四川大学2012软件工程导论(双语) (A 闭 )

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四川大学2012软件工程导论(双语) (B 闭 )

44311023030软件工程双语软件工程双语b闭闭201220132六六设计设计及分析及分析题题本大本大题题共共22小小题题每每小小题题1155分共分共3300分分
311023030 软件工程（双语）（B 闭）
一、单项选择题（本大题共 20 小题，每小题 1 分，共 20 分）
2012-2013-2
提示：在每小题列出的多个备选项中只有一个是符合题目要求的，请将其代码填写在下表中。错选、多选或未选均无分。 1 The waterfall model of software development is A B C D 2 A reasonable approach when requirements are well defined A good approach when a working program is required quickly The best approach to use for projects with large development teams An old fashioned model that cannot be used in a modern context
The spiral model of software development A B C D Ends with the delivery of the software product Is more chaotic than the incremental model Includes project risks evaluation during each iteration All of the above
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311023030 软件工程（双语）（B 闭）
17. Software engineers collaborate with customers to define which of the following? A Customer visible usage scenarios B Important software features C System inputs and outputs D All of the above 18. Analysis models depict software in which three representations? A architecture, interface, component B cost, risk, schedule C information, function, behavior D None of the above 19. Which of the following is not one of the principles of good coding? A Create unit tests before you begin coding B Create a visual layout that aids understanding C Keep variable names short so that code is compact D Write self-documenting code, not program documentation 20 Which of these are objectives of Team Software Process? A B C D E Accelerate software process improvement Allow better time management by highly trained professionals Build self-directed software teams Show managers how to reduce costs and sustain quality Both b and c

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Chapter 11Which question no longer concerns the modern software engineer?A)Why does computer hardware cost so much?B) Why does software take a long time to finish?C) Why does it cost so much to develop a piece of software?D) Why can't software errors be removed from products prior to delivery? Section 1.12Software is a product and can be manufactured using the same technologies used for other engineering artifacts.A) TrueB)FalseSection 1.13Software deteriorates rather than wears out becauseA) Software suffers from exposure to hostile environmentsB) Defects are more likely to arise after software has been used oftenC)Multiple change requests introduce errors in component interactionsD) Software spare parts become harder to orderSection 1.24WebApps are a mixture of print publishing and software development, making their development outside the realm of software engineering practice.A) TrueB)FalseSection 1.35Which of the items listed below is not one of the software engineering layers?A) ProcessB)ManufacturingC) MethodsD) ToolsSection 1.46Software engineering umbrella activities are only applied during the initial phases of software development projects.A) TrueB)FalseSection 1.47Which of these are the 5 generic software engineering framework activities?A)communication, planning, modeling, construction, deploymentB) communication, risk management, measurement, production, reviewingC) analysis, designing, programming, debugging, maintenanceD) analysis, planning, designing, programming, testingSection 1.58Planning ahead for software reuse reduces the cost and increases the value of the systems into which they are incorporated.A) TrueB) FalseSection 1.59The essence of software engineering practice might be described as understand the problem, plan a solution, carry out the plan, and examine the result for accuracy.A)TrueB) FalseSection 1.610In agile process models the only deliverable work product is the working program.A) TrueB)FalseSection 1.711A most software development projects are initiated to try to meet some business need.A)TrueB) FalseSection 1.712In general software only succeeds if its behavior is consistent with the objectives of its designers.A) TrueB)FalseChapter 21Which of the following are recognized process flow types?A) Concurrent process flowB) Iterative process flowC) Linear process flowD) Spiral process flowE)both a and cSection 2.1.32Software processes can be constructed out of pre-existing software patterns to best meet the needs of a software project.A)TrueB) FalseSection 2.23Which of these are standards for assessing software processes?A) SEIB) SPICEC) ISO 9000D) ISO 9001E)both b and dSection 2.3.14The waterfall model of software development isA) A reasonable approach when requirements are well defined.B) A good approach when a working program is required quickly.C) The best approach to use for projects with large development teams.D) An old fashioned model that is rarely used any more.Section 2.3.25The incremental model of software development isA) A reasonable approach when requirements are well defined.B) A good approach when a working core product is required quickly.C) The best approach to use for projects with large development teams.D) A revolutionary model that is not used for commercial products. Section 2.3.36Evolutionary software process modelsA) Are iterative in natureB) Can easily accommodate product requirements changesC) Do not generally produce throwaway systemsD)All of the aboveSection 2.3.37The prototyping model of software development isA) A reasonable approach when requirements are well defined.B) A useful approach when a customer cannot define requirements clearly.C) The best approach to use for projects with large development teams.D) A risky model that rarely produces a meaningful product.Section 2.3.38The spiral model of software developmentA) Ends with the delivery of the software productB) Is more chaotic than the incremental modelC)Includes project risks evaluation during each iterationD) All of the aboveSection 2.3.49The concurrent development model isA) Another name for concurrent engineering.B) Defines events that trigger engineering activity state transitions.C) Only used for development of parallel or distributed systems.D) Used whenever a large number of change requests are anticipated.E)both a and bSection 2.4.110The component-based development model isA) Only appropriate for computer hardware design.B) Not able to support the development of reusable components.C)Dependent on object technologies for support.D) Not cost effective by known quantifiable software metrics.Section 2.4.211The formal methods model of software development makes use of mathematical methods toA) Define the specification for computer-based systemsB) Develop defect free computer-based systemsC) Verify the correctness of computer-based systemsD)All of the aboveSection 2.5.212Which of these is not one of the phase names defined by the Unified Process model for software development?A) Inception phaseB) Elaboration phaseC) Construction phaseD)Validation phaseSection 2.6.113Which of these is not a characteristic of Personal Software Process?A) Emphasizes personal measurement of work productB)Practitioner requires careful supervision by the project managerC) Individual practitioner is responsible for estimating and schedulingD) Practitioner is empowered to control quality of software work products Section 2.6.214Which of these are objectives of Team Software Process?A) Accelerate software process improvementB) Allow better time management by highly trained professionalsC) Build self-directed software teamsD) Show managers how to reduce costs and sustain qualityE)both b and cSection 2.715Process technology tools allow software organizations to compress schedules by skipping unimportant activities.A) TrueB)FalseSection 2.816It is generally accepted that one cannot have weak software processes and create high quality end products.A)TrueB) FalseChapter 3.1Agility is nothing more than the ability of a project team to respond rapidly to change.A) TrueB)FalseSection 3.12Which of the following is not necessary to apply agility to a software process?A)Eliminate the use of project planning and testingB) Only essential work products are producedC) Process allows team to streamline tasksD) Uses incremental product delivery strategySection 3.23How do you create agile processes to manage unpredictability?A) Requirements gathering must be conducted very carefullyB) Risk analysis must be conducted before planning takes placeC) Software increments must be delivered in short time periodsD) Software processes must adapt to changes incrementallyE)both c and dSection 3.34In agile software processes the highest priorities is to satisfy the customer through early and continuous delivery of valuable software.A)TrueB) FalseSection 3.3.35Which of the following traits need to exist among the members of an agile software team?A) CompetenceB) Decision-making abilityC) Mutual trust and respectD)All of the aboveSection 3.4.16In agile development it is more important to build software that meets the customers' needs today than worry about features that might be needed in the future.A)TrueB) FalseSection 3.4.27What are the four framework activities found in the Extreme Programming (XP) process model?A) analysis, design, coding, testingB) planning, analysis, design, codingC) planning, analysis, coding, testingD)planning, design, coding, testingSection 3.58All agile process models conform to a greater or lesser degree to the principles stated in the "Manifesto for Agile Software Development".A)TrueB) FalseSection 3.5.19What are the three framework activities for the Adaptive Software Development (ASD) process model?A) analysis, design, codingB) feasibility study, functional model iteration, implementationC) requirements gathering, adaptive cycle planning, iterative developmentD)speculation, collaboration, learningSection 3.5.210Which is not one of the key questions that is answered by each team member at each daily Scrum meeting?A) What did you do since the last meeting?B) What obstacles are you encountering?C)What is the cause of the problems you are encountering?D) What do you plan to accomplish be the next team meeting?Section 3.5.311The Dynamic Systems Development Method (DSDM) suggests a philosophy that is based on the Pareto principle (80% of the application can be delivered in 20% of the timerequired to build the complete application).A)TrueB) FalseSection 3.5.512In Feature Driven Development (FDD) a client-valued feature is a client-valued function that can be delivered in two weeks or less.A) TrueB)FalseSection 3.5.713Agile Modeling (AM) provides guidance to practitioner during which of these software tasks?A) AnalysisB) DesignC) CodingD) TestingE)both a and bSection 3.5.814Agile Unified Process uses the classic UP phased activities (inception, elaboration, construction, transition) to help the team visualize the overall process flow.A)TrueB) FalseChapter 41Software engineering principles have about a three year half-life.A) TrueB)FalseSection 4.22Which of the following is not one of core principles of software engineering practice?A) All design should be as simple as possible, but no simplerB) A software system exists only to provide value to its users.C)Pareto principle (20% of any product requires 80% of the effort)D) Remember that you produce others will consumeSection 4.3.13Every communication activity should have a facilitator to make sure that the customer is not allowed to dominate the proceedings.A) TrueB)FalseSection 4.3.14The agile view of iterative customer communication and collaboration is applicable to all software engineering practice.A)TrueB) FalseSection 4.3.25One reason to involve everyone on the software team in the planning activity is toA) adjust the granularity of the planB) control feature creepC)get all team members to "sign up" to the planD) understand the problem scopeSection 4.3.26Project plans should not be changed once they are adopted by a team.A) TrueB)FalseSection 4.3.37Requirements models depict software in which three domains?A) architecture, interface, componentB) cost, risk, scheduleC)information, function, behaviorD) None of the aboveSection 4.3.38The design model should be traceable to the requirements model?A)TrueB) FalseSection 4.3.39Teams using agile software practices do not generally create models.A) TrueB)FalseSection 4.3.410Which of the following is not one of the principles of good coding?A) Create unit tests before you begin codingB) Create a visual layout that aids understandingC) Refractor the code after you complete the first coding passD)Write self-documenting code, not program documentationSection 4.3.411A successful test I ones that discovers at least one as-yet undiscovered error.A)TrueB) FalseSection 4.3.512Which of the following are valid reasons for collecting customer feedback concerning delivered software?A) Allows developers to make changes to the delivered incrementB) Delivery schedule can be revised to reflect changesC) Developers can identify changes to incorporate into next incrementD)All of the aboveChapter 51Requirements engineering is a generic process that does not vary from one software project to another.A)TrueB) FalseSection 5.12During project inception the intent of the of the tasks are to determineA) basic problem understandingB) nature of the solution neededC) people who want a solutionD) none of the aboveE)a, b, and cSection 5.13Three things that make requirements elicitation difficult are problems ofA) budgetingB) scopeC) understandingD) volatilityE)b, c, and dSection 5.2.14A stakeholder is anyone who will purchase the completed software system under development.A) TrueB)FalseSection 5.2.25It is relatively common for different customers to propose conflicting requirements,each arguing that his or her version is the right one.A)TrueB) FalseSection 5.2.46Which of the following is not one of the context-free questions that would be used during project inception?A) What will be the economic benefit from a good solution?B) Who is behind the request for work?C)Who will pay for the work?D) Who will use the solution?Section 5.3.17In collaborative requirements gathering the facilitatorA) arranges the meeting placeB) can not be a customerC)controls the meetingD) must be an outsiderSection 5.3.28Which of the following is not one of the requirement classifications used in Quality Function Deployment (QFD)?A) excitingB) expectedC)mandatoryD) normalSection 5.3.49The work products produced during requirement elicitation will vary depending on theA) size of the budgetB)size of the product being builtC) software process being usedD) stakeholders needsSection 5.410Developers and customers create use-cases to help the software team understand how different classes of end-users will use functions.A)TrueB) FalseSection 5.411Use-case actors are always people, never system devices.A) TrueB)FalseSection 5.512The result of the requirements engineering task is an analysis model that defines which of the following problem domain(s)?A) informationB) functionalC) behavioralD)all of the aboveSection 5.5.213Analysis patterns facilitate the transformation of the analysis model into a design model by suggesting reliable solutions to common problems.A)TrueB) FalseSection 5.614In win-win negotiation, the customer's needs are met even though the developer's need may not be.A) TrueB)FalseSection 5.715In requirements validation the requirements model is reviewed to ensure its technical feasibility.A) TrueB)FalseChapter 61Which of these is not an element of a requirements model?A) Behavioral elementsB) Class-based elementsC)Data elementsD) Scenario-based elementsSection 6.1.12Which of the following is not an objective for building a requirements model?A) define set of software requirements that can be validatedB) describe customer requirementsC)develop an abbreviated solution for the problemD) establish basis for software designSection 6.1.33Object-oriented domain analysis is concerned with the identification and specification of reusable capabilities within an application domain.A)TrueB) FalseSection 6.1.44In structured analysis models focus on the structure of the classes defined for a system along with their interactions.A) TrueB)FalseSection 6.25Creation and refinement of use cases if an important part of scenario-based modeling.A)TrueB) FalseSection 6.2.16It is important to consider alternative actor interactions when creating a preliminary use case.A) TrueB)FalseSection 6.2.27Brainstorming is one technique that may be used to derive a complete set of use case exceptions.A)TrueB) FalseSection 6.2.38In many cases there is no need to create a graphical representation of a usage scenario.A)TrueB) FalseSection 6.3.19UML activity diagrams are useful in representing which analysis model elements?A) Behavioral elementsB) Class-based elementsC) Flow-based elementsD)Scenario-based elementsSection 6.4.210One or more attributes of a data object must be defined as a key to allow the location of an instance of the data object.A)TrueB) False11The entity relationship diagramA)depicts relationships between data objectsB) depicts functions that transform the data flowC) indicates how data are transformed by the systemD) indicates system reactions to external eventsSection 6.5.112Which of the following should be considered as candidate objects in a problem space?A) eventsB) peopleC) structuresD)all of the aboveSection 6.5.213Attributes are chosen for an object by examining the problem statement and identifying the entities that appear to be related.A) TrueB)FalseSection 6.5.314Which of the following is not one of the broad categories used to classify operations?A) computationB) data manipulationC) event monitorsD)transformersSection 6.5.415Which of the following items does not appear on a CRC card?A) class collaboratorsB) class nameC)class reliabilityD) class responsibilities16Class responsibilities are defined byA) its attributes onlyB) its collaboratorsC) its operations onlyD)both its attributes and operationsSection 6.5.617An analysis package involves the categorization of analysis model elements into useful groupings.A)TrueB) FalseChapter 71The data flow diagramA) depicts relationships between data objectsB) depicts functions that transform the data flowC) indicates how data are transformed by the systemD) indicates system reactions to external eventsE)both b and cSection 7.2.22Control flow diagrams areA)needed to model event driven systems.B) required for all systems.C) used in place of data flow diagrams.D) used to represent system behavior.Section 7.2.33The control specification represents the system behavior using UML sequence and state diagrams.A)TrueB) FalseSection 7.2.44The data flow diagram must be augmented by min-spec that can serve as a guide the design of the software component that will implement the process.A)TrueB) FalseSection 7.3.15For purposes of behavior modeling an event occurs wheneverA) a state and process exchange information.B)the system an actor exchange information.C) two actors exchange information.D) two objects exchange information.Section 7.3.26For purposes of behavior modeling a state is anyA) consumer or producer of data.B) data object hierarchy.C)observable mode of behavior.D) well defined process.Section 7.3.27The state transition diagramA) depicts relationships between data objectsB) depicts functions that transform the data flowC) indicates how data are transformed by the systemD)indicates system reactions to external eventsSection 7.3.28The UML sequence diagram show the order in which system events are processed.A) TrueB)FalseSection 7.49Analysis patterns are discovered, they are not explicitly created.A)TrueB) FalseSection 7.510It is not possible to justify the time required for WebApp requirements analysis.A) TrueB)FalseSection 7.5.311Which is not one of the analysis activities that is used to create a complete analysis model?A) Configuration analysisB) Content analysisC) Functional analysisD)Market analysisSection 7.5.412Content objects are extracted from use cases by examining the scenario description for direct or indirect content references.A)TrueB) FalseSection 7.5.513What are the elements of a WebApp interaction model?A) activity diagrams, sequence diagrams, state diagrams, interface prototypeB) activity diagrams, collaboration diagrams, sequence diagrams, state diagramsC)use-cases, sequence diagrams, state diagrams, interface prototypeD) use-cases, sequence diagrams, state diagrams, sequence diagramsSection 7.5.614UML activity diagrams can be used to represent the user observable functionality delivered by the WebApp as well as the operations contained in each analysis class.A)TrueB) FalseSection 7.5.715Configuration analysis focuses on the architecture of the user's web browsing environment.A) TrueB)FalseChapter 81Which of the following are areas of concern in the design model?A) architectureB) dataC) interfacesD) project scopeE)a, b, and cSection 8.12The importance of software design can be summarized in a single wordA) accuracyB) complexityC) efficiencyD)qualitySection 8.2.13Which of these are characteristics of a good design?A) exhibits strong coupling between its modulesB) implements all requirements in the analysis modelC) includes test cases for all componentsD) provides a complete picture of the softwareE)both b and dSection 8.2.24Which of the following is not a characteristic common to all design methods?A)configuration managementB) functional component representationC) quality assessment guidelinesD) refinement heuristicsSection 8.3.15What types of abstraction are used in software design?A) controlB) dataC) environmentalD) proceduralE)a, b, and dSection 8.3.26Which of the following can be used to represent the architectural design of a piece of software?A) Dynamic modelsB) Functional modelsC) Structural modelsD)All of the aboveSection 8.3.37Design patterns are not applicable to the design of object-oriented software?A) TrueB)FalseSection 8.3.58Since modularity is an important design goal it is not possible to have too many modules in a proposed design.A) TrueB)FalseSection 8.3.69Information hiding makes program maintenance easier by hiding data and procedure from unaffected parts of the program.A)TrueB) FalseSection 8.3.710Cohesion is a qualitative indication of the degree to which a moduleA) can be written more compactly.B)focuses on just one thing.C) is able to complete its function in a timely manner.D) is connected to other modules and the outside world.Section 8.3.711Coupling is a qualitative indication of the degree to which a moduleA) can be written more compactly.B) focuses on just one thing.C) is able to complete its function in a timely manner.D)is connected to other modules and the outside world.Section 8.3.812When using structured design methodologies the process of stepwise refinement is unnecessary.A) TrueB)FalseSection 8.3.1013Software designs are refactored to allow the creation of software that is easier to integrate, easier to test, and easier to maintain.A)TrueB) FalseSection 8.3.1314Which of the following is not one of the five design class typesA) Business domain classesB)Entity classesC) Process classesD) User interface classesSection 8.4.115Which design model elements are used to depict a model of information represented from the user's view?A) Architectural design elementsB) Component-level design elementsC)Data design elementsD) Interface design elementsSection 8.4.216Which design is equivalent to the floor plan of a house?A)Architectural designB) Component-level designC) Data designD) Interface designSection 8.4.317Which design model is equivalent to the detailed drawings of the access points and external utilities for a house?A) Architectural designB) Component-level designC) Data designD)Interface designSection 8.4.418Which design model is equivalent to a set of detailed drawings for each room in a house?A) Architectural designB)Component-level designC) Data designD) Interface designSection 8.4.519The deployment design elements specify the build order for the software components.A) TrueB)FalseChapter 91The best representation of system architecture is an operational software prototype.A) TrueB)FalseSection 9.1.22The architectural representations can be an enabler for communication among project stakeholders.A)TrueB) FalseSection 9.1.33An architectural description is often documented using an architecture template.A) TrueB)FalseSection 9.24An architectural genre will often dictate the architectural approach that may usedfor the structure to be built.A)TrueB) FalseSection 9.35An architectural style encompasses which of the following elements?A) constraintsB) set of componentsC) semantic modelsD) syntactic modelsE)a, b, and cSection 9.3.16To determine the architectural style or combination of styles that best fits the proposed system, requirements engineering is used to uncoverA) algorithmic complexityB)characteristics and constraintsC) control and dataD) design patternsSection 9.3.27Before an architectural pattern can be chosen for use in a specific system it must have a code implementation to facilitate its reuse.A) TrueB)FalseSection 9.3.38The criteria used to assess the quality of an architectural design should be based on systemA) accessibilityB) controlC) dataD) implementationE)both b and cSection 9.4.19During process of modeling the system in context, systems that interact with the target system are represented asA) Peer-level systemsB) Subordinate systemsC) Superordinate systemsD) Working systemsE)a, b, and cSection 9.4.210Once selected, archetypes always need to be refined further as architectural design proceeds.A)TrueB) FalseSection 9.4.311Which of the following is not an example of infrastructure components that may need to be integrated into the software architecture?A) Communications componentsB) Database componentsC)Interface componentsD) Memory management componentsSection 9.5.112In the architecture trade-off analysis method the architectural style should be described using theA) data flow viewB) module viewC) process viewD) user viewE)a, b, and cSection 9.5.213Quantitative methods for assessing the quality of proposed architectural designs are readily available.B)FalseSection 10.5.314A useful technique for evaluating the overall complexity of a proposed architecture is to look at the componentA) cohesionB) flow dependenciesC) sharing dependenciesD) sizeE)both b and cSection 9.615When the overall flow in a segment of a data flow diagram is largely sequential and follows straight-line paths _________ is present.A) low couplingB) good modularityC) transaction flowD)transform flowSection 9.6.116When a single item that triggers other data flow along one of many paths ________ characterizes the information flow in a segment of a data flow diagram is present.A) high couplingB) poor modularityC)transaction flowD) transform flowChapter 101In the most general sense a component is a modular building block for computer software.A)True。

(完整)《软件工程导论》试题及答案,推荐文档

一, 判断题(正确的在括号内打上"√",错误的打上"×".每题1.5分,共15分)Warnier方法也是一种面向数据结构的设计方法,其逻辑更严格.(×)PAD图在设置了五种基本控制结构后,还允许递归调用. (×)为了加快软件维护作业的进度,应尽可能增加维护人员的数目.(×)当验收测试通过,软件开发就完成了.(×)完成测试作业后,为了缩短源程序的长度应删除程序中的注解.(×)在进行总体设计时应加强模块间的联系.(×)系统结构图是精确表达程序结构的图形表示法.因此,有时也可以将系统结构图当作系统流程图使用.(×)用黑盒法测试时,测试用例是根据程序内部逻辑设计的.(×)在程序调试时,找出错误的位置和性质比改正该错误更难.(√)以对象,类,继承和通信为基础的面向对象设计方法(OOD)也是常见的软件概要设计方法之一.(√)二,单项选择题(每小题2分,共10分)试判断下列叙述中,哪个(些)是正确的(D)a,软件系统中所有的信息流都可以认为是事务流b,软件系统中所有的信息流都可以认为是变换流c,事务分析和变换分析的设计步骤是基本相似的A,a B,b C,c D,b和c进行需求分析可使用多种工具,但(B)是不适用的.A,数据流图B,PAD图C,判定表D,数据词典在详细设计阶段,经常采用的工具有(A).A,PAD B,SA C,SC D,DFD详细设计的结果基本决定了最终程序的(C)A,代码的规模B,运行速度C,质量D,可维护性使用白盒测试方法时,确定测试数据应根据(A)和指定的覆盖标准.A,程序的内部逻辑B,程序的复杂程度C,该软件的编辑人员D,程序的功能三,多项选择题(每题2分,共10分.注:正确得2分,漏选得1分,多选,错选不得分.) (ABCD)可以作为模块.A,子程序B,函数C,过程D,编译文件下面哪些测试属于黑盒测试(BCD).A,路径测试B,等价类划分C,边界值分析D,错误推测E,循环测试下列属于度量效益方法的是(ABCD).A,货币的时间价值B,投资回收期C,收入D,投资回报率软件维护的策略包括(BCD).A,定期检测维护B,改正性维护C,适应性维护D,完善性维护下列属于软件测试过程的是(ABE).A,单元测试B,组装测试C,内核测试D,法律验证E,确认测试四,简答题(每题6分,共24分)耦合性和内聚性有几种类型其耦合度,内聚强度的顺序如何答案:低:非直接耦合,数据耦合,标记耦合,控制耦合,外部耦合,公共耦合,内容耦合:高强:功能内聚,信息内聚,通信内聚,过程内聚,时间内聚,逻辑内聚,偶然内聚:弱请举例说明什么是多态,什么是重载答案:多态性是指子类对象可以像父类对象那样使用,同样的消息既可以发送给父类对象也可以发送给子类对象.也就是说,在类等级的不同层次中可以共享(公用)一个行为(方法)的名字,然而不同层次中的每个类却各自按自己的需要来实现这个行为.当对象接收到发送给它的消息时,根据该对象所属于的类动态选用在该类中定义的实现算法.重载是指一个类中有多个同名的方法,但在操作数个数或类型上有区别.例: public class A{int age;String name;public void setValue(int i) {age=i; }public void setValue(String s) {name=s; }什么是数据字典简述数据字典与数据流图的关系.答案:数据字典是关于数据的信息的集合,对数据流程图中的各个元素做完整的定义与说明,是数据流程图的补充工具.(2分)数据流图和数据字典共同构成系统的逻辑模型,没有数据字典数据流图就不严格,然而没有数据流图数据字典也难于发挥作用. 数据流图和对数据流图中每个元素的精确定义放在一起,才能共同构成系统的规格说明.(3分)简述编码风格的重要性.答案:阅读程序是软件开发和维护过程中的一个重要组成部分,程序实际上也是一种供人阅读的文章.应当在编写程序时讲求程序的风格,这将大量地减少人们读程序的时间.良好的编码风格有助于编写出可靠而又容易维护的程序,编码的风格在很大程度上决定着程序的质量. 面向对象的测试和传统开发方法的测试有什么不同答案:(1)二者都可以分成四个阶段进行.但传统测试最小单元是模块,而在面向对象环境下,最小的可测试的单元是封装了的类或对象,而不是程序模块.(2)因为面向对象软件没有一个层次的控制结构,所以传统的自顶向下和自底向上的组装策略意义不大. 每次将一个操作组装到类中(像传统的增殖式组装那样)常常行不通,因为在构成类的各个部件之间存在各种直接的和非直接的交互.对于面向对象系统的组装测试,存在两种不同的测试策略.五,分析应用题(20分)求一组数组中的最大数, 数组表示为A(n) ,n=1,2……n的自然数.(10分)请画出程序流程图(4分)请画出该算法的N-S图(3分)请用PAD图来表示该算法(3分)答案:2. 下面是某程序的流程图:(10分)计算它的环路复杂性.(3分) 答案:7为了完成基本路径测试,求它的一组独立的路径.(7分)答案:路径1: (0)—①—(13)—(19)路径2: (0)—②—③—(14)—(19)路径3: (0)—②—④—⑤—(15)—(19)路径4: (0)—②—④—⑥—⑦—(16)—(19)路径5: (0)—②—④—⑥—⑧—⑨—(17)—(19)路径6: (0)—②—④—⑥—⑧—⑩—(11)—(18)—(19)路径7: (0)—②—④—⑥—⑧—⑩—(12)—(19)六,阅读下列说明和数据流图,回答问题1至问题4,将解答填入答题纸的对应栏内.(12分) [说明]某基于微处理器的住宅安全系统,使用传感器(如红外探头,摄像头等)来检测各种意外情况,如非法进入, 火警,水灾等.房主可以在安装该系统时配置安全监控设备(如传感器,显示器,报警器等),也可以在系统运行时修改配置,通过录像机和电视机监控与系统连接的所有传感器,并通过控制面板上的键盘与系统进行信息交互.在安装过程中,系统给每个传感器赋予一个编号(即id)和类型,并设置房主密码以启动和关闭系统,设置传感器事件发生时应自动拨出的电话号码.当系统检测到一个传感器事件时,就激活警报,拨出预置的电话号码,并报告关于位置和检测到的事件的性质等信息.加工4的细化图[问题1](3分)数据流图1(住宅安全系统顶层图)中的A和B分别是什么答案:A:传感器: B:报警器[问题2](3分)数据流图2(住宅安全系统第0层DFD图)中的数据存储"配置信息"会影响图中的哪些加工答案:监控传感器,显示信息和状态[问题3](6分)将数据流图3(加工4的细化图)中的数据流补充完整,并指明加工名称,数据流的方向(输入/输出)和数据流名称.答案: 4.4"读传感器"添加输入数据流"传感器状态"4.1"显示格式"添加输出数据流"传感器数据"4.5"拨号"添加输出数据流"电话拨号"七,请以自己的实际体会说明项目管理的意义和作用.(8分)答案:(要点)软件项目管理就是对软件工程项目开发过程的管理.具体地说,就是对整个软件生存期的一切活动进行管理,以达到提高生产率,改善产品质量的目的.软件项目管理的职能:(1)制定计划:规定待完成的任务,要求,资源,人力和进度等.(2)建立项目组织:为实施计划,保证任务的完成,需要建立分工明确的责任机构.(3)配备人员:任用各种层次的技术人员和管理人员.(4)指导:鼓励和动员软件人员完成所分配的任务.(5)检验:对照计划或标准监督检查实施的情况.。

软件工程2012SEModule1

Yang Chunting 2012 Semester 1 yangctzust@ Module 1 Slide 4
SOFTWARE
IBM Rational Rose Microsoft Project 2010: Project Standard、Project Professional、Project Server and Project Web Access Sybase PowerBuilder.
Yang Chunting 2012 Semester 1
yangctzust@ Module 1
Slide 8
About software engineering
What are the costs of software engineering? What are software engineering methods? What is CASE (Computer-Aided Software Engineering) What are the attributes of good software? What are the key challenges facing software engineering?
Yang Chunting 2012 Semester 1
yangctzust@ Module 1
Slide 9
What is software?
Computer programs and associated documentation such as requirements, design models and user manuals. Software products may be developed for a particular customer or may be developed for a general market. Software products may be

2012年川大分数线

四川大学2012年硕士研究生入学考试初试合格线2012年03月09日 16:23 来源：中国研究生招生信息网学术型专业专业门类总分单科 01 哲学 320 50[75] 02 经济学 340 60[90] 03 法学（不含0301）320 50[75] 0301 法学 335 55[83] 0401 教育学 310 55[165] 0402 心理学 338 60[180] 0403 体育学325 50[150] 05 文学（不含0501、0503） 350 58[87] 0501 中国语言文学 0503 新闻传播学370 60[90] 06 历史学 340 58[174] 07 理学300 45[68] 08 工学（不含照顾专业）315 50[75] 工学照顾专业（0801、0806、0815、0827、0828）305 50[75] 09 农学300 45[68] 10 医学(不含1002、1003、1004、1006、1007、1011)30050[150]1002临床医学 1003口腔医学 32055[165]1004公共卫生与预防医学1006中西医结合 1007药学 1011护理学12 管理学 350 60[90] 13 艺术学 340 40[60] 单独考试28035[53/105]全日制专业学位专业学位类别总分单科0251金融硕士 0252应用统计硕士 32055[83]0253税务硕士 0254国际商务硕士 0255保险硕士 0256资产评估硕士 0351法律硕士 0352社会工作硕士310 50[75] 0452体育硕士 325 50[150] 0454应用心理硕士 34555[165]0453汉语国际教育硕士 33050[75]0552新闻与传播硕士 0553出版硕士0551翻译硕士 355 65[98] 0651文物与博物馆硕士310 40[120] 0852工程硕士 290 40[60] 0953风景园林硕士 30045[68]1051临床医学硕士 320 55[165]1052口腔医学硕士 1053公共卫生硕士 1054护理硕士 1055药学硕士1251工商管理硕士A 线 170 45[90]B 线155 40[80] 1252公共管理硕士 150 40[80] 1253 会计硕士190 50[100] 1254旅游管理硕士 1255图书情报硕士155 40[80] 1256工程管理硕士 1351艺术硕士34040[60]注：1、[ ] 内为单科总分大于100分的单科最低分数要求。

软件工程导论四川大学期末考试

A.Multiple choice (Only one is correct): ( 20*2%=40%)1.Which of the items listed below is not one of the software engineeringlayers?A. ProcessB. ManufacturingC. MethodsD. Tools2.What are the three generic phases of softwareengineering?A. definition, development, supportB. what, how, whereC. programming, debugging, maintenanceD. analysis, design, testing3.Which of these terms is a level name in the Capability MaturityModel?A. Ad hocB. RepeatableC. ReusableD. Organized4.Which of these items should be used to select a software processframework?A. PeopleB. ProductC. ProjectD. All of the above5.The linear sequential model of software developmentisA. A reasonable approach when requirements are well defined.B. A good approach when a working program is required quickly.C.The best approach to use for projects with large development teams.D.An old fashioned model that is rarely used any more.6.The prototyping model of software developmentisA. A reasonable approach when requirements are well defined.B. A useful approach when a customer cannot define requirements clearly.C.The best approach to use for projects with large development teams.D. A risky model that rarely produces a meaningful product.7.The spiral model of softwaredevelopmentA.Ends with the delivery of the software productB.Is more chaotic than the incremental modelC.Includes project risks evaluation during each iterationD.All of the above8.Software risk always involves twocharacteristicsA.fire fighting and crisis managementB.known and unknown risksC.uncertainty and lossD.staffing and budget9.Three categories of risksareA.business risks, personnel risks, budget risksB.project risks, technical risks, business risksC.planning risks, technical risks, personnel risksD.management risks, technical risks, design risks10.Variation control in the context of software engineering involves controlling variationin theA.process appliedB.resources expendedC.product quality attributesD.all of the above11. A key concept of quality control is that all workproductsA.are delivered on time and under budgetB.have complete documentationC.have measurable specifications for process outputsD.are thoroughly tested before delivery to the customer12.What task is not performed as part of software requirementsanalysis?A.evaluation and synthesisB.modeling and problem recognitionC.planning and schedulingD.specification and reviewe-cases are scenarios thatdescribeA.how software is to be used in a given situation.B.how CASE tools will be used to construct the system.C.the build plan for a software product.D.the test cases for a software product.14.Which view should be considered first during software requirements analysis?A.actor viewB.data viewC.essential viewD.implementation view15.What types of models are created during software requirementsanalysis?A.functional and behavioralB.algorithmic and data structureC.architectural and structuralability and reliability16.Which of the following is not a principle that should be followed when creating aspecification?A.create a cognitive model rather than a design modelB.make sure the specification dots every "i" and crosses every "t"C.recognize that the specification must be augmentableD.separate functionality from implementation17.Which of the following is not a guideline for representingrequirements?A.diagrams should be restricted in number and consistent in useB.representation format and content should be relevant to the contentC.representations should be revisablee no more than 7 plus or minus 2 colors in any diagrams18.Which of the following is not an objective for building an analysismodel?A.define set of software requirementsB.describe customer requirementsC.develop an abbreviated solution for the problemD.establish basis for software design19.The data flowdiagramA.depicts relationships between data objectsB.depicts functions that transform the data flowC.specified major logical decisions as they occurD.indicates system reactions to external events20.The entity relationshipdiagramA.depicts relationships between data objectsB.depicts functions that transform the data flowC.indicates how data are transformed by the systemD.indicates system reactions to external events21.The state transitiondiagramA.depicts functions that transform the data flowB.indicates how data are transformed by the systemC.indicates system reactions to external eventsD.depicts relationships between data objects22.Performing a grammatical parse of the processing narrative is the good first step totake in producing a(n)A.data dictionaryB.data flow diagramC.entity relationship diagramD.state transition diagram23. Which of the following is not an area of concern in the designmodel?A.architectureB.dataC.interfacesD.project scope24.Which of these is a characteristic of a gooddesign?A.exhibits strong coupling between its modulesB.implements all requirements in the analysis modelC.includes test cases for all componentsD.incorporates source code for descriptive purposes25. The importance of software design can be summarized in a singlewordA.accuracyplexityC.efficiencyD.quality26.Software reliability problems can almost always be tracedtoA.errors in requirements gatheringB.errors in design and implementationC.human errorD.errors in operation27.Software safety is a quality assurance activity that focuses on hazardsthatA.affect the reliability of a software componentB.may cause an entire system to failC.may result from user input errorsD.prevent profitable marketing of the final product28.Which of the following is not a section in the standard for SQA plans recommended byIEEE?A.budgetB.documentationC.reviews and auditsD.test29.Which of the following are characteristics of testablesoftware?A.ObservabilityB.SimplicityC.StabilityD.all of the above30.The testing technique that requires devising test cases to demonstrate that each programfunction is operational iscalledA.black-box testingB.glass-box testingC.grey-box testingD.white-box testing31.Black-box testing attempts to find errors in which of the followingcategoriesA.incorrect or missing functionsB.interface errorsC.performance errorsD.all of the above32. Which of these are objectives for softwaretesting?A.determine the productivity of programmersB.eliminate the need for future program maintenanceC.eliminate every error prior to releaseD.uncover software errors33.What is the normal order of activities in which software testing isorganized?A.unit, integration, system, validationB.system, integration, unit, validationC.unit, integration, validation, systemD.none of the above34.Which of the following need to be assessed during unittesting?A.algorithmic performanceB.code stabilityC.execution and error handlingD.all of the above35.Which of the following is an approach todebugging?A.backtrackingB.brute forceC.cause eliminationD.all of the above36.The objective of software project planning istoA.convince the customer that a project is feasible.B.make use of historical project data.C.enable a manager to make reasonable estimates of cost and schedule.D.determine the probable profit margin prior to bidding on a project.B. True or false. (10*2%=20%)1.Structured analysis is only useful for modeling information systems work, not real-timeengineering problems.2.The primary purpose of an entity relationship diagram in the data model is to allownormalization of relationship tables.3.Software quality might be defined as conformance to explicitly stated requirements andstandards, nothing more and nothing less.4.In general the earlier a software defect is discovered and corrected the less costlyto the overall project budget.5.The goal of quality assurance is to provide management with the data needed to determinewhich software engineers are producing the most defects.6.Test cases should be designed long before testing begins.7.In software quality assurance work there is no difference between software verificationand software validation.8.Security testing attempts to verify that protection mechanisms built into a systemprotect it from improper penetration.9.Software is a product and can be manufactured using the same technologies used for otherengineering artifacts.10.Adding more people to a project that is already behind schedule is a good way to catchup.11.Change cannot be easily accommodated in most software systems, unless a system wasdesigned with change in mind.12. A consideration of software scope must include an evaluation of all external interfaces.C.Short answer: (4*5%=20%)1.How many phases are there in Software Requirements Analysis?2.Analysis Model has four elements: Data dictionary (DD), Entity relationship diagram(ERD), Data flow diagram (DFD), State transition diagram (STD). Describe each onebriefly.3.What is the risk? List at least four risks in software product development.4.Why do we use project planning?5.What is the verification and validation?6.What are the characteristics of testable software?7.What is the CMM? Describe its five levels in short.D.Answer the following questions in detail: (2*10%=20%)1.What is software engineering in your opinion?2.List the software process model as many as you can, and give a precise description.。

四川大学软件工程(双语)期中考试试题-最终版-含答案

四川大学期中考试试题（闭卷）（2011~2012学年第2学期）课程号：311023030课程名称：软件工程（双语）任课教师：适用专业年级：学号：姓名：考试须知四川大学学生参加由学校组织或由学校承办的各级各类考试，必须严格执行《四川大学考试工作管理办法》和《四川大学考场规则》。

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有违反学校有关规定的，严格按照《四川大学教学事故认定及处理办法》进行处理。

题号一(20%) 二(20%) 三(18%) 四(24%) 五(10%) 六(8%) 卷面成绩得分阅卷教师阅卷时间注意事项：1. 请务必将本人所在学院、姓名、学号、任课教师姓名等信息准确填写在试卷和答题纸上。

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一、Multiple-Choice Test(1’×10)评阅教师得分Tip: each question,you must read the four choices marked A),B),C),D),and decide which is the best answer.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101.The nature of software applications can be characterized by their information( D )(A) complexity (B) content(C) determinacy (D) both b and c2.Which of these are the 5 generic software engineering framework activities? ( A )(A) communication, planning, modeling, construction, deployment(B) communication, risk management, measurement, production, reviewing(C) analysis, designing, programming, debugging, maintenance(D) analysis, planning, designing, programming, testing3.The rapid application development model is ( D )(A) Another name for component-based development.(B) A useful approach when a customer cannot define requirements clearly.(C) A high speed adaptation of the linear sequential model.(D) All of the above.4.Which of the following traits need to exist among the members of an agile software team? ( D )(A) Competence(B) Decision-making ability(C) Mutual trust and respect(D) All of the above.5. The top level of the hierarchical model of a system is known as the ( C )(A) AFD(B) DFD(C) SCD(D) SFD6.The use of traceability tables helps to ( C )(A) debug programs following the detection of run-time errors(B) determine the performance of algorithm implementations(C) identify, control, and track requirements changes(D) none of the above7.The data flow diagram ( D )(A) depicts relationships between data objects(B) depicts functions that transform the data flow(C) indicates how data are transformed by the system(D) both B and C8.Which of the following should be considered as candidate objects in a problem space? ( D )(A) events (B) people(C) structure (D) all of the above9.Which design model elements are used to depict a model of information represented from the user's view? ( D )(A) Architectural design elements (B) Component-level design elements(C) Data design elements (D) Interface design elements10. In transaction mapping the first level factoring results in the ( C )(A) creation of CFD. (B) derivation of control hierarchy(C) distribution of work modules (D) refinement of the module view二、Fill in the blank（1’×38)评阅教师得分1)Software engineering is a layered technology, which the bedrock supports is a quality focus, and then concerned with ___方法, _____过程_______ and ______工具_________.2) The linear sequential model of software development is also known as the__瀑布模型________________and ____系统发展生命周期________________3) The capability maturity model integration(CMMI) is a process meta-model, which consists six capability levels, that is imcomplete level, perform level, _________管理级___________,___________定义级_____, ____________量化管理级____________and __ ____优化级_______.4) Speculation, ___________协作____________, _____________学习___________ are the three framework activities for the Adaptive Software Development (ASD) process mode.5) The “phases” of the Unified Process(UP) include______起始（inception）____, _细化（elabration）____,_构建（construction）_____,_转换（transition）_____ and production phase .6) ____数据设计_____ , __体系结构设计______ ,__接口设计______and component design are areas of concern in the design model.7)Software includes: computer programs, _______数据结构____________and____操作和使用文档___8)An architectural style encompasses constraints , ____易于交流______and ___便于理解________9) In component-level design "persistent data sources" refer to _____数据库______and _____文件_________.10) A computer-based system makes use of a variety of system elements, that is software , hardware, ______人员__________,_______数据库______,_____文档________, and ______规程_________. 11) In the domain of business process engineering, three different architectures must be analyzed and designed, that is数据架构_______________, 应用架构________________,and ________________技术基础设施_____________.12) The requirements engineering process is accomplished through the execution of seven distinct functions: inception, elicitation, elaboration, ____________精化__________,____________协商_____________, _________规格说明_______, and ___________确认_________.(13)Quality function deployment indentifies three types of requirements: _____合格产品_______________, __________好的质量_____________, _______按预算和进度交付_____________.三、Each of the elements of the analysis model provides information for a complete specificationof design. Please match the analysis model with four design models that need the analysis information to create design models required. ( 14 points )State Diagram Class and Component Design Sequence DiagramUse-Case Diagram Interface Design E-R DiagramActivity Diagram Architectural Design Class DiagramData Flow Diagram Data Design State Transition Diagram四、Explain the Terms (3’×3)。

软件工程导论(第六版)张海藩牟永敏课后习题答案.

第一章一、什么是软件危机？它有哪些典型表现？为什么会出现软件危机？软件危机是指在计算机软件开发、使用与维护过程中遇到的一系列严重问题和难题。

它包括两方面：如何开发软件，已满足对软件日益增长的需求；如何维护数量不断增长的已有软件。

软件危机的典型表现：(1) 对软件开发成本和进度的估计常常很不准确。

常常出现实际成本比估算成本高出一个数量级、实际进度比计划进度拖延几个月甚至几年的现象。

而为了赶进度和节约成本所采取的一些权宜之计又往往损害了软件产品的质量。

这些都降低了开发商的信誉，引起用户不满。

(2) 用户对已完成的软件不满意的现象时有发生。

(3) 软件产品的质量往往是靠不住的。

(4) 软件常常是不可维护的。

(5) 软件通常没有适当的文档资料。

文档资料不全或不合格，必将给软件开发和维护工作带来许多难以想象的困难和难以解决的问题。

(6) 软件成本、软件维护费在计算机系统总成本中所占比例逐年上升。

(7) 开发生产率提高的速度远跟不上计算机应用普及的需求。

软件危机出现的原因：(1) 来自软件自身的特点：是逻辑部件，缺乏可见性；规模庞大、复杂，修改、维护困难。

(2) 软件开发与维护的方法不当：忽视需求分析；认为软件开发等于程序编写；轻视软件维护。

(3) 供求矛盾将是一个永恒的主题：面对日益增长的软件需求，人们显得力不从心。

二、假设自己是一家软件公司的总工程师，当把图1.1给手下的软件工程师们观看，告诉他们及时发现并改正错误的重要性时，有人不同意这个观点，认为要求在错误进入软件之前就清楚它们是不现实的，并举例说：“如果一个故障是编码错误造成的，那么，一个人怎么能在设计阶段清除它呢？”应该怎么反驳他？答：在软件开发的不同阶段进行修改付出的代价是很不相同的，在早期引入变动，涉及的面较少，因而代价也比较低；在开发的中期，软件配置的许多成分已经完成，引入一个变动要对所有已完成的配置成分都做相应的修改，不仅工作量大，而且逻辑上也更复杂，因此付出的代价剧增；在软件“已经完成”是在引入变动，当然付出的代价更高。

软件工程导论第1章(第4版)

普通高校本科计算机专业特色教材精选
软件工程导论（第4版）
张海藩编著
总目录
第1章软件工程学概述第8章维护
第2章可行性研究
第9章面向对象方法学引论
第3章需求分析
第10章面向对象分析
第4章形式化说明技术第11章面向对象设计
第5章总体设计
第12章面向对象实现
第6章详细设计
第13章软件项目管理
测试、综合测试又称为系统实现。设计出实现目标系统的方案，设计程序的体系结构。确定实现模块功能所需要的算法和数据结构；设计出程序的详细规格说明；用适当的程序设计语言写出正确的容易理解、容易维护的
程序模块并进行单元测试；根据设计的软件结构，把各模块装配起来并进行测试；通过对软件测试结果的分析预测软件的可靠性；写出测试计划和详细测试方案并记录实际测试结果；按照规格说明书的规定，由用户对目标系统进行验收。
第7章实现
第1章软件工程学概述
软件成为独立的商品计算机应用的普及，促使人们对软件的品种、
数量、功能、质量等提出了越来越高的要求在1970前，计算机硬件工程技术由于电子技术
的发展而建立重视软件开发过程、方法、工具和环境的研
究—软件工程
1.1 软件危机一.软件
1.软件的定义软件是能够完成预定功能和性能的可执行的计算
2. 产生软件危机的原因
（1）软件开发个体化，采用了错误的方法和技术，无设计资料留存；（2）软件规模的增长，使得软件的复杂度增加，软件的可靠性随软件规模的增长而下降，质量保证越来越困难；（3）软件维护费用急剧上升。
据统计，软件维护费用大约占到软件总花费的2/3；（4）软件生产技术进步缓慢，是加剧软件危机的重要原因。

软件工程导论(双语)pp20v2

Fault-free software development
Dependable software processes Quality management Formal specification Static verification Strong typing Safe programming Protected information
Dependable process characteristics
Documentable Standardised Auditable Diverse Robust
The process should have a defined process model that sets out the activities in the process and the documentation that is to be produced during these activities.
Fault avoidance
• The system is developed in such a way that human error is avoided and thus system faults are minimised.
• The development process is organised so that faults in the system are detected and repaired before delivery to the customer.
Some engineers advocate simplicity and extensive V & V is a more effective route to software dependability.

软件工程导论(第六版)课后习题答案

软件工程导论(第六版)课后习题答案软件工程导论(第六版)课后习题答案1. 简答题1.1 软件是如何演变而来的？软件起源于计算机的发展。

最初，计算机只能执行硬件内置的指令，而随着计算机的发展，人们开始意识到可以编写程序来控制计算机的行为。

因此，软件就诞生了。

从最初的汇编语言、机器语言编写程序，到高级编程语言的出现，软件也逐渐从简单的指令集合演变为复杂的程序系统。

同时，计算机应用领域的拓展也催生了更多类型的软件，如操作系统、数据库管理系统、图形界面等。

软件工程导论旨在帮助人们理解和应对软件开发过程中的种种问题和挑战。

1.2 简述软件危机的原因以及软件工程的解决途径。

软件危机指的是在软件开发过程中出现的一系列问题和挑战。

其原因主要包括：（1）软件开发过程中需求不明确或者需求频繁变更；（2）软件项目规模庞大，组织和管理困难；（3）软件开发中缺乏标准化的工程方法和规范；（4）软件开发中技术不成熟、人员培训和素质不足等。

为了应对软件危机，软件工程提出了一系列解决途径：（1）引入系统化的软件开发过程，如瀑布模型、迭代模型、敏捷开发等；（2）规范化软件开发活动，如需求分析、软件设计、编码、测试、维护等；（3）建立软件开发的标准和规范，如ISO 9000、CMMI等；（4）提高软件开发人员的专业水平，加强软件工程教育和培训。

1.3 软件工程活动的核心内容是什么？软件工程活动的核心内容包括需求分析、软件设计、编码、测试和维护等。

（1）需求分析：确定用户需求，定义软件的功能和性能要求。

（2）软件设计：制定软件的体系结构，并将需求转化为具体的设计方案。

（3）编码：根据设计方案，使用编程语言实现软件的功能。

（4）测试：验证软件是否符合需求和设计的要求，发现并修复潜在的问题。

（5）维护：对软件进行改进、优化和修复，确保软件长期稳定运行。

2. 应用题2.1 简述软件生命周期模型，并列举至少两种常见的软件生命周期模型。

软件生命周期模型指的是软件开发过程中各个阶段的组织和安排方式，常见的软件生命周期模型包括：（1）瀑布模型：按照固定的顺序依次进行需求分析、设计、编码、测试和维护等活动。

四川大学软件工程导论

软件的特性：①软件是设计开发的，而不是传统意义上生产制造的；②软件不会“磨损”；③虽然整个工业向着基于构件的构造模式发展，然而大多数软件仍是根据实际的顾客需求定制的遗留软件的质量软件工程软件工程是：将系统化、规范的、可量化的方法应用于软件的开发、运行和维护，即将工程化的方法应用于软件。

过程框架沟通：与客户之间大量的交流和协作，还包括需求获取以及其他相关活动策划：为后续的软件工程工作制定计划建模：包括创建模型和设计两方面构建：包括编码和测试部署：软件交付到用户，用户对其惊醒评测并给出反馈意见在通用的过程框架中，建模活动包括分析和设计两个动作。

能力成熟度模型集成（）个人软件过程（）个人软件过程强调产品以及产品质量的个人测量。

团队软件过程（）的目标是建立一个能够“自我管理”的项目团队，团队能自我组织惊醒高质量的软件开发。

瀑布模型瀑布模型，又被称为经典生命周期，它提出了一个系统的、顺序的软件开发方法，从用户需求规格说明开始，通过策划、建模、构建和部署的过程，最终提供一个完整的软件并提供持续的技术支持。

：瀑布模型的改进。

增量过程模型①增量模型以迭代的方式运用瀑布模型。

②运用增量模型的时候，第一个增量往往是核心产品。

模型快速应用程序开发（）是一种侧重于短暂的开发周期的增量软件过程模型。

使用原型开发的情况①客户提出了软件的一些基本功能，但是没有详细的定义输入、处理和输出需求；②开发人员可能对算法的效率、操作系统的兼容性和人机交互的形式等情况不确定。

当需求很模糊的时候，原型开发范型帮助软件工程师和客户更好地理解究竟需要做什么。

螺旋模型螺旋模型是一种风险驱动型过程模型的生成器，对于软件集中的系统，它可以指导多个共利益者的协同工作。

它有两个显著的特点：①采用循环的方式逐步加深系统定义和实现的深度，同时降低风险；②确定一系列里程碑，确保共利益者都支持可行的和令人满意的系统解决方案。

统一过程“用例驱动，以架构为核心，迭代并且增量”它建立了一种迭代的、增量的过程流，提供一种演进的特性。

(完整版)软件工程导论知识点概要

1.1软件危机软件危机的表现软件危机是指在计算机软件的开发、使用和维护过程中遇到的一系列严重问题。

1）成本难以估计、成本高。

2）软件开发进度估计不准确，项目延期比比皆是。

3）软件质量得不到保证（功能和性能）。

4）用户对“已完成的”软件系统不满意的现象经常发生。

5）维护非常困难(多样性、复杂性、副作用)。

6）软件通常没有适当的文档。

7）软件产品供不应求，跟不上计算机普及速度。

产生软件危机的原因（1）与软件本身的特点有关(逻辑复杂，成本高，风险大,难于维护)。

（2）与软件开发与维护的方法不正确有关：软件≠程序（软件是程序、数据及相关文档的完整集合）急于求成=拔苗助长(软件从定义、开发、使用和维护、废弃要经历一个漫长的生命周期)各自为阵无方法学（应要组织良好、管理严密、各类人员协作共同完成的工程项目）1.2软件工程定义软件工程是应用计算机科学、数学、心理学及管理科学等原理开发软件的工程。

它借鉴传统工程的原则、方法，以提高质量、降低成本和提高效率为目的。

软件工程包括技术和管理两方面的内容，是技术与管理紧密结合所形成的工程学科。

软件工程的特性：1. 软件工程关注于大型程序的构造（传统的程序设计技术和工具是支持小型程序设计的）2. 软件工程的中心课题是控制复杂性（问题分解）3. 软件经常变化（考虑将来要发生的变化）4. 开发软件的效率非常重要（寻求更好、更有效的工具）5. 和谐地合作是开发软件的关键（运用标准和规程）6. 软件必须有效地支持它的用户（软件要服务于用户）7. 在软件工程领域中通常是由具有一种文化背景的人替具有另一种文化背景的人创造产品软件工程的7条基本原理1.用分阶段的生命周期计划严格管理2.坚持进行阶段评审3.实行严格的产品控制4.采用现代程序设计技术5.结果应能清楚地审查6.开发小组的人员应该少而精7.承认不断改进软件工程实践的必要性软件工程方法学通常把在软件生命周期全过程中使用的一整套技术方法的集合称为方法学(methodology)，也称为范型(paradigm)。

软件工程导论(英文)

What is software?Computer programs and associated documentation such as requirements, design models and user manuals.Software products may be developed for a particular customer or a general market.Generic product: It is a kind of software. These are stand-alone systems that are produced by a development organization and sold on the open market to any customer who is able to buy them.Customized (bespoke) products: These are systems which are commissioned by a particular customer. A software contractor develops the software especially for electronic that customers.What is software engineering?Software engineering is an engineering discipline that is concerned with all aspects of software production.What is a software process?Software processes are the activities involved in producing and evolving a software system.Generic activities:Specification - what the system should do and its development constraintsDesign and Development - production of the software systemValidation - checking that the software is what the customer wantsEvolution - changing the software in response to changing demands.what is software process model？A simplified or abstract representation of a software process, presented from a specific perspective.Generic process models describe the organisation of software processes.Including: Waterfall model, Iterative/Evolutionary development, Component-based software engineering.WaterfallCBSE /Reuse-oriented development软件描述？Software specification?The process of establishing what services are required and the constraints on the system’s operation and development. (The process of developing a software specification)主要阶段：可行性研究、需求导入和分析、需求描述、需求有效性验证。

软件工程导论(双语)pp18v2

Bringing a system to market as early as possible is o ften more important than overall development costs. Reusing software can speed up system production because both development and validation time should be reduced.
Software components have to be discovered in a library, understood and, sometimes, adapted to work in a n ew environment. Engineers must be reasonably confident of finding a component in the library before they will make routinely include a component search as part of their normal development process.
Reuse is possible at a range of levels from simple functions to complete application systems.
The reuse landscape covers the range of possible reuse techniques.
Reuse problems 2
Creating and maintaining a component library
Finding, understanding and adapting reusable components

软件工程导论(双语)pp23v2

May involve testing an increment to be delivered to the customer.
Two phases:
• Integration testing - the test team have access to the system source code. The system is tested as components are integrated.
Validation testing
• To demonstrate to the developer and the system customer that the software meets its requirements;
• A successful test shows that the system operates as intended.
To describe strategies for generating system test cases
To understand the essential characteristics of tool used for test automation
Topics covered
Defect testing
• To discover faults or defects in the software where its behaviour is incorrect or not in conformance with its specification;
• A successful test is a test that makes the system perform incorrectly and so exposes a defect in the system.