2010年硕士学位研究生入学资格考试模拟试卷B-英语
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题与答案
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题与答案S ection I Use of EnglishDnecclious:Read the following text.Choose the bcsl word(s> for each numbcred blank.and mark[A]，[B]，[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points>In 1924 American' National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawhtore Plant nearChicago It hoped they would learn how stop-floor Egnting __1__ workors productivity Instead，the studies ended__2__ giving their name to the“Hawhthomeeffect”the extremely inflentlcel ldea the veey__3__to bemg expenmented upon changed subjects’behaviorThe idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in the plato.Accordmg to __5__of the cxpetmems.their.houriy output rose when hghtmg was increased.but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6__what was done in the expenment. __7__sometmg was changed.produchnty rose A(n> __8__ that theywere bemg experimented upon seemed to be __9__t0 alterworkers' bchamor __10__ uselfAfter several decades，the salile data were __11__to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store j2一the descnpuons on record，nosystematic __13__was foundthat lcvcls of produchxnty wererelated to changes in lightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the c~enments may be have let to __14__interpretation of what happed.__15__，tighring was always changed ona Sunday When work started again on Monday, output __16__ rose compared with the previous Saturday and __17__ to rise for the next couple of days __18__ , a comparison with data for weeks whenthere was no expenmentation showed that output always went up On Monday, workers __19__to be duigent for the first fewdays of the week in any case，before __21__a plateau and then slackening off This suggests that the alle ged” Hawthorne effect“is hard to ptn down1.[A] affected[B]achieved [C]exlracted [D]restored2[A]at [B]up [C]with [D]Off3[A]Wuth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof4.[A]convoversial [B]perplexing [c]mischieous [D]ambiguous5.[A]reqtttrents [B]cxplanalions [C]accounts [D]assements6[A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work7[A]as faras [B]for fearthat [C]in casethat [D]so long as8.[A]awarerress [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion9.[A]suitale [B]excessive [C]enough [D]abundant10.[A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by11[A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyed12.[A]contrary to [B]consistent with [C]parallel with [D]pealliar to13.[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14.[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]retiable [D]wasleadmg15.[A]In contast [B]For example [C]In consequence [D]As usual16.[A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably [D]suddenly17.[A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued20.[A]breaking [B]chrnbing [C]surpassmg [D]hitingSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A]，[B]，[C]or[D].Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points>Text 2Over the past decade,thousands of patents have seen granled for what are called business methods.Amazon com received one for its“one-click”online paymentsystern Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.One invenlor patented a tochnique for lying a box Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale hack on business-method patents, which have been controversial e,ver since they were firstauthorized 10 years ago In a movethat has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S court of Appeals for the federal ctrcuit sald it would usea particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. Inre Bijskl, as the case is known, is“a very big deal”， says Dermis'D Crouch of the University of MissounSchool of law.It “has the potential to elinate an entire class of patmts”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face because it was the federalcircuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite tha fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluste is wether it should “reconsider” its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the w ake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme. Count that has nurrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reaction to the anti_patent trend at the supreme court” says Harole C wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its rulling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word “about-face”(Line 1, Paro 3>most probably means[A] loss of good will[B]increase of hostility[C]change of attitude[D] change of auiuled29.We learn from the last two pamgraphs that business-meihod Pateats[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are of ten unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for pateat holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30.Which of the following would bethe subject ofthe text?[A]A looming threat to bvamess-melhcd patents[B]Protection for business-method patent holders[C]A legal case regarding business-methodpatents[D] A prevailing tread against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Poinl Malcohn aladuell aloues that social epidemics are dliven in largepart by the acting of a tiny minority of specialindividuals,often calledin flu entials who are unusuall informed, persuasive, or we connect The idea is intuit ively compelling but it doesn't explain howideas actually spread.The supposed importance of inftuentials derives from a plansible sounding but largely untested theory untested thelry called the "tow-step flow of communication" Informationllows from the mediato the inftuentials and from then to ereryone else. Marke ters have embraced the two-step flow became it suggests that if they can just find andinfluence the in fluent ials, those select people will do most of the ork for them Thetheory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of people waswearing promoting or developing whaterver it is before anyoneelse paid attention Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain specialpeople call drivetrendsIn their recent work howeyer some researchers have come up with the finding that in fluentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is genetally supposed Infact they don’t seem to be required of allThe researchers' argument stems from a simple obserrating about social influence with theexception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primanrilly a function of media not interpersonal influence-enen the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others Yet it is precisely these non-celebring influentials who according to the two-step-flow theoryare supposed to drive social enidemics by influcenciny their friends and colleagues directly .For a social epidemic to occur however each person so sffected must then influcence his or her own acquaintances,who must in turn influence theirs and so on and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the casecade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s abilify to influence others and their t endence to be31. By citing the book The Tipping Point the author intends to[A] analyze the consequences of social epid emics[B] discuss influentials’ funcition in spreading ideas[C] exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials32. The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C] has won support from influentials[D] requires solid evidence for its validity33. what the researchers have observed recenty shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public{D}most celebritiea enjoy wide media attention34.the underlined phrase “these people”in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who{A}stay outside the network of social influence{B}have little contact with the source of influence{C}are influenced and then influence others{D} are influenced by the initial influential34.what is the essential slement in the dynamics of social influence?{A}The eageiness to be accepted{B}The impulse to influence others{C}The resdiness to be influenced{D}The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public .Behind eht scenes,they have been taking aim at someone else the accounting standard-setters.Their rules,moan the banks,have forced t hem to report enormous losses,and it’s just not fair.These rules say they must value some assets at the price atheird party would pay,not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately,banks’lobbying now seems to be working.The details may be unknowable,but the independence of standard-setters,essential to the proper functioning of capital marksts,is being compromised.And,unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers,reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Xongress.America;s Financial Accounting Standards Board(FASB>rushed through rule changse.These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long0term assets in their income statement.Bob Herz,the FASB’s chairman,cried out against ehose who ”question our motives.”Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls”the use of judgment by management.”European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board(IASB>do likewise.The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning,but the pressure to fold when it comletes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong Charlie McCreevy,a European commissioner,warned the IASB that is did”not live in a political vacuum”but”in the real word” and the Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet,with accouts htat wastly overvalued assets.today they argue htat market prices overstate loeees,because hteyLargerly reflect the temporary illiquldity of markets,not the likely entent of bad debts.The truth will not be known for years.But bank’s shares trade below their book value,suggeting that investors are akeptical.And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses,yet are relucaant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the sysytem working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with.America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that,cleaning up rules on stock options ang pensions,for example,against hostility interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A]follow anfavorable asset evaluation rules[B]collect payments from third parties[C]cooperate with the price managers[D]reevaluate some of their assets37.According to the author,the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A]the dimingishing role of management[B] the revival of the banking syestem[C]t he bank’s long-term asset lossers[D]the weakening og its indepentdence38. According to Paragarph 4,McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to[A] keep away from political influences[B] evade the pressure from their peers[C] act on their own in ruli-setting[D]take gradual measures in reform39、The author thinks the banks were“on the wrong planet”in that they[A]mis interpreted market price indicators[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets40、The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A]satisfaction[B]skepticism[C]objectiveness[D]sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45,choose the most suitable paragraphs from the first A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to from a coherent text Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which dose not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points>[A]The first and mor e important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year Europe compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B]Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill,lesving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow.Most leading retailers have alteady tried e-commerce,with limit success,and expansion abroad.But almost all have ignored the big.profitable opportunity in their own backyard the wholesale food and drink trade,whoch appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C]Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drinkmarket?Definitely not.The functioning of the market is basrd on flexibleTrends dominated by potential buyers.In other words it is up to the buyer tather than the seller to decide what to buy.At any rate this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers regardless of how long the current consumer pattem will take hold.[D] All in all,this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers that master theintricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits there by.At least,that is how it looks as a whole.Closer inspection reveals import differences among the biggest national markets,especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures,as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories.Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which particular abilities might unseat smaller but enerenched competitors.New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail,wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France,Germany,Italy,and Spain—are made out of same building blocks.Demand comes mainly from two sources:independent morn-and-pop grocery stores which,unlike large retail chains,are two small to buy straight from producers,and food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures,but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”：hotels,restaurants,and cafes.Overall, Europe’s retail wholesale market, but the figures,when added together,mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom in 2000-more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often;and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to considerate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retails and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers from trying their hand,for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.41 → 42 → 43 → 44 → E → 45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written carfully on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10Points>One basic weakness in a comservation system based wholly one economic motives is thatmost members of the land community have no economic value Yet these ereatures are members of the biotic community and ,if its stability depends on its inteynity,they are entitled to continuance When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and if we happen to love it.We incert excuses to give it economic importance At the beginning pf century songbiras were supppsed to be disappearing.(46>Scinentists jumped to the resure with some distimctly shaky evidence to the effect the insecets would est us up of brids failed to control them the ecideuce had to be conbmic in order to be walid.It is pamful to read these round about accounts today.We have no land ehtic yet.(47>but we have at least drawn near the point pf admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinisic right reardless of the presence pf absence of economic adcantage to us.A panallel situation exists in respect of predatory mamals and fish-eating birds(48>Time was when biologosts somewhat over worded evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak or that they prey only on “worthless species”.Some species pf tree have been read out of the party by economici –minded fpresters they grow too slowty or have a sale vate to pay as imeber crops (49>In europe,where forestry is ecologically more advanced ,the ncommercial tree species are recognized ad members of native forest community,to be preserved as such,within reason.To sum up;a system of conservation based solely on econominc self-interest is hopelesstly lopsided(50>It tends to ignore,and thus eventually to eliminate,many elements in the land community that lack commercial value,but that are essential to its healthy functioning.Without the uneconomic pats.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an intemational conference on globalization,you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.You should write about 100 words.Do not sign your own name at the end ofthe e"postgraduate association" instead.52.Directions:Write an essay of 160200 words based on the following deawing.In your essay,you should1> describe the drawing briefly,2> ecplain its intended meaning,and then3> give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET2.(20 points>2010年考研英语完整版详解Section I Use of English1.A解读：A项affect 意思是“影响，感动”; B项achieve意思是“达成，完成”; C项extract意思是“提取，榨出”;D项restore是“恢复，重建”. 这句话地意思是：他们想通过实验探究车间照明是如何影响工人地生产率地，所以答案是A.2.B解读：本题考查了固定短语end up 地用法，end up 意思是“最终成为……”，end 和其它三个介词地搭配都无此意，故选B.3.C解读：本句地大意为：研究最终总结为一个极具影响力地概念—“霍桑效应”，也正是实验所研究地行为改变了工人们地表现.所以这里应选择C.4.B解读：作者这里表达地意思是这个问题之所以引起大家地注意是因为工厂女工地行为令人费解.四个选项中perplexing意为“令人费解地”，所以正确答案为B.5.C解读：本句地含义是：根据研究描述，当照明灯变亮或变暗时，工人地时产量就会提高.四个选项中有描述含义地是C项 accounts.6.B解读：这句话地意思是：实验中做什么并不重要. Do not matter 固定表达，故选B.7.D解读：考查so long as 短语，意思是“只有”，句子意思是：只要有改变，生产率就会上升.解读：A项awareness 意思是“意识”，B项expectation意为“期望”，C项sentiment 意为“”观点，意见，D项illusion 为“幻觉”，本句地大意是说：工人知到自己本身是被研究对象-这一意识就足以改变他们地行为.所以选A.9.C解读：见第8题解读.10.D解读：见第8题解读.11.C解读：be subjected to表示“服从于，与……一致’，为固定短语.12.A解读：contrary to表示“与…相反“.根据语境提示，空白处需要填写一个能表示转折意味地链接词.13.A解读：只有evidence一词可与found呼应，表示“发现或找到证据”.14.Dmisleading“欺骗性，误导性地”，意思上来看，符合语境所表达地意思.15.B解读：for example与上句呼应，举例说明问题.16.A解读：duly表示“准时地，在同一个时间地”，填入句中后意思表达更精确.17.D解读：与前句duly rose呼应，递进说明问题，故应选continue.18.C解读：此句意思与上句相反，说明另一种情况，故应使用转折词but.19.B解读：tend to do“倾向于做某事”，说明一种常规地事实.20.D解读：hit 能与a plateau搭配，意为“到达高地，触及顶点”，句意才符合语境. Section II Reading ComprehensionText 121. B22. A23. C24. A25.BText 226.C解读：细节题.题干问及商业专利方法在最近引起关注地原因是是什么，解答本题应定位二段首句并结合一段地主旨要义.二段首句指出“国家最高专利法庭准备对商业方法专利进行缩减，这引起了了争议.”一段主要提及在过去10年商业方法授予了成千上万地专利.由此可见，选项C是对原文地同义置换故为正确答案.27.B解读：推理判断题.文章在二段提及Bilski case，在四段提及对Bilski case地结论性说明，在四段中针对Bilski case，联邦机构发表了不同寻常地法令，而四段末句提到该法令引起对“state street Bank ruling”地是否重新考虑，由此可知B为正确答案.28.C解读：词汇短语题.含有该词地句子起到承前启后作用，解答本题应结合二段主旨及三段because后地句意来解题，二段提及“国家最高专利法庭准备对商业方法专利进行缩减”，而三段提及introduced such patents…, approving a patent…,由此可知，宣称对商业方法地控制将会有巨大地态度转变，故C正确.29.B解读：推论题.结合倒数二段二句及末段首句可知B符合文意.此题用排除法最为便利.文章地最后两段未提到ACD地内容.而B项地内容符合“that too many patents were being upheld”，同时B 选项地内容符合文章地中心.30.D解读：主旨题.文章首段提到“过去10年”，而二段首句转到“Now”，文章地此脉络结构可知“A prevailing tread”可统领文意，此外文章二至四段，主要谈及联邦巡讲对“business-method patents”地立场变化，故D为正确答案.31.B解读：细节题.文章提到Tipping Point真本书描述社会流行风潮是由一小部分名人引起地，然而，笔锋一转在首段末又说“it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread”.进而引出作者对名人传播想法功能地讨论.由此B选项正确.而A、C、D 均不是作者要讨论地问题.32.D解读：细节题.文章第二段首句“the supposed…plausible sounding but largely untested theory..”以及末句“…only certain special people can drive trends”充分说明这种理论证据不够充足.而D选项正确地反应了文中地内容.33.A解读：根据题干，线索大致定位到第三段，但是第三段并没有清晰地找到题解，而接下来地第四段清晰地反应出了社会互动所产生地巨大影响这一内容.A选项充分地表明了这一点.34.C解读：根据题干，线索定位到第四段.同过分析这个短语所在地句子，“For a social epidemic…;just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with…”此句主要表明人们是如何被别人影响进而又去影响别人地.而C选项恰是对这一点地正确表述.35.C解读：细节题.根据题干，线索定位到最后一段，从“…relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be…”这句话中能够得知社会影响动力因素包括人们影响别人地能力包括被别人影响地倾向性.而C选项充分地体现了这一点.Text 436.A解读：细节题.答案意为“遵循不利地资产评估准则”.由题干中地“Bankers complained”和“force”定位于第一段第三行“Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.”该句核心词为rules，四个答案中只有A选项包含.37.A解读：推理引申题.答案意为“管理地作用地逐渐消失”.根据题干中地专有名词FASB 定位于第三段.第一句提到FASB经过努力使国会通过了一些变革，这些变革赋予了银行更多地权利，也就是说对银行地管理更为松散，所以答案为“管理地作用地逐渐消失”.38.C解读：细节题.答案意为“独立自主地制定法规”.根据题干中地“McCreevy objects to”定位到第五段.第五段提到立即根据美国地变化做出一样地反应，欧洲地各界人士对此地反对十分强烈，引用McCreevy地话是为了说明这一点：欧洲要对这个问题有自己独立地法律法规.39.C解读：句意题.答案意为“忽视了坏账存在地极大可能性”.根据题干地信息定位到第六段Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts.批判银行一味地夸大“that market prices overstate losses”，而忽视了“the likely extent of bad debts”.40.D解读：情感态度题.文章讨论了银行针对“standard-setters”地敌意行为，特别是文章最后一段更是明确地表明了作者对“standard-setters”地同情.Part B41.B解读：本题需要找出文章地首段，可用排除法做.首先A 选项中提到“the first and more important…”中地“more”应该在前文中提到，故排除.B选项首句就提出了欧洲食品零售所面临地问题，根据文章结构法：提出问题—分析问题—解决问题，此段符合首段要求，即提出了文章地中心问题，而且本选项中也没有明显地需要和上文衔接地关系词，而其它选项都有明显地与上文衔接地信息词，不能在首段出现，故B为正确答案.42.F解读：首段一旦确定，本段内容便可根据上文顺藤摸瓜，第一段最后一句话“but”后指出了虽然食品零售商面临着“at a standstill (几乎停止发展>”地问题，他们却忽略了一个潜在地市场即他们身边地“wholesale food and trade(食品批发市场>”.而F 选项首句便举例说明法国、德国、意大利等国家地食品批发产业地市场规模比食品零售产业要大40%.而且在“moreover”后又进一步说明批发地利润大零售很多.因此可以判断此选项是对第一段地例证说明.其中“for example”是明显地信息提示词.43.D解读：上段介绍了食品批发商地优势，而D选项第一句“All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which…”则对上文地内容进行总结，其中all in all 是较明显地信息提示词，即上文中提到地食品批发地优势推出这是明显对于“big retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling”是一个“market”.因此D项为正确答案.44.G解读：上段最后一句提出地“particular abilities”以及“new skills and unfamiliar business models are needed.” , 即零售商需要新地技能及不熟悉地商业模式.而G选项第一句提到地“these requirements(这些要求>”正是指上文所提到地技能.45.A解读：此题可以用排除法做，所剩下地选项只有A和C，需要注意地是本题并没有明显地信息词，所以需要阅读选项地内容进而找出正确答案.此题前文地已知段落E选项中最后一句“two opposing trends”在A选项中得到了体现，即一方面由于人们选择在外就餐而扩大了食品批发地需求，而另一方面人们又开始感到“anxious(焦虑>”.而C选项第一句提到地“such variations”在上文中并没有得到体现，因此可以断定A为正确答案.Part C46. Scinentists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them.解读：句子地主干是“scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence”，后接that 引导地同位语从句.If引导地条件状语从句修饰that从句.to the effect that大意是，意思是; fail to 未能; jump to立即，赶快 the rescue营救，援救，解救.参考译文：科学家们立即拿出某些明显站不住脚地证据前来救驾，大致说地是如果鸟儿不能控制害虫地话，害虫就会把我们吃掉.47. but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue survival as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.解读：句子主干we have drawn near the point.介词短语of admitting that...作定语修饰point.其中嵌套了that从句作admit地宾语从句.regardless of...作让步状语.a matter of .....地问题，大约;draw near 接近，靠近;intrinsic right天生地权利，固有地权利;economic advantage 经济利益，经济优势.参考译文：但是我们至少已经几乎承认了这样一种观点：不管鸟类对我们是否有经济利益，生存都是它们地固有权利.48. Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak,or that they prey only on “worthless species.解读：主干time was when....when引导了表语从句.Time was when可看作固定短语，译为“从前，曾经”.注意两个并列同位语从句地翻译.参考译文：曾几何时，生物学家总是重述以下地这条证据：这些生物通过捕食弱小地动物去维持生物链地正常运行，或它们只是去捕食“没有价值地物种”.49. In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.解读：句子地主体是“the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community”，包含被动语态.句子开头是一个where引导地定语从句，to be preserved是修饰noncommercial tree species地成分.Within reason合情合理地，理智地.注意被动语态地处理.参考译文：欧洲地林业从生态上讲较为先进，它把没有成为商业化对象地树种视为原始森林群落地成员而适当地加以保护.50. It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.解读：句子主干“It tends to ignore many elements”;两个that从句意思上转折，句法上为并列地定语从句，修饰the land community.注意插入语、定语从句以及代词指代地处理.参考译文：这一体系容易忽视并最终消灭很多缺乏商业价值地物种，然而这些物种对于整个生物群落地健康运行是至关重要地.Section III Writing51.小作文以研究生会地名义写一封通知，通知地内容是为全球一体化地国际会议招募志愿者，这个通知必须包aa括申请者地基本职位要求及你认为相关地其他信息.写100个字左右，不要在通知末尾写你自己地名字，用“Postgraduates’Association”代替.审题谋篇：本次小作文考察“通知”这一事务公文，“通知”地目地在于督促对方参加活动，具。
2010全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
南京大学考研网 w w w .n j u s k y .c o m南京大学考研网 w w w .n j u s k y .c o m南京大学考研网 w w w .n j u s k y .c o m南京大学考研网 w w w .n j u s k y .c o m南京大学考研网 w w w .n j u s k y .c o m南京大学考研网 w w w .n j u s k y .c o m南京大学考研网 w w w .n j u s k y .c o m南京大学考研网 w w w .n j u s k y .c o m南京大学考研网 w w w .n j u s k y .c o m南京大学考研网 w w w .n j u s k y .c o m南京大学考研网 w w w .n j u s k y .c o m南京大学考研网 w w w .n j u s k y .c o m南京大学考研网 w w w .n j u s k y .c o m南京大学考研网 w w w .n j u s k y .c o m南京大学考研网 w w w .n j u s k y .c o m南京大学考研网 w w w .n j u s k y .c o m南京大学考研网 w w w .n j u s k y .c o m南京大学考研网 w w w .n j u s k y .c o m南京大学考研网 w w w .n j u s k y .c o m南京大学考研网 w w w .n j u s k y .c o m南京大学考研网 w w w .n j u s k y .c o m南京大学考研网 w w w .n j u s k y .c o m南京大学考研网 w w w .n j u s k y .c o m南京大学考研网 w w w .n j u s k y .c o m南京大学考研网 w w w .n j u s k y .c o m南京大学考研网 w w w .n j u s k y .c o m南京大学考研网 w w w .n j u s k y .c o m。
2010年6月研究生英语考试
2010年6月研究生英语考试2010年6月27日学位课英语真题（B卷）Paper OnePart I Listening Comprehension (25 minutes, 20 points) Section A (1 point each)1. A. He has better hearing than othersB He doesn?t care what the woman may say.C He doesn?t believe what the woman said.D He is eager to know the news.2. A The camera is the latest style.B The camera is multi-functional.C There?s nothing new with the camera.D The camera is small and fashionable.3. A She tells the man to take a raincoat with him.B She asks the man to postpone the invitationC She refuses the invitation because it is raining hard.D She wants the man to pay the dinner check.4. A The manager will make trouble for the man.B The manager will report to the company.C The manager will get into trouble.D The manager will fire the man.5. A She didn?t have enough time.B She?s not courageous enough.C She was afraid of the monster.D She didn?t like the game6. A He?s broke. B He?s sickC He has something to do at home.D He?s very tired.7. A Stock trading is not profitable.B The stock market is always unstable.C Stock trading is not as easy as the man thinks.D Stock trading is easier than the man said.8. A James is warm-heartedB James is a car technicianC James is very skillful in car repairingD James knows the woman?s car very well.9. A The man?s conclusion is not based on facts.B Jake would do stupid things like this.C The man shouldn?t be on a date with another girl.D Jake didn?t tell the man?s girlfriend about his date.Section B ( 1 point each)Mini-talk One10. A in 1984 B In 1986 C In 1992 D In 199611. A Almost 25 billion dollarsB Almost 2.5 billion dollarsC Almost 25 million dollarsD Almost 2.5 million dollars12. A Her family B Her father C Her mother D HerselfMini-talk Two13. A. It covers an area of more than 430 hectares.B It took more than 16 years to complete.C The two designers of the park were from Britain.D The lakes and woodlands were all built by human labor.14. A 7 kilometers B 9 kilometers C 39 kilometers D 93 kilometers15. A Basketball, baseball and football.B Baseball, football and volleyball.C Basketball, football and hockeyD Chess, baseball and table tennisSection C ( 1 point each)16. The new ex hibit is called “________” ( 6 words)17. The Family of Man show was designed to express the connections that _____ (3 words)18. The new exhibit was held at _____( 5 words)19. The new exhibit is divided into several parts:“Children of Man,”“Family of Man,”“Cities of Man,”“faith of Man,” and “_____” ( 3 words)20. The theme that comes out is really the unity of mankind that ____ (5 words)Part II Vocabulary (10 minutes, 10 points)21. The most important aspect of maintaining a healthy diet is whether you can stick to it.A insist on（强调行坚持）B dwell on（详述）C coincide withD adhere to （毅力方面的坚持）22. I tried to talk my daughter into dining out in a nearby restaurant that evening, but in vain.A to my surpriseB on her ownC to no effectD to some extent23. If a country turned inward and insulated itself, the result would be a diminished standard of living.A worshipedB splitC innovatedD isolated24. The values and beliefs will dictate（指示，指明）the direction of your pursuit as well as your life.A ruleB shapeC alter（改变）D complicate25. Studies have proved that smart people tend to be smart across different kinds of realms .A realitiesB fieldsC occupationsD courses26. Humans are beginning to realize that raising food animals contributes substantially（本质上，相当多的）to climate change.A physicallyB materially（物质上的）C considerably（相当的）D favorably27. This peer-reviewed journal has a specific emphasis on effective treatment of acute pain.A urgentB severe（剧烈的）C sternD sensitive28. One way to maintain social stability is to crack down on （镇压）crime while creating more jobs.A clamp down on（压制，取缔）B settle down toC look down uponD boil down to29. The city council decided to set up a school devoted exclusively（专门的）to the needs of problem children.A forcefullyB externallyC reluctantly（不愿意的）D entirely（完全的）30. City residents have a hard time trying to avoid contact with hazardous chemicals in daily life.A dangerousB prevalentC novelD invasiveSection B (0.5 point each)31. Although in her teens, the eldest daughter had to quit school to help ____ the family.A provide forB head forC fall forD go for32. Carbon ____ refers to the total set of greenhouse gases emissions caused by an organization.A fingerprintB footstepC footprint（碳足迹，碳排放：固定用法）D blueprint33. There is no question that ours is a just cause and that good will ___A vanishB wanderC witherD prevail （获胜，占优势）34. We won?t have safe neighborhoods unless we?re always _____on drug criminalsA toughB roughC thoroughD enough35. The challenge for us is to ____ these new states in buildinga more prosperous future.A participateB engageC commitD contribute36. Forty-five years of conflict and ____between East and West are now a thing of the past.A convictionB compatibilityC collaborationD confrontation （对峙）37. Few people know the shape of the next century, for the genius of a free people ____ prediction.A deniesB defies（藐视，反抗）C repliesD relies38. These countries are ___ concluding a free trade agreement to propel regional development.A on the verge of （接近于）B in the interest ofC on the side ofD at the expense of39. We?ll continue along the road ___ by our presidents more than seventy years ago.A given outB made outC wiped outD mapped out40. When you win, your errors are _____; when you lose, your errors are magnified.A expandedB obscuredC cultivatedD exaggeratedPart III Cloze Test ( 10 minutes, 10 points, 1 point each)When people search online, they leave a trail that remains stored on the central computers of firms such as Google, Yahoo and Microsoft. Analyzing what we?re looking for on the Web can offer a remarkable ___41___ into our anxieties and enthusiasms.UK writer and Internet expert John Battelle wrote on his blog, “This can tell us ___42___ things abo ut who we are and what we want as a __43___.” Google?s experimental service Google Trends, for example, compares the numbers of people searching for different words and phrases from 2004 to the present. According to these graphs, sometimes people?s interests are obviously __44___ the news agenda（议程）: when the Spice Girls announce a reunion, there?s an immediate ___45___ to find out more than them. Other results are strikingly seasonal: people go shopping online for coats in winter and short pants in summer.The most fascinating possibility is that search data might help __46___ people?s behaviour. When we search online for a certain brand of stereo system, we are surely indicating we?re more __47___ to buy that brand.Perhaps we search for a political candidate?s name when we are thinking about __48___ him or her. Maybe we even search for “stock market crash”or “recession”just before we start ___49___ our investments. This information could clearly be useful to a smart marketer---it?s already how Google decides which ___50__ to show on its search results pages----or to a political campaign manager.41 A insight B investigation C consideration D prospect42 A obvious B extraordinary C mysterious D sensitive43 A nation B culture C person D mass44 A reduced to B resulting in C driven by D backed up by45 A push B rush C charge D dash46 A presume B preoccupy C preserve D predict47 A liking B alike C likely D like48 A voting for B fighting against C believing in D running for49 A depositing in B withdrawing from C turning down D adding to50 A notices B papers C statements D advertisementsPart IV Reading Comprehension (45 minutes, 30 points, 1 point each)Passage OneInitial voyages into space introduced questions scientists had never before considered. Could an astronaut swallow food in zero gravity? T o keep things simple, astronauts on the Project Mercury ate foods squeezed out of tubes. It was like serving thembaby food in a toothpaste container.But these early tube meals were flavorless, and astronauts dropped too many pounds. “We know that astronauts have lost weight in every American and Russian manned flight,”wrote NASA scientists Malcolm Smith in 1969. “We don?t know why.” Feeding people in space was not as easy as it looked.Floating around in space isn?t as relaxing as it might sound. Astronauts expend a lot of energy and endure extreme stresses on their bodies. Their dietary requirements are therefore different from those of their gravity-bound counterparts on Earth. For example, they need extra calcium to compensate for bone loss. “ A low-salt diet helps slow the process but there are no refrigerators in space, and salt is often used to help preserve foods,” says Vickie Kloeris of NASA “We have to be very careful of that.”By the Apollo missions, NASA had developed a nutritionally balanced menu with a wide variety of options. Of course, all the items were freeze-dried or heat-treated to kill bacteria, and they didn?t look like regular food.Today, the most elaborate outer-space meals are consumed in the International Space Station (ISS), where astronauts enjoy everything from steak to chocolate cake. The ISS is a joint venture between the U.S and Russia, and diplomatic guidelines dictate the percentage of food an astronaut must eat from each country. NASA?s food laboratory has 185 different menu items, Russia offers around 100, and when Japan sent up its first crew member in 2008, about 30 dishes came with him. Due to dietary restrictions and storage issues, astronauts still can?t eat whatever they want whenever they feel like it.In 2008, NASA astronaut and ISS crew member SandraMagnus became the first person to try to cook a meal in space. It took her over an hour to cook onions and garlic in the space station?s food warmer, but she managed to create a truly delicious dish: grilled tuna (金枪鱼) in a lemon-garlic-ginger sauce---eaten from a bag, of course.51. Which of the following is true about the early space meals?A They had to be eaten from a bad.B They tasted better than they looked.C They could not make eating as easy as possible.D They were not nutritious enough for astronauts.52. It seems that astronauts? weight loss ____A was an unusual problem among astronauts.B was what puzzled the early scientistsC caused new problems in space flightsD drew the attention of the general public53. According to Vickie Kloeris, serving a low-salt diet in space ___A is easier said than doneB is not absolutely necessaryC has worked as expectedD will be the future trend54. In the International Space Station, _____A there is enough space to store enough foods for astronautB there is a selection of flavored foods from a dozen countries.C astronauts in general prefer foods from their own countries.D astronauts? need to eat their favorite foods can?t always be true.55. It can be learned that Sandra Magnus? cooking in space ____A left much to be desiredB wasn?t worth the effortC was quite satisfactoryD has inspired the others56. The passage mainly introduces ____A the variety of food options in space.B the dietary need of astronauts in spaceC the problems of living in the space stationD the improvement of food offered in spacePassage TwoNew York?s WCBS puts it in a way that just can?t be better expressed: “It was an accident waiting to happen.”15-year-old Alexa Longueira was wandering along the street in Staten Island, obliviously tapping text messages into her phone as she walked. Distracted by her phone, she failed to notice the open manhole (下水道窖井) in her path, and plunged into it, taking an unprepared bath of raw sewage along with receiving moderate injuries. Longueira called the dive “ really gross, shocking and scary.”It?s not all Longueira?s fault. The manhole should n?t have been left uncovered and unattended, and no warning signs or hazard cones had been set up near the work site. A worker with New York?s Department of Environmental Protection (DEP), who was preparing to flush the sewage, helped her out, and the department later issued a formal apology for the incident. Nonetheless, observers are harshly divided over who is to blame here. The DEP is certainly at fault for failing to secure the manhole, but to what extent should the girl be held accountable for failure to be aware of her surroundings? If she had stepped into traffic and been hit by a car, would her reaction (that is: anger and apotential lawsuit) be any different?Detachment from one?s environment due to electronic gadgets is a growing problem--- and a hazardous one. The government is even trying to get involved , with multiple laws on the books across the country outlawing cell phone use and text messaging while operating a motor vehicle in the wake of serious accidents involving distracted drivers. New York Senator Kruger even tried to criminalize the use of handheld devices (including phones, music players, and game players) by pedestrians while they are crossing streets in major New York cities, due to concerns over the number of auto vs. pedestrian accidents.Following a substantial outcry, that legislation appears never to have been formally introduced. But did Kruger have a point?What interested me, at least, is the end of the story above that Longueira lost a shoe in the sewage. But since other things are not reported as lost, I?m guessing she appears to have managed to keep her grip on her phone during the accident.57. By “it was an accident waiting to happen”, New York?s WCBS mean that ___A the accident should have been avoidableB this kind of accidents happen frequently.C somebody was glad to see what would happen.D an open manhole is sure a trap for careless pedestrians58. When the girl fell into the open manhole, she ____A was seriously hurtB was frightenedC took a bath in the raw sewageD cried help to the DEP worker59. According to the author, who was to blame for the accident?A The girl herselfB The DEP workerC Both A and BD Nobody60. According to the passage, which of the following is illegal in the US?A Talking on a cell phone while driving.B Text messaging while walking across a streetC Operating music players while drivingD Operating game players while walking across a street61. The phrase “ in the wake of “ (Para 5) is a closest in meaning to “___”.A in view of （由于）B on condition ofC as far asD with regard to62. The author found it funny that the girl had ____A lost a shoe in the sewage in the accident.B reported nothing lost after the accidentC got a firm hold of her phone during the accidentD managed to keep herself upright in the manholePassage ThreeAccording to a study, intellectual activities make people eat more than when just resting. This has shed new light on brain food. This finding might also explain the obesity epidemic of a society in which people often sit.Researchers split 14 university student volunteers into three groups for a 45-minute session of either relaxing in a sitting position, reading and summarizing a text , or completing a series of memory, attention, and alert tests on the computer. After thesessions, the participants were invited to eat as much as they pleased.Though the study involved a very small number of participants, the results were stark. The students who had done the computer tests downed 253 more calories or 29.4 percent more than the couch potatoes. Those who had summarized a text consumed 203 more calories than the resting group.Blood samples taken before, during, and after revealed that intellectual work causes much bigger fluctuations in glucose (葡萄糖)levels than rest periods, perhaps owing to the stress of thinking.The researchers figure the body reacts to these fluctuations by demanding food to restore glucose---the brain?s fuel. Glucose is converted by the body from carbohydrates (碳水化合物) and id supplied to the brain via the bloodstream. The brain can?t make glucose and so needs a constant supply. Brain cells need twice as much energy as other cells in the body.Without exercise to balance the added intake, however, such “brain food”is probably not smart. Various studies in animals have shown that consuming fewer calories overall leads to sharper brains and longer life, and most researchers agree that the findings apply, in general , to humans.And, of course, eating more can make you fat.“Caloric overcompensation following intellectual work, combined with the fact that we are less physically active when doing intellectual tasks, could contribute to the obesity epidemic currently observed in industrialized counties,” said lead researcher Jean-Philippe Chaput at Laval University in Quebec City, Canada. “This is a factor that should no t be ignored, considering that more and more people hold jobs of anintellectual nature,” the research concluded.63. The passage mainly tell us that __________A consuming fewer calories can lead to sharper brains.B thinking consumed more calories than restingC resting more can make people fat.D brain cells need more energy than other cells in the body.64. It is implied that to avoid obesity, people who have to sit long should ___A think more and eat lessB increase the intake of vitaminsC ship some mealsD eat less potatoes65. The word “stark” in the 3rd paragraph is closet in meaning to “_____”A negativeB obscureC absoluteD ambiguous66. According to the research, which of the following activities consumed the most calories?A Relaxing in a sitting positionB Reading professional booksC Summarizing a textD Completing tests on the computer67. According to the passage, eating less may make people ___A smarterB less intelligentC more emotionalD living a shorter life68. One of the reasons for the obesity epidemic currently observed in industrialized countries is that in these countries ____A people take different exercisesB fewer people watch their weightC fewer people hold physical jobsD foods are much cheaperPassage FourOne of the simple pleasures of a lazy summer day is to be able to enjoy a refreshing slice of watermelon either at the beach, at a picnic, or fresh from the farmer?s market. Delicious and nutritious, watermelon is one of those guilt-free goods we can all enjoy: one cup of watermelon packs only about 50 calories! Watermelons are not only cooling treats for when the mercury starts to rise; they are also loaded with healthy nutrients such as vitamin A, vitamin C, lycopene(番茄红素), and etc. vitamins A and C and lycopene are antioxidants, which are substances that work to help get rid of the harmful effects of substances.Research has suggested that a diet high in fruits and vegetables that have plenty of antioxidants can reduce the risk of heart disease, some cancers and some other dangerous diseases.A cup of watermelon provides 25% of the recommended daily value of vitamin C and 6% of the recommended daily value of vitamin A. additionally, researchers have found that lycopene, a nutrient most traditionally associated with tomatoes, is found in equal or greater quantities in watermelon.Watermelons also provide significant amounts of vitamin B6 and vitamin B1, both of which are necessary for energy production. In combination with the minerals and vitamins already described, these B vitamins add to the high nutrient richness of watermelon. Due to its high water content(watermelon is 92% water by weight) and low calorie count, watermelon is a good choice to satisfy your hunger while you try to eat a healthy diet. Think of them as nature?s answer to the heavily marketed “vitamin water” craze.Besides the textured, watery fresh of the fruit, watermelon seeds are also widely eaten as a snack. They are rich in iron and protein and are often pressed for oil or roasted and seasoned.So if you are planning on dining outdoor this summer, or simply looking for a quick and convenient refreshment to serve to unexpected company or reckless children, reach for watermelon. The kids will enjoy its crisp taste and messy juices, the adults will enjoy itsrefreshing flavors, and everyone will benefit from its nutritious value.69. We don?t feel guilty even if we eat more watermelon because _____A it is deliciousB it is nutritiousC it contains low caloriesD it contains antioxidants70. The phrase “when the mercury starts to rise” (Para.1) probably means “____”.A in summer eveningsB on sunny daysC when people are thirstyD when it is getting hot71. How many cups of watermelon can satisfy the daily need for vitamin C?A OneB TwoC ThreeD Four72. By saying “Think of them as nature?s answer to the heavily marketed …vitamin water? craze”, the author means __________A watermelon can take the place of vitaminsB with watermelon, people don?t have to buy vitamin water.C natural foods are much better than the manufactured ones.D the vitamin water has been over-advertised.73. Watermelon seeds are often ____A fried in oilB stored for seasonsC prepared for spiceD pressed before being cooked74. The best title of the passage is _________A Watermelon----The Most Enjoyable RefreshmentB The Wonders of WatermelonC The Nutrients in WatermelonD Watermelon----the Best Summer Food for ChildrenPassage FiveIs it possible to be both fat and fit ----not just fit enough to exercise, but fit enough to live as long as someone a lot lighter? Not according to a 2004 study from the Harvard School of Public Health which looked at 115,000 nurses aged between 30and 55. compared with women who were both thin and active, obese (overweight), but active women had a mortality rate that was 91% higher. Though far better than the inactive obese (142% higher), they were still worse off then the inactive lean (5% higher). A similar picture emerged in 2008 after researchers examined 39,000 women with an average age of 54. Compared with activewomen of normal weight, the active but overweight were 54% more likely to develop heart disease.That?s settled, then. Or is it? Steven Blair, a professor of exercise science at the University ofSouth Carolina, describes the official focus on obesity as an “obsession…and it?s not grounded in solid data.”Blair?s most fascinating study, in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 2007, took 2,600 people aged 60 and above, of various degrees of fatness, and tested their fitness on the exercise device, rather than asking them to quantify it themselves. This is an unusually rigorous approach, he claims, since many rival surveys ask participants to assess their own fitness, or ignore it as a factor altogether.“There is an …association? between obesity and fitness,” he agrees, “but it is not perfect. As you progress towards overweight, the percentage of individuals who are fit does go down. But here?s a shock: among cells II obese individuals (with a body mass index between 35 and 39.9) is about 40% or 45% are still fit. You simply can?t tell by looking whether someone is fit or not. When we look at these mortality rates in fat people who are fit, we see that the harmful effect of fat just disappears :their death rate during the next decade is half that of the normal weight people who are unfit.”One day---probably about a hundred years from now ----- this fat-but-fit question will be answered without the shadow of a doubt. In the meantime, is there anything that all the experts agree on? Oh yet: however much your body weights, you?ll live longer if you move it around a bit.75. It can be learned that the 2008 research _____A confirmed the findings of the 2004 study.B posed a challenge to the 2004 study.C solved the problems left behind by the 2004 study.D had a different way of thinking from the 2004 study76. Steven Blair probably considers the previous studies as ____A Blair excluded the participants? fitness as a factor.B Blair guessed the participants? fitness after weighing them.C Blair evaluated the participants? fitness through physical tests.D Blair required the participants to assess their own fitness77. Blair?s study proves that ____________A the weight problem should be taken seriously.B weight and fitness are strongly connected.C fat people have a higher death rateD it is possible to be both fat and fit78. It can be seen from the description of these studies that the author _________A finds no agreement between the researchersB shows no preference for any researcherC obviously favors the Blair study.D obviously favors the Harvard study.79. The purpose of writing this passage is to _________A present the different findings of various weight studies.B call on people to pay attention to the weight problem.C compare the strength and weakness of different studies.D offers suggestions on how to remain fit and live longer.Paper TwoPart V Translation (30 minutes, 20 points)Section A ( 15 minutes, 10 points)The reason for not classifying carbon dioxide as a pollutantis that it is a natural component of the atmosphere and needed by plants to carry out biological synthesis. No one would argue that carbon dioxide is a necessary component of the atmosphere any more than one would argue the fact that Vitamin D is necessary in the human diet. However, excess intake of Vitamin D can be extremely toxic. Living systems, be they an ecosystem or an organism, require that a delicate balance be maintained between certain compounds in order for the system to function normally. When the excess presence of one substance threatens the wellbeing of an ecosystem, it becomes toxic despite the fact tat it is required in small quantities.为什么不把二氧化碳归类为污染物的原因是因为它属于大气层的自然组成成分，而且植物需要利用它来进行生物学作用。
2010年全国硕士英语试卷解析
2010年全国硕士英语试卷解析全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Hello everyone! Today I want to talk about the 2010 National Master of English exam. It was a super important test for people who wanted to get a Master's degree in English. Let's break it down and see what it was all about!First of all, the English exam in 2010 had different sections, like reading, listening, writing, and speaking. It was a super tough test because it tested your English skills in all areas. You had to be really good at reading and understanding English texts, listening to English conversations, writing essays in English, and even speaking in English. Phew, that's a lot to do!In the reading section, you had to read different passages and answer questions about them. Some of the passages were about history, science, literature, or even everyday life. You had to understand the main ideas, details, and even the author's purpose. It was like solving a puzzle with words!The listening section was also tricky because you had to listen to conversations, lectures, or interviews in English. You hadto pay attention to the speakers' main ideas, details, and even their feelings. Sometimes the speakers talked really fast, and you had to keep up with them. It was like trying to catch a speeding train!Now, let's talk about the writing section. In this part of the exam, you had to write essays in English about different topics. You had to organize your ideas, use good grammar and vocabulary, and make sure your writing was clear and logical. It was like telling a story, but with words on paper instead of pictures!Last but not least, there was the speaking section. This part was super fun because you got to talk to a real person in English. You had to answer questions, give your opinions, and even have a conversation with the examiner. It was like having a chat with a friend, but in English!Overall, the 2010 National Master of English exam was a big challenge for everyone who took it. But if you studied hard, practiced a lot, and stayed calm during the test, you could definitely do well. Just remember to believe in yourself and never give up, no matter how difficult the questions may seem. Who knows, you might just ace the exam and become a Master of English! Go for it, guys!篇2Title: Let's Talk about the 2010 National Master of English Exam!Hey guys, have you heard about the 2010 National Master of English Exam? It's a big test that lots of smart people take to show how good they are at speaking, reading, and writing in English. Today, we're going to talk about this test and give you some cool tips on how to do well in it.First off, let's talk about the different sections of the exam. There are three parts: listening, reading, and writing. The listening part is where you listen to people talking and answer questions about what they said. It's really important to pay attention and focus so you can understand everything. The reading part is all about reading different passages and answering questions about them. Make sure to read carefully and take your time. Last but not least, the writing part is where you get to write your own story or essay. Use your imagination and write from your heart!Now, let's talk about some tips on how to do well in the exam. First, make sure to study and practice a lot before the test. Read English books, watch English movies, and listen to Englishsongs. The more English you expose yourself to, the better you will be at it. Secondly, don't be nervous during the exam. Stay calm, breathe, and take your time to think about each question carefully. And lastly, believe in yourself and your abilities. You are smart and capable, so go in there and show them what you've got!In conclusion, the 2010 National Master of English Exam is a big deal, but with hard work and practice, you can do well and show off your amazing English skills. Remember to study, stay calm, and believe in yourself. Good luck to all those taking the test! We believe in you!篇3Hey guys, do you know about the 2010 National Master English Test? Let me tell you all about it! The National Master English Test is a big test that lots of people take to show how good they are at English. It can be pretty tough, but don't worry, I'll help you understand it better.In the reading section of the test, you have to read a bunch of passages and answer questions about them. The questions can be about the main idea of the passage, the details in the passage, and even the author's attitude. It's important to readcarefully and make sure you understand what the passage is saying.The listening section is another part of the test where you have to listen to conversations or talks and then answer questions about them. Sometimes, the people talking might have different opinions or ideas, so you have to pay attention to what they're saying.For the writing section, you need to write an essay about a given topic. You have to make sure your essay has a clear thesis, supporting details, and a conclusion. It's also important to use good grammar and spelling so that your essay is easy to understand.In the grammar section, you have to choose the right answer to fill in the blanks in a sentence. This part can be tricky because there might be more than one possible correct answer. Just remember to read the sentence carefully and think about which answer makes the most sense.Overall, the National Master English Test is a challenging but important test for people who want to show off their English skills. If you prepare well and practice a lot, you can do a great job on the test. Good luck, everyone!篇4Hey guys, do you want to know more about the 2010 National Master's English Test? I'm here to break it down for you in a super fun and easy way!So, the 2010 National Master's English Test was a big deal for a lot of people. It had a bunch of different sections like reading comprehension, listening, vocabulary, and grammar. But don't worry, I'm here to help you understand it all!First up, let's talk about reading comprehension. This part of the test was all about reading passages and answering questions about them. You had to really pay attention to details and make sure you understood the main ideas of the passages. It was a little bit tricky, but if you read carefully and take your time, you'll do great!Next, we had the listening section. This part of the test was all about listening to audio clips and answering questions about them. It was important to listen closely and try to pick up on key information. Sometimes the speakers talked really fast, so you had to focus hard to catch everything. But if you practice listening to English conversations, you'll get better and better at it!Now, let's talk about vocabulary. This section was all about testing your knowledge of different words and phrases in English. You had to know what certain words meant and how to use them in sentences. It was important to study and practice your vocabulary every day to do well on this part of the test. But don't worry, with a little effort, you can totally ace it!Lastly, we had the grammar section. This part of the test was all about testing your knowledge of English grammar rules. You had to know things like verb tenses, prepositions, andsubject-verb agreement. It was a lot to remember, but if you study and practice, you'll definitely improve your grammar skills!Overall, the 2010 National Master's English Test was a challenging but important exam for a lot of people. It tested your reading, listening, vocabulary, and grammar skills, but with some practice and hard work, you could totally nail it! So don't stress, just take your time and do your best. I believe in you!And that's all for my breakdown of the 2010 National Master's English Test. I hope you found it helpful and informative. Good luck to all of you who are preparing to take the test! You got this!篇5Hey guys, have you ever heard about the 2010 National Master's Degree English Exam? It's like a big test for smart people who want to get their master's degree. Let me tell you all about it!The exam had a few different parts, like reading, listening, writing, and translation. The reading part was super important because you had to understand some tricky passages and answer questions about them. The listening part was also tough because you had to listen carefully and answer questions too.In the writing part, you had to write an essay about a specific topic. That part was really hard because you had to organize your thoughts and write a lot of words in a short amount of time. And the translation part was tricky too because you had to translate some English sentences into Chinese or vice versa.But don't worry, there were some tips and tricks to help you do well on the exam. Like practicing English every day, reading lots of books and articles, and listening to English songs or movies. And if you studied hard and did your best, you could totally ace the exam and get your master's degree!So, if you're thinking about taking the 2010 National Master's Degree English Exam, just remember to stay calm, focus, and do your best. You got this! Good luck, future masters!篇6Man, let me tell you about this super hard test that all the smart people had to take in 2010. It was called the National Master's English Exam, or something like that. And let me tell you, it was no joke!So, basically, the test had a bunch of different parts. There was a reading part, a writing part, a listening part, and a speaking part. Each part was super tricky in its own way.The reading part was the worst because you had to read all these crazy passages and then answer questions about them. Like, who has time to read all that stuff? And the questions were so hard! They were like, "What was the main idea of paragraph three?" Um, excuse me, I barely even understood what paragraph three was about!The writing part was a little better because you just had to write some essays. But let me tell you, coming up with all those fancy words and fancy sentences was not easy. I mean, who even uses words like "superfluous" in real life?The listening part was a joke. They played all these recordings of people talking and you had to answer questions about what they said. But the recordings were all crackly andstaticky, so you could barely even hear what they were saying. It was like trying to decipher a secret code or something.And then there was the speaking part. You had to talk to a computer or something and answer all these questions. It was so weird! I mean, who talks to a computer? And on top of that, you had to sound all smart and stuff. It was like trying to impress a robot with your vocabulary.But hey, at the end of the day, I guess the test wasn't all bad.I mean, it was a challenge for sure, but I learned a lot from taking it. Like, now I know what a superfluous word is, so that's something, right?Anyway, that's my take on the 2010 National Master's English Exam. It was tough, but I survived. And who knows, maybe I even aced it! I guess we'll just have to wait and see.篇7Hey guys, do you remember the 2010 National Master's English exam? It was a big deal back then, with everyone stressing out about it. But don't worry, I'm here to break it down for you and help you understand what went down in that exam.First of all, let's talk about the reading section. This part was all about testing your reading comprehension skills. You had to read a bunch of passages and answer questions about them. Some of the questions were pretty straightforward, but there were also some tricky ones that required you to really think about the text.Next up was the listening section. This part was all about testing your listening skills. You had to listen to a bunch of recordings and answer questions about them. Some of the recordings were easy to understand, but there were also some fast-talkers who made it hard to keep up!Then there was the writing section. This part was all about testing your writing skills. You had to write an essay or a short passage on a given topic. Some people found this part easy, while others struggled to come up with ideas.Finally, there was the speaking section. This part was all about testing your speaking skills. You had to talk about a given topic for a couple of minutes. Some people were nervous about this part, while others found it fun to talk about something they were passionate about.Overall, the 2010 National Master's English exam was a tough one, but with some practice and preparation, you coulddefinitely ace it. So don't stress out too much about it, just do your best and you'll be fine. Good luck!篇8Hey guys, do you know what the National Master English test was like in 2010? Let me break it down for you!First of all, the test had different sections like listening, reading, writing, and speaking. In the listening section, you had to listen to conversations and answer questions about them. It was so important to pay attention and not get distracted!The reading section was all about reading passages and answering questions. Sometimes the passages were really long and boring, but you had to stay focused and understand what they were talking about. It was a real challenge!The writing section was where you had to show off your writing skills. You had to write essays or reports on different topics. It was so much fun coming up with ideas and putting them into words. But you had to make sure your grammar and spelling were on point!And lastly, the speaking section was probably the most nerve-wracking. You had to talk to a computer or an examinerand answer questions or give a short speech. It was so important to speak clearly and confidently!Overall, the National Master English test in 2010 was no joke. You had to study hard and be prepared for anything. But don't worry, if you put in the effort, you could totally ace it!So there you have it, the lowdown on the 2010 National Master English test. Good luck to all of you who are going to take it! You got this!篇9Hey guys, have you ever wondered what's on the 2010 National Master English Test? Well, don't worry because I'm here to break it down for you!First of all, let me tell you a little bit about the test itself. The 2010 National Master English Test is a super important exam for all the smarty pants out there who want to pursue a master's degree in English. The test is divided into three parts: listening, reading, and writing. Each part is designed to test different skills, like understanding spoken English, reading comprehension, and writing ability.Now, let's talk about the listening section. In this part of the test, you'll listen to some recordings of native English speakers talking about different topics. You'll have to answer questions about what you heard, so make sure to pay close attention! The key to acing this section is to practice listening to English as much as possible, so put on your headphones and start listening to some English podcasts or songs.Next up is the reading section. In this part of the test, you'll read a bunch of passages and answer questions about them. The passages can be about anything from history to science to literature, so be prepared for anything! To do well on this section, make sure to practice reading English articles and books regularly. The more you read, the better you'll get at understanding and analyzing written English.Last but not least, we have the writing section. In this part of the test, you'll have to write an essay on a given topic. You'll need to organize your ideas, use proper grammar and vocabulary, and make sure your essay is clear and coherent. To excel in this section, practice writing essays in English on different topics. Pay attention to your grammar, spelling, and sentence structure, and don't forget to proofread your work before submitting it.Overall, the 2010 National Master English Test is no joke, but with the right preparation and practice, you can totally crush it! So study hard, practice your English skills, and believe in yourself. You got this!And there you have it, a quick overview of the 2010 National Master English Test. I hope this helps you get a better understanding of what to expect on the exam. Good luck, and may the English gods be ever in your favor!篇10Hey guys, do you know about the 2010 National Postgraduate English Exam? Let me tell you all about it!The 2010 National Postgraduate English Exam was a big deal for all the students who wanted to get their master's degree. It had three main parts: listening, reading, and writing. The listening part was super important because you had to listen carefully to what the teacher was saying and answer questions about it. The reading part was also tricky because you had to read a passage and then answer questions about it. And the writing part was where you had to show off your English skills by writing an essay or a summary.In the listening part, you had to listen to a recording of someone talking and then answer questions about it. Sometimes they spoke really fast, so you had to really pay attention! And in the reading part, you had to read a passage and then answer questions about it. It was important to read carefully and think about what the passage was saying. And in the writing part, you had to write an essay or a summary based on a question they gave you. You had to make sure your grammar and spelling were right, and that your ideas were clear.One tricky thing about the exam was the time limit. You only had a certain amount of time to finish each part, so you had to work quickly and efficiently. But if you practiced a lot and stayed calm, you could do really well on the exam!After the exam, there were a lot of people talking about how they did. Some people felt really confident and thought they did great, while others were worried that they didn't do well enough. But no matter what, everyone was proud of themselves for taking on the challenge of the exam.In the end, the 2010 National Postgraduate English Exam was a tough but rewarding experience for all the students who took it. It tested their English skills and showed them how much they had learned. And even though it was hard work, it wasworth it to know that they were one step closer to getting their master's degree.So, if you ever have to take the National Postgraduate English Exam, just remember to study hard, stay calm, and do your best. And who knows? Maybe one day you'll be writing an article just like this one about your own experience with the exam. Good luck!。
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lighting _1_ workers' productivity. Instead, the studies ended 2 giving their name to the "Hawthorne effect", the extremely influential idea that the very 3 to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.The idea arose because of the —4—behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to —5——of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not —6—what was done in the experiment; —7—something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) —8—that they were being experimented upon seemed to be —9—to alter workers' behavior —10—itself.After several decades, the same data were —11—to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store —12—the descriptions on record, no systematic —13—was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have let to —14—interpretation of what happed. —15—, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started again on Monday, output —16—rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. —18—, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday, workers —19—to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before —20— a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged "Hawthorne effect" is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off3. [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11. [A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with [C] parallel with [D] peculiar to13. [A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source14. [A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16. [A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued20. [A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hittingPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. ―So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,‖ Newman wrote, ―that I am tempted to define ‗journalism‘ as ‗a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.‘‖Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England‘s foremost classical-music critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus‘s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by[A] free themes. [B] casual style. [C] elaborate layout. [D] radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days [B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism [D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. received one for its "one-click" online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known , is "a very big deal", says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It "has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents."Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment filmsarmed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should "reconsider" its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for "inventions" that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are "reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court", says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business [B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting [D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions [B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit [D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word "about-face" (Line 1, Para 3) most probably means[A] loss of good will [B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude [D] enhancement of dignity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A] are immune to legal challenges [B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders [D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn't explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the "two step flow of communication": Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, thoseselected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required of all.The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people's ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call "global cascades"–the widespread propagation of influence through networks –is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adopting neighbor. Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B] discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas[C] exemplify people's intuitive response to social epidemics[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32. The author suggests that the "two-step-flow theory"[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C] has won support from influentials[D] requires solid evidence for its validity33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34. The underlined phrase "these people" in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others [D] are influenced by the initial influential35. what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A] The eagerness to be accepted [B] The impulse to influence others[C] The readiness to be influenced [D] The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB's chairman, cried out against those who "question our motives." Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls "the use of judgment by management."European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did "not live in a political vacuum" but "in the real word" and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank's shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America's new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions,for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules [B] collect payments from third parties[C] cooperate with the price managers [D] reevaluate some of their assets.37. According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A] the diminishing role of management [B] the revival of the banking system[C] the banks' long-term asset losses [D] the weakening of its independence38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB's attempt to[A] keep away from political influences. [B] evade the pressure from their peers.[C] act on their own in rule-setting. [D] take gradual measures in reform.39. The author thinks the banks were "on the wrong planet" in that they[A] misinterpreted market price indicators [B] exaggerated the real value of their assets[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts. [D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40. The author's attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A] satisfaction. [B] skepticism. [C] objectiveness [D] sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growingnumber of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don't eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as "horeca": hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master→43 → E →45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points) One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century songbirds weresupposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on "worthless" species.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, I think, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use "postgraduate association" instead.Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part C (10 points)46.科学家们提出一些明显站不住脚的证据迅速来拯救，其大意是：如果鸟类无法控制害虫，那么这些害虫就会吃光我们人类。
2010版辅导用书《大学英语B》模拟试卷及答案3
2010版辅导用书《大学英语B》模拟试卷及答案3《大学英语B》模拟试卷Test 3第一部分：交际用语(共5小题；每小题3分，满分15分)此部分共有5个未完成的对话，针对每个对话中未完成的部分有4个选项，请从A、B、C、D 四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. ---Could you help me with my physics, please?---________.A. No, no way.B. No, I couldn’t.C. No, I can’tD. Sorry I can’t. I have to go to a meeting right now.---请问你能帮我做物理作业吗？---很抱歉不行。
我马上要去开会。
2. ---Could I speak to Don Watkins, please?---________.A. Speaking, please.B. Oh, how are you?C. I’m listening.D. I’m Don---我能和唐·沃特金斯说话吗？---我就是。
3. ---Could I borrow your car for a few days?---________.A. Yes, you may borrow.B. Yes, go on.C. Sure, here is the key. Enjoy your journey.D. It doesn’t matter.---我能借你的车用几天吗？---当然可以。
给你钥匙。
祝你旅途愉快。
4. ---Thank you for inviting me.---________.A.I really had a happy time.B. Oh, it’ s too late.C. Thank you for coming.D. Oh, so slowly?---感谢您的邀请。
2010年考研英语真题完整下载版(加参考答案)
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 American’National Research Council sent to engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthore Plant near Chicago.It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lignting__1__workers productivity. Instead, the studies ended __2___giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect”, the extremely influential idea that the very___3____to being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior.The idea arose because of the __4____behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant.According to __5____of the experments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6____what was done in the experiment; ___7_something was changed ,productivity rose. A(n)___8___that they were being experimented upon seemed to be ____9___to alter workers’ behavior ____10____itself.After several decades, the same data were _11__ to econometric the analysis. The Hawthorne experiments have another surprise in store: _12 __the descriptions on record, no systematic _13__ was found that levels of reproductivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that particular way of conducting the experiments may have led to__ 14__ interpretation of what happed.__ 15___ , lighting was always changed on a Sunday .When work started again on Monday, output __16___ rose compared with the previous Saturday and__ 17 _to rise for the next couple of days.__ 18__ a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday. Workers__ 19__ to be diligent for the first few days of the weeking week in any case , before __20 __a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect “ is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted[D] restored2. [A] at[B]up [C] with[D] off3. [A]truth[B]sight[C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing[C]mischievous[D] ambiguous5. [A]requirements [B]explanations[C] accounts[D] assessments6. [A] conclude[B] matter[C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as[B] for fear that[C] in case that [D] so long so8. [A] awareness [B] expectation[C] sentiment[D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11. [A] compared [B]shown[C] subjected[D] conveyed12. [A] contrary to [B] consistent with[C] parallel with[D] pealliar to13. [A] evidence[B]guidance[C]implication[D]source14. [A] disputable[B]enlightening[C]reliable[D]misleading15. [A] In contrast[B] For example [C] In consequence[D] As usual16. [A] duly [B]accidentally[C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued20. [A]breaking [B]climbing[C]surpassing[D]hittingSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Text 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methods. received one for its “one-click” online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski , as the case is known , is “a very big deal”, says Dennis’D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is weather it should”reconsider” its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Count that has nurrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reacting to the anti-patient trend at the supreme court” ,says Harole C.wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its rulling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word “about-face” (Line 1, Paro 3) most probably means[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of disnity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Point,Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals,often called influentials,who are unusually informed,persuasive,or well-connected.The idea is intuitively compelling,but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the “two step flow of communication”: Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to ereryone else.Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials,those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of people was wearing, promoting or developing whaterver it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.In their recent work,however,some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed.In fact,they don’t seem to be required of all. The researchers’ argument stems from a simple obserrating about social influence,with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey —whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media,not interpersonal,influence — even the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others.Yet it is precisely these non-celebring influentials who,according to the two-step-flow theory,are supposed to drive social epidemics by influcencing their friends and colleagues directly.For a social epidemic to occur,however,each person so affected,must then influcence his or her own acquaintances,who must in turn influence theirs,and so on;and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant,for example from the initial influential prove resistant,for example the casecade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence,the researchers studied the dynamics ofpopulations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations,manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendence to be.31.By citing the book The Tipping Point,the author intends to[A]analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B]discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas[C]exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics[D]describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32.The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”[A]serves as a solution to marketing problems[B]has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C]has won support from influentials[D]requires solid evidence for its validity33.what the resarchers have observed recenty shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34.The underlined phrase “these people” in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who[A] stay outside the network of social influnce[B] have little contact with the source of influnence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35.what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A]The eagerness to be accepted[B]The impulse to influence others[C]The readiness to be influenced[D]The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch. Unfortunately, banks’lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who “question our motives.” Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls “the use of judgment by management.”European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when itcompletes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but “in the real word” and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. T oday they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank’s shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility form special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B]collect payments from third parties[C]cooperate with the price managers[D]reevaluate some of their assets.37.According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A]the diminishing role of management[B]the revival of the banking system[C]the banks’ long-term asset losses[D]the weakening of its independence38.According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to[A]keep away from political influences.[B]evade the pressure from their peers.[C]act on their own in rule-setting.[D]take gradual measures in reform.39.The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet ”in that they[A]misinterpreted market price indicators[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40.The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A]satisfaction.[B]skepticism.[C]objectiveness[D]sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the first A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to from a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is oneparagraph which dose not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points) [A]The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out;the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across Europe,compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile,as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B]Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C]Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers.In other words,it is up to the buyer,tather than the seller,to decide what to buy .At any rate,this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers,regardless of how long the current consummer pattern will take hold.[D]All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits there by. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals import differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European whloesaling in which particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E]Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of same building blocks. Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent morn-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”: hotels, restaurants, and cafes. Overall, Europe’s retail wholesale market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F]For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to ＄268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000- more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G]However, none of these requirements should deter large retails and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.41 → 42 → 43 → 44 → E → 45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)One basic weakness in a comservation system based wholly one economic motives is that most members of the munity have no economic value.Yet these ereatures are members of the biotic community and ,if its stability depends on its inteyrity,they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and,if we happen to love it .We invert excuses to give it economic importance.At the beginning of century songbiras were supposed to be disappearing.(46) Scinentists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them,the evideuce had to be comic in order to be valid. It is pamful to read these round about accounts today .We have no land ethic yet ,(47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue survival as a matter of intrinsic right,regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A panallel situation exists in respect of predatory mamals and fish-eating birds .(48) Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak,or that they prey only on “worthless species”.Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly .or have too low a sale vale to pay as imeber crops (49) In Europe ,where forestry is ecologically more advanced ,the Non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community ,to be preserved as such ,within reason.To sum up:a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided.(50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning.Without the uneconomic pats. Section Ⅲ WritingPart A51.Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.You should write about 100 words. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “postgraduate association” instead.Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)。
2010考研英语真题及答案
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语真题答案(万学海文做的答案)Section I Use of English1.A2.B3.C4.B5.C6.B7.D8.A9. C10.D11.C12.A13.A14.D15.B16.A17.D18.C19. B20.DSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21.B22.A23.C24.A25.B26.C27.D28.C 29.B30.D31.B32.D33.A34.C35.C36.A37.A38.C39.C40.DPart B41.B42.F43.D44.G45.APart C Translation46.科学家们赶紧拿出某些明显站不住脚的证据前来救驾，大致说的是如果鸟儿不能控制害虫的话，害虫就会把我们吃掉。
47.但是我们至少已经几乎承认了这样一种观点：那就是鸟儿的生存是它们的固有权利，不管它对我们是否有经济利益。
48.曾几何时，生物学家总是重述以下的这条证据：这些生物是为了维持食物链的正常运行去捕食弱小的生物或“没有价值的物种”。
49.在生态林业较为先进的欧洲，没有成为商业化对象的树种被视为原始森林群落的成员适当地加以保护。
50.他容易忽视并最终消灭很多缺乏商业价值的物种，然而这些物种对于整个生物群落的健康运行是至关重要的。
Section III Writing51.小作文以研究生会的名义写一封通知，通知的内容是为全球一体化的国际会议招募志愿者，这个通知必须包括申请者的基本职位要求及你认为相关的其他信息。
写100个字左右，不要在通知末尾写你自己的名字，用“Postgraduates’Association”代替。
参考范文一：NoticeVolunteers for the International Conference of Global Integration are wanted.Anyone who is in good command of English and experienced in cross-cultural communication are expected to take part in this activity.The major task for this position are as follows:to begin with,to propaganda the theme of globalization to people all over the world;in addition,to provide E-C interpretation service to those representatives of the international conference,aiming atfacilitating the process of the meeting;at last,you should be strictly available according to the time schedule of the conference. Those who are interested in this post are cordially welcome!Postgraduates’Association参考范文二：NoticeTwenty volunteers for the International Conference of Global Integration are wanted among the students in our school.Thepositions recruited include receptionist,conference guider, transportation guider and English interpreter.The volunteers are requested to speak fluent English and are expected to be active,open-minded and conscientious.The Conference falls on September23at China Institute of International Studies,and all the volunteers will be trained for5days before the conference and provided with free transportation and meal.For those who are interested in taking part in the activity,please send your resume to the email address: postgraduates@ before September 1.Postgraduates’Association参考范文三：AnnouncementPostgraduates’Association is recently looking for Volunteersfor the International Conference of Global Integration.Applicants should be currently studying at the university,and should preferably have the experience of being a part-time volunteer in several international events。
华宏-2010模考英语试卷B5+答案
公务员、MBA 、英语、司法、会计、考研 加入【幸运吧】，好运随你来启用前·绝密2010年全国攻读MBA/MPA/MPAcc 学位研究生入学考试 （B5）[英語]试卷考生注意事项1. 考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则。
2. 答题前，考生应将答题卡上的“考生姓名”、“报考单位”、“考生编号”等信息填写清楚，并与准考证上的一致。
3. 答案必须按要求填涂或写在指定的答题卡上。
（1） 词汇知识、综合填空、阅读理解的答案填涂在答题卡（一）上，英译汉的答案和作文的写在答题卡（二）上。
（2） 填涂部分应该按照答题卡上的要求用2B 铅笔完成。
如要改动，必须用橡皮擦干净。
书写部分（英译汉的答案和作文）必须用蓝（黑）色字迹钢笔、圆珠笔或签字笔在答题卡上作答。
4. 答题卡严禁折叠。
考试结束后，将答题卡（一）和答题卡（二）一起放入原试卷袋中， 12日上课前交，，中文写作作文；英语翻译和写作。
试卷交给监考人员。
2010年全国攻读MBA/MPA/MPAcc学位研究生入学考试英語试题（B5）Section I Use of English ( 10 points )Directions:Read the following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Paper is different from other waster produce because it comes from a sustainable resource:trees. 1 the minerals and oil used to make plastics and metals, trees are 2 . Paperis also biodegradable, so it does not pose as much threat to the environment when it is discarded.3 45 out of every 100 tons of wood fibre used to make paper in Australia comes from wastepaper, the rest comes directly from virgin fibre from forests and plantations. By world standardsthis is a good 4 since the world-wide average is 33 percent waste paper. Governmentshave encouraged waste paper collection and 5 schemes and at the same time, the paperindustry has responded by developing new recycling technologies that have 6 even greaterutilization of used fibre. 7 , industry’s use of recycled fibres is expected to increase at twicethe rate of virgin fibre over the coming years.Already, waste paper 8 70% of paper used for packaging and advances in the technology 9 to remove ink from the paper have allowed a higher recycled 10 in newsprint and writing paper. To achieve the benefits of recycling, the community must also 11 . W e need to accept a change in the quality of paper products; 12 stationery may be less white and 13 a rougher texture. There also needs to be 14 from the community for waste paper collection programs. Not only do we need to make the paper 15 to collectors but it also needs to be separated into different types and sorted from contaminants such as staples, paperclips, string and other miscellaneous 16 .There are technical 17 to the amount of paper which can be recycled and some paper 公务员、MBA、英语、司法、会计、考研加入【幸运吧】，好运随你来公务员、MBA 、英语、司法、会计、考研 加入【幸运吧】，好运随你来 products cannot be collected for reuse. These include paper 18 books and permanent records, photographic paper and paper which is badly contaminated. The four most common 19 of paper for recycling are factories and retail stores which gather large amounts of packaging material 20 goods are delivered, also offices which have unwanted business documents and computer output, paper converters and printers and lastly households which discard newspapers and packaging material. The paper manufacturer pays a price for the paper and may also incur the collection cost.1. A. Despite B. Unlike C. With D. Even2. A. replaceable B. removable C. respectable D. remarkable3. A. While B. When C. If D. Because4. A. function B. quality C. consequence D. performance5. A. tidying B. sorting C. placing D. selecting6. A. given rise to B. thrown light on C. paved the way for D. made use of7. A. As a result B. In the end C. All in all D. In conclusion8. A. consumes B. contaminates C. constructs D. constitutes9. A. inquired B. required C. resorted D. indicated10. A. contest B. contain C. content D. contend11. A. contribute B. pay C. award D. reward12. A. such as B. just as C. other than D. for example13. A. by B. in C. of D. for14. A. encouraged B. supported C. defended D. fostered15. A. available B. compatible C. durable D. negligible16. A. compounds B. compositions C. mixtures D. items17. A. requests B. needs C. limitations D. problems18. A. in the form of B. in the light of C. in the case of D. in the name of19. A. materials B. resources C. substances D. sources20. A. to which B. in which C. by which D. through whichSection II Reading Comprehension （50％）PART ADirections:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C and D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Passage 1Some of the concerns surrounding Turkey’s application to join the European Union, to be voted on by the EU’s Council of Ministers on December 17th, are economic—in particular, the country’s relative poverty. Its GDP per head is less than a third of the average for the 15 pre-2004 members of the EU. But it is not far off that of one of the ten new members which joined on May 1st 2004(Latvia), and it is much the same as those of two countries, Bulgaria and Romania, which this week concluded accession talks with the EU that could make them full members on January 1st 2007.Furthermore, the country’s recent economic progress has been, according to Donald Johnston, the secretary-general of the OECD, “stunning”. GDP in the second quarter of the year was 13.4% higher than a year earlier, a rate of growth that no EU country comes close to matching. Turkey’s inflation rate has just fallen into single figures for the first time since 1972, and this week the country reached an agreement with the IMF on a new three-year,＄10 billion economic program that will, according to the IMF’s managing director, Rodrigo Rato, “help Turkey... reduce inflation toward European levels, and enhance the economy’s resilience”.Resilience has not historically been the country’s economic strong point. As recently as 2001, GDP fell by over 7%. It fell by more than 5% in 1994, and by just under 5% in 1999. Indeed, throughout the 1990s growth oscillated (振荡) like an electrocardiogram recording a violent heart attack. This irregularity has been one of the main reasons (along with red tape and corruption) why the country has failed dismally to attract much-needed foreign direct investment. Its stock of such investment (as a percentage of GDP) is lower now than it was in the 1980s, and annual inflows have scarcely ever reached ＄1 billion (whereas Ireland attracted over ＄25 billion in 2003, as did Brazil in every year from 1998 to 2000).One deterrent to foreign investors is due to disappear on January 1st 2005. On that day, Turkey will take away the right of virtually every one of its citizens to call themselves a millionaire. Six noughts (零) will be removed from the face value of the lira; one unit of the local currency will henceforth be worth what l m is now—i.e., about 0.53 (＄0.70). Goods will have to be priced in both the new and old lira for the whole of the year, but foreign bankers and investors can begin to look forward to a time in Turkey when they will no longer have to juggle mentally with indeterminate strings of zeros.21. What is Turkey’s economic situation now?A. Its GDP is far lagging behind that of the EU members.B. Its inflation rate is still rising greatly at the present.C. Its economy grows faster than any EU member.D. Its economic resilience is stronger now than before.22. We can infer from the second paragraph thatA. Turkey will catch the GDP level of the 15 members.B. inflation rate in Turkey used to be very high.C. Turkey’s economy will keep growing at present rate.D. IMF’S economic program will help Turkey join the EU.23. The word “oscillated” (Para. 3) most probably meansD.A.developed.swang.climbed. C.fell. B.24. Speaking of Turkey’s foreign direct investment, the author implies thatA. Turkey’s stock is far less than that of other European countries.B. it does not have much influence on Turkey’s economic progress.C. steady GDP growth will help it attract more foreign investment.公务员、MBA、英语、司法、会计、考研加入【幸运吧】，好运随你来D. Turkey’s economic resilience relies on foreign direct investment.25 We can draw a conclusion from the text thatA. foreign investment environment in Turkey will become better.B. Its citizens will suffer loss for the change of the face value of the lira.C. the local currency will depreciate with the change of the lira.D. prices of goods in Turkey is going to rise in the future.Passage 2New scientific studies reveal the hidden costs of multitasking as technology increasingly tempts people to do more than one thing at a time. Whether people toggle (转换) between browsing the Web and using other computer programs, talk on cell phones while driving, pilot jumbo jets or monitor air traffic, they’re using their “executive control” processes—the mental CEO—found to be associated with the brain’s key neural regions. These interrelated cognitive processes establish priorities among tasks and allocate the mind’s resources to them. “For each aspectof human performance—perceiving, thinking and acting—people have specific mental resources whose effective use requires supervision through executive mental control,” says David Meyer, Ph.D. at the University of Michigan.To better understand executive control, as well as the human capacity for multitasking and its limitations, Joshua Rubinstein, Ph.D. of U. S. Federal Aviation Administration, and David Meyer, and Jeffrey Evans, Ph.D. at the University of Michigan, studied patterns in the amounts of time lost when people switched repeatedly between two tasks of varying complexity and familiarity. The findings revealed that for all types of tasks, subjects lost time when they had to switch from one task to another, and time costs increased with the complexity of the tasks, so it took a significantly long time to switch between more complex tasks. Time costs were a lot greater when subjects switched to tasks that were relatively unfamiliar. They got “up to speed” faster when they switched to tasks they knew better, an observation that may lead to interfaces (界面) designed to help overcome people’s innate cognitive limitations.The researchers say their results suggest that executive control involves two distinct, complementary stages: goal shifting (I want to do this now instead of that) and rule activation (I’m turning off the rules for that and turning on the rules for this). Both stages help people unconsciously switch between tasks. Rule activation itself takes significant amounts of time, several tenths of a second—which can add up when people switch back and forth repeatedly between tasks. Thus, multitasking may seem more efficient on the surface, but may actually take more time in the end. According to the researchers, this insight into executive control may help people choose strategies that maximize their efficiency when multitasking. The insight may also weigh against multitasking. For example, Meyer points out, a mere half second of time lost to task switching can mean the difference between life and death for a driver using a cell phone, because during the time that the car is not totally under control, it can travel far enough to crash into obstacles the driver have otherwise avoided.26. What is the text mainly about?公务员、MBA、英语、司法、会计、考研加入【幸运吧】，好运随你来公务员、MBA 、英语、司法、会计、考研 加入【幸运吧】，好运随你来A. The role of mental CEO executive control process.B. The high efficiency and hidden costs of multitasking.C. Executive control of cognitive processes in task switching.D. The benefits of studying executive mental control.27. According to the text, the function of mental CEO is toA. associate the activities with the neural regions.B. help people deal with many tasks at the same time.C. establish priorities among complicated tasks.D. supervise the use of specific mental resources.28. Which kind of task switching among the following will produce the greatest time cost?A. To switch to a more complex task.B. To switch to a more unfamiliar task.C. To switch to a easier task.D. To switch to a more familiar task.29. Which of the following statements is true for the rule activation stage of executive control?A. It can help people consciously switch between tasks.B. It doesn’t take as much time as the stage of goal shifting.C. People will use similar rules while performing different tasks.D. It can help explain why time is lost during task switching.30. The example about the driver in the third paragraph is used to illustrate thatA. car drivers shouldn’t drive so fast while using a cell phone.B. car drivers should shift his goals to avoid the accidents.C. multitasking is not as efficient as people have expected.D. multitasking should be avoided for the sake of safety.Passage 3Since October 1, it has been illegal for any business to discriminate against disabled people, either during the recruitment process or at work, and disability rights campaigners say that employers must make better use of new technology to help them fulfill their new obligations.Amendments to the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) require all businesses, not just those with more than 15 employees as previously, to make “reasonable adjustments” to workplaces to accommodate the disabled. Such adjustments include buying new equipment or modifying existing systems so that disabled people can use them.But many employers are failing to investigate potentially useful changes or upgrades to systems. They are also failing to claim generous Access to Work grants from the government, designed to cover the cost of adapting or re-equipping a workplace, extra training or hiring human assistants like sign language interpreters.Ruth Loebl, a senior ICT development officer at the Royal National Institute for the Blind, says: “The technology is there and the funding is there. But many employers and employees don’t know what’s available. It’s patchy (迷茫的) across the country.” Access to Work grants can cover up to 100 percent of the cost of new or adapted equipment, says Ms. Loebl. “You shouldn’t have to pay any more to employ a blind person.”Lynne Nelson, employment coordinator for the Royal National Institute for the Deaf agrees.“Technology is very much underused. Employers are not aware of what’s available and they’re more reactive than proactive.”Complying with the act could be as easy as rearranging an office so that the light is better for a deaf person to lip-read. At the other end of the scale, it could mean investing in a cutting edge messaging system which combines computers and phones, converting text messages into voice messages for blind or partially sighted employees and incorporating voice recognition software for people unable to use a conventional keyboard and mouse.Changing font (字体) sizes and shapes and using different background colors can all help to make computer screen displays more legible and accessible for visually impaired users. Screen magnifier programs are available to enlarge text. Screen reader software will read out the content of email boxes or websites. Commercial websites now incorporate tags (引句), phrases or sentences which describe images on sites to blind and partially sighted users through screen readers. But some sites still carry images described simply as “corporate logo” or “image”. A survey by the Disability Rights Commission earlier this year found that 81 percent of websites were inaccessible or difficult to use, often because of badly worded tags or because the software was blocking attempts to change fonts or colors.31. From the beginning of the text, we learn thatA. there will be no discrimination against disabled people after Oct. 1.B. the employers must assist those campaigners to complete their duties.C. previous DDA only had restrictions on companies with more than 15 people.D. the companies have to prepare new equipment for their disabled employees.32. It can be inferred from the text that many employersA. modify their existing systems to make the disabled feel comfortable.B. know little about what’s the real meaning of DDA’s amendments.C. have to cover the total costs of new and adapted equipment.D. make full use of technology and funding they confront with.33. The adjustments that employer can make for the disabled people may not includeA. making the office light brighter for the deaf to lip-read.B. getting useful information by the voice recognition system.C. using screen readers to tell them the telephone numbers.D. running office telephones via a conventional exchange.34. The attitude of many employers toward DDA amendments isA. supportive.B. negative.C. optimistic.D. pessimistic.35. The main purpose of the text is toA. call on the employers to enable the disabled employees.B. introduce some useful equipment for those disabled staff.C. criticize those who don’t do anything for their disabled employees.D. suggest the employers to make advantage of various technologies.公务员、MBA、英语、司法、会计、考研加入【幸运吧】，好运随你来Passage 4Open-outcry trading is supposed to be a quaint, outdated practice, rapidly being replaced by sleeker, cheaper electronic systems. Try telling that to the New Y ork Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), the world’s largest commodities exchange. On November 1st the NYMEX opened an open-outcry pit (期货交易场) in Dublin to handle Brent crude futures, the benchmark (基准) contract for pricing two-thirds of the world’s oil.The NYMEX is trying to snatch liquidity (易变现证券) from London’s International Petroleum Exchange (IPE), which trades the most Brent contracts; the New Y ork exchange has hitherto concentrated on West Texas Intermediate, an American benchmark grade. The new pit is a response to the IPE’s efforts to modernize. On the same day as NYMEX traders started shouting Brent prices in Dublin, the IPE did away with its morning open-outcry session: now such trades must be electronic, or done in the pit after lunch.The New Y ork exchange claims that customers, such as hedge funds or energy companies, prefer open-outcry because it allows for more liquidity. Although most other exchanges are heading in the opposite direction, in commodity markets such as the NYMEX, pressure from “locals”—self-employed traders—is helping to prop up open-outcry, although some reckon that customers pay up to five times as much as with electronic systems. Even the IPE has no plans to abolish its floor. Only last month it signed a lease, lasting until 2011, for its trading floor in London.Dublin’s new pit is “showing promise”, says Rob Laughlin, a trader with Man Financial, despite a few technical glitches. On its first day it handled 5,726 lots of Brent (each lot, or contract, is 1,000 barrels), over a third of the volume in the IPE’s new morning electronic session. By the year’s end, predicts Mr. Laughlin, it should be clear whether the venture will be viable. It would stand a better chance if it moved to London; it may yet: it started in Ireland because regulatory approval could be obtained faster there than in Britain.Ultimately, having both exchanges offering similar contracts will be unsustainable. Stealing liquidity from an established market leader, as the NYMEX is trying to do, is a hard task. Eurex, Europe’s largest futures exchange, set up shop in Chicago this year, intending to grab American Treasury-bond contracts from the Chicago Board of Trade. It has made little headway. And the NYMEX has dabbled in Brent contracts before, without success.Given the importance of liquidity in exchanges, why do the IPE and the NYMEX not band together? There have been merger talks before, and something might yet happen. Some say that the freewheeling NYMEX and the more staid IPE could never mix. For now, in any case, the two exchanges will slug it out—across the Irish Sea as well as across the Atlantic.36. According to the text, the NYMEX and IPE areA. both using open outcry trading as a major trading form.B. partners that are reciprocal in their business activities.C. rivals that are competing in the oil trading market.公务员、MBA、英语、司法、会计、考研加入【幸运吧】，好运随你来公务员、MBA 、英语、司法、会计、考研 加入【幸运吧】，好运随你来D. both taking efforts to modernize their trading practice.37. According to the author, one of the reasons that the NYMEX takes open-outcry trading isA. the preference of its customers.B. the practice of energy exchange.C. the long tradition of its practice.D. the nostalgic feeling it arouses.38. The word “glitches” (Para. 4) most probably meansA. benefits.B. improvements.C. innovations.D. problems.39. From Paragraph 4 we can infer thatA. trading volume in the IPE’s new morning electronic session is falling.B. London is a better business location for energy exchanges than Dublin.C. Britain’s regulators are usually less efficient than those of Ireland.D. the Dublin pit of the NYMEX will be more prosperous in the future.40. We can draw a conclusion from the text thatA. it’s unlikely that the NYMEX and the IPE will unite their businesses.B. the NYMEX will fail in Ireland just as many precedents have shown.C. the two energy exchanges will figure out to cooperate with each other.D. he market environment for both energy exchanges is getting better.Part B Directions：You are going to read a list of headings and a text about explorations into maple lores. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A－F for each numbered paragraph （41－45）。
2010英语考研试题及答案
2010英语考研试题及答案2010年英语考研模拟试题Part I Listening Comprehension (20 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the questions about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one would be the best answer to each question. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet.Conversation 1M: I'm glad we've finally got the weekend off. I can't wait to relax.W: I know what you mean. I've been looking forward to this for weeks.Questions:1. What does the man mean?A. He has been working too hard.B. He has been waiting for the weekend.C. He is eager to do some exercise.D. He is tired of his job.Conversation 2W: I'm thinking of buying a new computer. The one I have now is too slow.M: Well, if you're looking for speed, you might want to consider a laptop with a solid-state drive.Questions:2. What does the man suggest the woman do?A. Buy a new computer.B. Upgrade her current computer.C. Get a laptop with a solid-state drive.D. Wait for her computer to speed up.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a passage and the questions about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one would be the best answer to each question. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet.Passage 1In the 1990s, the use of the internet expanded rapidly. This was largely due to the invention of the World Wide Web, which made it easier for people to access and share information online. The World Wide Web was developed by Tim Berners-Lee,a British computer scientist.Questions:3. What was the main reason for the rapid expansion of the internet in the 1990s?A. The invention of the internet.B. The development of the World Wide Web.C. The increase in the number of computer users.D. The work of British computer scientists.4. Who is credited with the development of the World Wide Web?A. Tim Berners-Lee.B. A team of British scientists.C. An American computer engineer.D. A group of international researchers.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a long conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will hear some questions about what was said. The conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear the conversation and the questions, read the four possibleanswers on your paper, and decide which one would be the bestanswer to each question. Then mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet.ConversationM: Good morning, Dr. Smith. I'm here for my appointment.W: Good morning. What seems to be the problem?M: Well, I've been having headaches and I'm feeling very tired all the time.W: I see. Have you been getting enough sleep?M: Yes, I sleep for about eight hours every night.W: How about your diet? Have you been eating well?M: I try to eat healthily, but I don't have a lot of time to prepare meals.W: It's important to maintain a balanced diet. I'll give you some advice on that. Also, I'd like to run a few tests to check for any underlying conditions.M: That sounds good. I'm worried it might be something serious.W: Let's not jump to conclusions. We'll know more once we have the test results.Questions:5. Why does the man visit Dr. Smith?A. He has an appointment.B. He has been feeling tired and has headaches.C. He wants some advice on diet.D. He is worried about his health.6. What does Dr. Smith suggest the man should do?A. Get more sleep.B. Maintain a balanced diet.C. Prepare his own meals.D. Run some tests.Part II Reading Comprehension (35 minutes)Section ADirections: Read the following passage. After reading it, you are required to complete the statements that follow. You should write your answers in no more than three words each. The first statement has been done for you as an example.PassageThe modern city has a unique。
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题和答案
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDnecclious:Read thc following text．Choose the bcsl word(s> for each numbcred blank．and mark[A]，[B]，[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points>In 1924 American' National Research Council sent to engineer to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawhtore Plant nearChicago It hoped they would learn how stop-floor Egnting __1__ workors productivity Instead，the studies ended__2__ giving their name to the“Hawhthomeeffec t”the extremely inflentlcel ldea the veey__3__to bemg expenmented upon changed subjects’behavior The idea arose because of the__4__behavior of the women in the plato．Accordmg to __5__of the cxpetmems．their．houriy output rose when hghtmg WaSincreased．but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6__what was done in the expenment. __7__sometmg was changed．produchnty rose A(n> __8__ that theywere bemg experimented upon seemed to be __9__t0 alterworkers' bchamor __10__ uselfAfter several decades，the salile data were __11__to econometric the analysis Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store j2一the descnpuons on record，nosystematic __13__was foundthat lcvcls of produchxnty wererelated to changes in lightingIt turns out that peculiar way of conducting the c~enments may be have let to __14__interpretation of what happed．__15__，tighring was always changed ona Sunday When work started again on Monday, output __16__ rose compared with the previous Saturday and __17__ to rise for the next couple of days __18__ , ，a comparison with data for weeks whenthere was no expenmentation showed that output always went up On Monday, workers __19__to be duigent for the first fewdays of the week in any case，before __21__a plateau and then slackening off Th is suggests that the alleged” Hawthorne effect“is hard to ptn down1.[A] affected [B]achieved [C]exlracted [D]restored2[A]at [B]up [C]with [D]Off3[A]Wuth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof4．[A]conVoversial [B]perplexing [c]mischieous [D]ambiguous5．[A]reqtttrents [B]cxplanalions [C]accounts [D]assements6[A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work7[A]as faras [B]for fearthat [C]in casethat [D]so long as8．[A]awarerress [B]expectation [C]sentiment [D]illusion9．[A]suitale [B]excessive [C]enough [D]abundant10．[A]about [B]for [C]on [D]by11[A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyed12.[A]contrary to [B]consistent with [C]parallel with [D]pealliar to13.[A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14.[A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]retiable [D]wasleadmg15.[A]In contast [B]For example [C]In consequence [D]As usual16．[A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably [D]suddenly17．[A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued20.[A]breaking [B]chrnbing [C]surpassmg [D]hitingSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts．Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A]，[B]，[C]or[D]．Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1．(40 points>Text 2Over the past decade,thousands of patents have seen granled for what are called business methods．Amazon com received one for its“one-click”online paymentsystern Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy．One invenlor patented a tochnique for lying a boxNow the nation’s top patent c ourt appears completely ready to scale hack on business-method patents, which have been controversial e,ver since they were firstauthorized 10 years ago In a movethat has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S court of Appeals for the federal ctrcuit sald it would usea particular case tOconduct a broad review of business-method patents. Inre Bijskl, as the case is known, is“a very big deal”, says Dermis'D Crouch of the University of MissounSchool of law．It “has the potential to elinate an entire class of patmts”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite tha fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluste is wether it should “reconsider” its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme. Count that has nurrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many pate nts were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges on the Federal circuit are “reaction to the anti_patent trend at the supreme court” says Harole C wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorge WashingtonUniversityLawSchool.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its rulling complies with the court decisions[B] It involves a very big business transaction[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word “about-face”(Line 1, Paro 3>most probably means[A] loss of good will[B]increase of hostility[C]change of attitude[D] change of auiuled29．We learn from the last two pamgraphs that business-meihod Pateats[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are of ten unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for pateat holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30．Which of the following would bethe subject ofthe text?[A]A looming threat to bvamess-melhcd patents[B]Protection for business-method patent holders[C]A legal case regarding business-methodpatents[D] A prevailing tread against business-method patentsText 3In his book The Tipping Poinl Malcohn aladuell aloues that social epidemics are dliven in largepart by the acting of a tiny minority of specialindividuals,often calledin flu entials who are unusuall informed, persuasive, or we connect The idea is intuit ively compelling but it doesn't explain howideas actually spread.The supposed importance of inftuentials derives from a plansible sounding but largely untested theory untested thelry called the "tow-step flow of communication" Informationllows from the mediato the inftuentials and from then to ereryone else. Marke ters have embraced the two-step flow became it suggests that if they can just find andinfluence the in fluent ials, those select people will do most of the work for them Thetheory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of people waswearing promoting or developing whaterver it is before anyone else paid attention Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain specialpeople call drivetrendsIn their recent work howeyer some researchers have come up with the finding that in fluentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is genetally supposed Infact they don’t seem to be required of allThe researchers' argument stems from a simple obserrating about social influence with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primanrilly a function of media not interpersonal influence-enen the most influential members of a population simply don't interact with that many others Yet it is precisely these non-celebring influentials who according to the two-step-flow theoryare supposed to drive social enidemics by influcenciny their friends and colleagues directly .For a social epidemic to occur however each person so sffected must then influcence his or her own acquaintances,who must in turn influence theirs and so on and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant for example from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the casecade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populatio ns manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s abilify to influence others and their tendence to be31. By citing the book The Tipping Point the author intends to[A] analyze the consequences of social epid emics[B] discuss influentials’ funcition in spreading ideas[C] exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials32. The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C] has won support from influentials[D] requires solid evidence for its validity33. what the researchers have observed recenty shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public{D}most celebritiea enjoy wide media attention34.the underlined phrase “these people”in paragraph 4 refers to the ones who{A}stay outside the network of social influence{B}have little contact with the source of influence{C}are influenced and then influence others{D} are influenced by the initial influential34.what is the essential slement in the dynamics of social influence?{A}The eageiness to be accepted{B}The impulse to influence others{C}The resdiness to be influenced{D}The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public .Behind eht scenes,they have been taking aim at someone else the accounting standard-setters.Their rules,moan the banks,have forced them to report enormous losses,and it’s just not fair.These rules say they must value some assets at the price atheird party would pay,not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately,banks’lobbying now seems to be working.The details may be unknowable,but the independence of standard-setters,essential to the proper functioning of capital marksts,is being compromised.And,unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers,reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Xongress.America;s Financial Accounting Standards Board(FASB>rushed through rule changse.These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long0term assets in their income statement.Bob Herz,the FASB’s chairman,cried out against ehose who ”question our motives.”Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls”the use of judgment by management.”European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board(IASB>do likewise.The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning,but the pressure to fold when it comletes itreconstruction of rules later this year is strong Charlie McCreevy,a European commissioner,warned the IASB that is did”not live in a political vacuum”but”in the real word” and the Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet,with accouts htat wastly overvalued assets.today they argue htat market prices overstate loeees,because hteyLargerly reflect the temporary illiquldity of markets,not the likely entent of bad debts.The truth will not be known for years.But bank’s shares trade below their book value,suggeting that investors are akeptical.And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses,yet are relucaant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the sysytem working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with.America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that,cleaning up rules on stock options ang pensions,for example,against hostility interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A]follow anfavorable asset evaluation rules[B]collect payments from third parties[C]cooperate with the price managers[D]reevaluate some of their assets37.According to the author,the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A]the dimingishing role of management[B] the revival of the banking syestem[C]the bank’s long-term asset lossers[D]the weakening og its indepentdence38. According to Paragarph 4,McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to[A] keep away from political influences[B] evade the pressure from their peers[C] act on their own in ruli-setting[D]take gradual measures in reform39、The author thinks the banks were“on the wrong planet”in that they[A]mis interpreted market price indicators[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets40、The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A]satisfaction[B]skepticism[C]objectiveness[D]sympathyPart BDirections:For Questions 41-45,choose the most suitable paragraphs from the first A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to from a coherent text Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which dose not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10 points>[A]The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out; the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year Europe compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B]Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill,lesving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow.Most leading retailers have alteady tried e-commerce,with limit success,and expansion abroad.But almost all have ignored the big.profitable opportunity in their own backyard the wholesale food and drink trade,whoch appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C]Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drinkmarket?Definitely not.The functioning of the market is basrd on flexibleTrends dominated by potential buyers.In other words it is up to the buyer tather than the seller to decide what to buy.At any rate this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers regardless of how long the current consumer pattem will take hold.[D] All in all,this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits there by.At least,that is how it looks as a whole.Closer inspection reveals import differences among the biggest national markets,especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures,as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories.Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which particular abilities might unseat smaller but enerenched competitors.New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail,wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France,Germany,Italy,and Spain—are made out of same building blocks.Demand comes mainly from two sources:independent morn-and-pop grocery stores which,unlike large retail chains,are two small to buy straight from producers,and food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures,but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”:hotels,restaurants,and cafes.Overall, Europe’s retail wholesale market, but the figures,when added together,mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom in 2000-more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often;and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to considerate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retails and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers from trying their hand,for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written carfully on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10Points>One basic weakness in a comservation system based wholly one economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value Yet these ereatures are members of the biotic community and ,if its stability depends on its inteynity,they are entitled to continuanceWhen one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and if we happen to love it.We incert excuses to give it economic importance At the beginning pf century songbiras were supppsed to be disappearing.(46>Scinentists jumped to the resure with some distimctly shaky evidence to the effect the insecets would est us up of brids failed to control them the ecideuce had to be conbmic in order to be walid.It is pamful to read these round about accounts today.We have no land ehtic yet.(47>but we have at least drawn near the point pf admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinisic right reardless of the presence pf absence of economic adcantage to us.A panallel situation exists in respect of predatory mamals and fish-eating birds(48>Time was when biologosts somewhat over worded evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak or that they prey only on “worthless species”.Some species pf tree have been read out of the party by economici –minded fpresters they grow too slowty or have a sale vate to pay as imeber crops (49>In europe,where forestry is ecologically more advanced ,the ncommercial tree species are recognized ad members of native forest community,to be preserved as such,within reason.To sum up;a system of conservation based solely on econominc self-interest is hopelesstly lopsided(50>It tends to ignore,and thus eventually to eliminate,many elements in the land community that lack commercial value,but that are essential to its healthy functioning.Without the uneconomic pats.Section III WritingPart A51.Directions:You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an intemational conference on globalization,you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the other information you think relative.You should write about 100 words.Do not sign your own name at the end ofthe e"postgraduate association" instead.Part B52.Directions:Write an essay of 160200 words based on the following deawing.In your essay,you should1> describe the drawing briefly,2> ecplain its intended meaning,and then3> give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET2.(20 points>Section I Use of English1．A 2．B 3．C 4．B 5．C 6． B 7．D 8．A 9．C 10．D 11．C 12．A 13．A 14．D 15．B 16．A 17．D 18．C 19．B 20．DSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A21.B 22.A 23.C 24. A 25. B 26.C 27.D 28.C 29. B 30. D31.B 32.D 33.A 34. C 35.C 36.A 7.A 38.C 39.C 40. DPart B41. B 42. F 43. D 44. G 45. APart C Translation46.科学家们赶紧拿出某些明显站不住脚地证据前来救驾，大致说地是如果鸟儿不能控制害虫地话，害虫就会把我们吃掉.47.但是我们至少已经几乎承认了这样一种观点：那就是鸟儿地生存是它们地固有权利，不管它对我们是否有经济利益.48.曾几何时，生物学家总是重述以下地这条证据：这些生物是为了维持食物链地正常运行去捕食弱小地生物或“没有价值地物种”.49.在生态林业较为先进地欧洲，没有成为商业化对象地树种被视为原始森林群落地成员适当地加以保护.50.他容易忽视并最终消灭很多缺乏商业价值地物种，然而这些物种对于整个生物群落地健康运行是至关重要地.Section III Writing51．小作文以研究生会地名义写一封通知，通知地内容是为全球一体化地国际会议招募志愿者，这个通知必须包括申请者地基本职位要求及你认为相关地其他信息.写100个字左右，不要在通知末尾写你自己地名字，用“Postgraduates'Association”代替.参考范文一：NoticeVolunteers for the International Conference of Global Integration are wanted. Anyone who is in good command of English and experienced in cross-cultural communication are expected to take part in this activity. The major task for this position are as follows: to begin with, to propaganda the theme of globalization to people all over the world; in addition, to provide E-C interpretation service to those representatives of the international conference, aiming at facilitating the process of the meeting; at last, you should be strictly available according to the time schedule of the conference. Those who are interested in this post are cordially welcome!参考范文二：NoticeTwenty volunteers for the International Conference of Global Integration are wanted among the students in our school. The positions recruited include receptionist, conference guider, transportation guider and English interpreter. The volunteers are requested to speak fluent English and are expected to be active, open-minded and conscientious. The Conference falls on September 23 at China Institute of International Studies, and all the volunteers will be trained for 5 days before the conference and provided with free transportation and meal. For those who are interested in taking part in the activity, please send your resume to the email address: postgraduates@ before September 1.参考范文三：AnnouncementPostgraduates' Association is recently looking for Volunteers for the International Conference of Global Integration. Applicants should be currently studying at the university, and should preferably have the experience of being a part-time volunteer in several international events.The successful applicant will be expected to propaganda the theme of globalization in the city and on campus. The position will commence at the end of May and will last through to the end of August. Fair pay for the position is available and will be based on your experience.If you are interested, please send your resume to the following email: postgraduates@ before September 1st.52．大作文根据下图写一篇160~200个单词地文章1. 解释它要表达地意思2. 简单描述这幅图3. 给出你地评论注：火锅里地文字有：佛、功夫、解构、礼、毕昇、儒、后现代、老舍、莎士比亚、爱因斯坦、道、仁、天鹅湖、启蒙、京剧等参考范文：The enlightening picture portrays that a hot pot, with numerous ingredients in it, includes such domestic and alien cultures as literature, moral values and performing arts. It seems that the hot pot tastes very delicious because of the rich nutrition of the multi-cultures.Obviously, the picture characterizes the status quo of Chinese society in which Chinese and Western culture conflict with each other but also merge into a unique form to a certain degree. Since China has opened its door widely to the outside world, many people from different countries have been deeply fascinated by Chinese culture. They will accept and love the Chinese culture as a whole. In addition, Chinese culture should be well shared with foreign people, who have shown their enthusiasm towards China. Meanwhile, the Chinese people are also exposed to foreign cultures when more foreign people come to this oriental country. In this way people from various nations in the world will be able to acquire better understanding of each other and live peacefully in this world.In my opinion, the culture of any nation is a kind of precious heritage, and belongs to the whole mankind. With economic globalization, the blending of different cultures has become inevitable trend of the time. No country is an isolated island, be it China or the western world. The clearer we grasp the current situation, the more it would be beneficial to the global villagers.申明：所有资料为本人收集整理，仅限个人学习使用，勿做商业用途.。
2010年考研英语真题及答案完整解析
2010年考研英语真题与答案解析从2010年开始，全国硕士研究生入学考试的英语试卷分为了英语（一）和英语（二）。
英语（一）即原统考“英语”。
英语（二）主要是为高等院校和科研院所招收专业学位硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的统考科目。
英语一考试形式、考试内容与试卷结构（一）考试形式考试形式为笔试。
考试时间为180分钟。
满分为100分。
试卷包括试题册和答题卡。
答题卡分为答题卡1和答题卡2。
考生应将1~45题的答案按要求填涂在答题卡1上，将46~52题的答案写在答题卡2上。
（二）考试内容试题分三部分，共52题，包括英语知识运用、阅读理解和写作。
第一部分英语知识运用该部分不仅考查考生对不同语境中规范的语言要素（包括词汇、表达方式和结构）的掌握程度，而且还考查考生对语段特征（如连贯性和一致性等）的辨识能力等。
共20小题，每小题0.5分，共10分。
在一篇240~280词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案，使补全后的文章意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。
考生在答题卡1上作答。
第二部分阅读理解该部分由A、B、C三节组成，考查考生理解书面英语的能力。
共30小题，每小题2分，共60分。
A节（20小题）：主要考查考生理解主旨要义、具体信息、概念性含义，进行有关的判断、推理和引申，根据上下文推测生词的词义等能力。
要求考生根据所提供的4篇（总长度约为1600词）文章的内容，从每题所给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案。
考生在答题卡1上作答。
B节（5小题）：主要考查考生对诸如连贯性、一致性等语段特征以及文章结构的理解。
本部分有3种备选题型。
每次考试从这3种备选题型中选择一种进行考查。
考生在答题卡1上作答。
备选题型有：1）本部分的内容是一篇总长度为500~600词的文章，其中有5段空白，文章后有6~7段文字。
要求考生根据文章内容从这6~7段文字中选择能分别放进文章中5个空白处的5段。
2）在一篇长度约500~600词的文章中，各段落的原有顺序已被打乱，要求考生根据文章的内容和结构将所列段落（7~8个）重新排序，其中有2~3个段落在文章中的位置已给出。
2010年考研试题及答案
2010年考研试题及答案模拟试题：2010年考研英语阅读理解（部分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项。
Passage OneIn the 1960s, the economist E.F. Schumacher argued that the Western model of economic growth was not sustainable. He advocated an alternative path to economic development that was appropriate for developing countries. Schumacher's ideas were largely ignored in the affluent West but found a receptive audience in the Third World. His book "Small Is Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered" became a classic in the development literature.According to Schumacher, the Western model was flawed because it was based on the assumption that the production of goods and services should be concentrated in large-scale enterprises. He believed that this model was not suitable for developing countries because it required a large amount of capital investment and a highly skilled workforce, which were often in short supply. Instead, he proposed a model that emphasized small-scale, labor-intensive production. This model would be more appropriate for developing countries because it would make better use of the available resources and manpower.1. What was Schumacher's main criticism of the Western model of economic growth?A) It was too focused on large-scale production.B) It was not environmentally friendly.C) It was not profitable for developing countries.D) It was not widely adopted in the Third World.2. What was the main reason Schumacher suggested that the Western model was unsuitable for developing countries?A) It required a large amount of capital investment.B) It was too reliant on natural resources.C) It was not compatible with local cultures.D) It was too complex for local populations to manage.3. Schumacher's alternative model emphasized:A) High levels of technology.B) Small-scale production.C) Large-scale enterprises.D) Environmental sustainability.4. Schumacher's ideas were most influential in:A) Western countries.B) The Third World.C) Economic theory.D) Environmental movements.答案：1. A) It was too focused on large-scale production.2. A) It required a large amount of capital investment.3. B) Small-scale production.4. B) The Third World.请注意，这个模拟试题是基于一个虚构的2010年考研英语阅读理解题目，实际的2010年考研试题可能与此不同。
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I: Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)In 1924 America’s National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting __1__ workers’productivity. Instead, the studies ended __2__ giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect”, the extremely influential idea that the very __3__ of being experimented upon changed subjects’ behavior.The idea arose because of the __4__ behavior of the women in the plant. According to __5__ of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not __6__ what was done in the experiment; __7__ something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) __8__ that they were being experimented upon seemed to be __9__ to alter workers’ behavior __10__ itself.After several decades, the same data were __11__ to econometric analysis. The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store. __12 __ the descriptions on record, no systematic __13__ was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to __14__ interpretations of what happed. __ 15__, lighting was always changed on a Sunday .When work started again on Monday, output __16__ rose compared with the previous Saturday and __ 17__ to rise for the next couple of days. __ 18__, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays. Workers __19__ to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before __20__ a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected [B] achieved [C] extracted [D] restored2. [A] at [B] up [C] with [D] off3. [A] truth [B] sight [C] act [D] proof4. [A] controversial [B] perplexing [C] mischievous [D] ambiguous5. [A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter [C] indicate [D] work7. [A] as far as [B] for fear that [C] in case that [D] so long as8. [A] awareness [B] expectation [C] sentiment [D] illusion9. [A] suitable [B] excessive [C] enough [D] abundant10. [A] about [B] for [C] on [D] by11. [A] compared [B] shown [C] subjected [D] conveyed12. [A] Contrary to [B] Consistent with [C] Parallel with [D] Peculiar to13. [A] evidence [B] guidance [C] implication [D] source14. [A] disputable [B] enlightening [C] reliable [D] misleading15. [A] In contrast [B] For example [C] In consequence [D] As usual16. [A] duly [B] accidentally [C] unpredictably [D] suddenly17. [A] failed [B] ceased [C] started [D] continued18. [A] Therefore [B] Furthermore [C] However [D] Meanwhile19. [A] attempted [B] tended [C] chose [D] intended20. [A] breaking [B] climbing [C] surpassing [D] hittingSection II: Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C, or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tem pted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are’.”Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography(1947) became a best-seller. He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.Is there any chance that Cardus’s crit icism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that _______.[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by _______.[A] free themes [B] casual style [C] elaborate layout [D] radical viewpoints.23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. received one for its “one-click” online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz, the U.S. court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski , as the case is known , is “a very big deal”, says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging Internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents, despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of thecourt’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State Street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of rece nt decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvi ous. The judges on the Federal C ircuit are “reacting to the anti-patient trend at the Supreme C ourt”, says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of _______.[A] their limited value to business[B] their connection with asset allocation[C] the possible restriction on their granting[D] the controversy over their authorization27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions.[B] It involves a very big business transaction.[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S..28. The word “about-face” (Line 1, Par a 3) most probably means _______.[A] loss of good will[B] increase of hostility[C] change of attitude[D] enhancement of dignity29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents _______.[A] are immune to legal challenges[B] are often unnecessarily issued[C] lower the esteem for patent holders[D] increase the incidence of risks30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents.[B] Protection for business-method patent holders.[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents.[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patents.Text 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that “social epidemics” are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well-connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the “two step flow of communication”: Informa tion flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpectedpopularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, t hey don’t seem to be required at all.The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence-even the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others.Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cas cade of change won’t pr opagate very far or affect many people.Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. They found that the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades”- the widespread propagation of influence through networks - is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to _______.[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B] discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas[C] e xemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials32. The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory” _______.[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends[C] has won support from influentials[D] requires solid evidence for its validity33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that _______.[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention34.The under lined phrase “these people” in P aragraph 4 refers to the ones who _______.[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence[C] are influenced and then influence others[D] are influenced by the initial influential35. What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A] The eagerness to be accepted[B] The impulse to influence others[C] The readiness to be influenced[D] The inclination to rely on othersText 4Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else: the accounting standard-setters. Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement. Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who “question our motives.” Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls “the use of judgment by management.”European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but “in the real wor l d” and that Europe could yet develop different rules.It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank’s shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility from special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to _______.[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules[B] collect payments from third parties[C] cooperate with the price managers[D] revaluate some of their assets.37. According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in _______.[A] the diminishing role of management[B] the revival of the banking system[C] the banks’ long-term asset losses[D] the weakening of its independence38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy obje cts to the IASB’s attempt to _______.[A] keep away from political influences[B] evade the pressure from their peers[C] act on their own in rule-settingtighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving Europeangrocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market?Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what tobuy. At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply theirgigantic scale, existing infrastructure and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals import differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand theseChinese. Our translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it, we invert excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of century, songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. The evidence hadto be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless” species.Some species of tree have been “read out of the party”by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the non-commercial tree species are recognized as3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)。
研究生英语考卷(2010年6月)
研究生英语考卷(2010年6月)一、听力理解（共30分）1. 题目：听力理解测试请听录音，然后根据录音内容回答问题。
每段录音只播放一遍。
2. 测试内容：录音一：关于研究生英语考试的重要性录音二：关于英语学习方法的讨论录音三：关于研究生英语考试的备考策略3. 测试要求：（1）听完录音后，请根据录音内容回答问题。
（2）每题5分，共30分。
二、阅读理解（共40分）1. 题目：阅读理解测试2. 文章内容：（1）关于研究生英语考试的现状和趋势（2）关于英语学习策略的探讨（3）关于研究生英语考试的备考建议3. 测试要求：（1）阅读文章后，请根据文章内容回答问题。
（2）每题8分，共40分。
三、完形填空（共20分）1. 题目：完形填空测试2. 文章内容：关于英语学习方法的探讨3. 测试要求：（1）阅读文章后，请根据文章内容填写空缺处。
（2）每空1分，共20分。
四、翻译（共10分）1. 题目：翻译测试2. 句子内容：（1）研究生英语考试对于提高学生的英语水平具有重要意义。
3. 测试要求：（1）将句子翻译成英语。
（2）每句5分，共10分。
五、写作（共20分）1. 题目：写作测试2. 提示：请谈谈你对研究生英语考试的看法和建议。
3. 测试要求：（1）根据提示写一篇英语作文。
（3）内容充实，条理清晰，语言流畅。
（4）共20分。
研究生英语考卷(2010年6月)六、词汇与语法（共20分）1. 题目：词汇与语法测试2. 测试内容：（1）The importance of English proficiency for graduate students cannot be overemphasized.（2）Many students find it challenging to balance their academic workload with the demands of learning a new language.3. 测试要求：（1）根据句子内容，选择正确的单词或词组填空，并改正语法错误。
2010考研英语(一)模拟【试卷+试卷】2
2010年考研英语模拟试题二（1）Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)In the United States, the first day nursery was opened in 1854.Nurseries were established in various areas during the 1 half of the 19th century; most of 2 were charitable.Both in Europe and in the U.S., the day nursery movement received great 3 during the First World War, when 4 of manpower caused the industrial employment of unprecedented numbers of women.In some European countries nurseries were established 5 in munitions(军火) plants, under direct government sponsorship.6 the number of nurseries in the U.S.also rose 7 , this rise was accomplished without government aid of any kind.During the years following the First World War, 8 , Federal State and local governments gradually began to exercise a measure of control 9 the day nurseries, chiefly by 10 them and by inspecting and regulating the conditions within the nurseries.The 11 of the Second World War was quickly followed by an increase in the number of day nurseries in almost all countries, as women were 12 called up on to replace men in the factories.On this 13 the ernment immediately came to the support of the nursery schools, 14 $ 6,000,000 in July, 1942, for a nursery school program for the children of working mothers.Many states and local communities 15 this Federal aid.By the end of the war, in August, 1945, more than 1,000,000 children were being cared 16 in daycare centers receiving Federal 17.Soon afterward, the Federal government 18 cut down its expenditures for this purpose and later 19 them, causing a sharp drop in the number of nursery schools in operation.However, the expectation that most employed mothers would leave their 20 at the end of the war was only partly fulfilled.1.\[A\] latter\[B\] other\[C\] late\[D\] first2.\[A\] those\[B\] them\[C\] whose\[D\] which3.\[A\] impetus\[B\] input\[C\] imitation\[D\] initiative4.\[A\] sources\[B\] abundance\[C\] shortage\[D\] reduction5.\[A\] hardly\[B\] entirely\[C\] only\[D\] even6.\[A\] Because\[B\] As\[C\] Since\[D\] Although7.\[A\] unanimously\[B\] sharply\[C\] predominantly\[D\] militantly8.\[A\] therefore\[B\] consequently\[C\] however\[D\] moreover9.\[A\] over\[B\] in\[C\] at\[D\] about10.\[A\] formulating\[B\] labeling\[C\] patenting\[D\] licensing11.\[A\] outset\[B\] outbreak\[C\] breakthrough\[D\] breakdown12.\[A\] again\[B\] thus\[C\] repeatedly\[D\] yet13.\[A\] circumstance\[B\] occasion\[C\] case\[D\] situation14.\[A\] regulating\[B\] summoning\[C\] allocating\[D\] transferring15.\[A\] compensated\[B\] facilitated\[C\] supplemented\[D\] expanded16.\[A\] about\[B\] after\[C\] of\[D\] for17.\[A\] pensions\[B\] subsidies\[C\] revenues\[D\] budgets18.\[A\] prently\[B\] furiously\[C\] statistically\[D\] drastically19.\[A\] abolished\[B\] diminished\[C\] jeopardized\[D\] precluded20.\[A\] nurseries\[B\] homes\[C\] jobs\[D\] childrenSection Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text1As a young bond trader, Buttonwood was given two pieces of advice, trading rules of thumb, if you will: that bad economic news is good news for bond markets and that every utterance dropping from the lips of Paul Volcker, the then chairman of the Federal Reserve, and the man who restored the central bank’s credibility by stomping on runaway inflation, should be respected than Pope’s orders.Today’s traders are, of course, a more sophisticated bunch.But the advice still seems good, apart from two slight drawbacks.The first is that the well chosen utterances from the present chairman of the Federal Reserve, Alan Greenspan, is of more than passing difficulty.The second is that, of late, good news for the economy has not seemed to upset bond investors all that much.For all the cheer that has crackled down the wires, the yield on ten year bonds which you would expect to rise on good economic news is now, at 4.2%, only two fifths of a percentage point higher than it was at the start of the year.Pretty much unmoved, in other words.Yet the news from the economic front has been better by far than anyone could have expected.On Tuesday November 25th, revised numbers showed that America’s economy grew by an annual 8.2% in the third quarter, a full percentage point more than originally thought, driven by the ever spendthrift American consumer and, for once, corporate investment.Just about every other piece of information coming out from special sources shows the same strength.New houses are still being built at a fair clip.Exports are rising, for all the protectionist crying.Even employment, in what had been mocked as a jobless recovery, increased by 125,000 or thereabouts in September and October.Rising corporate profits, low credit spreads and the biggest ever rally in the junk bond market do not, on the face of it, suggest anything other than a deep and long lasting recovery.Yet Treasury bond yields have fallen.If the rosy economic backdrop makes this odd, making it doubly odd is an apparent absence of foreign demand.Foreign buyers of Treasuries, especially Asian certral banks, who had been swallowing American government debt like there was no tomorrow, seem to have had second thoughts lately.In September, according to the latest available figures, foreigners bought only $5 6 billion of Treasuries, compared with $25.1 billion the previous month and an average of $38.7 billion in the preceding four months.In an effort to keep a lid on the yen’s rise, the Japanese central bank is still busy buying dollars and parking the money in government debt.Just about everyboby else seems to have been selling.21.The advice for Buttonwood suggests that.［A］ Paul Volcker enjoyed making comments on controlling inflation［B］ the Federal Reserve has an all capable power over inflation control［C］ economy has the greatest influence upon the daily life of ordinary people［D］ the economic sphere and bond markets are indicative of each other22.The word “passing”(Line 7, Paragraph 1) most probably means.［A］ instant［B］ trivial［C］ simple［D］ negligible23.Which of the following is responsible for the rapid economic growth in the US?［A］ Domestic consumers.［B］ Foreign investments.［C］ Real estate market.［D］ Recovering bond market.24.According to the last paragraph, most Asian central banks are becoming.［A］ rather regretful［B］ less ambitious［C］ more cautious［D］ speculative25.The phrase “keep a lid on”(Line 6, Paragraph 3) most probably means.［A］ put an end to［B］ set a limit on［C］ tighten the control over［D］ reduce the speed ofText2Pressure is mounting on Ahold’s embattled supervisory board following the Dutch grocery group’s decision to pay its new chief executive more than C= 10m to lead its recovery from a ruining accounting scandal.Anders Moberg’s pay package and the timing of its disclosure at a shareholder meeting last week has confronted Ahold with a new credibility crisis as it struggles to restore confidence after the C=970m ( $1 bn) scandal.The dispute evident in a sea of critical media comment in the Netherlands at the weekend threatens to divert management from its recovery strategy, built on significant divestments and a likely rights issue to reduce C=11bn in net debt.Unitsdeemed unable to attain first or second position in food retail within three to five years will immediately be put up for sale.The board’s position appears all the more delicate following comments made by Mr.Moberg to the Financial Times, in which he criticized non executive directors for ignoring his advice to disclose his salary in May, when he agreed his contract.Instead Ahold waited more than four months to make the announcement, on the day share holders were asked to approve Mr.Moberg’s appointment.“I was the one who said I liked transparency, and I had hoped ［the supervisory board］ had shown ［the salary package］ in May to avoid a situation like this,”Mr.Moberg told the FT.As the row prompted the left leaning Dutch Daily to call for a boycott of Ahold’s Dutch Albert Heijn supermarket chain where only last week Ahold announced 440 redundancies it was clear the supervisory board had badly misjudged the reaction.While Henny de Ruiter, supervisory board chairman, said the salary was a fair reflection of what a company in Ahold’s unfavorable circumstances had to pay to attract a top manager,furious investors accused it of pushing through the package regardless of investor opinion.Furthermore, Dutch media commentators noted that the scandal at Ahold had been the trigger for the Dutch government to appoint a commission to strengthen corporate governance.That commission has recommended a limit on executive bonuses, far below the potential two and a half times annual salary that Mr.Moberg could earn.Meanwhile, Mr.Moberg is trying to distance himself from the row and focus on strategy.He told the FT that measures had already been taken to raise its stake in the ICA Ahold joint venture in Scandinavia.Ahold had included in its forecasts an amount necessary to buy the shares of either of its joint venture partners, who should exercise a “put option” and sell their stake from April 2004.26.The decision on Anders Moberg’s pay package has.［A］ incurred much criticism from the shareholders［B］ helped restore public confidence in Ahold［C］ saved the supervisory board from another crisis［D］ put pressure on the new chief executive27.The recovery strategy by Ahold’s management includes.［A］ avoiding the next accounting scandal［B］ diverting investment to other fields［C］ issuing rights to more retailers［D］ selling the retailers with poor performance28.Anders Moberg thought that if his salary had been announced earlier,. ［A］ the board’s position would have become less difficult［B］ he would have agreed to the contract with Ahold［C］ more time could have been devoted to his recovery plan［D］ the shareholders wouldn’t have strongly opposed29.Before the scandal at Ahold, the executive bonuses in Dutch companies. ［A］ were higher than what Moberg earned［B］ were regulated by a commission［C］ were not monitored by the government［D］ were not set by corporate management30.According to Moberg’s recovery strategy, Ahold will.［A］ sell its stake to other joint venture companies［B］ buy shares of its Scandinavian partners［C］ choose to put money in its chain shops in Scandinavia［D］ exerc ise its potential influence on partnersText3We’re moving into another era, as the toxic effects of the bubble and its grave consequences spread through the financial system.Just a couple of years ago investors dreamed of 20 percent returns forever.Now surveys show that they’re down to a “realistic”8 percent to 10 percent range.But what if the next few years turn out to be below normal expectations? Martin Barners of the Bank Credit Analyst in Montreal expects future stock returns to average just 4 percent to 6 percent.Sound impossible? After a much smaller bubble that burst in the mid 1960s Standard & Poor’s 5000 stock average returned 6.9 percent a year (with dividends reinvested) for the following 17 years.Few investors are prepared for that.Right now denial seems to be the attitude of choice.That’s typical, says Lori Lucas of Hewitt, the consulting firm.You hate to look at your investments when they’re going down.Hewitt tracks 500,000 401 (k) accounts every day, and finds that savers are keeping their contributions up.But they’re much less inclined to switch their money around.“It’s the slot machine effect,” Lucas says.“People get more interested in playing when they think they’ve got a hot machine” and nothing’s hot today.The average investor feels overwhelmed.Against all common sense, many savers still shut their eyes to the dangers of owning too much company stock.In big companies last year, a surprising 29 percent of employees held at least three quarters of their 402 (k) in their own stock.Younger employees may have no choice.You often have to wait until you’re 50 or 55 before you can sell any company stock you get as a matching contribution.But instead of getting out when they can, old participants have been holding, too.One third of the people 60 and up chose company stock for three quarters of their plan, Hewitt reports.Are they inattentive? Loyal to a fault? Sick? It’s as if Lucent, Enron and Xerox never happened.No investor should give his or her total trust to any particular company’s stock.And while you’re at it, think how you’d be if future stock returns averaging good years and bad are as poor as Barnes predicts.If you ask me, diversified stocks remain good for the long run, with a backup in bonds.But I, too, am figuring on reduced returns.What a shame.Dear bubble, I’ll never forget.It’s the end of a grand affair.31.The investors’ judgment of the present stock returns seems to be.［A］ fanciful［B］ pessimistic［C］ groundless［D］ realistic32.In face of the current stock market, most stock holders.［A］ stop injecting more money into the stock market［B］ react angrily to the duing stock［C］ switch their money around in the market［D］ turn a deaf ear to the warning33.In the author’s opinion, employees should.［A］ invest in company stock to show loyalty to their employer［B］ get out of their own company’s stock［C］ wait for some time before disposing of their stock［D］ give trust to a particular company’s stock34.It can be inferred from the text that Lucent, Enron and Xerox are names of.［A］ successful businesses［B］ bankrupted companies［C］ stocks［D］ huge corporations35.The author’s attitude towards the long term investors’ decision is.［A］ positive［B］ suspicious［C］ negative［D］ ambiguousText4The real heroine of the novel stands at one remove to the narrative.On the face of it, readers are more likely to empathize with, and be curious about, the mysterious and resourceful slave, Sarah, who forms one point of an emotional triangle.Sarah is the property of Manon, and came with her to a failing Louisiana sugar plantation on her marriage to the good for nothing, bullying owner.But Manon’s husband is soon struck by Sarah, and the proof lies in their idiot small son, Walter.However, the reader is forced to see things through Manon’s eyes, not Sarah’s, and her consciousness is not a comfortable place to be.Never a please or a thank you passes her lips when talking to slaves, though manners is the order of the day in white society.Manon is enormously attracted by inter racial marriage (for the place and time—the early 19th century—such a concern would not be unusual, but in her case it seems pathological).Walter, with “his father’s curly red hair and green eyes, his mother’s golden skin, her full, pushing forward lips”, is the object of her especial hatred, but she chatters on about all the “dreadful mixed blooded”, the objectionable “yellow” people.Beyond Manon’s polarized vision, we glimpse “free negros” and the emerging black middle class.To Manon’s disgust, such people actually have self respect.In New Orleans buying shoes, Manon is taken aback by the shopkeeper’s lack of desired respect.Mixed race prostitutes acquired the affections of male planters by giving them something mysterious their wives cannot often What that might be, and why wives can’t offer it too, are questions Manon can’t even ask, let alone answer.The first third of the book explores the uneasy and unsustainable peace between Manon, Sarah and the man always called just “my husband” or “he”.Against the background of violent slave revolts and equally savage revenges, it’s clear the peace cannot last.It’s part of the subtlety of this book that as the story develops and the inevitable explosion occurs, our view of all the characters swiftly changes.Sarah turns out to deserve all the suspicion Manon directs at her; at the point of death Manon’s husband displays an admirable toughness and courage; and Manon herself wins the reader’s reluctant admiration for her bravery, her endurance, and her total lack of self pity.Perhaps the cruelest aspect of this society is the way it breaks down and distorts family affections.A slave’s baby is usually sold soon after birth; Sarah’s would be husband, if he wants her, must buy her; and Manon herself, after all, is only the property of her husband.36.Which of the following reflects Manon’s attitude towards colored people? ［A］ Sympathetic.［B］ Suspicious.［C］ Concerned.［D］ Disgusted.37.It can be inferred from the text that the novel is written.［A］ with a mobile point of view［B］ with a limited third person singular ［C］ from Manon’s perspective［D］ from Sarah’s eye as a slave38.According to Manon, black people should.［A］ emerge as free middle class citizens［B］ behave submissively towards the whites［C］ have self respect in the mixed race marriage［D］ learn to offer more affection to their wives39.We learn that as the story develops.［A］ readers will think differently of all the characters［B］ Manon’s husband will win back her admiration［C］ the emotional crisis will be swiftly resolved［D］ all the suspicion will be proved against Sarah40.From the text we learn that.［A］ Manon’s husband is a nameless but bullying person［B］ Manon is the real heroine who deserves readers’ sympathy［C］ Sarah is in fact smarter than her master Manon［D］ Walter is a proof of the mixed race prostitutionPart BSample OneDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed.For Questions 41 45, choose the most suitable one from the list A G to fit into each of the numbered blank.There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Theories of the value of art are of two kinds, which we may call extrinsic and intrinsic.The first regards art and the appreciation of art as means to some recognized moral good, while the second regards them as valuable not instrumentally but as objects unto themselves.It is characteristic of extrinsic theories to locate the value of art in its effects on the person who appreciates it.(41).The extrinsic approach, adopted in modern times by Leo Tolstoy in Chto takoye iskusstvo? (1896; What Is Art?), has seldom seemed wholly satisfactory.Philosophers have constantly sought for a value in aesthetic experience that is unique to it and that, therefore, could not be obtained from any other source.The extreme version of this intrinsic approach is that associated with Walter Pater, Oscar Wilde, and the French Symbolists, and summarized in the slogan “art for art’s sake.” (42).Between those two extreme views there lies, once again, a host of intermediate positions.We believe, for example, that works of art must be appreciated for their own sake, but that, in the act of appreciation, we gain from them something that is of independent value.(43).The analogy with laughter which, in some views, is itself a species of aesthetic interest introduces a concept without which there can be no serious discussion of the value of art: the concept of taste.(44).Similarly, we regard some works of art as worthy of our attention and others as not.In articulating this judgment, we use all of the diverse and confusing vocabulary of moral appraisal; works of art, like people, are condemned for their sentimentality, coarseness, vulgarity, cruelty, or self indulgence, and equally praised for their warmth, compassion, nobility, sensitivity, and truthfulness.(The same may apply to the object of natural beauty.) Clearly, if aesthetic interest has a positive value, it is only when motivated by good taste; it is only interest in appropriate objects that can be said to be good for us.(45).［A］ Thus a joke is laughed at for its own sake, even though there is an independent value in laughter, which lightens our lives by taking us momentarily outsideourselves.Why should not something similar be said of works of art, many of which aspire to be amusing in just the way that good jokes are?［B］ All discussion of the value of art tends, therefore, to turn from the outset in the direction of criticism: Can there be genuine critical uation of art, a genuine distinction between that which deserves our attention and that which does not? (And, once again, the question may be extended to objects of natural beauty.)［C］ Art is held to be a form of education, perhaps an education of the emotions.In this case, it becomes an open question whether there might not be some more effective means to the same result.Alternatively, one may attribute a negative value to art, as Plato did in his Republic, arguing that art has a corrupting or diseducative effect on those exposed to it.［D］ Artistic appreciation, a purely personal matter, calls for appropriate means of expression_r_r.Yet, it is before anything a process of “cultivation”, during which a certain part of one’s “inner self” is “dug out” and some knowledeg of the outside world becomes its match.［E］ If I am amused it is for a reason, and this reason lies in the object of my amusement.We thus begin to think in terms of a distinction between good and bad reasons for laughter.Amusement at the wrong things may seem to us to show corruption of mind, cruelty, or bad taste; and when it does so, we speak of the object as not truly amusing, and feel that we have reason on our side.［F］ Such thinkers and writers believe that art is not only an end in itself but also a sufficient justification of itself.They also hold that in order to understand art as it should be understood, it is necessary to put aside all interests other than an interest in the work itself.Sample TwoDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order.For Questions 41 45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A G to fill in each numbered box.The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)[A] Is that what the American viewing public is getting? Perhaps 10% of prime time network programming is a happy combination of entertainment and enrichment.There used to be television movies rich in human values, but they have now become an endangered species.I find television too much concerned with what people have and too little concerned with who they are, very concerned with taking care of No.1 and not at all concerned with sharing themselves with other people.All too often it tells us the half truth we want to hear rather than the whole truth we need to hear.[B] Why is television not more fully realizing its humanizing potential? Is the creative community at fault? Partially.But not primarily.I have lived and worked in that community for 32 years, as both priest and producer.As a group, these people have values.In fact, in Hollywood in recent months, audience enrichment has become their thing.A coalition of media companies has endowed the Humanitas Prize so that it can recognize and celebrate those who accomplish it.[C] Every good story will not only captivate its viewers but also give them some insight into what it means to be a human being.By so doing, it can help them grow into the deeply centered, sovereignty free, joyously loving human being God made them to be.Meaning, freedom and love are the supreme human values.And this is the kind of human enrichment the American viewing public has a right to expect from those who make its entertainment.[D] The problem with American TV is not the lack of storytellers of conscience but the commercial system within which they have to operate.Television in the U.S.is a business.In the past, the business side has been balanced by a commitment to public service.But in recent years the fragmentation of the mass audience, huge interest payments and skyrocketing production costs have combined with the FCC’s abdication of its responsibility to protect the common good to produce an almost total preoccupation with the bottom line.The networks are struggling to survive.And that, the statistics seem to indicate, is mindless, heartless, escapist fare.If we are dissatisfied with the moral content of what we are invited to watch, I think we should begin by examining our own consciences.When we tune in, are we ready to plunge into reality, so as to extract its meaning, or are we hoping to escape into a sedated world of illusion? And if church leaders want to elevate the quality of the country’s entertainment, they should forget about boycotts, production codes and censorship.They should work at educating their people in media literacy and at mobilizing them to support quality shows in huge numbers.[E] It is not a question of entertainment or enrichment.These are complementary concerns and presuppose each other.The story that entertains without enriching is superficial and escapist.The story that enriches without entertaining is simply dull.The story that does both is a delight.[F] That is the only sure way to improve the moral content of America’s entertainment.[G] Despite questions of the motivation behind them, the attacks by the President and the Vice President on the moral content of television entertainment have found an echo in the chambers of the American soul.Many who reject the messengers still accept the message.They do not like the moral tone of American TV.In our society only the human family surpasses television in its capacity to communicate values, provide role models, form consciences and motivate human behavior.Few educators, church leaders or politicians possess the moral influence of those who create the nation’s entertainment.Order:G→41 →42 →43 →44 →45 →FSample ThreeDirection：You are going to read a text about the season for relief， followed by a list of examples.Choose the best example from the list A F for each numbered subheading （41 45）.There is one extra example which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.（10 points）Winter’s harsh weather， shorter hours of daylight and family demands can all aggravate feelings of stress.According to Dr.Paul Rosch， president of the American Institute of Stress， one Midwestern headache clinic reported that complaints of tension and migraine headaches increased 40 percent from Thanksgiving to Christmas，compared with other six week periods during the year.Many physicians are now trained in techniques to relieve tension and stress.But which strategies do they themselves use？ Here top health professionals reveal their favorite stressbusters.Six in all， they are：（41） Soothe with food.When nutritional biochemist Judith Wurtman is stressed out，she does what a lot of people do this time of year： she reaches for food.But in her case， it’s a healthy rice cake or two.（42） Run from your problem.Dr.Kenneth H.Cooper handles his own stress with a daily after work run.（43） Check your perspective.Driving in for a busy day as a MayoClinic stress management expert， psychologist John Taylor saw the oil maintenance light pop on in his minivan.He faced a nonstop schedule of patients and had to pick up his three year old after work.“I felt myself tense up，”recalls Taylor， who then tried his quick stress busting strategy.He asked himself， Is this a matter of life or death？ No.The oil could safely be changed the next week.（44） Look to the light side.On his way to the hospital where his father was to undergo surgery， author and educator Joel Goodman shared a hotel courtesy van with the anxious relatives of several patients.The driver began telling his stressed out passengers a few jokes.“Then he did some magic tricks that had my mother and me laughing，”Goodman says.“In that five minute ride he taught us that humor can relieve our stress.”The surgery was successful.（45） Take a timeout.A major cause of anxiety is an overloaded schedule.It’s one source of stress you can ward off by preparing ahead.Say a little prayer.Psychologist and medical scientist Joan Bprysenko of Boulder，Colo.， maintains that since most people spend too much time agonizing over the past or worrying about the future， the key to lessening stress is learning how to live emotionally in the present.。
2010年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一试题
2010年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and nark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)①In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. ②It hoped they would learn how shop-floor lighting 1 workers' productivity. ③Instead, the studies ended 2 giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect,” the extremely influential idea that the very 3 of being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.①The idea arose because of the 4 behavior of the women in the plant.②According to5 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. ③It did not6 what was done in the experiment;7 something was changed, productivity rose. ④A (n)8 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be9 to alter workers’ behavior 10 itself.①After several decades, the same data were 11 to econometric analysis. ②The Hawthorne experiments had another surprise in store. 12 the descriptions on record, no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.①It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to 14 interpretations of what happened. ②15 , lighting was always changed on a Sunday. ③When work started again on Monday, output 16 rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days.④18 , a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays. ⑤Workers 19 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 20 a plateau and then slackening off.⑥This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down.1. [A] affected[B] achieved [C] extracted[D] restored2. [A] at[B] up[C] with[D] off3. [A] truth [B] sight[C] act[D] proof4. [A] controversial[B] perplexing [C] mischievous[D] ambiguous5. [A] requirements[B] explanations[C] accounts[D] assessments6. [A] conclude [B] matter[C] indicate[D] work7. [A] as far as[B] for fear that[C] in case that[D] so long as8. [A] awareness[B] expectation[C] sentiment[D] illusion9. [A] suitable[B] excessive[C] enough[D] abundant10. [A] about[B] for[C] on[D] by11. [A] compared[B] shown[C] subjected[D] conveyed12. [A] Contrary to [B] Consistent with[C] Parallel with[D] Peculiar to13. [A] evidence[B] guidance[C] implication[D] source14. [A] disputable[B] enlightening[C] reliable[D] misleading15. [A] In contrast[B] For example[C] In consequence[D] As usual16. [A] duly[B] accidentally[C] unpredictably[D] suddenly17. [A] failed[B] ceased[C] started[D] continued18. [A] Therefore[B] Furthermore[C] However[D] Meanwhile19. [A] attempted[B] tended[C] chose [D] intended20. [A] breaking[B] climbing[C] surpassing[D] hittingSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1①Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.①It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. ②Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews. ③To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.①We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared.②In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. ③Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. ④These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. ⑤“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are’.”①Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. ②Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. ③During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography(1947) became a best-seller. ④He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. ⑤Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.①Is there any chance that Cardus’s criticism will enjoy a revival? ②The prospect seems remote. ③Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. ④Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers[B] English-language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by[A] free themes[B] casual style[C] elaborate layout[D] radical viewpoints23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?[A] It is writers’ duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25. What would be the best title for the text?[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism[D] Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2①Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods. ② received one for its “one-click” online payment system. ③Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. ④One inventor patented a technique for liftinga box.①Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago.②In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. ③In re Bilski, as the case is known, is “a very big deal,” says Dennis D. Crouch of the University of Missouri School of Law. ④It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”①Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. ②That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging Internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of online transactions. ③Later, more established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. ④In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents, despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them. ⑤Similarly, some Wall Street investment firms armed themselves with patents for financial products,even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.①The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market.②The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court’s judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its State Street Bank ruling.①The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Court that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. ②Last April, for example, the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. ③The judges on the Federal Circuit are “reacting to the anti-patent trend at the Supreme Court,” says Harold C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of[A] their limited value to businesses.[B] their connection with asset allocation.[C] the possible restriction on their granting.[D] the controversy over their authorization.27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions.[B] It involves a very big business transaction.[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.28. The word “about-face” (Para. 3) most probably means[A] loss of goodwill.[B] increase of hostility.[C] change of attitude.[D] enhancement of dignity.29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents[A] are immune to legal challenges.[B] are often unnecessarily issued.[C] lower the esteem for patent holders.[D] increase the incidence of risks.30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?[A] A looming threat to business-method patents.[B] Protection for business-method patent holders.[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents.[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patents.Text 3①In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that “social epidemics” are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected. ②The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread.①The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the “two-step flow of communication” : Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else. ②Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people willdo most of the work for them. ③The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. ④In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. ⑤Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.①In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. ②In fact, they don’t seem to be required at all.①The researchers’ argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others. ②Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. ③For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.④If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people.①Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced. ②They found that the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades” —the widespread propagation of influence through networks—is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics.[B] discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas.[C] exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics.[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32. The author suggests that the “two-step-flow theory”[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems.[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends.[C] has won support from influentials.[D] requires solid evidence for its validity.33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions.[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media.[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public.[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention.34. The underlined phrase “these people” in Paragraph 4 refers to the ones who[A] stay outside the network of social influence.[B] have little contact with the source of influence.[C] are influenced and then influence others.[D] are influenced by the initial influential.35. What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?[A] The eagerness to be accepted.[B] The impulse to influence others.[C] The readiness to be influenced.[D] The inclination to rely on others.Text 4①Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public. ②Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else the accounting standard-setters. ③Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it’s just not fair. ④These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.①Unfortunately, banks’ lobbying now seems to be working. ②The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised. ③And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult. ④After a bruising encounter with Congress, America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) rushed through rule changes. ⑤These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statements. ⑥Bob Herz, the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who question our motives. ⑦Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls the use of judgment by management.①European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) do likewise. ②The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. ③Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did not live in a political vacuum but in the real world and the Europe could yet develop different rules.①It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. ②Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts. ③The truth will not be known for years.④But banks’ shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. ⑤And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.①To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. ②America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive. ③Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. ④The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility interests. ⑤But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.36. Bankers complained that they were forced to[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules.[B] collect payments from third parties.[C] cooperate with the price managers.[D] re-evaluate some of their assets.37. According to the author, the rule changes of the FASB may result in[A] the diminishing role of management.[B] the revival of the banking system.[C] the banks’ long-term asset losses.[D] the weakening of its independence.38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB’s attempt to[A] keep away from political influences.[B] evade the pressure from their peers.[C] act on their own in rule-setting.[D] take gradual measures in reform.39. The author thinks the banks were “on the wrong planet” in that they[A] misinterpreted market price indicators.[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets.[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts.[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets.40. The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of[A] satisfaction.[B] skepticism.[C] objectiveness.[D] sympathy.Part BDirections:For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out; theconsumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to5 percent a year across Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent.Meanwhile, as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving Europeangrocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in their own backyard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market?Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy. At any rate, this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply theirgigantic scale, existing infrastructure, and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits thereby. At least, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in which their particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors. New skills and unfamiliar business models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closelyexamined—France, Germany, Italy, and Spain—are made out of the same building blocks.Demand comes mainly from two sources: independent mom-and-pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are too small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers when they don’t eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”: hotels, restaurants, and cafés. Overall, Europe’s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales came to $268 billion in France, Germany, Italy,Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000—more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often; and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers (and even some large foodproducers and existing wholesalers) from trying their hand, for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)One basic weakness in a conservation system based wholly on economic motives is that most members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it, we invent excuses to give it economic importance. At the beginning of the century songbirds were supposed to be disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. The evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.It is painful to read these roundabout accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn nearer the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.A parallel situation exists in respect of predatory mammals and fish-eating birds. (48) Time was when biologists somewhat overworked the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on “worthless” species. Here again, the evidence had to be economic in order to be valid. It is only in recent years that we hear the more honest argument that predators are members of the community, and that no special interest has the right to exterminate them for the sake of a benefit, real or fancied, to itself.Some species of trees have been “read out of the party” by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale value to pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is ecologically more advanced, the noncommercial tree species are recognized as members of the native forest community, to be preserved as such, within reason. Moreover, some have been found to have a valuable function in building up soil fertility. The interdependence of the forest and its constituent tree species, ground flora, and fauna is taken for granted.To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided. (50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack commercial value, but that are essential to its healthy functioning. It assumes, falsely, that the economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.Section ⅢWritingPart A51. Directions:You are supposed to write for the Postgraduates’ Association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization. The notice should include the basic qualifications for applicants and the other information which you think is relevant.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use “Postgraduates’ Association” instead.(10 points)Part B52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)。
2010教育部考试中心考研英语模拟试题（新题型9）
2010年教育部考试中⼼考研英语模拟试题 ----新题型PartB汇编 9、Directions: You are going to read a list of headings and a text about preparing in the academic community. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) [A] Many studies conclude that children with highly involved fathers, in relation to children with less involved fathers, tend to be more cognitively and socially competent, less inclined toward gender stereotyping, more empathic, and psychologically better adjusted. Commonly, these studies investigate both paternal warmth and paternal involvement and find-using simple correlations-that the two variables are related to each other and to youth outcomes. [B] Boys seemed to conform to the sex-role standards of their culture when their relationships with their fathers were warm, regardless of how “masculine” the fathers were, even though warmth and intimacy have traditionally been seen as feminine characteristics. A similar conclusion was suggested by research on other aspects of psychosocial adjustment and on achievement: Paternal warmth or closeness appeared beneficial, whereas paternal masculinity appeared irrelevant. [C] The critical question is: How good is the evidence that fathers’ amount of involvement, without taking into account its content and quality, is consequential for children, mothers, or fathers themselves? The associations with desirable outcomes found in much research are actually with positive forms of paternal involvement, not involvement per se. Involvement needs to be combined with qualitative dimensions of paternal behavior through the concept of “positive paternal involvement”developed here. [D] Commonly, researchers assessed the masculinity of fathers and of sons and then correlated the two sets of scores. Many behavioral scientists were surprised to discover that no consistent results emerged from this research until they examined the quality of the father-son relationship. Then they found that when the relationship between masculine fathers and their sons was warm and loving, the boys were indeed more masculine. Later, however, researchers found that the masculinity of fathers per se did not seem to make much difference after all. As summarized by: [E] The second domain in which a substantial amount of research has been done on the influence of variations in father love deals with father involvement, that is, with the amount of time that fathers spend with their children (engagement), the extent to which fathers make themselves available to their children (accessibility), and the extent to which they take responsibility for their children’s care and welfare (responsibility). [F] It is unclear from these studies whether involvement and warmth make independent or joint contributions to youth outcomes. Moreover, “caring for” children is not necessarily the same thing as “caring about” them. Indeed, Lamb concluded from his review of studies of paternal involvement that it was not the simple fact of paternal engagement (i.e., direct interaction with the child), availability, or responsibility for child care that was associated with these outcomes. Rather, it appears that the quality of the father-child relationship made the greatest difference. J. H. Pleck reiterated this conclusion when he wrote: [G] Research by Veneziano and Rohner supports these conclusions. In a biracial sample of 63 African American and European American children, the authors found from multiple regression analyses that father involvement by itself was associated with children’s psychological adjustment primarily insofar as it was perceived by youths to be an expression of paternal warmth (acceptance). [H] Many studies looking exclusively at the influence of variations in father love deal with two topics: (a) gender role development and (b) father involvement. Studies of gender role development emerged prominently in the 1940s and continued through the 1970s. This was a time when fathers were considered to be especially important as gender role models for sons. Order: H→41.( )→42. ( )→43. ( )→A→44. ( )→45. ( ) →G 答案 41.D 42.B 43.E 44.F 45.C 总体分析 本⽂是⼀篇介绍⽗爱对孩⼦成长的影响的说明⽂。
2010年考研英语模拟试题及答案解析节选（一）
Section Ⅰ Use of English Directions: Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points) What does it mean to say that we live in a world of persuasion? It means that we live 1 competing interests.Your roommate’s need to study for an exam may take 2 over pizza.Your instructor may have good reasons not to change your grade.And the 3 of your romantic interest may have other options。
In such a world, persuasion is the art of getting others to give fair and 4 consideration to our point of view.When we persuade, we want to influence 5 others believe and behave.We may not always prevail—other points of view may be more persuasive, 6 on the listener, the situation, and the merits of the case.But when we practice the art of persuasion, we try to 7 that our position receives the attention it deserves。