepest parts of the ocean，they did not expect to find any life at all．However, it turned out that there are creatures that can live even in habitats as far down as 10,000 metres．They usually survive by living close to deep sea vents, “ chimneys‟‟ that send out gases from within the earth．Unlike all other living things on the earth，which get their energy from the sun，the creatures that live here use chemicals from the vents to stay alive．Next time you look at the ocean from the beach or on a map，remember that what you are seeing is only the surface —only the beginning of the large and varied adventure that is the ocean．Unit 14 Freedom fightersAI have a dreamIn the summer of 1963 Martin Luther King，Jr gave a speech to thousands of black people who marched on Washington DC, the capital of the USA．His speech一“I Have a Dream”一made him famous all over the world．At that time in the southern states，blacks were not treated as equal citizens．Although slavery ended in the USA in 1865，almost a hundred years before, the South had its own laws to continue the separation of blacks and。
Integrating
Integrating multiscale modeling and simulations with scalable high performance computationShantanu Sharma, Feng Ding, Nikolay V. DokholyanDepartment of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Despite significant advances in high performance computing resources, the complexity of simulating protein dynamics limits the problems that can be investigated in silico. The crux of the problem lies in rapid exploration of protein conformational ensemble. The iFold server () presents an efficient alternative approach: coupling the fast discrete molecular dynamics (DMD) conformational sampling algorithm with multiscale modeling. DMD is among of the fastest techniques for conformational sampling; accessing biologically relevant length and time scales by utilizing a multiscale protein modeling approach – using simplified models for probing conformational dynamics, followed by high-resolution reconstruction of trajectories for detailed analyses. The iFold server provides a premier web-based resource for high-throughout analyses of protein dynamics using DMD, utilizing local Linux cluster computing resources. This approach is highly scalable and global cyber-infrastructure resources can be added for supporting massive simulation requirements. Customizable complex simulation modes such as protein folding, unfolding, thermodynamic scan, P Fold scan and simulated annealing are possible using iFold. In summary, amalgamating multiscale modeling and simulation tools at the iFold server with high performance computing resources has allowed probing protein dynamics at unprecedented scales.References:1. S. Sharma, F. Ding, and N. V. Dokholyan, "Multiscale modeling of nucleosomedynamics." Biophysical Journal, 92: 1457-1470 (2007).2.S. Sharma, F. Ding, H. Nie, D. Watson, A. Unnithan, J. Lopp, D. Pozefsky, N. V.Dokholyan, "iFold: A platform for interactive folding simulations of proteins."Bioinformatics, 22: 2693-2694 (2006).3.N. V. Dokholyan, F. Ding, S. Sharma, “Multiscale molecular modeling.” Proceedingsof the German Conference on Bioinformatics, submitted (2007).4. F. Ding, N. V. Dokholyan, “Simple but predictive protein models.” Trends inBiotechnology, 23(9):450-5 (2005).。
多模态教学在初中英语阅读中的应用文献综述
多模态教学在初中英语阅读中的应用文献综述Multimodal teaching has gained increasing attention in the field of education, particularly in the context of English language learning. The integration of multiple modes of representation, such as visual, auditory, and kinesthetic elements, has been shown to enhance student engagement, comprehension, and overall learning outcomes. In the context of middle school English reading, multimodal teaching approaches have the potential to significantly improve the teaching and learning process.One of the key advantages of multimodal teaching in middle school English reading is its ability to cater to diverse learning styles and preferences. Students in this age group often exhibit a wide range of cognitive abilities, attention spans, and personal interests. By incorporating multiple modes of instruction, teachers can better accommodate the diverse needs of their students, ensuring that the learning experience is engaging and accessible to all.Visual aids, such as multimedia presentations, interactive diagrams, and infographics, can greatly enhance the comprehension and retention of reading materials. These visual elements not only provide a more engaging and visually stimulating learning environment but also help students to better understand and remember key concepts, themes, and literary devices. Additionally, the use of visual aids can facilitate the exploration of complex ideas and facilitate the development of critical thinking skills.Auditory components, such as audiobooks, podcasts, and teacher-led discussions, can also play a crucial role in multimodal English reading instruction. By incorporating these auditory elements, teachers can cater to students who prefer to learn through listening, as well as those who may benefit from the additional support of hearing the text read aloud. Audiobooks, in particular, can be especially helpful for students who struggle with reading fluency or who require additional support in comprehending the text.Kinesthetic and interactive learning activities, such as role-playing, dramatizations, and hands-on projects, can further enrich the multimodal approach to middle school English reading. These activities not only help to reinforce the understanding of the text but also promote the development of important skills, such as collaboration, communication, and problem-solving. By engaging students in active and experiential learning, teachers can foster adeeper connection between the reading material and the students' own experiences, ultimately enhancing their engagement and comprehension.The integration of technology can also play a significant role in the implementation of multimodal teaching in middle school English reading. Digital tools, such as interactive whiteboards, educational apps, and online learning platforms, can provide a wealth of opportunities for students to engage with the reading material in dynamic and innovative ways. These technological resources can facilitate the creation of multimedia presentations, interactive exercises, and collaborative learning environments, further enhancing the multimodal experience.Moreover, the use of multimodal teaching in middle school English reading can also support the development of essential 21st-century skills, such as digital literacy, critical thinking, and problem-solving. By exposing students to a variety of modes of representation and learning activities, teachers can help students to become more adept at navigating and interpreting information from diverse sources, as well as developing the skills necessary to effectively communicate and collaborate in an increasingly digital and interconnected world.However, the successful implementation of multimodal teaching in middle school English reading is not without its challenges. Teachersmust be well-equipped with the necessary pedagogical knowledge, technical skills, and resources to effectively integrate multiple modes of instruction into their lesson plans. Additionally, the integration of multimodal elements must be carefully planned and aligned with the learning objectives and the specific needs of the student population.Furthermore, the availability and accessibility of multimodal resources, as well as the technical infrastructure within the school, can pose significant barriers to the widespread adoption of these teaching approaches. Addressing these challenges through comprehensive professional development, resource allocation, and technological investments can be crucial in ensuring the successful implementation of multimodal teaching in middle school English reading.Despite these challenges, the potential benefits of multimodal teaching in middle school English reading are well-documented in the existing literature. Numerous studies have demonstrated the positive impact of these approaches on student engagement, comprehension, and overall academic performance. By leveraging the power of multiple modes of representation, teachers can create a more inclusive, engaging, and effective learning environment that caters to the diverse needs of middle school students.In conclusion, the application of multimodal teaching in middleschool English reading is a promising approach that can significantly enhance the teaching and learning process. By incorporating visual, auditory, and kinesthetic elements, as well as integrating technological resources, teachers can create a more engaging and effective learning environment that supports the development of essential skills and prepares students for the demands of the 21st-century. As educational research and practice continue to evolve, the continued exploration and implementation of multimodal teaching in middle school English reading will be crucial in ensuring the academic success and holistic development of students.。
Geometric Modeling
Geometric ModelingGeometric modeling is a crucial aspect of computer graphics and design,playing a significant role in various industries such as architecture, engineering, and animation. It involves creating digital representations of objects and environments using mathematical and computational techniques. This process allows for the visualization, analysis, and manipulation of complex geometric shapes, ultimately contributing to the development of innovative products and designs. However, like any technological field, geometric modeling presents its own set of challenges and limitations that need to be addressed. One of the primary challenges in geometric modeling is the accurate representation of real-world objects and environments. Achieving precise and realistic depictions requires a deep understanding of mathematical concepts such as curves, surfaces, and solids. Additionally, the integration of texture, lighting, and shading furthercomplicates the process, as these elements contribute to the overall visual appeal and authenticity of the model. As a result, geometric modelers often face the daunting task of balancing mathematical precision with aesthetic quality, striving to create visually appealing representations that accurately reflect the physical world. Moreover, the scalability of geometric modeling presents anothersignificant challenge. As the complexity and size of models increase, so does the computational demand required for their creation and manipulation. This can leadto performance issues, particularly in real-time applications such as video games and virtual simulations. To address this challenge, geometric modelers must constantly innovate and optimize their techniques to ensure that large-scale models can be efficiently handled and rendered without compromising quality. In addition to technical challenges, geometric modeling also raises ethical considerations, particularly in the context of virtual reality and simulation. The ability to create highly realistic and immersive environments has the potential to blur the lines between the virtual and physical worlds, raising questions aboutthe ethical use of such technology. For instance, the creation of lifelike simulations for training or entertainment purposes may have unintended psychological effects on users, blurring their perception of reality. As such, itis crucial for geometric modelers to consider the ethical implications of theirwork and strive to use their skills responsibly. Despite these challenges, the field of geometric modeling continues to evolve, driven by advancements in technology and the increasing demand for realistic digital representations. Innovations such as 3D scanning and printing have revolutionized the way geometric models are created, allowing for the direct conversion of physical objects into digital form. Additionally, the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning has the potential to streamline the modeling process, automating repetitive tasks and enabling more efficient creation of complex geometries. Ultimately, the future of geometric modeling holds great promise, as it continues to push the boundaries of what is possible in the digital realm. By addressing the challenges and ethical considerations inherent to the field, geometric modelers can harness the full potential of their craft, contributing to the creation of captivating virtual worlds, groundbreaking designs, and innovative technological solutions. As technology continues to advance, the role of geometric modeling will only become more prominent, shaping the way we interact with and perceive the world around us.。
大学的作用 英语作文
The role of universities in society is multifaceted and crucial for the development of both individuals and communities.Heres a detailed look at some of the key functions of universities:cation and Knowledge Dissemination:Universities are the primary institutions for higher education,where students can pursue degrees in a wide range of disciplines.They provide a structured environment for learning,with access to expert faculty,libraries,and research facilities.2.Research and Innovation:Universities are hubs of research,where new knowledge is created and existing knowledge is expanded upon.They encourage innovation and the development of new technologies,often in collaboration with industry partners.3.Cultural Enrichment:Universities contribute to the cultural life of a community by hosting events such as lectures,concerts,and exhibitions.They often have strong ties to the arts,promoting creativity and critical thinking.4.Economic Development:The presence of a university can stimulate local economies by attracting students,faculty,and researchers,who in turn spend money on housing, food,and entertainment.Additionally,the research conducted at universities can lead to the creation of new businesses and job opportunities.5.Social Mobility:Higher education is a pathway for social mobility,allowing individuals from various socioeconomic backgrounds to improve their life prospects through education.Universities provide opportunities for students to network and access resources that can help them succeed in their careers.6.Globalization and Internationalization:Universities play a significant role in fostering global understanding and cooperation.They attract international students and faculty, promote exchange programs,and engage in collaborative research projects with institutions around the world.7.Civic Engagement:Many universities encourage students to participate in community service and civic engagement activities.This not only benefits the community but also helps students develop a sense of social responsibility and leadership skills.8.Professional Development:Universities offer continuing education and professional development courses for individuals who wish to advance in their careers or change fields.These programs help to keep the workforce skilled and adaptable to changing job markets.9.Influence on Public Policy:Scholars at universities often contribute to public policy debates by providing expert analysis and research findings.Their insights can inform decisionmaking processes at various levels of government.10.Preservation of Knowledge:Universities are responsible for preserving knowledge through their libraries and archives.They ensure that historical and cultural information is not lost and remains accessible for future generations.In conclusion,universities are vital institutions that serve a wide array of purposes,from advancing individual careers to contributing to the collective good of society.They are essential for nurturing intellectual growth,fostering innovation,and promoting social and economic progress.。
校级分析测试中心大型仪器设备共享平台建设探讨
大型仪器科学管理 (429 ~ 437)校级分析测试中心大型仪器设备共享平台建设探讨−以西南交通大学分析测试中心为例卫飞飞，方维臻（西南交通大学 分析测试中心，四川 成都 610031）摘要：校级分析测试中心是高校办学和科研活动的有力支撑，建立完善、科学的大型仪器设备开放共享平台，使之更好地在科研突破、教学实践、创新引领方面发挥应有的作用，是目前很多高校需要重视的问题. 总结了西南交通大学分析测试中心大型仪器设备共享平台的建设经验，从管理制度的完善、共享平台信息化建设、共享模式的探索和人才培养优势几个方面进行深入探讨，以期为其他院校仪器共享平台的建设提供借鉴.关键词：分析测试；开放共享；共享平台建设；大型仪器设备中图分类号：G311 文献标志码：B 文章编号：1006-3757（2023）04-0429-09DOI ：10.16495/j.1006-3757.2023.04.013Discussion on Construction of Large-Scale Instrument Sharing Platform for University Level Analysis and Testing Center: Taking Analysis and TestingCenter of Southwest Jiaotong University as ExampleWEI Feifei ， FANG Weizhen（Analysis and Testing Center , Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu 610031, China ）Abstract ：The university level analysis and testing center is a strong support for the university running and scientific research activities. At present, many universities need to pay attention to establish a comprehensive and scientific open sharing platform for large-scale instruments and equipments to make good use of scientific research breakthroughs,teaching practices, and innovation leadership. The construction experience of large-scale instrument sharing platform of the analysis and testing center of Southwest Jiaotong University were summarized. And the improvement of management systems, the information construction of sharing platforms, the exploration of sharing models, and advantages in talent cultivation were discussed, expecting to provide a reference for the construction of the equipment sharing platform of other universities.Key words ：analysis and testing ；open and shared platform ；sharing platform construction ；large-scale instrument随着我国综合实力的增强和科教兴国战略的一贯坚持，国家对科研院校的经费支持稳步增加.大型仪器设备作为科研突破、教学实践、创新引领的重要物质基础，其经费投入也是逐年增长[1-2]. 大收稿日期：2023−07−22； 修订日期：2023−09−19.基金项目：西南交通大学实验教学研究与改革项目（项目编号：20221421）作者简介：卫飞飞（1979−），男，硕士，主要从事实验室安全、大仪共享平台建设、高校资产与实验室管理，E-mail ：*************.cn通信作者：方维臻（1985−），男，实验师，主要从事痕量无机元素分析、色谱及质谱分析等工作，E-mail ：*********************.cn.第 29 卷第 4 期分析测试技术与仪器Volume 29 Number 42023年12月ANALYSIS AND TESTING TECHNOLOGY AND INSTRUMENTS Dec. 2023型仪器设备为教学和科研的发展创造了有利的条件，也是评价一所高校综合办学实力的重要指标之一[3]. 重视并加强大型仪器公共平台建设已成为各高校的共识，目前国内高校的大型仪器设备整体上已经非常先进，但重购买、轻管理、配置不合理、资源浪费、共享不顺畅等问题仍亟待解决[4-5]. 例如，根据《四川省教育厅关于高等学校科研设施与仪器开放共享情况的通报》，四川省内47所地方高校拥有1380台(套)大型科研仪器，2020年度未开放共享的有248台，约占总量18%，开放共享率仍有提升空间. 另外还有开放共享情况不平衡的情况. 47所高校中有20所高校开放率为90%以上，占总学校数43%，有13所高校开放率为0%，占总学校数28%. 最后，实际对外服务使用率偏低. 2020年，开放共享的科研设施与仪器中仅有491台有实际对外服务机时，年对外服务机时超过14万小时，实际使用率仅为47%. 针对此类问题，国家层面出台了推动大型仪器设备共享平台建设的文件，如2014年国务院出台《关于国家重大科研基础设施和大型科研仪器向社会开放的意见》，2017年科技部、国家发展改革委员会、财政部联合出台《国家重大科研基础设施和大型科研仪器开放共享管理办法》，文件中明确要求大型科学仪器设备要面向高校、科研院所、企业、社会研发组织以及个人等社会用户开放，尤其要为创新创业、中小微企业发展提供支撑保障. 2022年7月科技部办公厅印发《国家重大科研基础设施和大型科研仪器开放共享评价考核实施细则》的通知中提出了进一步落实上述文件的相关要求[6]. 同时，科技部会同财政部还制定了《国家重大科研基础设施和大型科研仪器开放共享评价考核实施细则》，对单台（套）价值在50万元及以上的科学仪器设备进行开放共享考核，并向社会公布考核结果，倒逼中央级高等学校和科研院所等单位承担大型仪器设备开放共享责任.为了响应国家的号召，更好的为科研服务，国内高校在有限的经费资助下集中优势力量办大事，购进价值大、科研价值高的核心仪器设备，同时推进这类大型仪器设备共享平台的建设. 截至2021年4月，四川省大型科研仪器共享平台已整合224家管理单位的3 290台(套)大型科研仪器，总价值达42.47亿元[7]. 校级分析测试中心作为双一流大学建设的重要一环，其共享平台建设与大型仪器设备的开放共享也是相辅相成、相互促进[8-9]. 近几年来，国内高校的校级分析测试中心纷纷加入大型仪器设备开放共享平台（以下简称“大仪共享平台”）的建设行列[10-12]. 西南交通大学分析测试中心在政策引导和校领导的有力支持下，全校上下一条心、统筹全局“一盘棋”，已建成初具规模的大仪共享平台. 本文将阐述我校在大仪共享平台建设过程中积累的经验以及对工作中遇到相关问题的思考.1 以制度促共享建立良好的规章制度不仅是仪器设备管理与运行的基本保障，也是大仪共享平台建设的重要内容. 良好的制度可以解决大仪共享平台建设过程中的利益冲突，使仪器设备在管理的各环节有章可循、有据可依[13].1.1 建章立制，完善大仪共享平台管理制度大型仪器设备的调研与论证作为大仪共享平台建设的起点，也是极为重要的阶段. 该阶段容易出现条块分割、各自为政的现象，甚至出现为了完成预算而不得不购买设备的情况[14]. 目前我校对大型仪器设备的调研与论证不仅仅局限于项目负责人本身的科研需求，还将从开放共享、科学研究、人才培养、学科建设以及设备运行场地配套等方面通盘考虑. 同时还要在全校范围内对拟购置设备的同类设备进行查重，避免重复购置. 从源头上完善顶层制度设计，控制配置不合理、资源浪费等问题.大型仪器设备使用和维护环节是大仪共享平台建设的主要阶段，国家层面已出台多条关于大型仪器设备开放共享的文件，四川省也陆续出台《四川省人民政府关于重大科研基础设施和大型科研仪器向社会开放的实施意见》《四川省重大科研基础设施和大型科研仪器开放共享管理暂行办法》等文件. 为了贯彻落实上述文件的精神，学校层面也出台了《西南交通大学大型仪器设备开放共享服务管理办法》（2016年修订），2022年又出台了替代管理办法——《大型仪器设备开放共享管理办法》. 该管理办法规定除涉密的大型仪器设备外，凡属我校固定资产、单台（套）价值40万元及以上的设备应按照本办法开放共享. 按照“设备专管共用、资源开放共享、收益合理分配、绩效达标补助”的原则进行管理. 学校对大型仪器设备的开放共享情况执行绩效考核制度. 由大仪领导小组组织对全校大型430分析测试技术与仪器第 29 卷仪器设备开放共享工作进行使用效益绩效考评. 效益评价工作与学院年度考核、人才年度考核工作相结合. 全校大型仪器设备开放共享情况（机时数）按年度在校内公开，作为后期学校投入的重要依据之一. 对于考核不合格的二级单位和开放机组，学校责令其限期整改. 对于整改不到位或者后续考核仍不合格的单位，给予通报批评，从严审批仪器设备的购置，并视情况采取减少经费投入及调拨设备等措施.1.2 锚定检验检测机构资质认定（CMA），坚定质量管理体系建设检验检测机构资质认定（以下简称“资质认定”）是市场监督管理部门依照法律、行政法规规定，对向社会出具具有证明作用的数据、结果的检验检测机构的基本条件和技术能力是否符合法定要求实施的评价许可. 资质认定的标志是由China Inspection Body and Laboratory Mandatory Approval 的英文缩写CMA形成的图案和资质认定证书编号组成. 资质认定不仅要求检验检测机构进行准确的检测，还要求检验检测机构在各个环节中严格执行管理制度，确保符合相关标准和法规的要求. 因此，资质认定是衡量高校分析测试中心管理和测试水平的重要标志[15].高校分析测试中心质量管理体系建设的主要依据是RB/T214—2017《检验检测机构资质认定能力评价检验检测机构通用要求》[16]. 围绕机构、人员、场所环境、设备设施等关键质量要素，强化制度建设和质量管理，从而提高实验室管理的科学化水平.具体来说主要有以下几方面内容：（1）运行体系标准化. 分析测试中心结合自身实际工作情况编写体系文件，从上到下分为三级，依次是《质量手册》、《程序文件》和《操作性文件》，其中《质量手册》是检验检测机构的纲领性文件，它规定了质量方针、质量目标和质量承诺等内容，描述了质量管理体系. 《程序文件》是将《质量手册》的内容具体展开并细化，规定了检验检测机构质量活动的方法和要求，如对人员、设备、试剂、场所及环境等控制程序进行说明. 而《操作性文件》主要是管理性的作业指导文件和技术性的作业指导文件，前者主要是作业指导书，后者包括各类记录、表格、报告等文件. 体系运行后最明显的特征是需要填写各种记录表格，以便于出现问题的溯源. （2）人员管理专业化. 人员在能力确认的基础上进行授权，即持证上岗. 建立并保留所有技术人员的档案，且不能同时在两家检验检测机构任职. 除此以外，通常实施A、B岗制度，以便后续质控活动和检测报告复核等. （3）仪器管理标准化. 资质认定的仪器设备管理是检验检测机构管理的重中之重. 每台仪器均应具有唯一性标识和校准状态标识. 前者包括仪器名称、内部的仪器编号、保管人等信息. 后者通常用三种颜色实施标识管理，绿色表示“合格”、黄色表示“准用”、红色则表示“停用”. 日常管理中需要建立仪器的管理档案，进行定期检定或校准，并做好使用与运行记录. （4）试剂、耗材管理标准化. 首先是对供应商进行资质核查，同时实施动态打分制度淘汰较差的供应商. 试剂、耗材还需要进行验收、入库、保管、领用登记及出库等工作流程，对标准品需要进行定期的期间核查. （5）检测方法标准化. 根据CMA的体系要求，检测活动通常依据国家标准严格进行，避免了检测方法不规范的情况，同时检测活动正式开展之前还要对标准方法进行验证、对非标方法进行确认. 该部分工作量较大，需要对方法的方方面面进行验证，以确保此方法适用于所有可能的情况[17]. （6）场所环境标准化. 检验检测标准或者技术规范对环境条件有要求时或环境条件影响检验检测结果时，应监测、控制和记录环境条件. 当环境条件不利于检验检测的开展时，应停止检验检测活动. （7）质量控制制度化. 质量控制是质量管理的核心活动之一，其分为内部质量控制和外部质量控制，外部质量控制优于内部质量控制，外部质量控制最常见的方式是实验室间比对和能力验证. 而内部质量控制的方法包括实验比对（人员、方法和仪器等）、盲样测试、留样复测、空白测试、重复测试、加标实验等质控活动.（8）检测流程标准化. 体系运行后，从合同评审开始，经接样、测试，到最后出具报告的流程标准化，同时规范了原始记录和大型仪器设备使用记录的填写，以及样品和报告的留存和处置等.可以预见，通过上述标准的操作势必会对分析测试中心的各个方面带来积极的影响，包括质量管理体系的完善、检验检测数据可靠性的增加、检测人员业务水平和能力的提升、大型仪器设备共享率的提高、学校教学科研支撑作用的显著增强. 除此以外，高校分析测试中心获得了资质认定证书，也意味着拿到了检测市场的通行证，在获得经济收益第 4 期卫飞飞，等：校级分析测试中心大型仪器设备共享平台建设探讨431的同时，自身竞争力和服务意识将得到提高. 截至2023年7月，教育部公布的第二轮“双一流”建设的147所高校中（包括约20所文科高校），有约44所高校的校级测试平台申请获准为资质认定机构，仅占非文科高校总数的35%. 事实上，剩余未获得资质认定的高校中约有42所高校已建设有分析测试中心（绝大部分为校级平台），其余高校基本也都建设有大型仪器设备共享平台，因此资质认定工作还有很大的提升空间.2 以信息化助共享大仪共享平台建设需要面对仪器设备多、服务对象广、专职人员少的问题，不利于测试质量和服务水平的提高，容易发生监管盲区、产生事故隐患.因此，平台的建设要兼顾硬件系统和软件系统，大型仪器信息管理系统是大仪共享平台建设的重要内容[18]. 我校分析测试中心大仪共享平台的信息管理系统采用IIS 6.5服务器，并通过内部局域网和外部网络双重交互模式. 以Visual Studio 2008为开发环境，运用Asp．Net的编程框架，结合oracle数据库技术，为系统提供了安全、可靠、高效的智能数据平台. 该管理系统由门禁系统、监控系统、实验室状态监测系统、仪器计时管理系统、预约测试系统等组成.2.1 门禁系统分析测试中心实现严格的门禁制度，具有管理权限的操作人员，如实验室安全责任人可以对测试用户开通相应实验室的权限. 权限内容包括具体的实验室门牌号、授权时间段等信息. 另外，门禁具有刷卡、密码、人脸识别三种打开方式. 可视化的门禁系统还具有电子门牌的功能，可以显示实验室介绍、预约信息列表、仪器列表、安全警示标识、实验室安全负责人、实验室摄像头实景等信息.2.2 监控系统实验室内和过道实行监控系统全覆盖，对危化品储存的库房采用防爆摄像头，少数实验室配备超高清摄像头，并具备回放功能. 监控信息汇集于前台，便于24小时值班的门卫实时查看分析测试中心的整体情况.2.3 实验室状态监测系统实验室内有温度和湿度探头以及风量探头，实验室外有烟雾探头和气体泄漏探头，数据实时反馈给共享平台的管理系统. 温度和湿度记录作为检验检测机构环境的重要内容，在资质认定中有重要的作用. 除此以外，对于监测的异常情况，该系统可快速提供警报，方便决策者进行应急处理.2.4 仪器计时管理系统部分仪器实行刷卡开机，便于费用结算和计算机时.2.5 预约测试系统大仪共享平台建设的关键是预约测试系统，分析测试中心的高效运转也离不开良好的预约测试系统. 由于该系统是信息管理系统的核心部分，包含的内容也较多，可分为用户界面和管理员界面.对于用户界面主要有：仪器介绍页面（如仪器型号、性能指标、收费标准、主要应用和样品要求等），仪器预约页面（提供仪器开放时间和可预约样品的个数等信息），咨询建议等.目前本分析测试中心已经实行100%网络预约. 该系统不但提高了工作效率，而且可以提供查询统计功能. 对预约人、仪器、课题组、学院等进行分类查询统计，方便中心的管理和政策制定. 预约测试的流程如图1所示.（1）校内外的测试用户可以在分析测试中心网站上找到需要测试项目的仪器介绍、样品处理、送样要求、收费标准等信息，通过开设的账号（校内用户直接用统一身份认证）进行预约系统的登录.（2）登录后可以查看仪器的预约类型，包括送样检测和自主上机. 送样检测针对较为复杂和技术要求高的仪器设备，由仪器管理员进行测试. 自主上机是设备简单且容易操作的仪器设备，可由预约的用户直接进行测试. 除此以外，还可以看到仪器的开放时间，包括当日已预约样品数和可预约样品数.（3）在仪器管理员界面可以根据日程安排设定开放时间. 另外，为了确保仪器的最佳测试状态和维护保养，每日的测试样品数有限. 确定预约时间以及类型后，对于送样检测的用户还需要通过导师审批以及仪器管理员审批才可送样测试. 若是自主上机，则仅需仪器管理员同意后即可自行测试.（4）测试完毕. 仪器管理员将数据处理后上传至预约系统，最后进行费用的核算.通过该套预约系统，可以很好的管理不同类型的大型仪器设备. 仪器管理员也可以合理安排测试项目，测试用户只需要上门一次便可测得数据.432分析测试技术与仪器第 29 卷需要强调的是，目前高校的共享平台信息化建设仍不尽如意. 以四川省为例，通过调研四川省内40余所非文科类本科院校发现仅有少数几所高校有较为完善的信息化大仪共享平台，主要有四川大学、西南交通大学、西南石油大学、成都中医药大学和西南科技大学等. 大部分高校没有或者难以检索到面向社会公开的预约测试网站，部分高校使用微信群或者QQ 群进行预约，由此可见，信息化建设远不能满足共享平台建设的要求.3 以创新模式建共享科研平台根据学科及仪器性质进行归类整合，通常可以分为国家级、学校级、院系级三类. 院系级科研平台有很多价值高、专业性强的大型仪器设备，但由于缺乏制度的约束，存在部门化、课题组化、个人化的倾向，闲置浪费现象尤为严重. 针对院系级共享平台建设存在的种种问题，我校分析测试中心通过自愿协商的方法，对院系级共享平台的资源进行整合. 提出下面几种合作共建的共享模式并与合作共建的单位或课题组需签订责任书，责任书中会约定仪器对外的开放时间和对外服务机时数，初步落实共享.3.1 成立院系大仪共享平台分中心对少数共享意愿强烈的院系，积极引导二级单位建立大仪共享平台，成立分中心. 如分析测试中心材料学院分中心，已累计有12台（套），价值300余万的大型仪器设备纳入大仪共享平台. 借助分析测试中心的大仪共享平台，分中心可以实现资源共享，发挥大仪共享平台的集聚-溢出效应，加快构建覆盖全校大型仪器设备的开放服务共享体系.3.2 大型仪器设备虚拟接入大仪共享平台由于大型仪器设备维护成本高、损坏后没有配套维修经费，通过大仪共享平台开放共享可以获得一定的费用用于设备的维护保养. 通过前期调研摸排有共享意愿大型仪器设备的院系，充分沟通协商，从而盘活存量设备. 该模式下仪器设备仍归院系运维管理，通过虚拟方式接入分析测试中心预约测试系统. 如本校的场发射扫描电子显微镜、两台超低温核磁就是按照此方法纳入分析测试中心的大仪共享平台进行管理.3.3 大型仪器设备挂靠分析测试中心高校实验室种类齐全，总数众多，但是专门为大型仪器设备准备的实验室并不多见. 而且很多专业设备对周围环境要求严格，院系级平台难以满足要求. 因此，我校分析测试中心提出挂靠的模式，将大型仪器设备放置在中心，由中心进行配套，管理工作仍由原单位负责. 目前，我校已有4个院系将十余台大型仪器设备挂靠到本中心进行管理，仪器包括原子力显微镜、材料摩擦试验机、可调飞秒激光器、场发射扫描电子显微镜等.3.4 分析测试中心代管大型仪器设备该模式是将院系级或课题组级的大型仪器设备放置在分析测试中心，由分析测试中心统一配套和管理，院系或课题组可以优先使用仪器设备.3.5 设立测试基金为加强我校大型仪器设备共享平台的建设，鼓励和支持对外开放服务，调动管理和使用各方的积极性，提高投资效益和利用率，实现资源共享. 我校于2022年首次设立“大型精密贵重仪器开放测试基金”. 资助对象有两类：（1）承担相关教学研究及科学研究项目的教师、科研人员、工程实验技术人测试用户仪器管理员登录系统开放仪器登录系统送样检测自主上机导师审批送样结算数据处理测试接样仪器管理员审批图1 预约测试流程图Fig. 1 Flowchart of appointment testing第 4 期卫飞飞，等：校级分析测试中心大型仪器设备共享平台建设探讨433员. （2）用于论文、课题研究的在读硕士、博士研究生，用于毕业设计、科技活动的高年级本科生. 在读学生需使用开放测试基金时由其指导教师提出申请. 开放测试基金的来源有：学校划拨专项经费以及从机组获得的仪器设备对外服务收费中提取25%作为开放基金的补充. 开放测试基金补贴的原则是：纵向课题（主持项目）按照测试费的50%给予补贴. 横向课题（主持项目）按照测试费的20%给予补贴，申请人须负担剩余部分. 需要注意的是，开放贵重仪器设备所在单位人员使用本单位管理的贵重仪器设备不属于申请开放基金资助的对象. 去年首批共计有63人获得该开放测试基金，有效地推动了本分析测试中心大型仪器设备的开放共享.3.6 实施“责任教授”制度共享平台建设的过程中，本校分析测试中心也积极探索大型仪器设备高效和深度利用的新机制，如2022年首批聘用8名校内老师为大型仪器设备的“责任教授”. 其职责主要有：（1）与中心工程师共同开发设备新功能、发展新技术. （2）推荐、培训学生担任相应设备助管，协助设备工程师为其他用户开展测试服务工作. （3）代表分析测试中心参加全国性分析测试相关技术交流会议、组织技术论坛、邀请国内外专家来校技术交流. （4）积极拓展分析测试中心与校内外用户合作，促成相关领域的学科交叉. 分析测试中心希望通过该制度构建技术专家委员会、责任教授、专职工程师、研究生助管和自主操作用户相结合的多层次技术队伍，更好地服务于我校相关学科、团队的创新性科学研究，提升分析测试中心大型仪器设备的功能开发水平.通过上述创新举措，校内大型仪器设备的利用率得到有效提高，但实际运行过程中仍发现一些问题亟待解决：（1）预约难. 预约平台的二级学院设备信息不全，如仪器介绍简单、管理员电话缺失、送样地点缺失等导致不能有效进行预约操作. （2）对外服务机时少. 相对于本分析测试中心的仪器设备，二级学院的设备使用主要以本学院或者某些课题组为主. （3）服务质量不佳. 由于缺乏专职的仪器管理员，二级单位的测试质量和服务水平有着很大的差异. 总的来说，对于院系级大仪设备，本分析测试中心对平台的管理能力偏弱，仍需从学校级别制定相应的管理措施进行干预.4 依托大仪设备发挥育人优势高校的一个重要使命是人才培养，大仪共享平台建设理应服务这一使命. 然而分析测试中心虽然拥有大量的专业仪器设备，但主要用于教师的科学研究，对于学生教学和人才培养涉及较少. 事实上，一方面由于理论教学只能教授本专业的原理和方法，对于需要动手实践的理工科专业并不能满足专业培养目标的要求. 而实验课程的形式和内容较为单一，因此还需要一定的实践教学[19]. 本分析测试中心依托实习和科研项目，通过多种培养模式探索学生实践教学. 另一方面，将大型仪器设备开放共享与培养实践创新人才相结合，通过专业讲座、实践培训、定期指导、考核管理等方式培养学生自主操作大型仪器设备的能力，可以提高大仪共享平台开放共享率、提升测试质量和服务水平.4.1 优化实践教学设计，分级培养分析测试中心的大型精密仪器是高等学校的优质教学资源，具有价值高、专业性强、操作复杂和对人员要求高的特点，因此不能像普通仪器一样开展教学工作. 在教学设计环节针对不同专业的学生，研究制定适合专业背景的单一或综合实验项目，同时可以兼顾已取得的科研成果展示和本校专业特色. 如对本校材料学院专业的学生，有针对性的展示扫描电子显微镜在金属材料微观结构方面的应用，以及在列车运行和维护过程中已解决的轮轨相关的科学问题. 另外，由于不同层次的学生专业知识储备有所差异，对于低年级的学生侧重理论培养，了解仪器的原理、应用以及大型科学仪器对国家科研、科技发展的重要性，这一阶段主要以参观和讲座为主. 有一定基础的高年级学生，可以不定期开展大型仪器操作技能培训课，着重培养其动手和解决问题的能力. 最终，学生可以参与各类实践项目，从文献调研、方法选择、实验设计和结果分析等方面引导完成教学内容，提高学生的实践能力和创新思维. 目前本分析测试中心开展大型仪器设备技术类讲座约15次/年，该数据指标与西安交通大学、重庆大学差距不大.4.2 实践项目作为载体，深入培养大仪共享平台可作为长期、固定的实践基地，为学生开展实践活动提供稳定的环境和场所，满足434分析测试技术与仪器第 29 卷。
人类基因组概况ppt课件
2.91Gbp
54% 38% 9％ 35% 26588 42% Titin（234） 约300万个 1/12500 bp
最长的染色体 最短的染色体 基因最多的染色体 基因最少的染色体 基因密度最大的染色体 基因密度最小的染色体 重复序列含量最高的染色体
It is essentially immoral not to get it (the human genome sequence) done as fast as possible.
James Watson
人类基因组计划的完成，使得我们今天有可能来探 讨基因组的概，但我们仍然无法来谈论细节。
重复序列含量最低的染色体
编码外显子序列的比例 基因的平均长度
2（240 Mbp） Y（19 Mbp） 1（2453） Y（104） 19（23/Mb） 13，Y（5/Mb） 19（57%）
2，8，10，13，18（36%）
1.1～1.4% 27 Kb
女 平均 男
染色体上距着丝粒越远，重组率越高
4. Francis S. Collins, Eric D. Green, Alan E. Guttmacher, Mark S. Guyer ：A Vision for the Future of Genomics Research. A blueprint for the genomic era. Nature Apr 24 2003: 835.
而 Celera 的测序样本来自5个人：分别属于西班牙裔、 亚洲裔、非洲裔、美洲裔和高加索裔（2男3女），是从21个志 愿者样本中挑选的。
Instructional_design
Instructional designFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaInstructional Design(also called Instructional Systems Design (ISD)) is the practice of maximizing the effectiveness, efficiency and appeal of instruction and other learning experiences. The process consists broadly of determining the current state and needs of the learner, defining the end goal of instruction, and creating some "intervention" to assist in the transition. Ideally the process is informed by pedagogically(process of teaching) and andragogically(adult learning) tested theories of learning and may take place in student-only, teacher-led or community-based settings. The outcome of this instruction may be directly observable and scientifically measured or completely hidden and assumed. There are many instructional design models but many are based on the ADDIE model with the five phases: 1) analysis, 2) design, 3) development, 4) implementation, and 5) evaluation. As a field, instructional design is historically and traditionally rooted in cognitive and behavioral psychology.HistoryMuch of the foundations of the field of instructional design was laid in World War II, when the U.S. military faced the need to rapidly train large numbers of people to perform complex technical tasks, fromfield-stripping a carbine to navigating across the ocean to building a bomber—see "Training Within Industry(TWI)". Drawing on the research and theories of B.F. Skinner on operant conditioning, training programs focused on observable behaviors. Tasks were broken down into subtasks, and each subtask treated as a separate learning goal. Training was designed to reward correct performance and remediate incorrect performance. Mastery was assumed to be possible for every learner, given enough repetition and feedback. After the war, the success of the wartime training model was replicated in business and industrial training, and to a lesser extent in the primary and secondary classroom. The approach is still common in the U.S. military.[1]In 1956, a committee led by Benjamin Bloom published an influential taxonomy of what he termed the three domains of learning: Cognitive(what one knows or thinks), Psychomotor (what one does, physically) and Affective (what one feels, or what attitudes one has). These taxonomies still influence the design of instruction.[2]During the latter half of the 20th century, learning theories began to be influenced by the growth of digital computers.In the 1970s, many instructional design theorists began to adopt an information-processing-based approach to the design of instruction. David Merrill for instance developed Component Display Theory (CDT), which concentrates on the means of presenting instructional materials (presentation techniques).[3]Later in the 1980s and throughout the 1990s cognitive load theory began to find empirical support for a variety of presentation techniques.[4]Cognitive load theory and the design of instructionCognitive load theory developed out of several empirical studies of learners, as they interacted with instructional materials.[5]Sweller and his associates began to measure the effects of working memory load, and found that the format of instructional materials has a direct effect on the performance of the learners using those materials.[6][7][8]While the media debates of the 1990s focused on the influences of media on learning, cognitive load effects were being documented in several journals. Rather than attempting to substantiate the use of media, these cognitive load learning effects provided an empirical basis for the use of instructional strategies. Mayer asked the instructional design community to reassess the media debate, to refocus their attention on what was most important: learning.[9]By the mid- to late-1990s, Sweller and his associates had discovered several learning effects related to cognitive load and the design of instruction (e.g. the split attention effect, redundancy effect, and the worked-example effect). Later, other researchers like Richard Mayer began to attribute learning effects to cognitive load.[9] Mayer and his associates soon developed a Cognitive Theory of MultimediaLearning.[10][11][12]In the past decade, cognitive load theory has begun to be internationally accepted[13]and begun to revolutionize how practitioners of instructional design view instruction. Recently, human performance experts have even taken notice of cognitive load theory, and have begun to promote this theory base as the science of instruction, with instructional designers as the practitioners of this field.[14]Finally Clark, Nguyen and Sweller[15]published a textbook describing how Instructional Designers can promote efficient learning using evidence-based guidelines of cognitive load theory.Instructional Designers use various instructional strategies to reduce cognitive load. For example, they think that the onscreen text should not be more than 150 words or the text should be presented in small meaningful chunks.[citation needed] The designers also use auditory and visual methods to communicate information to the learner.Learning designThe concept of learning design arrived in the literature of technology for education in the late nineties and early 2000s [16] with the idea that "designers and instructors need to choose for themselves the best mixture of behaviourist and constructivist learning experiences for their online courses" [17]. But the concept of learning design is probably as old as the concept of teaching. Learning design might be defined as "the description of the teaching-learning process that takes place in a unit of learning (eg, a course, a lesson or any other designed learning event)" [18].As summarized by Britain[19], learning design may be associated with:∙The concept of learning design∙The implementation of the concept made by learning design specifications like PALO, IMS Learning Design[20], LDL, SLD 2.0, etc... ∙The technical realisations around the implementation of the concept like TELOS, RELOAD LD-Author, etc...Instructional design modelsADDIE processPerhaps the most common model used for creating instructional materials is the ADDIE Process. This acronym stands for the 5 phases contained in the model:∙Analyze– analyze learner characteristics, task to be learned, etc.Identify Instructional Goals, Conduct Instructional Analysis, Analyze Learners and Contexts∙Design– develop learning objectives, choose an instructional approachWrite Performance Objectives, Develop Assessment Instruments, Develop Instructional Strategy∙Develop– create instructional or training materialsDesign and selection of materials appropriate for learning activity, Design and Conduct Formative Evaluation∙Implement– deliver or distribute the instructional materials ∙Evaluate– make sure the materials achieved the desired goals Design and Conduct Summative EvaluationMost of the current instructional design models are variations of the ADDIE process.[21] Dick,W.O,.Carey, L.,&Carey, J.O.(2004)Systematic Design of Instruction. Boston,MA:Allyn&Bacon.Rapid prototypingA sometimes utilized adaptation to the ADDIE model is in a practice known as rapid prototyping.Proponents suggest that through an iterative process the verification of the design documents saves time and money by catching problems while they are still easy to fix. This approach is not novel to the design of instruction, but appears in many design-related domains including software design, architecture, transportation planning, product development, message design, user experience design, etc.[21][22][23]In fact, some proponents of design prototyping assert that a sophisticated understanding of a problem is incomplete without creating and evaluating some type of prototype, regardless of the analysis rigor that may have been applied up front.[24] In other words, up-front analysis is rarely sufficient to allow one to confidently select an instructional model. For this reason many traditional methods of instructional design are beginning to be seen as incomplete, naive, and even counter-productive.[25]However, some consider rapid prototyping to be a somewhat simplistic type of model. As this argument goes, at the heart of Instructional Design is the analysis phase. After you thoroughly conduct the analysis—you can then choose a model based on your findings. That is the area where mostpeople get snagged—they simply do not do a thorough-enough analysis. (Part of Article By Chris Bressi on LinkedIn)Dick and CareyAnother well-known instructional design model is The Dick and Carey Systems Approach Model.[26] The model was originally published in 1978 by Walter Dick and Lou Carey in their book entitled The Systematic Design of Instruction.Dick and Carey made a significant contribution to the instructional design field by championing a systems view of instruction as opposed to viewing instruction as a sum of isolated parts. The model addresses instruction as an entire system, focusing on the interrelationship between context, content, learning and instruction. According to Dick and Carey, "Components such as the instructor, learners, materials, instructional activities, delivery system, and learning and performance environments interact with each other and work together to bring about the desired student learning outcomes".[26] The components of the Systems Approach Model, also known as the Dick and Carey Model, are as follows:∙Identify Instructional Goal(s): goal statement describes a skill, knowledge or attitude(SKA) that a learner will be expected to acquire ∙Conduct Instructional Analysis: Identify what a learner must recall and identify what learner must be able to do to perform particular task ∙Analyze Learners and Contexts: General characteristic of the target audience, Characteristic directly related to the skill to be taught, Analysis of Performance Setting, Analysis of Learning Setting∙Write Performance Objectives: Objectives consists of a description of the behavior, the condition and criteria. The component of anobjective that describes the criteria that will be used to judge the learner's performance.∙Develop Assessment Instruments: Purpose of entry behavior testing, purpose of pretesting, purpose of posttesting, purpose of practive items/practive problems∙Develop Instructional Strategy: Pre-instructional activities, content presentation, Learner participation, assessment∙Develop and Select Instructional Materials∙Design and Conduct Formative Evaluation of Instruction: Designer try to identify areas of the instructional materials that are in need to improvement.∙Revise Instruction: To identify poor test items and to identify poor instruction∙Design and Conduct Summative EvaluationWith this model, components are executed iteratively and in parallel rather than linearly.[26]/akteacher/dick-cary-instructional-design-mo delInstructional Development Learning System (IDLS)Another instructional design model is the Instructional Development Learning System (IDLS).[27] The model was originally published in 1970 by Peter J. Esseff, PhD and Mary Sullivan Esseff, PhD in their book entitled IDLS—Pro Trainer 1: How to Design, Develop, and Validate Instructional Materials.[28]Peter (1968) & Mary (1972) Esseff both received their doctorates in Educational Technology from the Catholic University of America under the mentorship of Dr. Gabriel Ofiesh, a Founding Father of the Military Model mentioned above. Esseff and Esseff contributed synthesized existing theories to develop their approach to systematic design, "Instructional Development Learning System" (IDLS).The components of the IDLS Model are:∙Design a Task Analysis∙Develop Criterion Tests and Performance Measures∙Develop Interactive Instructional Materials∙Validate the Interactive Instructional MaterialsOther modelsSome other useful models of instructional design include: the Smith/Ragan Model, the Morrison/Ross/Kemp Model and the OAR model , as well as, Wiggins theory of backward design .Learning theories also play an important role in the design ofinstructional materials. Theories such as behaviorism , constructivism , social learning and cognitivism help shape and define the outcome of instructional materials.Influential researchers and theoristsThe lists in this article may contain items that are not notable , not encyclopedic , or not helpful . Please help out by removing such elements and incorporating appropriate items into the main body of the article. (December 2010)Alphabetic by last name∙ Bloom, Benjamin – Taxonomies of the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains – 1955 ∙Bonk, Curtis – Blended learning – 2000s ∙ Bransford, John D. – How People Learn: Bridging Research and Practice – 1999 ∙ Bruner, Jerome – Constructivism ∙Carr-Chellman, Alison – Instructional Design for Teachers ID4T -2010 ∙Carey, L. – "The Systematic Design of Instruction" ∙Clark, Richard – Clark-Kosma "Media vs Methods debate", "Guidance" debate . ∙Clark, Ruth – Efficiency in Learning: Evidence-Based Guidelines to Manage Cognitive Load / Guided Instruction / Cognitive Load Theory ∙Dick, W. – "The Systematic Design of Instruction" ∙ Gagné, Robert M. – Nine Events of Instruction (Gagné and Merrill Video Seminar) ∙Heinich, Robert – Instructional Media and the new technologies of instruction 3rd ed. – Educational Technology – 1989 ∙Jonassen, David – problem-solving strategies – 1990s ∙Langdon, Danny G - The Instructional Designs Library: 40 Instructional Designs, Educational Tech. Publications ∙Mager, Robert F. – ABCD model for instructional objectives – 1962 ∙Merrill, M. David - Component Display Theory / Knowledge Objects ∙ Papert, Seymour – Constructionism, LOGO – 1970s ∙ Piaget, Jean – Cognitive development – 1960s∙Piskurich, George – Rapid Instructional Design – 2006∙Simonson, Michael –Instructional Systems and Design via Distance Education – 1980s∙Schank, Roger– Constructivist simulations – 1990s∙Sweller, John - Cognitive load, Worked-example effect, Split-attention effect∙Roberts, Clifton Lee - From Analysis to Design, Practical Applications of ADDIE within the Enterprise - 2011∙Reigeluth, Charles –Elaboration Theory, "Green Books" I, II, and III - 1999-2010∙Skinner, B.F.– Radical Behaviorism, Programed Instruction∙Vygotsky, Lev– Learning as a social activity – 1930s∙Wiley, David– Learning Objects, Open Learning – 2000sSee alsoSince instructional design deals with creating useful instruction and instructional materials, there are many other areas that are related to the field of instructional design.∙educational assessment∙confidence-based learning∙educational animation∙educational psychology∙educational technology∙e-learning∙electronic portfolio∙evaluation∙human–computer interaction∙instructional design context∙instructional technology∙instructional theory∙interaction design∙learning object∙learning science∙m-learning∙multimedia learning∙online education∙instructional design coordinator∙storyboarding∙training∙interdisciplinary teaching∙rapid prototyping∙lesson study∙Understanding by DesignReferences1.^MIL-HDBK-29612/2A Instructional Systems Development/SystemsApproach to Training and Education2.^Bloom's Taxonomy3.^TIP: Theories4.^Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. - Educational Psychologist -38(1):1 - Citation5.^ Sweller, J. (1988). "Cognitive load during problem solving:Effects on learning". Cognitive Science12 (1): 257–285.doi:10.1016/0364-0213(88)90023-7.6.^ Chandler, P. & Sweller, J. (1991). "Cognitive Load Theory andthe Format of Instruction". Cognition and Instruction8 (4): 293–332.doi:10.1207/s1532690xci0804_2.7.^ Sweller, J., & Cooper, G.A. (1985). "The use of worked examplesas a substitute for problem solving in learning algebra". Cognition and Instruction2 (1): 59–89. doi:10.1207/s1532690xci0201_3.8.^Cooper, G., & Sweller, J. (1987). "Effects of schema acquisitionand rule automation on mathematical problem-solving transfer". Journal of Educational Psychology79 (4): 347–362.doi:10.1037/0022-0663.79.4.347.9.^ a b Mayer, R.E. (1997). "Multimedia Learning: Are We Asking theRight Questions?". Educational Psychologist32 (41): 1–19.doi:10.1207/s1*******ep3201_1.10.^ Mayer, R.E. (2001). Multimedia Learning. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press. ISBN0-521-78239-2.11.^Mayer, R.E., Bove, W. Bryman, A. Mars, R. & Tapangco, L. (1996)."When Less Is More: Meaningful Learning From Visual and Verbal Summaries of Science Textbook Lessons". Journal of Educational Psychology88 (1): 64–73. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.88.1.64.12.^ Mayer, R.E., Steinhoff, K., Bower, G. and Mars, R. (1995). "Agenerative theory of textbook design: Using annotated illustrations to foster meaningful learning of science text". Educational TechnologyResearch and Development43 (1): 31–41. doi:10.1007/BF02300480.13.^Paas, F., Renkl, A. & Sweller, J. (2004). "Cognitive Load Theory:Instructional Implications of the Interaction between InformationStructures and Cognitive Architecture". Instructional Science32: 1–8.doi:10.1023/B:TRUC.0000021806.17516.d0.14.^ Clark, R.C., Mayer, R.E. (2002). e-Learning and the Science ofInstruction: Proven Guidelines for Consumers and Designers of Multimedia Learning. San Francisco: Pfeiffer. ISBN0-7879-6051-9.15.^ Clark, R.C., Nguyen, F., and Sweller, J. (2006). Efficiency inLearning: Evidence-Based Guidelines to Manage Cognitive Load. SanFrancisco: Pfeiffer. ISBN0-7879-7728-4.16.^Conole G., and Fill K., “A learning design toolkit to createpedagogically effective learning activities”. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 2005 (08).17.^Carr-Chellman A. and Duchastel P., “The ideal online course,”British Journal of Educational Technology, 31(3), 229-241, July 2000.18.^Koper R., “Current Research in Learning Design,” EducationalTechnology & Society, 9 (1), 13-22, 2006.19.^Britain S., “A Review of Learning Design: Concept,Specifications and Tools” A report for the JISC E-learning Pedagogy Programme, May 2004.20.^IMS Learning Design webpage21.^ a b Piskurich, G.M. (2006). Rapid Instructional Design: LearningID fast and right.22.^ Saettler, P. (1990). The evolution of American educationaltechnology.23.^ Stolovitch, H.D., & Keeps, E. (1999). Handbook of humanperformance technology.24.^ Kelley, T., & Littman, J. (2005). The ten faces of innovation:IDEO's strategies for beating the devil's advocate & driving creativity throughout your organization. New York: Doubleday.25.^ Hokanson, B., & Miller, C. (2009). Role-based design: Acontemporary framework for innovation and creativity in instructional design. Educational Technology, 49(2), 21–28.26.^ a b c Dick, Walter, Lou Carey, and James O. Carey (2005) [1978].The Systematic Design of Instruction(6th ed.). Allyn & Bacon. pp. 1–12.ISBN020*******./?id=sYQCAAAACAAJ&dq=the+systematic+design+of+instruction.27.^ Esseff, Peter J. and Esseff, Mary Sullivan (1998) [1970].Instructional Development Learning System (IDLS) (8th ed.). ESF Press.pp. 1–12. ISBN1582830371. /Materials.html.28.^/Materials.htmlExternal links∙Instructional Design - An overview of Instructional Design∙ISD Handbook∙Edutech wiki: Instructional design model [1]∙Debby Kalk, Real World Instructional Design InterviewRetrieved from "/wiki/Instructional_design" Categories: Educational technology | Educational psychology | Learning | Pedagogy | Communication design | Curricula。
构建助力学生全方位成长的化学实验课程助教体系
Univ. Chem. 2018, 33 (10), 33−38 33收稿：2018-09-25；录用：2018-09-28；网络发表：2018-10-11*通讯作者，Email: jianpei@•教育专题• doi: 10.3866/ 构建助力学生全方位成长的化学实验课程助教体系李维红，张奇涵，吴忠云，高珍，裴坚*北京大学化学与分子工程学院，化学国家级实验教学示范中心，北京 100871摘要：北京大学化学与分子工程学院在总结数十年研究生助教工作经验的基础上，制定了一系列关于设立研究生助教和研究生参与实验课程教学的规定和政策，规范了研究生助教的培训过程，构建了一套包括申请选拔、教学培训、过程指导及主讲教师巡视、考评反馈等环节在内的完整的化学实验课程助教体系， 有效地提高了本科实验课程的教学水平，为学生的全方位成长和未来发展规划提供了有利的平台。
关键词：实验课程助教体系；助教培训中图分类号：G64；O6Establishing a Teaching Assistant Management System for All Aspect Development of StudentsLI Weihong, ZHANG Qihan, WU Zhongyun, GAO Zhen, PEI Jian *National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.Abstract: Based on decades of experiences on involving teaching assistants for laboratory teaching, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering at Peking University developed a complete set of teaching assistant management regulations and guidelines, including recruitment, lab-teaching training, supervising, and performance assessment of teaching assistants, to effectively improve laboratory teaching and to provide a platform which is beneficial to multi-dimensional development as well as future career of undergraduates.Key Words: Laboratory teaching assistant system; Teaching assistant training研究生担任助教的制度是19世纪初由哈佛大学最早创立的[1]。
北师大教育学部教育技术学专业英文
北师大教育学部教育技术学专业英文In the fast-paced and dynamically evolving era of educational technology, the Department of Education Technology at Beijing Normal University (BNU) stands out as a beacon of excellence, fostering a new generation of leaders in the field of educational technology. This esteemed program, with its unique blend of academic rigor and practical applications, is committed to cultivating individuals who are not only well-versed in educational theories but also skilled in harnessing the latest technological advancements to revolutionize education.The Department of Education Technology at BNU offers a comprehensive curriculum that covers a broad range of topics, including educational theory, technology integration, and innovative practices in education. The program emphasizes a hands-on approach, encouraging students to engage actively in projects and collaborations that allow them to apply their knowledge and skills inreal-world settings. This approach not only enhances their understanding of the subject matter but also prepares them for the challenges they will face in their future careers.One of the key features of the program is its emphasis on cross-disciplinary collaboration. Students are encouraged to work closely with peers from diverse backgrounds, including those from the fields of computer science, psychology, and design, to develop innovative solutions to educational challenges. This collaborative approach fosters a culture of creativity and innovation, enabling students to think outside the box and come up with unique ideas that can transform education.Moreover, the Department of Education Technology at BNU boasts a faculty of highly qualified and experienced educators who are leaders in their respective fields. These experts bring a wealth of knowledge and practical experience to the classroom, providing students with insights and guidance that are invaluable in their academic and professional pursuits.The program also places a strong emphasis on international perspectives, with a focus on global issues and trends in educational technology. Students are given opportunities to participate in international conferences, exchange programs, and collaborative projects, which notonly broaden their horizons but also prepare them to work effectively in a global context.Graduates of the Department of Education Technology at BNU are highly sought after by employers in a range of sectors, including educational institutions, technology companies, and government organizations. They are equipped with the skills and knowledge necessary to lead and innovate in the field of educational technology, making significant contributions to improving the quality and effectiveness of education worldwide.In conclusion, the Department of Education Technology at BNU is a premier program that offers students a unique and comprehensive education in educational technology. By combining academic rigor with practical applications and cross-disciplinary collaboration, it prepares students to become leaders in the field, driving innovation and transformation in education.**北师大教育学部教育技术学专业：培养未来教育科技领军人才**在教育技术迅猛发展和不断革新的时代，北京师范大学教育学部教育技术学专业以其卓越的教学质量和实践应用能力脱颖而出，致力于培养教育科技领域的新一代领军人才。
多尺度特征融合1D—CNN的马铃薯植株高光谱数据地物分类和缺素识别
第43卷第3期Vol.43No.32022年3月Mar.2022中国农机化学报Journal of Chinese Agricultural MechanizationDOI:10.13733/j.jcam.issn.2095⁃5553.2022.03.015多尺度特征融合1D —CNN 的马铃薯植株高光谱数据地物分类和缺素识别*高文强1,2，肖志云1,2(1.内蒙古工业大学电力学院，呼和浩特市，010080；2.内蒙古自治区机电控制重点实验室，呼和浩特市，010051)摘要：针对传统机器学习算法对高光谱数据建模步骤繁琐、常规的卷积神经网络在高光谱图像上细节表现力不强等问题，设计一种基于多尺度特征融合的网络结构。
通过采样和池化层参数优化，将1D-CNN 中不同深度的特征层进行融合，获得更加丰富的高光谱的判别特征。
网络训练采用独热编码进行标记训练，解决了分类器处理属性数据困难的问题，在一定程度上起到了扩充特征的作用。
结果表明，相比于SVM 和常规1D-CNN 网络，利用多尺度特征融合1D-CNN 在地物分类实验中对感兴趣区域进行分类的准确率提高了63.99%和5%，在缺素识别实验中对缺氮缺磷缺钾以及正常的马铃薯叶片的识别准确率都在99%以上，其中利用该研究所提算法相比于SVM 对正常叶片、缺氮叶片、缺磷叶片以及缺钾叶片的识别准确率分别提升了1.7%、6.82%、2.99%、24.8%。
相比于常规1D-CNN 在对正常叶片、缺钾叶片、缺磷叶片的识别准确率分别提升了0.03%，0.17%，0.76%。
将多个尺度的高光谱信息特征融合并结合1D-CNN 进行特征提取可提高对高光谱图像地物分类精度以及马铃薯植株的缺素识别准确率。
关键词：多尺度特征融合；独立热编码；卷积神经网络；高光谱图像分类中图分类号：S-3文献标识码：A文章编号：2095⁃5553(2022)03⁃0111⁃09高文强,肖志云.多尺度特征融合1D-CNN 的马铃薯植株高光谱数据地物分类和缺素识别[J].中国农机化学报,2022,43(3):111-119Gao Wenqaing,Xiao Zhiyun.Multi⁃scale feature fusion 1D-CNN potato plant hyperspectral data feature classification and element identification [J].Journal of Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2022,43(3):111-1190引言马铃薯含有丰富蛋白质、膳食纤维、维生素等，是仅次于小麦、水稻、玉米的世界第四大主要粮食作物[1]。
不同密度和施肥方式对玉米光合生理的影响
不同密度和施肥方式对玉米光合生理的影响高军杨静静*侯金星（聊城市茌平区农业农村局，山东茌平252100）摘要为进一步研究不同密度和施肥方式对玉米品种登海605光合生理的影响，挖掘其增产潜力，建立高产栽培模式，本试验设计5个密度处理（4万、5万、6万、7万、8万株/hm2）、3种施肥方式处理（施用缓释肥、分次施肥、一次性施肥），并对不同处理的光合参数、叶面积指数、光合有效辐射、透光率等指标进行测定。
结果表明，不同施肥方式玉米植株上层、中层、下层光合参数变化规律表现一致，各层次表现为上层>中层>下层、分次施肥>施用缓释肥>一次性施肥，玉米植株上层各处理都能获得足够的光能和CO2，光合参数相差不大，适宜的密度和施肥方式能使玉米植株获得更多的光能、有效辐射，形成更多的干物质积累，从而提高产量。
关键词玉米；密度；施肥方式；光合参数；光合有效辐射；叶面积指数中图分类号S513文献标识码A文章编号1007-5739（2023）23-0011-07DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1007-5739.2023.23.004开放科学（资源服务）标识码（OSID）：Effects of Different Densities and Fertilization Methods on PhotosyntheticPhysiology of MaizeGAO Jun YANG Jingjing*HOU Jinxing(Chiping District Agriculture and Rural Affairs Bureau in Liaocheng City,Chiping Shandong252100) Abstract In order to further study the effects of different densities and fertilization methods on photosynthetic physiology of maize variety Denghai605,tap its yield potential and establish a high-yield cultivation pattern,this experiment designed five density treatments(40000,50000,60000,70000and80000plants per hectare),three fertilization treatments(applying slow-release fertilizer,fractional fertilization,single fertilization),and measured the indexes of photosynthetic parameters,leaf area index,photosynthetically active radiation and light transmittance in different treatments.The results showed that the changes of photosynthetic parameters in the upper,middle and lower layers were consistent in different fertilization methods,representing as upper layer>middle layer>lower layer,fractional fertilization>applying slow-release fertilizer>single fertilization.The upper layers of maize plant in each treatment can get enough light energy and CO2,the photosynthesis parameters were not much different.The appropriate density and fertilization method will help the maize plants get more light energy,effective radiation,more dry matter is accumulated and thus the yield will be increased.Keywords maize;density;fertilization method;photosynthetic parameter;photosynthetically effective radiation; leaf area index近年来，由于玉米增产的巨大潜力、经济用途的多样性和对环境广泛的适应性，玉米产业发展速度大大提高[1-3]。
chatgpt在科研领域的应用英语范文
chatgpt在科研领域的应用英语范文In the realm of scientific research, the application of AI-driven tools like ChatGPT has revolutionized the way data is analyzed, experiments are conducted, and findings are disseminated. The integration of such technology has not only streamlined processes but also fostered a new era of innovation and collaboration.ChatGPT, with its advanced natural language processing capabilities, serves as an invaluable asset for researchers across various disciplines. Its ability to understand and generate human-like text allows for the automation of literature reviews, hypothesis generation, and even the drafting of research papers. This AI model can sift through vast databases of scientific literature within seconds, identifying relevant studies, summarizing findings, and highlighting gaps in the research. Such efficiency in handling information enables scientists to stay abreast of the latest developments without the overwhelming task of manually reviewing each publication.Moreover, ChatGPT's conversational interface provides a user-friendly platform for brainstorming sessions. Researchers can interact with the AI to refine their research questions, explore alternative methodologies, and consider different perspectives on their subject matter. This interactive process not only saves time but also inspires creative approaches to problem-solving.In experimental design, ChatGPT can assist in creating robust methodologies by suggesting variables, conditions, and statistical models that align with the research objectives. It can also simulate potential outcomes, helping researchers to anticipate challenges and plan accordingly. This predictive aspect of ChatGPT ensures that experiments are well-structured and that resources are utilized effectively.The role of ChatGPT extends into the realm of data analysis as well. It can be programmed to perform complex statistical analyses, interpret results, and even generate graphs and charts that succinctly convey the findings. By automating these technical aspects, researchers can focus on the broader implications of their work and engage in more strategic thinking.Collaboration is another area where ChatGPT makes a significant impact. It facilitates seamless communication between researchers, regardless of geographical barriers. The AI can translate discussions, manage project tasks, and ensure that all team members are aligned with the project goals. This level of coordination is particularly beneficial for large-scale, multi-institutional research projects that require synchronized efforts.Furthermore, ChatGPT aids in the dissemination of research findings. It can draft abstracts, prepare manuscripts for publication, and even suggest suitable journals for submission. The AI's understanding of language nuances ensures that the research is presented in a clear and compelling manner, increasing the likelihood of acceptance by peer-reviewed journals.In education and outreach, ChatGPT serves as an educational tool, explaining complex scientific concepts in simpler terms. This makes science more accessible to the public and fosters a greater understanding of research outcomes. It also acts as a mentorfor young researchers, guiding them through the intricacies of scientific inquiry and publication.In conclusion, the application of ChatGPT in scientific research is multifaceted and profoundly beneficial. It enhances efficiency, fosters creativity, and promotes collaboration, ultimately accelerating the pace of scientific discovery. As AI technology continues to evolve, its integration into research practices will undoubtedly deepen, paving the way for more groundbreaking advancements in the field. The future of scientific research, with AI companions like ChatGPT, looks more promising than ever. 。
肝病和肝癌大数据平台建设体系及其初步应用
•46 •中华消化外科杂志2021 年1爿第20 卷第1期Chin J Dig Surg. jammry 2021. V»l. 20. !\a 1•消化外科进展-肝病和肝癌大数据平台建设体系及其初步应用刘景丰刘红枝陈振伟李海涛郭鹏飞福建医科大学孟超肝胆医院东南肝胆健康大数据研究所，福州 350025通信作者:刘景丰，Email:drjingfeng@【摘要】肝病与肝癌是威胁我国人民生命健康的常见疾病，大数据和人T智能已成为提高临床诊断与治疗水平和服务能力的重要支撑：然而，大数据的发展应用尚不成熟，主要存在以下问题：（1)海f i健康医疗数据种类繁多，来源各异，但较为分散，缺乏一体化数据存储与分析平台（2)不同医疗中心之间数据标准不同，数据概念亦存在较大差异，以及个人表达习惯等问题，均导致数据难以处理，无法充分融合:因此，大规模健康医疗数据并不等同于健康医疗大数据笔者团队结合东南肝胆健康大数据研究所在肝病与肝癌领域大数据平台建设方面的实践经验，提出肝病与肝癌大数据平台建设标准化体系，包括大数据联盟统筹建设大数据平台、完善的大数据标准体系、标准化数据治理流程及结合循证医学与新兴技术的大数据应用该体系可为健康医疗大数据产业高质M发展提供全新模型，并可推广复制到其他专病领域，为建设健康中国贡献力量：【关键词】肝疾病；肝肿瘤；大数据；人工智能；临床决策支持系统基金项目：福建省'发展和改革委员会专项基金（31010308)C o n s tru c tio n s y s te m a n d p r e lim in a r y a p p lic a tio n o f b ig d a ta p la tfo rm fo r liv e r d is e a s e a n dliv e r c a n c e rLiu Jin gfen g, Liu H ongzhi, Chen Zhenw ei, Li H aitao, Guo P en g feiS o u th e a s t Big D ata In stitu te o f H ep a to b ilia ry H ealth, M en gchao H ep a tob iliary H ospital o f FujianM ed ical University, Fuzhou 350025, ChinaC orresp on din g a u th o r: Liu Jin gfen g, E m ail: d rjin g fen g@126.co m【A b s tr a c t 】Liver disease and liver cancer are common diseases that threaten the life andhealth of Chinese people. Big data and artificial intelligence have become im portant support toimprove the level of clinical diagnosis and treatm ent and the ability of clinical service. However, thedevelopm ent and application of big data is not yet mature, and there are mainly the followingproblems: (1) massive health and medical data are of various types and sources, but these data arescattered am ong the heterogeneous platforms of various medical centers, lacking integrated datastorage and analysis platforms; (2) different centers have various data standards, data concepts,personal expression habits and other problems, all of which make data difficult to process andcannot be fully integrated. Therefore, large-scale health care data is not equal to big data on healthmedicine. In this study, based on the practical experience in the construction of big data platform bySoutheast Big Data Institute of Hepatobiliary Health, the author team proposes standardizationsystem of construction of liver disease and liver cancer big data, which includes a big data platformplanned to build by big data alliance, perfect standard system, standardized data managem entprocess, and the big data application combining evidence-based medicine and emergingtechnologies. This system provides a new model for the high-quality development of the healthcareD O I：10.3760/l15610-20201126-00742收稿日期2020-U-26引用本文：刘景丰，刘红枝，陈振伟，等.肝病和肝癌大数据平台建设体系及其初步应用m.中华消化外科杂志，2021，20(1): 46-51. DOI: 10.3760/115610-20201126-00742.中华消化外科杂志202丨年1月第20卷第1期Chin J l)ig S Urg，January 2021，Vul. 20, No. 1•47 •big data industry, and can be prom oted to other diseases, contributing to the construction of ahealthy China.【Key w ords 】Liver diseases; Liver neoplasms; Big data; Artificial intelligence; Clinicaldecision support systemF un d p r o g r a m: Specific Foundation of Development and Reform Commission in FujianProvince (31010308)我国是肝病和肝癌高发国家。
《中西医结合护理》2021年7卷4期封面-目录页-封底
目次2021年4月第7卷第4期论著我国脑血管造影术护理研究热点分析…………………………………………………张艳艳，刘桂英，郭红（1）全面质量管理模式下“两部三级”质量控制在提高护理文件书写质量中应用…………………鄂海燕，唐玲，王亚丽，魏永春，董玉霞，姜婧（5）基于知信行模式的膝骨关节炎健康教育评价规范的应用…………………………………………………钮艳芳，王从军，王秀均（8）无痛穿刺技术在先天性心脏病患儿术前操作性疼痛管理中的应用…………………………………………………徐霞媛，李有蔚，王蓓旎（11）以教育需求评估和核心能力为理论框架的新入职护士规范化培训实践效果评价………………………………………李云，聂芳，王欣，祝丽珍（15）中医特色护理中西医结合干预对肺癌化疗所致胃肠道反应的影响……………………………………………………………周玉珍，林友燕（21）消化性溃疡出血的中医护理研究进展……………………………黄海荣，沈林艳，唐忠银，龚璇，王声（24）调查研究“90后”护生职业价值观调查及关键事件研究……………………………………………………………鲁剑萍，孙慧君（31）妇科肿瘤患者生存质量现状及影响因素调查研究…………………………………………………陈帆，郭秀静，陈静（37）新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控期间护士工作积极性调查…………………………………………………彭娅，朱莉芳，颜美琼（41）专科护理精细化护理对极低出生体质量儿斜头畸形发生率的影响…………………………………………………张玲，踪静婷，周伟（44）降低腹膜透析透患者心力衰竭发生率中的品管圈实践…………………………………………………钱凯，詹刘莉，徐鹏飞（47）护理管理护理风险管理对ICU 转出肿瘤患者过渡期安全目标的影响……………………………………………………………高菲，张建华（51）患者参与监督对血透室护士手卫生依从性的影响……………………………………………………………沈娴，王曼曼（56）新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控常态化下腹膜透析患者的管理…………………………………………………赵欣，刘宇婷，李红仙（60）主办单位中华中西医结合护理学会北京市中医护理能力提升工程办公室编辑《中西医结合护理》编辑部主编唐玲主任黄磊编辑尹佳杰吴银平排版王丽地址南京市龙蟠路155号联合立方广场3⁃203邮编210037电话025-********邮箱bjb@出版中西医结合护理杂志社社长叶振华电话025-********邮箱yezhenhua@zxyjhhl.com网刊http ：//邮箱tg@学术推广上海乐护文化传播有限公司电话021-********本刊刊出所有文章不代表编委会以及编辑部的观点ZHONGXIYI JIHE HULI2021年4月第7卷第4期护理教育腾讯课堂、MOOC、雨课堂和QQ 群“四结合”的大班制护理学基础在线教学实践……………………………………李神美，高燕，戴云云，赵嘉，刘春英，陈阳广，潘闯，甘媚（63）实习护士职业安全文化教育探索……………………………………………………………高洁，李双子（68）案例分享1例直肠癌患者行Hartmann 术后肠造口皮肤黏膜分离的护理…………………张淑丽，齐碧蓉，颜美琼，王宝莲，王燕，汤丰榕（71）1例B 淋巴母细胞性淋巴瘤化疗后出现MRSA 感染合并下肢水肿患者的护理体会……………………………………………………………邝梅玲，刘婷（75）1例高龄胃癌患者上消化道出血的护理…………………………………………………陈倩楠，丁姣，钱志刚（78）1例开放性胫腓骨骨折后并发暴发型脂肪栓塞综合征的护理……………………………………………………………葛道群，卞丽艳（81）1例艾滋病合并进行性多灶性脑白质病患者的整体护理体会………………………………………………………………………汤星星（84）1例培门冬酶致过敏性休克患者的护理体会……………………………………………………………陈晓燕，陈晓如（87）1例患者行双向Glenn 术后多部位血栓形成原因分析及预防措施……………………………邓思思，卢欣欢，钟声声，黄灵，杨广华（89）综述脑卒中后运动功能障碍延续康复护理研究进展……………………………………………………………刘慧琴，刘叶荣（92）腹腔引流管管口渗液应对方法的研究进展………………………………………………………………………刘敏（96）“互联网+”在慢性病患者药物管理中的应用进展………………………………………吴也兰，覃琦，孙垚，马宏文（99）口腔冷疗联合康复新液防治放化疗所致口腔黏膜炎的研究进展………………………………………………谭小琪，李勤，张桂兰（103）压力蒸汽灭菌生物监测阳性原因分析及干预对策研究进展……………………………………王宝莲，颜美琼，张育红，卢晓燕（107）ISSN(online)2618-0219ISSN(print)2709-1961编辑委员会名誉主任委员/名誉主编姜小鹰主任委员/主编唐玲副主任委员/副主编戴新娟林美珍栾伟钱锋谢薇叶振华常务委员（按姓氏拼音排序）曹艳霞陈鸿芳陈莉军陈秀荣陈玉梅崔焱代亚丽董丽段培蓓方茜付阿丹盖海云龚卫娟关风光郭秀君郝丽黄浩焦蕴岚李丹琳李静刘晓蓉陆静波潘新桑未心孙玉琴王芳魏琳肖爱祥颜美琼游建平赵莉赵奕华周瑾委员（按姓氏拼音排序）包新慈陈雅玫陈英陈玉珍陈玉华陈运香陈一青迟荣香戴正香董丽娟葛云霞龚素敏顾颖韩晓苇胡惠芳黄萍黎贵湘李淑芳李春红李梅李文利李玉翠马淑丽马雪玲宁传艺彭南海彭淑芬蒲亨萍屈红邵海燕沈鸿史晓丽孙红王蓓王淑荣王旭魏金荣魏艳吴星吴玉蓉徐萧洪颜红杨庆爱杨莎尹崇高俞红张琳娟张文杰张佩玲叶君荣张小培赵静周倩倩周维华周依群钟卫兰朱永健ZHONGXIYI JIHE HULIVolume 7Number 4April 2021A hot spot analysis on nursing research of cerebrovascular angiography in China ………………ZHANG Yanyan ，LIU Guiying ，GUO Hong （1）Application of a two -part three -level model of quality control management in improving writing quality of nursing documents …………………………………E Haiyan ，TANG Ling ，WANG Yali ，WEI Yongchun ，DONG Yuxia ，JIANG Jing （5）Application of the health education program based on evaluation criteria of knowledge -attitude -behavior model for patients with knee osteoarthritis …………………NIU Yanfang ，WANG Congjun ，WANG Xiujun （8）Application of painless venipuncture technique in decreasing the preoperative procedural pain of children with congenital heart disease …………………………XU Xiayuan ，LI Youwei ，WANG Beini （11）Evaluation of standardized training model for newly recruited nurses based on demand orientation and post competency ……………………LI Yun ，NIE Fang ，WANG Xin ，ZHU Lizhen （15）Effect of interventions of integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine on chemotherapy -induced gastrointestinal adverse reactions in patients with lung cancer ……………………ZHOU Yuzhen ，LIN Youyan （21）Progress on Traditional Chinese Medicine nursing of peptic ulcer bleeding ……………………………………HUANG Hairong ，SHEN Linyan ，TANG Zhongyin ，GONG Xuan ，WANG Sheng （24）An investigation and a critical incident technique analysis on professional values of post -90s nursing students …LU Jianping ，SUN Huijun （31）Quality of life and its influencing factors in patients with gynecologic tumor …………………………CHEN Fan ，GUO Xiujing ，CHEN Jing （37）An investigation on work -related motivation among nurses during the COVID -19outbreak ……PENG Ya ，ZHU Lifang ，YAN Meiqiong （41）Effect of meticulous nursing on incidence of positional plagiocephaly in extremely low birth weight infants ……………………ZHANG Ling ，ZONG Jingting ，ZHOU Wei （44）Application of quality control circle activities to reduce the incidence of heart failure in peritoneal dialysis patients ……………………………QIAN Kai ，ZHAN Liuli ，XU Pengfei （47）Effect of nursing risk management on safety goals of cancer patients during the transition period after discharge from ICU ………………………………………GAO Fei ，ZHANG Jianhua （51）The influence of patient -involved supervision on hand hygiene complianceand accuracy among hemodialysis nurses……………………………………SHEN Xian ，WANG Manman （56）Management of peritoneal dialysis patients under the regular prevention andcontrol of COVID -19……ZHAO Xin ，LIU Yuting ，LI Hongxian （60）Contents SponsorAssociationofIntegrativeNursingBeijing Traditional Chinese Med⁃icine Nursing Competence Im⁃provement Project OfficeEiditingEditorial Board of Chinese Jour⁃nal of Integrative Nursing Editor-in-ChiefTANG Ling DirectorHUANG Lei EditorsYIN Jiajie WU Yinping Graphic DesignerWANG Li Address NO.155，LongpanRoad ，Nanjing ，China Post Code 210037Tel +86-25-85552880E⁃mail ：bjb@PublisherIntegrative Nursing Press Founder and CEO YE Zhenhua Tel +86-25-85630967E⁃mail ：yezhenhua@zxyjhhl.comOnline Publishinghttp ：// E⁃mail ：tg@Academic PromotionShanghai Lehu Media Co.，Ltd Tel +86-21-51688976Volume7Number4April2021Online macroteaching practice of Basic Nursing based on Tencent classroom，MOOC，Rain Classroom and QQ group in the large class…LI Shenmei，GAO Yan，DAI Yunyun，LIU chunying，CHEN Yangguang，PAN Chuang，GAN mei（63）Exploration of education on occupational safety among nursing students……………GAO Jie，LI Shuangzi（68）Nursing management of a rectal cancer patient with skin mucous membrane separation after Hartmann’s procedure …………ZHANG Shuli，QI Birong，YAN Meiqiong，WANG Baolian，WANG Yan，TANG Fengrong（71）Nursing management of a patient with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and edema of the lower limbs after chemotherapy for B-Lymphoblastic lymphoma………………………KUANG Meiling，LIU Ting（75）Nursing management of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in an elderly patient with gastric carcinoma ……………………………………………………………CHEN Qiannan，DING Jiao，QIAN Zhigang（78）Nursing analysis and management of one case of fulminant fat embolism syndrome after open fractures of the tibia and fibula……………………………………………………………GE Daoqun，BIAN Liyan（81）Holistic nursing management of an acquired immune deficiency syndrome patient with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy……………………………………………………………………TANG Xingxing（84）Nursing management of a patient with pegaspargase-induced anaphylactic shock…………………………………………………………………………CHEN Xiaoyan，CHEN Xiaoru（87）Cause analysis and preventive measures for multiple sites of venous thrombosis after bidirectional Glenn shunt：A case report……DENG Sisi，LU Xinhuan，ZHONG Shengsheng，HUANG Ling，YANG Guanghua（89）Research progress of extended nursing and rehabilitation for motor dysfunction after stroke…………………………………………………………………………………LIU Huiqin，LIU Yerong（92）The research progress of interventions of exudate from abdominal drainage tube…………………LIU Min（96）Application progress of"Internet+"in drug management of chronic disease patients…………………………………………………………WU Yelan，QIN Qi，SUN Yao，MA Hongwen（99）Research progress of oral cold therapy combined with Kangfuxin liquid in prevention and treatment of oral mucositis caused by radiotherapy and chemotherapy……………………TAN Xiaoqi，LI Qin，ZHANG Guilan（103）Cause analysis of positive results of biological monitoring on pressure steam sterilization and research progress of intervention countermeasures……WANG Baolian，YAN Meiqiong，ZHANG Yuhong，LU Xiaoyan（107）。
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ORIGINAL ARTICLEMulticenter large-scale study of prognostic impact of HER2expression in patients with resectable gastric cancerYukinori Kurokawa •Nariaki Matsuura •Yutaka Kimura •Shinichi Adachi •Junya Fujita •Hiroshi Imamura •Kenji Kobayashi •Yuhki Yokoyama •Mohammed Nouri Shaker •Shuji Takiguchi •Masaki Mori •Yuichiro DokiReceived:11June 2014/Accepted:30August 2014ÓThe International Gastric Cancer Association and The Japanese Gastric Cancer Association 2014AbstractBackground Although some small-scale studies have suggested that human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)-positive status in gastric cancer is associated with poor outcomes,the prognostic value of HER2is still con-troversial.Since intratumoral HER2heterogeneity is also an important issue,a multicenter large-scale study was con-ducted to evaluate the prognostic impacts of HER2expression and intratumoral heterogeneity in gastric cancer.Methods This study included 1,148gastric cancer patients who underwent gastrectomy in 11institutions.HER2expression was centrally evaluated withimmunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridiza-tion,and intratumoral HER2heterogeneity was evaluated for HER2-positive tumors.Overall survival was compared between HER2-positive and HER2-negative patients and between the homogeneous and heterogeneous groups.Results The HER2-positive rate was 15.7%,and HER2expression was significantly associated with histological type.HER2expression scores obtained by immunohisto-chemistry showed a distinct influence on survival,and HER2-positive patients showed much poorer survival than HER2-negative patients [hazard ratio (HR) 1.59,95%confidence interval (CI)1.24–2.02;P \0.001).The sub-group analysis by pathological tumor stage showed a sim-ilar trend of poor survival in HER2-positive patients.Both intestinal type and diffuse type showed significant poor survival in HER2-positive patients.Cox multivariate ana-lysis revealed that HER2expression was an independent prognostic factor (HR 1.96,95%CI 1.51–2.55;P \0.001).HER2heterogeneity was observed in 75.4%of HER2-positive cases,but the prognosis in the heteroge-neous group was similar to that in the homogeneous group.Conclusions Our study demonstrated that HER2overex-pression is an independent prognostic factor in patients with any stage of resectable gastric cancer.Intratumoral HER2heterogeneity did not affect prognosis.Keywords Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2ÁEpidermal growth factor receptor 2ÁERBB2ÁTrastuzumab ÁHeterogeneityIntroductionGastric cancer remains a major health issue and a frequent cause of cancer death worldwide,although the prevalenceY.Kurokawa (&)ÁS.Takiguchi ÁM.Mori ÁY.DokiDepartment of Gastroenterological Surgery,Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine,2-2-E2Yamadaoka,Suita,Osaka 565-0871,Japane-mail:ykurokawa@gesurg.med.osaka-u.ac.jpN.Matsuura ÁY.Yokoyama ÁM.N.ShakerDepartment of Molecular Pathology,Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine and Health Science,Osaka,Japan Y.KimuraDepartment of Surgery,Sakai Municipal Hospital,Osaka,Japan S.AdachiDepartment of Surgery,Ikeda City Hospital,Osaka,Japan J.FujitaDepartment of Surgery,NTT West Osaka Hospital,Osaka,Japan H.ImamuraDepartment of Surgery,Toyonaka Municipal Hospital,Osaka,JapanK.KobayashiDepartment of Surgery,Kinki Central Hospital,Itami,Hyogo,JapanGastric CancerDOI 10.1007/s10120-014-0430-7and mortality of the disease have gradually decreased[1]. In eastern Asia,including Japan,the incidence of gastric cancer is still high despite advances in treatment and sub-sequent improvements in plete resection of localized tumors is the primary treatment,but recurrence and metastatic spread occur frequently nevertheless.The development of new agents and combination chemothera-pies for advanced gastric cancer has led to a steady increase in overall survival(OS).Recently,targeted therapies have significantly impacted the treatment strategy for many common malignancies,including breast,colorectal,and lung cancers.Among these targeted therapies,monoclonal antibody against human epidermal growth factor receptor2 (HER2)was demonstrated to be highly effective in HER2-positive breast cancer,and was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as thefirst molecularly targeted agent for solid cancer[2].In breast cancer,it is well known that HER2overexpression is a prognostic factor and also a predictive factor for treatment with trastuzumab(anti-human HER2monoclonal antibody)[3,4].In addition,a randomized controlled trial(ToGA study)recently dem-onstrated that treatment with trastuzumab could extend the OS of patients with HER2-positive gastric cancer[5].Regarding the relationship between HER2status and prognosis,some studies have suggested that HER2-positive status in gastric cancer is associated with poor outcomes and aggressive disease[6–8].However,the sample sizes of these studies were relatively small,and not all studies have shown an association with poor outcomes[9,10],so the prognostic value of HER2in gastric cancer is still con-troversial.We therefore conducted a multicenter large-scale study to clarify the prognostic impact of HER2 expression in patients with gastric cancer.Furthermore, since intratumoral HER2heterogeneity is an important issue,especially in gastric cancer[11],we evaluated the clinicopathological characteristics of heterogeneous cases and their impact on prognosis.MethodsPatient populationThis study included patients with gastric cancer of any stage who underwent gastrectomy between2000and2006 at any of the11institutions of the Osaka University Clinical Research Group for Gastroenterological Surgery. Patients who received chemotherapy or radiation therapy before surgery were excluded.No patients were given trastuzumab,even after recurrence.All tumors were his-tologically diagnosed as adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Pathological tumor staging was performed according to the seventh edition of the International Union Against Cancer TNM classification[12].This study was approved by the institutional review board of each institution involved. ImmunohistochemistryArchived formalin-fixed,paraffin-embedded specimens were shipped to the institution performing central pathol-ogy review.Each specimen was composed of several blocks of tumor oriented longitudinally from proximal to distal stomach,including adjacent normal gastric tissue in each case.Immunohistochemical analysis was carried out on4-l m-thick tissue sections.The primary antibody was mouse monoclonal anti-HER2(clone4B5,Ventana Med-ical Systems,Tucson,AZ,USA).Immunostaining was performed using a Ventana BenchMark XTÒautoimmu-nostainer with an iVIEW DAB universal kit(Ventana Medical Systems,Tucson,AZ,USA).Antigen retrieval was performed by autoclaving in EDTA-base buffer,pH 8.5at98°C for60min.After endogenous peroxidase had been briefly blocked,the sections were incubated with primary antibodies at37°C for32min,then incubated with a mixture of goat biotinylated anti-mouse IgG,anti-mouse IgM,and anti-rabbit IgG antibodies for8min and with peroxidase-conjugated streptavidin for8min.Visu-alization was performed by incubation in3-diaminobenzi-dine solution for8min,followed by signal amplification with copper sulfate for4min and counterstaining with hematoxylin for4min.Specimens of HER2-positive breast cancer were used as a positive control,and slides processed without the primary antibodies were used as negative controls.EvaluationsCentral pathologists independently performed immunohis-tochemical analysis without prior knowledge of the patients’clinical data.Immunostaining of the cell mem-branes of HER2-positive tumors was scored using a four-grade scale(0/1?/2?/3?)(ToGA score):0,no reactivity or membranous reactivity in less than10%of tumor cells; 1?,faint or barely perceptible membranous reactivity in at least10%of tumor cells;2?,weak to moderate complete, basolateral or lateral membranous reactivity in at least 10%of tumor cells;and3?,strong complete,basolateral or lateral membranous reactivity in at least10%of tumor cells.For specimens with an immunohistochemistry(IHC) score of2?only,fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH) analysis of HER2status was performed with a Path Vysion HER2DNA probe kit(Vysis/Abbott,Abbott Park,IL, USA)following the manufacturer’s instructions.For FISH, the total numbers of HER2and chromosome17signals were counted in at least20tumor cell nuclei in two dif-ferent areas.The HER2/chromosome17ratios wereY.Kurokawa et al.interpreted in accordance with the ToGA FISH scoring scheme for HER2testing in gastric and gastroesophageal junction cancer as follows:less than2.0,HER2gene not amplified;2.0or more,HER2gene amplified.An IHC score of3?or an IHC score of2?with FISH positivity was defined as HER2positive,whereas IHC scores of0or 1?,or an IHC score of2?with FISH negativity was defined as HER2negative[5,11].Regarding intratumoral heterogeneity of HER2overexpression,cases with HER2 IHC scores of2?or3?in more than90%of tumor cells were considered to be homogeneous,whereas heteroge-neous cases were defined as those in which10–90%of tumor cells had IHC scores of2?or3?.Statistical analysisThe relationship between HER2expression and clinico-pathological factors was analyzed using the chi square test for categorical variables and the Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables.OS was defined as the interval from the date of surgery to the date of death from any cause. Survival rates were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method and were compared with the log-rank test.The hazard ratio(HR)for death in HER2-positive patients was estimated with a Cox proportional hazard model.Multi-variate Cox regression analysis was performed to adjust for potential confounding factors.P\0.05was considered statistically significant.All statistical analyses were per-formed using SPSS Statistics,version20(IBM,Armonk, NY,USA).ResultsExpression statusThe IHC results for HER2expression in1,148tumors were as follows:score0,657(57.2%);score1?,207 (18.0%);score2?,123(10.7%);and score3?,161(14.0%).Of the123tumors with an IHC score of2?,19(15.4%)were HER2positive by FISH.In total,180 (15.7%)of all1,148tumors were diagnosed as HER2 positive.The patients’clinicopathological factors were compared by HER2status(Table1).HER2-positive cases were found more frequently in the intestinal type of adenocarcinoma(P\0.001).Tumors located in the upper body of the stomach were more likely to be HER2 positive.The HER2positivity rates according to the pathological tumor staging were16.4%in stage I tumors,11.8%in stage II tumors,13.3%in stage III tumors,and24.3%in stage IV tumors,respectively.The other factors,including pT and pN stages,showed no correlation with HER2positivity.Survival ratesAfter the median follow-up period of62months,the OS in 1,148patients was analyzed to evaluate the prognostic impact of HER2expression.HER2expression scores obtained by IHC showed a distinct influence on survival, although patients with HER2expression scores of both1? and2?had similar survival curves(Fig.1a).When we compared OS in terms of HER2status,patients with HER2-positive gastric cancer showed much poorer survival than those whose tumors were HER2negative[HR1.59, 95%confidence interval(CI) 1.24–2.02;log-rank P\0.001](Fig.1b).Subgroup analysis by pathological tumor stage showed a similar trend of poor survival in HER2-positive patients, although a higher HR for death was obtained in earlier stages,as follows:stage I,HR2.04(95%CI1.14–3.65), Table1Characteristics of1,148patientsCharacteristics HER2positive(n=180)HER2negative(n=968)PAge(years)Median67.5670.17 Range37–8731–98SexMale1336570.11 Female47311LocationUpper492060.078 Middle/lower131762Histological typeIntestinaltype142478\0.001 Diffuse type38490pTT1763690.36T224106T332220T448273pNN0905170.21N122154N228134N340163Pathological stageI794030.006 II30225III35228IV36112HER2human epidermal growth factor receptor2HER2expression in gastric cancerP =0.015(Fig.2a);stage II,HR 1.89(95%CI 1.02–3.53),P =0.041(Fig.2b);stage III,HR 1.47(95%CI 0.95–2.28),P =0.082(Fig.2c);and stage IV,HR 1.43(95%CI 0.95–2.16),P =0.084(Fig.2d).Regarding the histological type,both intestinal type and diffuse type showed significantly poor survival in HER2-positive patients [intestinal type,HR 1.70(95%CI 1.26–2.30),P \0.001;diffuse type,HR 1.88(95%CI 1.20–2.97),P =0.005].HER2positivity was also associated with significantly poorer survival both in patients who received adjuvant treatment and in those who did not [with adjuvant,HR 1.94(95%CI 1.34–2.80),P \0.001;without adju-vant,HR 1.46(95%CI 1.05–2.04),P =0.023].Cox multivariate analysis of HER2status and seven clinicopathological factors (age,sex,location,histological type,pT,pN,adjuvant chemotherapy)revealed that age,pT stage,pN stage,and HER2status were independent sig-nificant prognostic factors (Table 2).The adjusted HR for death in HER2-positive patients was 1.96(95%CI 1.51–2.55).HER2heterogeneityIntratumoral heterogeneity of HER2overexpression by IHC was evaluated for HER2-positive tumors.Of the 175tumors that could be evaluated for heterogeneity,132(75.4%)showed heterogeneous HER2overexpression (Fig.3).There were no homogeneous cases among the 18tumors that had IHC scores of 2?.Heterogeneous cases were significantly more likely to be classified as the diffuse type (Table 3).The distribution of pT stage also differed significantly between the homogeneous and heterogeneous groups.The OS in the heterogeneous group was similar tothat in the homogeneous group (HR 0.88,95%CI 0.54–1.45;P =0.63)(Fig.4).DiscussionOur multicenter large-scale study of 1,148patients dem-onstrated that HER2overexpression was a significant fac-tor associated with poor prognosis in patients with resectable gastric cancer.Differences in HER2expression scores (0/1?,2?/3?)obtained by IHC showed a distinct influence on OS.HER2-positive patients with cancer of all stages had shorter survival than HER2-negative patients.Although the prognostic impact of HER2expression in patients with resectable gastric cancer has been previously examined in many small-scale retrospective studies,the prognostic value of HER2is still controversial.A recent systematic review which included only studies with over 100patients reported that most of the publications (71%)showed that a HER2-positive status was associated with poor survival and/or clinicopathological characteristics,such as serosal invasion,lymph node metastases,or distant metastases [13].Kim et al.[8]performed a tissue micro-array analysis of HER2expression in 595Korean gastric cancer patients and found that HER2overexpression was an independent prognostic factor in differentiated,resect-able gastric cancer.On the other hand,Terashima et al.[10]reported no survival impact of HER2expression in 829Japanese gastric cancer patients.Several Japanese investigators might have considered this as a final answer to the long-debated issue,since the study analyzed a large number of archival specimens obtained in collaboration with the pivotal nationwide phase III trial.Curiously,theFig.1Kaplan–Meier overall survival for all 1,148patients according to a human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)immunohistochemistry (IHC )scores,and b HER2overexpression statusY.Kurokawa et al.HER2positivity rate (13.6%)in the study of Terashima et al.was relatively low compared with the rates obtained in other large-scale studies,although whether thisexplainsFig.2Kaplan–Meier overall survival for patients with different stages of gastric cancer:a 482patients with stage I cancer;b 255patients with stage II cancer;c 263patients with stage III cancer;d 148patients with stage IV cancerTable 2Multivariate overall survival analysis Variables Category HR (95%CI)P Age (years)C 70 2.05(1.67–2.51)\0.001Sex Male 1.23(0.97–1.54)0.085Location Upper 1.25(1.00–1.56)0.055Histological type Diffuse type 1.07(0.86–1.33)0.57pT T3-4 3.23(2.44–4.27)\0.001pNN1-3 2.90(2.22–3.77)\0.001Adjuvant chemotherapy Yes 1.24(1.00–1.55)0.055HER2Positive1.96(1.51–2.55)\0.001CI confidence interval,HR hazardratioFig.3Intratumoral heterogeneity of HER2overexpressionHER2expression in gastric cancerthe difference in the results between the study of Terashima et al.and our study is unknown.The HER2positivity rate in our study(15.7%)was similar not only to that in the Western ToGA study(16.6%),but also to that in a recent Japanese cohort study(15.5%)[14,15].Some studies have evaluated the prognostic impact of HER2expression also in unresectable or recurrent gastric cancer.Janjigian et al.[16]conducted a retrospective multicenter study examining HER2expression in381 Western patients with metastatic gastric or esophagogastric junction cancer,and reported that HER2overexpression was not an independent prognostic factor.Shitara et al.[17] conducted a retrospective study in Japanese patients with unresectable or recurrent gastric cancer,and reported that the OS in15HER2-positive patients not receiving trast-uzumab treatment was similar to that in306HER2-nega-tive patients.Recently,a Chinese prospective cohort study showed that51HER2-positive patients receiving trast-uzumab had prognoses comparable to those of251patients with HER2-negative advanced gastric cancer,whereas47 HER2-positive patients not receiving trastuzumab had the poorest prognosis[18].Although our large-scale study demonstrated that HER2expression is an independent prognostic factor in resectable gastric cancer,the prog-nostic value of HER2status in unresectable or recurrent gastric cancer is still unknown.Indeed,there were smaller differences between HER2-positive and HER2-negative patients in the stage IV cancer subgroup than in the stage I cancer,stage II cancer and stage III cancer subgroups.We anticipate that an ongoing cohort study evaluating HER2 expression in patients with unresectable or recurrent gastric cancer will clarify this issue.Intratumoral HER2heterogeneity is important because it may lead to inaccurate assessment of HER2status and the consequent inappropriate choice of trastuzumab treatment.It has been reported that HER2heterogeneity is more frequent in gastric cancer than in breast cancer[11].Indeed,intra-tumoral HER2heterogeneity by IHC was observed in three quarters of the HER2-positive tumors in our study.Lee et al.[19]reported that HER2homogeneity conferred poorer survival than HER2heterogeneity in a small-scale(n=64) retrospective study.Our study also revealed that heteroge-neity was more frequent in diffuse-type tumors and in tumors with and IHC score of2?,and that there was no impact on prognosis.However,the impact on trastuzumab response remains unclear,so further studies to evaluate the therapeutic impact of HER2heterogeneity are warranted.Table3Characteristics of175HER2-positive patients stratified by intratumoral HER2heterogeneityCharacteristics Homogeneous(n=43)Heterogeneous(n=132)PAge(years)Median66680.27 Range46–8037–87SexMale34970.46 Female935LocationUpper13320.44 Middle/lower30100Histological typeIntestinaltype40990.011 Diffuse type333pTT113600.008 T2519T31516T41037pNN017690.17 N1616N21116N3931Pathological stageI14620.32 II821III926IV1223HER2IHC score2?0180.011 3?43114IHCimmunohistochemistry Fig.4Kaplan–Meier overall survival for175HER2-positive patients stratified by intratumoral HER2heterogeneityY.Kurokawa et al.To our knowledge,this is thefirst study to evaluate HER2status in over1,100patients with 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