专题11 阅读填空(说明文)-2018年高考英语母题题源系列(原卷版)
专题01 阅读理解(科普阅读)-2018年高考英语母题题源系列(原卷版)
母题一阅读理解（科普阅读）【母题来源一】【2018·天津】【母题原题】【2018·天津】CThere’s a new frontier in 3D printing that’s beginning to come into focus: food. Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale. And the industr y isn’t stopping there.Food productionWith a 3D printer, a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake. Not everybody can do that — it takes years of experience, but a printer makes it easy. A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to “re-create forms and pieces” of food that are “exactly the same,” freeing cooks to complete other tasks. In another restaurant, all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed,rather than farm to table. Sustainability(可持续性）The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels. Sustainability is becoming a necessity. 3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution. Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料). 3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissions. Grocery stores of the future might stock "food" that lasts years on end, freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements.NutritionFuture 3D food printers could make processed food healthier. Hod Lipson, a professor at Columbia University, said, “Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins. So instead of eating a piece of yesterday’s bread from the supermarket, you’d eat something baked just for you on demand.”ChallengesDespite recent advancements in 3D food printing, the industry has many challenges to overcome. Currently, most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊状物) before a printer can use them, and the printing process is quite time-consuming, because ingredients interact with each other in very complex ways. On top of that, most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad. Some expertsare skeptical about 3D food printers, believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and high-end restaurants.5．What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production?A. It helps cooks to create new dishes.B. It saves time and effort in cooking.C. It improves the cooking conditions.D. It contributes to restaurant decorations.6．What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraphs 3?A. It solves food shortages easily.B. It quickens the transportation of food.C. It needs no space for the storage of food.D. It uses renewable materials as sources of food.7．According to Paragraph 4, 3D-printed food ________.A. is more available to consumersB. can meet individual nutritional needsC. is more tasty than food in supermarketsD. can keep all the nutrition in raw materials8．What is the main factor that prevents 3D food printing from spreading widely?A. The printing process is complicated.B. 3D food printers are too expensive.C. Food materials have to be dry.D. Some experts doubt 3D food printing.9．What could be the best title of the passage?A. 3D Food Printing: Delicious New TechnologyB. A New Way to Improve 3D Food PrintingC. The Challenges for 3D Food ProductionD. 3D Food Printing: From Farm to Table【命题意图】阅读理解从能力的角度来讲，考查学生运用英语的能力，具体地说，就是通过阅读有关文章提取有用信息的能力。
专题11阅读填空(说明文)-2018年高考英语母题题源系列Word版含解析
母题十一阅读填空【母题来源一】【2018·全国I】【母题原题】【2018·全国I】根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。
选项中有两项为多余选项。
Color is fundamental in home design——something you’ll always have in every room. A grasp of how to manage color in your spaces is one of the first steps to c reating rooms you’ll love to live in. Do you want a room that’s full of life? Professional? Or are you just looking for a place to relax after a long day?____36____, color is the key to making a room feel the way you want it to feel.Over the years, there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point.____37____, they can get a little complex .But good news is that there’re really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home: the small ones, the medium ones, and the large ones.____38____. They’re the little spots of color like throw pillows ,mirrors and baskets that most of us use to add visual interest to our rooms .Less tiring than painting your walls and less expensive than buying a colorful sofa ,small color choices bring with them the significant benefit of being easily changeable .Medium color choices are generally furniture pieces such as sofas, dinner tables or bookshelves ____39____. They require a bigger commitment than smaller ones, and they have a more powerful effect on the feeling of a space.The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls, ceilings, and floors .Whether you’re looking at wallpaper or paint, the time, effort and relative expense put into it are significant.____40____.A. While all of them are usefulB. Whatever you’re looking forC. If you’re experimenting with a colorD. Small color choices are the ones we’re most familiar withE. It’s not really a good idea to use too many small color piecesF. So it pays to be sure, because you want to get it right the first timeG. Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways【答案】36. B 37. A 38. D 39. G 40. F38. 本空是一个主题句，总说选择小颜色是我们很熟悉的方法。
专题05 阅读理解(科普文章)-2018年高考英语母题题源系列(解析版)
母题五阅读理解【母题来源一】【2018·全国I】【母题原题】D【2018·全国I】We may think we're a culture that gets rid of our worn technology at the first sight of something shiny and new, but a new study shows that we keep using our old devices(装置) well after they go out of s tyle. That’s bad news for the environment — and our wallets — as these outdated devices consume much more energy than the newer ones that do the same things.To figure out how much power these devices are using, Callie Babbitt and her colleagues at the Rochester Institute of Technology in New York tracked the environmental costs for each product throughout its life — from when its minerals are mined to when we stop using the device. This method provided a readout for how home energy use has evolved since the early 1990s. Devices were grouped by generation — Desktop computers, basic mobile phones, and box-set TVs defined 1992. Digital cameras arrived on the scene in 1997. And MP3 players, smart phones, and LCD TVs entered homes in 2002, before tablets and e-readers showed up in 2007.As we accumulated more devices, however, we didn't throw out our old ones. "The living-room television is replaced and gets planted in the kids' room, and suddenly one day, you have a TV in every room of the house," said one researcher. The average number of electronic devices rose from four per household in 1992 to 13 in 2007. We're not just keeping these old devices — we continue to use them. According to the analysis of Babbitt's team, old desktop monitors and box TVs with cathode ray tubes are the worst devices with their energy consumption and contribution to greenhouse gas emissions（排放）more than doubling during the 1992 to 2007 window.So what's the solution（解决方案）? The team's data only went up to 2007, but the researchers also explored what would happen if consumers replaced old products with new electronics that serve more than one function, such as a tablet for word processing and TV viewing. They found that more on-demand entertainment viewing on tablets instead of TVs and desktop computers could cut energy consumption by 44%.32. What does the author think of new devices?A. They are environment-friendly.B. They are no better than the old.C. They cost more to use at home.D. They go out of style quickly.33. Why did Babbitt's team conduct the research?A. To reduce the cost of minerals.B. To test the life cycle of a product.C. To update consumers on new technology.D. To find out electricity consumption of the devices.34. Which of the following uses the least energy?A. The box-set TV.B. The tablet.C. The LCD TV.D. The desktop computer.35. What does the text suggest people do about old electronic devices?A. Stop using them.B. Take them apart.C. Upgrade them.D. Recycle them.【答案】32. A 33. D 34. B 35. A33. 细节理解题。
2018年高考英语母题题源系列13 阅读填空(说明文)
2018年高考英语母题题源系列13 阅读填空（说明文）SYS201806010711一、填空题详细信息1. 难度：中等【2017四川成都七中二诊】第二节（共 5 小题，每小题 2 分，满分 10 分）根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。
选项中有两项为多余选项。
Five Ways to Improve Reading ComprehensionHelp your child keep what he reads—a crucial skill, especially as he gets older and needs to gain important information from textbooks. Have him read aloud. This forces him to go slower, which gives him more time to process what he reads. ___1.___.Provide the right kinds of books. Make sure your child gets lots of practice reading books that aren’t too hard. ___2.___. Stopping any more often than that to figure out a word makes it tough for him to focus on the overall meaning of the story.___3.___. To gain meaning from text, your child needs to read quickly and smoothly—a skill known as fluency. Rereading familiar, simple books gives your child practice at decoding words quickly, so he’ll become more fluent.Supplement class reading. If his class is studying a particular theme, look for easy-to-read books or magazines on thetopic. ____4.____ .Talk about what he’s reading. ___5.___. Ask questions before, during, and after a reading session.For example:•Before: “What interests you in this book? What doesn’t? ”•During: “What’s going on in the book? Is it turning out the way you thought it would? ”•After: “Can you summarize the book? What did you like aboutit? ”A. He should recognize at least 90 percent of the words without any help.B. Select books that are appealing to your child but not too challenging.C. Some prior knowledge will help him get better prepared and make his way through tougher classroom texts.D. This “verbal processing” helps him remember and think through the themes of the book.E. Plus, he’s not only seeing the words, he’s hearing them, too.F. Have him reread to build fluency.G. Increase the speed of reading.SYS20180601071详细信息2. 难度：中等【2017四川省凉山州高中毕业班第二次诊】第二节(共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分)根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。
【高三英语试题精选】2018届高考英语完形填空说明文篇复习汇编
2018届高考英语完形填空说明文篇复习汇编2018届高考英语完形填空说明篇复习汇编 2018届高考英语完形填空说明篇复习汇编A[2018 高考冲刺预测卷（全国卷II）]词数291 体裁说明难度4Mobile phones are everywhere It seems that no one can 21 without one Mobile phones are a great way to stay 22 with friends and family 23 it is important to remember that there are certain 24 when you should not be using your phone, the most important of these being during 25There is no reason 26 you should feel the need to have your mobile phone during class Aren’t you at school to 27 If you are in class, you should not be 28 your friends text messages or taking phone callsIn America students would never be 29 to use their mobile phones during class If you were to send or 30 a text message you would probably be kicked out of class It is OK to have your mobile phone with you, you just need to remember to turn it 31 It is very disturbing to hear a lot of tones and 32 during class As a teacher in China, I have to deal with students 33 mobile phones everyday I have told my class to turn off their phones, 34 many students do not listen The desire to be connected all the time seems to be 35 than the desire to learnIt’s easy to understand why it is so tempting(诱惑人的)to have your phone on during class It seems so 36 to just send a short text message; it’s not 37 anyone, is it? But you may actually be hurting yourself when you do this Sending a text message also 38 your attention away from what’s 39 in class,。
2018年高考英语真题完形填空分类汇编全国各地精选全文完整版
精选全文完整版2018年高考英语真题完形填空分类汇编一、完形填空（共7题；共140分）1.（2018•卷Ⅰ）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A，B，C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
During my second year at the city college, I was told that the education department was offering a "free" course, called Thinking Chess, for three credits. I 1 the idea of taking the class because, after all, who doesn't want to 2 a few dollars? More than that, I'd always wanted to learn chess. And, even if I weren't 3 enough about free credits, news about our4 was appealing enough to me. He was an international grandmaster, which5 I would be learning from one of the game's6 ,I could hardly wait to7 him.Maurice Ashley was kind and smart, a former graduate returning to teach, and this 8 was no game for him; he meant business. In his introduction, he make it 9 that our credits would be hard-earned. In order to 10 the class, among other criteria, we had to write a paper on how we plan to 11 what we would learn in class to our future professions and12 , to our lives. I managed to get an A in that 13 and learned life lessons that have served me well beyond the 14 .Ten years after my chess class with Ashley, I'm still putting to use what he 15 me: "The absolute most important 16 that you learn when you play chess is how to make good17 .On every single move you have to 18 a situation, process what your opponent(对手) is doing and 19 the best move from among all your options."These words still ring true today in my 20 as a journalist.1. A. put forward B. jumped at C. tried out D. turned down2. A. waste B. earn C. save D. pay3. A. excited B. worried C. moved D. tired4. A. title B. competitor C. textbook D. instructor5. A. urged B. demanded C. held D. meant6. A. fastest B. easiest C. best D. rarest7. A. interciew B. meet C. challcnge D. beat8. A. chance B. qualification C. honor D. job9. A. real B. perfect C. clear D. possible10. A. attend B. pass C. skip D. observe11. A. add B. expose C. apply D. compare12. A. eventually B. naturally C. directly D. normally13. A. game B. presentation C. course D. experiment14. A. criterion B. classroom C. department D. situation15. A. taught B. wrote C. questioned D. promised16. A. fact B. step C. manner D. skill17. A. grades B. decisions C. impressions D. comments18. A. analyze B. describe C. rebuild D. control19. A. announce B. signal C. block D. evaluate20. A. role B. desire C. concern D. behavior【答案】（1）B；（2）C；（3）A；（4）D；（5）D；（6）C；（7）B；（8）D；（9）C；（10）B；（11）C；（12）A；（13）C；（14）B；（15）D；（16）D；（17）B；（18）A；（19）D；（20）A；【考点】夹叙夹议，单项选择型，人物故事类【解析】【分析】本文介绍了一位大二的学生从学校的围棋课程以及围棋老师身上学到的人生哲理和对他十年后的生活和工作的影响。
超实用高考英语专题复习：阅读理解(说明文)近五年(2018-2022)高考英语真题把脉新高考命题思路
2.a改为the , the same相同的。
3.need后加to，need to do .
4.able后加to，be able to do “能够做…”。
5. moved改为moving，此句为省略结构，移动物体为主动。
24. How did the cockatoosget the nut from the boxin the experiment?
27. Which can bea suitable titlefor the text?
A. Cockatoos: Quick Error CheckersB. Cockatoos: Independent Learners
C. Cockatoos: Clever Signal-ReadersD. Cockatoos: Skilful Shape-Sorter
25. C
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“In humans, babies can put a round shape in a round hole from around one year of age (在人类身上，婴儿从一岁左右就可以把一个圆形的物品放进一个圆形的洞里)”结合选项，可知，一岁儿童最有可能完成“将一个球放进一个圆形的洞里”的任务。故选C。
距离高考还有一段时间，不少有经验的老师都会提醒考生，愈是临近高考，能否咬紧牙关、学会自我调节，态度是否主动积极，安排是否科学合理，能不能保持良好的心态、以饱满的情绪迎接挑战，其效果往往大不一样。以下是本人从事
养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测
A. By following instructions.B. By using a tool.
专题15 语法填空(说明文)-2018年高考英语母题题源系列(原卷版)
母题十五语法填空【母题来源】【2018·全国II】【母题原题】【2018·全国II】阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Diets have changed in China — and so too has its top crop. Since 2011,the country ___61___（grow）more corn than rice. Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over ___62___ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.A taste for meat is ___63___ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle. Another reason for corn's rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice ___64___ (improve) water quality. Corn uses less water ___65___ rice and creates less fertilizer(化肥) runoff. This switch has decreased ___66___ (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people. According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total ___67___ (globe)fertilizer consumption. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government ___68___ (start) a soil-testing program ___69___ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers - and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. That prevented the emission(排放) of 51.8 million tons of carbon dioxide. China's approach to protecting its environment while ___70___ (feed) its citizens "offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide." says the bank's Juergen V oegele.【命题意图】本类题通常主要考查学生对语篇的理解及对语法、词法知识的掌握。
2018年高考全国卷(I,II,III) 英语阅读理解原卷及详解
2018年高考全国卷(I,II,III) 英语阅读理解原卷及详解2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（I卷）第二部分第一节阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
AWashington, D.C. Bicycle ToursCherry Blossom Bike Tour in Washington, D.C.Duration TourThis small group bike tour is a fantastic way to see a world-famous cherry trees with beautiful flowers of Washington, D.C. Your guide will provide a history lesson about the trees and the famous monuments where they blossom. Reserve your spot before availability — the cherry blossoms—disappear!Washington Capital Monuments Bicycle TourDuration: 3 hours (4 miles)Join a guided bike tour and view some of the most popular monuments in Washington, D.C. Explore the monuments and memorials on the National Mall as your guide shares unique facts and history at each stop. Guided tour includes bike, helmet, cookies and bottled water.Capital City Bike Tour In Washington, D.C.Duration: 3 hoursMorning or Afternoon, this bike tour is the perfect tour for D. C. newcomers and locals looking to experience Washington, D.C. in a healthy way with minimum effort. Knowledgeable guides will entertain you with the most, interesting stories about Presidents, Congress, memorials, and parks. Comfortable bikes and a smooth tour route(路线) make cycling between the sites fun and relaxing. Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle TourDuration: 3 hours (7 miles)Join a small group bike tour for an evening of exploration in the heart of Washington, D.C. Get up close to the monuments and memorials as you bike the sites of Capitol Hill and the National Mall. Frequent stops are made for photo taking as your guide offers unique facts and history. Tourincludes bike, helmet, and bottled water. All riders are equipped with reflective vests and safety lights.21. Which tour do you need to book in advance?A. Cherry Blossom like Tour in Washington, D.C.B. Washington capital Monuments Bicycle Tour.C. Capital City Bike Tour in Washington,D.C.D. Washington Capital Sites at Night Bicycle Tour.22. What will you do on the Capital City Bike Tour?A. Meet famous people.B. Go to a national park.C. Visit well-known museums.D. Enjoy interesting stories.23. Which of the following does the bicycle tour at night provide?A. City maps.B. Cameras.C. Meals.D. Safety lights.【答案】21. A 22. D 23. D【解析】本文是一篇广告应用文。
专题11 任务型阅读(解析版)
2019年高考英语母题题源系列专题11 任务型阅读【母题来源一】【2019·江苏卷】请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。
注意：请将答案写在答题卡上相应题号的横线上。
每个空格只填一个单词。
The Cost of ThinkingDespite their many differences, all human beings share several defining characteristics. such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs.The first unique human characteristic is that humans have extraordinarily large brains compared with other animals. It seems obvious that evolution should select for larger brains. Mammals(哺乳动物)weighing sixty kilograms have an average brain size of 200 cm2. Modern man has a brain averaging 1200-1400 cm2. We are so fond of our high intelligence that we assume that when it comes to brain power, more must be better. Unfortunately, that is not the case.The fact is that a huge brain is a huge drain—consumption of energy—on the body. I's not easy to carry around, especially when boxed inside a massive skull(倾骨). It's even harder to provides energy. In modern man, the brain accounts for about 2-3%of total body weight but it consumes 25% of the body's energy when the body is at rest. By comparison, the brains of apes(类人猿)require only 8%of rest-time energy. Early humans pad for their large brains in two ways. Firstly, they spent more time in search food. Secondly, their muscles grew smaller and weaker. It's hardly an obvious conclusion that this is a good way to survive. A chimpanzee(黑猩猩) can't win an argument with a modern man, but it can tear the man apart like a rag doll.Another unique human characteristic is that we walk upright. Standing up, it's easier to find food or enemies. In addition, their arms that are unnecessary for moving around are freed for other purposes, like throwing stones or signaling. As a result, humans can perform very complex tasks with their hands.Yet walking upright has its disadvantage. The bone structure of our ancestors developed for millions of years to support a creature that walked on all fours and has a relatively small head. Adjusting to an upright position was quite a challenge, especially when the bones had to support an extra-large skull. Humankind paid for its broad vision and skillful hands backaches and painful necks.We assume that a large brain makes huge advantages. It seems obvious that these have made humankind the most powerful animal on earth. But humans enjoyed all of these advantages for a full 2 million years during which they remained weak and marginal creature. Thus humans who lived a million years agodespite their big brains and sharp stone tools, lived in constant fear of meat-eating animals.【语篇解读】本文为说明文。
专题11 完形填空( 记叙文体类) -备战2022年高考英语母题题源解密(全国通用)(解析版)
专题11完形填空（记叙文类）【母题来源一】2021年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（天津卷）英语笔试（第一次）【母题题文】For most people, having things stolen feels like an offence. Robbie Pruitt admitted that he got____16____ when he discovered the theft of his mountain bike last September. But soon enough, his ____17____ took a turn. After letting go of his anger and frustration, he found himself on a road to sympathy ____18____.For Pruitt, a keen bicyclist, the first thing to do was ____19____ his stolen bike. But when he went bike shopping, he found few available, which got him thinking: What if the ____20____ of bikes was Covid-19 related, and what if the person who'd taken his bike really needed ____21____ to get to work?With that thought in mind, Pruitt ____22____ a plan and posted it on the community website. He ____23____ to fix bikes free of charge for anyone who needed it. He also asked for unwanted bikes, which he would repair-again ____24____. And then he would donate them to folks who could truly use them but didn't have the ____25____ to buy one.The day the post went live, Pruitt received thirty ____26____ bicycles. Then came more than 500 ____27____ for detailed information. By the end of 2020, Pruitt had repaired more than 140 for donation or to be ____28____ to their owners.Pruitt tries to give his donations to families that are ____29____ struggling. ____30____ simply satisfying a material need, he has provided an opportunity for kids in his neighborhood to learn how to fix their own bikes.In addition to ____31____ skills, Pruitt's lessons teach teamwork, encourage self-worth, and promote feelings of community. ____32____, the kids have gained a sense of accomplishment."It's a really great ____33____ for kids,“ said a neighbor in an interview with the local newspaper. "Pruitt is certainly providing a ____34____, but it's not just the bikes. It's the relationships in the community. It's the ____35____ that he can make on people."16. A. amazed B. mad C. curious D. frightened17. A. emotions B. career C. opinions D. route18. A. ever B. together C. instead D. yet19. A. ride B. lock C. repair D. replace20. A. lack B. variety C. increase D. quality21. A. instruction B. qualification C. transportation D. permission22. A. came up with B. stuck to C. gave up D. broke away from23. A. remembered B. refused C. hesitated D. offered24. A. by accident B. in advance C. for free D. on credit25. A. profit B. budget C. courage D. excuse26. A. shared B. used C. expensive D. modern27. A. enquiries B. advertisements C. notices D. announcements28. A. exported B. sold C. lent D. returned29. A. hardly B. slightly C. truly D. instantly30. A. Without B. Beyond C. Upon D. Among31. A. practical B. commercial C. mathematical D. social32. A. Otherwise B. However C. Somehow D. Meanwhile33. A. promise B. celebration C. comfort D. experience34. A. competition B. service C. ceremony D. suggestion35. A. compromise B. impression C. impact D. progress【试题解析】16. B 17. A 18. C 19. D 20. A 21. C 22. A 23. D 24. C 25. B 26. B 27. A 28. D 29. C 30. C 31. A 32. D 33. D 34. B 35. C【16题】考查形容词词义辨析。
2018年高考生物 母题题源系列 专题11 静息电位与动作电位产生机理
母题11 静息电位与动作电位产生机理【母题原题】1．（2018全国Ⅲ卷，3）神经细胞处于静息状态时，细胞内外K+和Na+的分布特征是（）A．细胞外K+和Na+浓度均高于细胞内B．细胞外K+和Na+浓度均低于细胞内C．细胞外K+浓度高于细胞内，Na+相反D．细胞外K+浓度低于细胞内，Na+相反【答案】D【命题透析】本题考查静息状态下神经细胞膜内外离子的分布的相关知识，属于对生物观念的考查。
【名师点睛】神经细胞内钾离子浓度明显高于膜外，而钠离子浓度比膜外低，要注意静息状态时，即使钾离子外流，膜内钾离子的浓度依然高于膜外。
2．（2018江苏卷，11）如图是某神经纤维动作电位的模式图，下列叙述正确的是（）A．K+的大量内流是神经纤维形成静息电位的主要原因B．bc段Na+大量内流，需要载体蛋白的协助，并消耗能量C．cd段Na+通道多处于关闭状态，K+通道多处于开放状态D．动作电位大小随有效刺激的增强而不断加大【答案】C【命题透析】本题考查动作电位产生的机理和过程，属于对生物观念和理性思维的考查。
【解析】神经纤维形成静息电位的主要原因钾离子通道打开，钾离子外流，A错误；bc段动作电位产生的主要原因是细胞膜上的钠离子通道开放，Na+内流造成的，属于协助扩散，不消耗能量，B错误；cd段是动作电位恢复到静息电位的过程，该过程中Na+通道多处于关闭状态，K+通道多处于开放状态，C正确；在一定范围内，动作电位大小随有效刺激的增强而不断加大，而刺激强度较小时是不能产生动作电位的，D错误。
【名师点睛】注意本题中“内向电流是指正离子由细胞膜外向膜内流动，外向电流则相反”要对应所学知识“静息电位是钾离子外流，而动作电位是钠离子内流”，进而分析得出曲线中个点对应的电位状态。
【命题意图】通过分析膜电位的变化曲线，培养科学思维的习惯。
【命题规律】主要从以下两个角度命题：①与物质跨膜方式相结合，分析静息电位的膜内外离子分布、产生动作电位及恢复过程中膜内外离子分布的变化；②以外界离子变化创设情境，预测外界因素的变化对动作电位产生的影响。
2018年高考英语真题分类汇编专题11：说明文类阅读理解
2018年高考英语真题分类汇编专题11：说明文类阅读理解一、阅读理解（共12题；共90分）1.（2018•卷Ⅰ）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的ABC和D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。
CLanguages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by hunter-gatherers, small, tightly knit(联系) groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, they spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nation-state and the spread of universal compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution of these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific perhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number （中位数）of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the world's languages are spoken by fewer people than that.Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction (消亡), with only a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon (eight remaining speakers), Chiapaneco in Mexico (150), LipanApache in the United States (two or three) or Wadjigu in Australia (one, with a question-mark): none of these seems to have much chance of survival.（1）What can we infer about languages in hunter-gatherer times?A. They developed very fast.B. They were large in number.C. They had similar patterns.D. They were closely connected.（2）Which of the following best explains "dominant" underlined in paragraph 2?A. Complex.B. AdvancedC. Powerful.D. Modern.（3）How many languages are spoken by less than 6,000 people at present?A. About 6,800.B. About 3,400.C. About 2,400.D. About 1,200.（4）What is the main idea of the text?A. New languages will be created.B. People's lifestyles are reflected in languages.C. Human development results in fewer languages.D. Geography determines language evolution.【答案】（1）B（2）C（3）B（4）C【考点】主旨大意题，词义猜测题，细节理解题，社会文化类，说明文【解析】【分析】本文属于社科类说明文，介绍了世界语言随着人类的发展，许多语种已消失或正面临灭绝，世界语言种类越来越少。
专题04阅读理解（说明文）-2018年高考英语母题题源系列（原卷版）
专题04阅读理解（说明⽂）-2018年⾼考英语母题题源系列（原卷版）母题四阅读理解（说明⽂）【母题来源⼀】【2018·全国新课标I】【母题原题】B【2018·全国I】Good Morning Britain’ s Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role — showing families how to prepare delicious and nutritious meals on a tight budget.In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under ￡5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says she’s been able to put a lot of what she’s leant into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam,14, Finn,13, and Jack, 11."We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant," she explains. "I pay ￡5 for a portion(⼀份), but Matt makes them for 26p a portion, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes we’re not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves. "The eight-part series(系列节⾃), Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITV’s Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how to get value from the vast range of health products on the market.With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonight’s Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team transforms the family’s long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tast y recipes.24. What do we know about Susanna Reid?A. She enjoys embarrassing her guests.B. She has started a new programme.C. She dislikes working early in the morning.D. She has had a light budget for her family.25. How does Matt Tebbutt help Susanna?A. He buys cooking materials for her.B. He prepares food for her kids.C. He assists her in cooking matters.D. He invites guest families for her.26. What does the author intend to do in paragraph 4?A. Summarize the previous paragraphs.B. Provide some advice for the readers.C. Add some background information.D. Introduce a new topic for discussion.27. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Keeping Fit by Eating SmartB. Balancing Our Daily DietC. Making yourself a Perfect ChefD. Cooking Well for Less【母题来源⼆】【2018·北京】【母题原题】D【2018·北京卷】Preparing Cities for Robot CarsThe possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist’s dream, years away from materializing in the real world. Well, the future is apparently now. The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads. The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars, and for companies to operate driverless taxi services. California, it should be noted, isn’t leading the way here. Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country. It’s hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads. But however long it takes, the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities, for better or for worse, depending on how the transformation is regulated.While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so), policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams, cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient, affordable mobility options. The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared.Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles. They tolerate long, slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work, entertain themselves or sleep on the ride, which encourages urban spread. They take their driverless car to an appointment and set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking. Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning, they send the self-driving minibus. The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services.A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric, self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80%and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050. Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing. The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services, considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题). But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology. Policymakers should start thinking now about how to ma ke sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn’t extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today. The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people, and more affordably. The car of the future is coming. We just have to plan for it.47. According to the author, attention should be paid to how driverless cars can __________.A. help deal with transportation-related problemsB. provide better services to customersC. cause damage to our environmentD. make some people lose jobs48. As for driverless cars, what is the author’s major concern?A. Safety.B. Side effects.C. Affordability.D. Management.49. What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂in Paragraph 4 probably mean?A. Employed.B. Replaced.C. Shared.D. Reduced.50. What is the author’s attitude to the future of self-driving cars?A. Doubtful.B. Positive.C. Disapproving.D. Sympathetic.【母题来源三】【2018·天津】【母题原题】A【2018·天津卷】Fire Prevention InformationThe University of Adelaide employs a full-time staff of fire prevention professionals. They inspect all campus buildings and test and maintain all sprinkler(喷⽔灭⽕装置）systems fire alarms and fire extinguishers (灭⽕器).。
专题12 阅读填空(说明文)-2018年高考英语母题题源系列(原卷版)
母题十二阅读填空【母题来源一】【2018·全国III】【2018·全国III】根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。
选项中有两项为多余选项。
Before there was the written word, there was the language of dance. Dance expresses love and hate, joy and sorrow ,life and death, and everything else in between.___36___We dance from Florida to Alaska, from north to south and sea to sea. We dance at weddings, birthdays , office parties and just to fill the time.“I adore dancing,” says Lester Bridges, the owner of a dance studio in Iowa. “I can't imagine doing an ything else with my life." Bridges runs dance classes for all ages. "Teaching dance is wonderful. ____37____It's great to watch them. For many of them, it's a way of meeting people and having a social life."___38___"I can tell you about one young couple," says Bridges. “They're learning to do traditional dances. They arrive at the class in low spirits and they leave with a smile. _____39_____”So, do we dance in order to make ourselves feel better, calmer, healthier? Andrea Hillier says,“Dance, like the p attern of a beating heart, is life. Even after all these years, I want to get better and better.____40____ I find it hard to stop! Dancing reminds me I'm alive."A. So why do we dance?B. Dance in the U.S.is everywhere.C. If you like dancing outdoors, come to America.D. My older students say it makes them feel young.E. I keep practicing even When I'm extremely tired.F. Dancing seems to change their feeling completely.G. They stayed up all night long singing and dancing.【母题来源二】【2018·浙江】【2018·浙江卷】根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。
【高三英语试题精选】2018届高考英语说明文考点精析复习题及答案
2018届高考英语说明文考点精析复习题及答案made methods,and to getwater from the winter snoon mountain 16 With special equipment,some scientists are studying the ways in which the mountain snocan be 17 , and with the help of a repeater station,they send the 18 data(数据) to the base station The operator at the base station can get the data at any time by 19 a button In the near future, the forecast and use of water so-funny situation 11 , a cartoon might say that the government of a country is responsible for the bad economy and 12 shothe government leaders as a group of ridiculous(可笑的) people Being able to use the leaders as scapegoats and to laugh at the leaders somehomake people feel 13 about their situationCartoons also make people laugh at their own personal 14 Young people who are not always 15 of hoto act can smile at their awkwardness(尴尬) Cid people whose 16 children pay little attention to them can chuckle(暗笑) at their neglect (疏忽)and loneliness Students who have studied too 17 before an examination can laugh at thei r worries Anyone’s problems are made bigger than life in the cartoons Perhaps the problems 18 funny because there is humor in something that is real being made unrealA cartoon bines(结合)art and humor When it is skillfully19 , a simple line drawing and a feords can make people laugh Their trouble seem less sighted D bright答案 B 指导前提到英国人早晨刚刚起床就上看卡通。
2018年高考英语母题题源系列17 语法填空(说明文)
2018年高考英语母题题源系列17 语法填空（说明文）SYS201806020701一、语法填空详细信息1. 难度：中等[2017·湖北省黄冈市新联考高三第三次联考]The Great Wall of China is more than 6，000 kilometres long. It winds 1.________ (it) way from west to east, across deserts, over mountains, through valleys 2.________ at last it reaches the sea. The Great Wall has a history of over twenty centuries. The first part of it 3.________(build)during the Spring and Autumn period. During the Qin Dynasty, 4.________ (keep) the enemy out of his empire, Emperor Qin Shi Huang had all the walls 5._______ (join) up. Thus, the Great Wall came into being. The Great Wall is wide enough at 6.________ top for five horses or ten men to walk side by side. Along the wall are watchtowers, 7.________ soldiers used to keep watch. Fires were lit on the towers as a 8.________ (warn) when the enemy came.It was 9.________ (extreme) difficult to build such a wall in the ancient days without any modern machines. All the work was done10._______ hand. Thousands of men died and were buried under the wall they built. The Great Wall was made not only of stone and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men.SYS20180602070详细信息2. 难度：中等.【2017安徽合肥市市一模】阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
2018年高考英语母题题源系列15 语法填空(说明文)
详细信息
2. 难度：中等
.【2017山东菏泽市一模】阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。
The Garden
My father always had a garden.He once found a plot even when we lived in the house with someone else.They always__1.____(appreciate) the vegetables he provided in exchange___2.___his use of the garden plot.The vegetables were very important to our food supply but he___3.___(probable) would have had a garden anyway.He was from a large family with brothers and sisters___4.___had learned to depend on a garden for adequate food.Each year in early spring,he used a small push plow（犁）___5.___(prepare) the soil for the plants and seeds.He always had___6.___ (tomato),peppers and watermelons.One summer watermelons came up from___7.___we had threw the seeds.He built___8.___shelf for the melons to rest on while they grew very large.This became the conversation of the neighborhood. In the fall Dad would remove all of the___9.___(die) plants and sow turnip（萝卜）seeds over the whole plot that would provide turnips for most of the winter months.In later years when we had____10.__(we) own home he added a flower garden.His prize flowers entered the Fayette County Fair each year.
2018年高考英语母题题源系列14 阅读填空(记叙文)
In high school, students usually live at home, and their parents take care of all their physical needs such as food and housing. ___2.___Parents are also there to help with and make sure that the student’s homework is done. During the school day, students rarely have free time. They go directly from one class to another. Teachers are always around to tell the students what to do. ___3.___So students can often complete their homework and reading in a short time.
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母题十一阅读填空【母题来源一】【2018·全国I】【母题原题】【2018·全国I】根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。
选项中有两项为多余选项。
Color is fundamental in home design——something you’ll always have in every room. A grasp of how to manage color in your spaces is one of the first steps to cr eating rooms you’ll love to live in. Do you want a room that’s full of life? Professional? Or are you just looking for a place to relax after a long day?____36____, color is the key to making a room feel the way you want it to feel.Over the years, there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this importantpoint.____37____, they can get a little complex .But good news is that there’re really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home: the small ones, the medium ones, and the large ones.____38____. They’re the little spots of color like throw pillows ,mirrors and baskets that most of us use to add visual interest to our rooms .Less tiring than painting your walls and less expensive than buying a colorful sofa ,small color choices bring with them the significant benefit of being easily changeable .Medium color choices are generally furniture pieces such as sofas, dinner tables or bookshelves ____39____. They require a bigger commitment than smaller ones, and they have a more powerful effect on the feeling of a space. The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls, ceilings, and floors .Whether you’re looking at wallpaper or paint, the time, effort and relative expense put into it are significant.____40____.A. While all of them are usefulB. Whatever you’re looking forC. If you’re experimenting with a colorD. Small color choices are the ones we’re most familiar withE. It’s not really a good idea to use too many small color piecesF. So it pays to be sure, because you want to get it right the first timeG. Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways【母题来源二】【2018·全国II】【母题原题】【2018·全国II】根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。
选项中有两项为多余选项。
If you are already making the time to exercise, it is good indeed! With such busy lives, it can be hard to try and find the time to work out. ___36___ Working out in the morning provides additional benefits beyond being physically fit. Your productivity is improved. Exercising makes you more awake and ready to handle whatever is ahead of you for the day.___37___Your metabolism(新陈代谢) gets a head start. ___38___ If you work out in the mornings, then you will be getting the calorie(卡路里)burning benefits for the whole day, not in your sleep.___39___ Studies found that people who woke up early for exercise slept better than those who exercised in the evening. Exercise energizes you, so it is more difficult to relax and have a peaceful sleep when you are very excited. ___40___ If you work out bright and early in the morning, you will be more likely to stick to healthy food choices throughout the day. Who would want to ruin their good workout by eating junk food? You will want to continue to focus on positive choices.There are a lot of benefits to working out, especially in the mornings. Set your alarm clock an hour early and push yourself to work out! You will feel energized all day long.A. You will stick to your diet.B. Your quality of sleep improves.C. You prefer healthy food to fast food.D. There is no reason you should exercise in the morning.E. You can keep your head clear for 4-10 hours after exercise.F. After you exercise, you continue to burn calories throughout the day.G. If you are planning to do exercise regularly, or you’re doing it now, then listen up!【命题意图】给出一篇缺少五个句子的文章，对应有七个选项，要求同学们根据文章结构、内容，选出正确的句子，填入相应的空白处。
《考试说明》对该题型命题目的的表述为“主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。
”【考试方向】这类试题在考查题型上，通常基本以说明文为主，兼顾记叙文和议论文。
【得分要点】1）从意思上判断在做题时最重要的是要读懂空白前后的句子，明白这几句话的确切意思，然后根据意思的连贯性或逻辑性从选项中选取正确答案。
在读懂意思的基础上，再利用线索特征词等进一步确认答案。
2）从词汇上锁定线索3）从关联词上查找由于英语的句段之间经常会运用关联词表示衔接和过渡，使文章逻辑更清楚和连贯，因此文章中和选项中表示各种逻辑关系的路标性信号词在选择答案时都是很重要的线索。
在做题时可将这三个层面的线索很好地结合起来。
例如，在看到表示并列或递进关系的关联词时，一般表示前后句子的名词或句意具有同指性；而表示转折让步关系的词则往往表示前后句子的名词同指，但句意对立，或褒贬对立或肯否对立；而表示例证关系的词则意味着在举例之前或之后有表述概念或某一观点的句子，往往会有复数名词出现。
【母题1】【湖北省黄冈中学2018届高三5月适应性考试】根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。
选项中有两项为多余选项。
It is sometimes thought that the longing for material goods, the need to buy things, is a relatively modern invention.___36___ Trade or shopping is certainly an ancient desire, and existed before our ancestors invented writing, laws, cities or farming, even before they used metal to make tools.Humans are born to trade.___37___ Evidence from hunter-gatherers suggests that the exchange of food and other necessary things comes naturally, as well as the ability to keep a record of the credits involved. And once trade begins, the benefits are hard to resist.Ancient local coastal people in northern Australia traded fish hooks, along a chain of trading partners, with people living 400 miles inland, who cut and polished local stone to make axes（斧子）.___38___ Finally, both groups of “producers”, by concentrating on things they could produce and exchanging them for other things they needed, benefited as a result.Trade in the necessities of life, such as food and simple tools, is not really surprising, considering the link between these basic items and survival. What is surprising, though, is that our taste for unnecessary expensive objects also goes back a long way.In South Africa, 100,000-year-old decorative dyes（染料）have been found in an area where none were produced.___39___ Small round pieces of glass 76,000 years old were also found at the same place. The earliest jewellery known to us were not just random findings—they were grouped together in size and had holes like those used for threading onto a necklace.Archaeologists argue that trade prepared the way for the complex societies in which we live today.___40___ However, their modern equivalents—fast cars and expensive clothes—hold the same attraction for us as “trade goods” did for people 100,000 years ago.A. And we don’t need shops or money to do it.B. These are powerful evidence for cash purchase.C. In fact, its roots go back to the beginning of humanity.D. However, first trade began from the exchange of objects.E. Modern-day shoppers may not be impressed by ancient glass pieces.F. It is thought that these goods were bought at least 30 kilometres away.G. Every individual along the chain made a profit, even if he produced neither himself.【母题2】【河南省中原名校2018届高三高考预测金卷】根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，选项中有两项为多余。