Chapter 5 Testing Vocabulary
vocabulary testing
• Thornbury explains that we could ask about anything. The main reason for testing is that it gives us information about how well the students proceed in their learning of English. • It gives us a useful feedback to both teachers and students. It will have a positive effect. • In general, testing helps to "recycle" vocabulary as well as to consolidate it.
We can use it either for testing single words, words in sentences or in texts. Single words can be tested through definitions, for example: tangle means a) type of dance b) a tropical forest c) a confused mass d) a kind of fruit Words can be tested in sentences, for example: There is a good _________ at the Odeon tonight. A) screen B) film C) showing D) acting
Brief overview of vocabulary testing Why to test vocabulary? What to test? Sources of words to test Vocabulary testing techniques Notices
Vocabulary
VocabularyUnit 1 Science VS. the Humanities1.They decided to perpetuate the memory of their leader by erecting a statue.2.After young people step into the society, they will be beset with various temptations.3.The gypsy girl swayed her hips in a sensuous way as she danced.4.The protestant uttered a few commonplaces about peace and democracy.5.The elephant’s trunk is a unique form of appendage.6.By making a remark about the weather unobtrusively, she kept the conversation going.7.His Hamlet was a(an) revelation to the critics.8.When little Tommy could not get his way, his behavior became perverse and contrary.9.Someone must have rummaged about among my papers, for my drawer is in a mess.10.When choosing a job, don’t be swayed just by promises of high earnings.11.You have to see these changes in context: they’re part of a larger plan.12.She strongly denounced the government’s hypocrisy in dealing with the Israeli-Palestine issue.13.He hopes to gain her favor by pandering to her desire for continuous praise.14.The rain sent all the farmers who were working in the fields scurrying for shelter.15.The police questioned the veracity of the suspect’s statement.16.Each morning the priest spent an hour in quiet contemplation.17.If one aids and abets a criminal, he is also considered culpable.18.To put it bluntly, this article is too verbose, we must edit it.19.Even though the evidence is overwhelming, if one juror is still skeptical, the case must be retried.20.Although we are in different parties, his ideas on politics are exactly in line with mine.21.The report made out its case for increased spending on education.22.Celebrated the world over for his writing, he still refused to put himself in the foreground.23.Producers of pornographic material often claim that they are catering to a psychological need.24.By dint of sheer toughness and real courage, the expeditioners（探险队员，考察队员）lived through the jungle difficulties and dangers.25.“Could I impose on you for a little help with this letter? I don’t quite know the best way to phrase it without causing offense.”26.Racial discrimination and injustice are ubiquitous and deeply ingrained in this country.pared with modern satellite dishes, ordinary TV aerials look positively antiquated.mon sense and creativity are some of the intangibles we’re looking for in an employee.29.His parents had settled in the crowded ghettoes（犹太人区，贫民区）of the big city, surrounded by desperate poverty and anarchic violence.30.The Prime Minister had an in-depth exchange of views and reached broad agreement with his European counterparts on questions of protecting environment for human survival and combating international crimes.Unit 3 The Age of Advertising1.Graduates who intend to get on in the state system have, in their own interests, to conform to the rule and take the additional one-year course that is provided for them.2.Do you think that Joy will get the award for this year’s best fashion designer? She is hard-working and able, but no genius.3.The new fashion soon lost its appeal awaiting the next cycle.4.Her pulse started throbbing when she saw there were books scattered over the carpet and a bowl of roses was overturned.5.It was a large house containing a spacious sitting-room, four separate bedrooms and a communal kitchen.6.The big Yorkshire combine, John Smith’s Tadcaster brewery, was reported to merge with Warwick and Richardson, the brewers of Newark, Notts.7.The increasing tempo of the new economic world could no longer afford to dispense with mechanics, hydrostatics, optics, navigation, etc.8.This is an ambitious scheme to raise such a big sum of money in such a short time.9.His reluctance to admit the failure outraged public opinion.10.In some ways it will be a testing occasion for him, although some think his position unassailable simply because there is no one else in sight to supplant him.11.Rome was not built in a day: strongholds of tradition reinforced by stubborn religious conviction, often biased and prejudiced, could not be broken down in a moment.12.All the publicity stunts in an advertising campaign were contrived to promote the sales of the products.13.When truth is mingled with falsehood, truth is no longer taken as truth.14.Equally important have been the Hobhouse journals, a vast mass of material partly in the British Museum, partly in the possession of the Hobhouse family in Somerset.15.Well prepared and confident, Tim appeared unabashed by all the media attention.16.The impact of computer has been likened to that of the printing press.17.The 16th century decorative style is grotesque in that parts of human, animal, and plant forms are distorted and mixed.18.He was reputed to be the real writer of the two epic poems.19.The tyrannical ruling and heavy taxation nourished strong resentment from the oppressed.20.During the presidential election campaign, strategies and oratory are both crucial for public debates.21.The spreading scandalous rumors severely undermined his reputation as a fierce warrior and trustful leader.22.Mrs. Robin was driven almost insane by the inconsolable grief at her husband’s sudden death.23.The ancient epic written by the anonymous writer glorified the hero’s deeds in battle.24.She seemed to be obsessed with irrational fear that someone was plotting to murderher.25.A profound frightful stillness spread over the city. Suddenly weird shrieks were heard in the darkness.Unit 4 A Jazz Tradition1．Some contemporary(同时代的) musicians deliberately use dissonance（谐音）to achieve certain effects.2．The workers’demand for higher wages（工资）was a catalyst（催化剂）which led to important social changes.3．In a poem, cadences（节奏）are arranged in regular sequence.4．His earthy(粗俗的) sense of humor often embarrassed the ladies in his audience.5．In order to create vivid characters in his novel, a writer has to draw down his imagination and experience.6．The unskilled eye of the layman has difficulty in discerning（识别）the nuances（细微差别）of color in the paintings.7．He would sit at the piano and improvise for hours on themes from Bach and Handel.8．It was undeniable that this invention heralded（预示…的到来）the age of the computer.9．As one of the greatest soloists in the world，Callas had an astonishing vocal range.10．In terms of stellar(星球的)distances a journey from the earth to the moon would appear very short.11．The advertising of cigarette and tobacco is as insidious as it is dishonest because the advertisements on display always depict（描述）virile，clean-shaven young men and suggest it is manly to smoke, even positively healthy.12．Despite his great commercial success he still yearns for（渴望）critical approval.13．Several attempts to arrange a protest（抗议）march failed to gather momentum（动力）.14．It is believed that credit is the lifeblood(命脉) of the consumer society.15．Flighty（轻浮的，轻狂的）women can not be relied on because they often have volatile（多变）dispositions(性情).16．Autism（自闭症）is a total lack of language, a pervasive lack of responsiveness to people, and peculiar speech patterns.17．Brevity is essential when you send a telegram or cablegram；you are charged for every word.18．There’s no use wailing（哭泣）over mistakes made in the past.You should pluck up（拾起）courage to face the problems.19．He failed the exam because none of his answers were pertinent（切题的）to the questions asked.20．Nothing he says is spontaneous; he always thinks carefully before he speaks.21．Steel is highly resilient（弹性）and therefore is used in the manufacture of springs.22．We can meld our two small businesses into a larger one for further development.23．In his farewell performance, the famous musician played a piano sonata of his own composition.24．You can not deny the fact that his business skill complements her flair(资质，天分) for design.25．The crude typewriter on display in this museum is the prototype of the elaborate machines in use today.26．Her feeling of exuberance was so contagious that all the other patients were soon smiling or laughing.27．This riot（暴乱）is only one manifestation of people’s discontent（不满）.It is imperative （必要的）that the government should take actions to improve their working style.28．Bessie’s mind was not quite in tune with（与…一致）the profundities（深奥）of that learned journal（学术期刊）.29．The funeral was interrupted by a burst of gunfire as the priest intoned the liturgy（祷告文）for the latest victim of the fighting.30．The way the police treated him was akin to the worst sort of torture（折磨）.Unit 5 The Science of Custom1.Wishes to know the unknown, control the uncontrollable and bring order to chaos are basically human attributes.2.Most of the social sciences tend to fasten their attention on a single society, usually the particular country.3.They fawned those in favor and bullied those who had fallen from grace.4.These cues, which may be words, gesture, facial expressions, customs or norms, are acquired by all of in the course of growing up and are as much as a part of our culture as the language we speak or the belief we accept.5.Individuals differ greatly in the degree in which culture shock affects them.6.Stereotypes originate develop from numerous sources such as jokes, textbooks, movies and television7.The past experiences, successes and failures, education, family background, etc., can shape out mental attitude toward life.8.Anthropology distinguishes itself from all other social sciences by offering a distinctive cross-cultural perspective to compare the customs of our society with those of others.9. The critic Dorothy Parker wrote that play which runs the gamut of emotions from hope to despair.10.That country boasts a far-flung coast line with many natural harbors.11.No matter how much the anthropologist learns about that culture, he or she remains a(n) alien there.12.Those tribal groups retain their tribal identity and uniqueness by conscious efforts to prescribe the traditional and customary and to reject the new.13.Mental retardation refers to significantly sub-average general intellectual functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior,and manifested during the developmental period.14.The plain was blanketed with the pristine whiteness of newly-fallen snow.15.His position makes it incumbent to look into this thorny issue.16.In the debate, both sides should not judge the issue by their own preferential weighting of it.17.By preserving their language and much of their aboriginal ritual structure, the Rio Grande Pueblos have been able to maintain their culture and identity for more than 300 years, despite their nominal conversion to Catholicism.18.The aberrant behavior of Johnson,s aroused great concern among his colleagues.19.Tyior’s definition of culture focuses on beliefs and behavior that people acquire not through biological heredity but by growing up in a particular society where they are exposed to a specific cultural tradition.20.It is a fact that the old superstitious beliefs still hold sway over people,s mind in some countries.21.By viewing life,s various peaks in terms of physiology we can easily get the feeling that we are part of a giant give-and-take plan.22.The painting was a valuable family possession which had been handed down from generation to generation.23.she studies many magazines and books about fashion, entertaining and correct social behavior as she wants to appear sophisticated.24.The self-image is a premise upon which your entire personality, your behavior and even your circumstances are built.25.Lovelock put forward his postulate that the physical and chemical condition of the surface of the Earth, of the atmosphere and of the oceans has been and is actively made fit and comfortable by the presence of life itself.26.His fortuitous presence and his prompt action saved the child from the disaster.27.The imaginative engineers finally produced an elaborate design for Disney Land in Florida.28.The legal cases he elaborated on were beyond the pale of his comprehension.29.It was a land where civilization had reached its depth,and cunning intrigue was the distinguishing feature of behavior .30.The new law gives the police summary powers to expel suspected terrorists from the country.Unit 7 Labor, Leisure, and the New Class1. With hard work and a bit of luck he quickly rose to affluence and established a computer empire all by himself.2. She could find no plausible explanation for the disappearance of the documents; nor could she give any evidence for her whereabouts at the time they were stolen.3. The people throughout the world are willing to work towards, and fight for, ifnecessary, the elimination of the terrorism from the world scene.4. After a riot, drastic measures were taken to restore order in the city.5. The government is planning to transform large areas of marginal land into suitable for crop growing .6. He mistakenly thought he had a permanent claim on the Party simply because he had performed some useful services in the past.7. The military intervention by one country in the affairs of another should be strongly condemned and prohibited by international law and legitimate forces.8. Journeying through the world is a hazardous business and it is mistake to look for too much security.9. Graham realized, nearly two hundred years ago, that alcohol diminished physical and sexual performance.10. For many years they had worked without stint to the best of their ability and knowledge for their job.11. The foregoing precedent need not prejudice our assessment of Frank’s prospects unduly as there are extenuating circumstances in his case.12.Owen returned to his native land and was soon in trouble with the magistrates of Edinburgh for giving a lecture deemed improper for public discussions.13. Teaching is regarded by some as an unrewarding profession financially.14. Can we solve the border conflict between the two countries without resort to force?15. Of course there is some truth in all this, but only up to a point.16. Stamp duty on share transactions is prohibitively high for the newcomer with less than 500 to invest and exemption could be made for sums under this.17. Cold and exhaustion at length forced the Indians to make for the shore under cover of darkness,with the leaves of aquatic plants as the camouflage for their heads.18. It might well be that the foundations of the new field would be laid,and never before had such tremendous innovations and plans for the future been contemplated.19. For a long time it was thought to be a harmless substance but there,s recently been some proof to the contrary and you,re now warned off it.20. The general grant takes account of the cost of local services and has beensubstantially increased each year since its introduction.21. Fixed to such a stand,the drill can be brought to the job with great precision ,while pressure is increased easily by using the spring-loaded lever provided with the assembly.22. Prima facie evidence is sometimes sufficient to establish a fact or to raise a presumption of the truth of a fact unless controverted.23. On this return to the council meeting attired in the mayoral robes,and after taking the oath of the office,the new Mayor thanked the council for the honor they had accorded to him.24. However impeccable her own behavior,she should avoid living with,or near,people who clearly have less regard for convention.25. After a few sleepless nights surfing on the cyber-net he became so slack that he kept making silly mistakes.26. In a dignity consonant with his rank he deports himself in public as if high rank automatically confers the right to be obeyed.27. The increasing sale of luxury goods is a(n) index of the country,s prosperity.28. Institutions like universities should indoctrinate young people with the morals and values generally accepted by the society.29. The last of the old man,s exiguous saving was donated to the Hope Project used for the education of a parentless teenager.30. Martin Luther King was a leader of the movement of civil rights and an advocator of nonviolence ,for violence was abhorrent to his gentle nature and the cause he pursued all his life.Unit 11 The Language of Colors, Myths, and Symbols1. She is annoyed by the hypocrisy of some governments which claim to support equal rights but never give women important government posts.2. The members in favor of his suggestion signified their agreement by raising their hands.3. I do not believe that I am a vindictive man, but when the immortal gods take a hand in the matter it is pardonable to observe the result with complacency.4. In the Western religious culture God is regarded as the primal force in the universe.5. His paper is well written with coherent arguments and original viewpoints.6. In the imperial system length is measured in inches, feet and yards, weight in ounces and pounds and volume in pints and gallons.7. Social Darwinism was a perversion of Darwin’s evolutionary ideas which constituted the dominant intellectual paradigm of the time.8. The social behavior of ants and bees is determined, by and large, by instinct.9. More care in the future will prevent recurrence of such a mistake.10. But, Mr. Senator, this is not the point in question! You have misunderstood me.11. West Lake boasts a fine landscape making the tourists reminiscent of the picture of a fairy tale.12. The African boys have to go through the initiation ceremony before they are acknowledged as adults.13. There have been many modern movements within India to ease the hardships brought about by the caste system, especially as it affects those without any caste, the “untouchable”.14. In these primitive tribes you will find that their religious are all tinged by superstition.15. Prudence, justice, fortitude, temperance, faith, hope, and charity are considered to be cardinal virtues in ethics.16. All the negotiators have expressed considerable ambivalence about the prospects for peace.17. That village would hold mystic rites and ceremony each year to invoke the gods’blessing for the coming year.18. The revival of classical Literature brought about the great change in the minds of the populace in the 16th century in Europe.19. I looked strange, not to say dangerous. Hatless, dew-soaked, smeared with yellow mud, and holding, as if it were a baby or a bomb, a little tin pail of sand.20. Some scientist hypothesized that there are intelligent beings on some celestial bodies.21. The Civil Defense evacuated all the inhabitants from the area where the storm was predicted to visit.22. The driver tried to avert the accident by bringing his car to a sudden stop, butbecause of brake failure he had to crash it up against a lamppost by the roadside.23. Some imitations are so well-wrought that one will never distinguish them from the genuine ones.24. I can’t dissociate the man from his political opinions-they’re one and the same thing.25. The proposed environmental amendment has not been ratified by all fifty states.26. Her style of dress accentuated her extreme slenderness and invited all attention at the party.27. The disease which once claimed millions of lives in the world has now been eradicated.28. Some young writhers will deliberately travesty Whitman’s style of poetic creations to achieve certain effects.29. The rivalry between the tow construction companies was obvious, neither would give way to the other.30. The police have been accused of having stereotyped images of black people.Unit 13 Society and the Individual1.He was amenable to any suggestions which came from those he looked up to; he resented advice from his inferiors.2.Don’t keep asking me what to do; use your own discretion.3.Though the chairman made a long speech, what he said fell under three general heads.4.The government is bringing in stricter laws to deter drunken drivers.5.The terrorists made the pilot accept their demands not to land by coercion.6.The punishment had a salutary effect on the boy as he became a model student.7.The crafty lawyer was influenced more by expediency than by the love of justice.8.His problem seemed to be complex in the first instance, but they could solve it easily.9.The judge said he would forbear from sending her to prison, on the condition that she promised not to steal again.10.Out of hatred for cruelty and unjust power, the people united and rebelled against the despotism of the king.11.There was a highly speculative story in the newspaper today about the possibility of tax increases.12.He interposed his considerable bulk( i.e. body) between me and the window, so thatI could not see out.13.Let us be exact in what we say so as to preclude any possibility of misunderstanding.14.Joan of Arc refused to renounce her statements even though she knew she would be burned at she stake as a witch.15.The consequences of the establishment of the colonies were a rapid and careless depletion of natural resources, and appalling human suffering.16.I would contend that unemployment is our most serious social evil.17.Whether Captain Turnbill or I was right remains to be proved in the sequel.18.They would never countenance such a plan because it did not seem to be workable.19.The workers agreed to forgo a pay increase for the sake of greater job security.20.The encroachment of the factories upon the neighborhood lowered the value of the real estate.21.The newly promoted captain asserted his authority by making the two contending sides be quiet.22.He is mentally ill and cannot be held accountable for his actions.23.Some cells, such as epithelia(上皮细胞), proliferate more rapidly when the body is asleep than when it is awake.24.She feels guilty because her conscience remonstrates against a sinful life.25.The special prosecutor determined that the Attorney General, though inept, had not intentionally set out to impede the progress of the investigation.26.Students of the Berry School for Mountain Children helped pay for their education by doing part-time labor that pertained to their particular course of study.27.The most typical feature of the Moon’s surface is its profusion of craters, the largest of which are more than one hundred miles in diameter.28.He shows fortitude in spite of his misfortunes, so I have implicit faith in his success.29.Maria Callas became one of the world’s most widely known opera singers because of her musical talent, acting ability, and fiery disposition.30.After taking his office, the commissioner set out to perform the duties incident to his position of responsibility.Unit 14 The Fabric of Meaning1.In corroboration of his story he produced a signed statement from his employer.2.The discovery of the planet Pluto is an excellent example of the results that can be obtained from inductive reasoning.3.The removal of American political support appeared to have precipitated the downfall of the Marcos regime.4.In order to make his theory understandable the scientist elucidated his theory by a few simple demonstrations.5.Because the damage to his car had been negligible, Michael decided he wouldn’t bother to report the matter to his insurance company.6.After lengthy negotiation, the two sides have reached the trade agreement which will help to strengthen the nexus between the two countries.7.I’ve got a very prosaic job, so I like to travel to interesting places on my holidays.8.I need some time to get oriented wherever I go to a new place.9. A fall in demand for oil tankers has placed thousands of jobs in the shipbuilding industry in jeopardy.10.So you fitted that wire though that little hole there : that’s very ingenious.11.The throes of despair can be as devastating as the spasms accompanying physical pain.12.They wish to promote a real and effectual understanding between the two countries.13.As I lived in the turbulent years, my personal story was interwoven with war and diplomacy.14.He worked off the fat around his waist by doing physical exercise every morning.15.The abrogation of their trade agreements with the country they were at war with was an impediment to the development of the economy in their own country.16.This country is rife with corruption scandals which have undermined many people’s faith in the government.17.This new technique was acclaimed as a medical breakthrough.18.Knowing she needed to have a solid majority for the budget to pass, the mayor telephoned all the members of the city council to solicit their votes.19.The dancer confounded the critic who said she was finished by giving the best performance of the life.20.That ideology is dangerous to his country because it embrace undemocratic philosophies,21.Nobody minded when Professor Renior’s lectures wandered away from the official theme; his digressions were always more fascinating than the topic of day.22.After numerous experiments, nutritionists have found that there is more sustenance in cocoa than in tea.23.In his will, he requested that after payment of debts, taxes, and funeral expenses, the residue be given to his wife.24.Undoubtedly, he has high social position. However, if he defies the law, he may also find himself in prison.25.Many educators tried to put pupils of similar abilities in the same class because they believe that this homogeneous grouping is advisable.26.Although the intrinsic value of this award is small, I shall always cherish it.27.Paul was severely criticized by the leader because his behavior is totally incompatible with the aims of the society.28.Before agreeing to reduce American military forces in Europe, the president stipulate that NATO teams be allowed to inspect Soviet bases.29.The speaker dwelt on that point for several minutes, and the audience were annoyed and bored by his discursive remarks.30.With the help of science and technology, motorways have largely superseded ordinary roads for long-distance travel.。
Chapter 5 Testing Vocabulary
- the students’ textbook (provided the items approximate to those used in natural speech situations);
5.1 Selection of items
A careful selection, or sampling, of lexical items for inclusion in a test is generally a most exacting task (艰巨的工作).
What do traditional types of vocabulary tests test?
They test a knowledge of words which are rarely used in ordinary speech.
What are the tasks for the writer of a vocabulary test?
The first task is to determine the degree on testing the students’ active or passive vocabulary.
(a) the use of false synonyms ( words with equivalent meanings to the key word
underlined ): I’d like to book two _____ in the circle, please.
seats (correct answer) chairs (false synonym)
雅思5 test 1 vocab 总结
雅思5Test 1Section 1Deposit n.储蓄，存款；保证金；沉淀物；寄存，寄存品vt.&vi.储蓄；寄存；放置，安置；付保证金Section 2Tip n.顶端；小费；小建议，小窍门；轻拍vt.给小费；倾斜，翻倒；装顶端vi.给小费；翻倒；倾覆cot n.小床；小房子Verdict [ˈvɚdɪkt] n.（陪审团的）裁决；裁定；（经过试验、检验或体验发表的）决定；意见Brake [brek]n.制动器，闸；刹车；阻碍vt.& vi.刹（车）Hazard [ˈhæzəd]vt.冒险；使遭受危险n.危险；冒险的事；机会；双骰子游戏Niggle [ˈnɪɡəl]vi.为小事操心，吹毛求疵；不断地烦扰Discontinue vt.& vi.（使）终止，中断，中止Detach [dɪˈtætʃ] vt.分离，拆开；派遣；分派；使超然Rust n.铁锈；锈病，锈菌；荒废，停滞；锈，锈色vt.& vi.（使）生锈；[植]害锈病；变钝，荒废Bent adj.弯曲的；决心的；<英>腐败的；同性恋n.爱好，癖好；[建]排架；剪股颖属草；[植]梗草，荒草地v.（使）弯曲，屈身(bend的过去式和过去分词)Section 3Diploma [dɪˈplomə] n.毕业文凭；学位证书；公文；奖状v.发毕业文凭Prospectus [prəˈspɛktəs]n.内容说明书；（即将出版的书等的）内容介绍，简介；计划书，意见书；（讲义等的）大纲Intensive [ɪnˈtɛnsɪv]adj.加强的，强烈的；[农]精耕细作的；[语]加强语意的；（农业方法）集约的n.加强器；[语]强义词，强调成份Financial adj.财政的；财务的；金融的；有钱的Circumstance n.环境，境遇；事实，细节；典礼，仪式vt.使处于某种特定的情况之下Relevant adj.有关的，中肯的；相关联的；确切的；有重大意义[作用]的，实质性的Current adj.现在的；最近的；流行的；流传的n.趋势；电流；水流；涌流Qualification n.资格，授权；条件，限制；合格证书Afford to （买）得起（某物）Modular [ˈmɑdʒəlɚ] adj.模的；（尤指英国大学里的课程）分单元的（由独立单元组成，学生可选修）；（机器、建筑等）组合式的；模块化的Flexible adj.灵活的；易弯曲的；柔韧的；易被说服的Seminar n.研讨班，讲习会；研讨小组；研讨会；培训会Mixture n.混合，混杂；混杂的事物[人群]；混合（状态）Survey vt.调查；勘测；俯瞰Attractive adj.有魅力的；引人注目的；迷人的；招人喜爱的Section 4Attitude n.态度，看法；[戏剧]（表演时的）姿势Be unwilling to 不愿意Pretension [prɪˈtɛnʃən]n.假装，做作；要求，主张；自负；借口vt.[建]预张，预拉Assumption n.假定，假设；承担；想当然；采取Tend to 朝某方向；趋向；偏重Household n.家庭，户；（集合词）全家人，（包含人在内的）家眷，家属，家里人；家庭；（英）王室adj.家庭的，家内的，一家的；日常的，家常的，普通的；家喻户晓的；王室的Priority n.优先，优先权；（时间，序上的）先，前；优先考虑的事；[数]优先次序Spouse n.配偶，夫或妻Poverty n.贫穷；缺乏，不足；贫瘠，不毛；低劣Crisis n.危机；危难时刻；决定性时刻，紧要关头；转折点Pension n.退休金，养老金；膳宿费；生活津贴；寄宿学校vt.发给…养老金[退休金]；准予退休，强迫退休（并发给退休金）Inform vt.通知；使活跃，使充满；预示vi.通知；告发Initiative n.主动性；主动精神；倡议；主动权adj.自发的；创始的；初步的Enrolling v.招收( enrol的现在分词)；吸收；入学；加入；[亦作enrol]( enroll的现在分词)；登记，招收，使入伍（或入会、入学等），参加，成为成员；记入名册；卷起，包起Profitable adj.有利可图的，有益的；可赚钱的，合算的Low-risk 低危的，低风险的Investment n.投资，投资额；封锁；（时间、精力的）投入；值得买的东西Proportion n.比，比率；[数学]比例（法）；面积；相称，平衡vt.使成比例；使相称；使均衡。
计算机英语学生用书(第二版)习题答案chapter 05.
II. True or False III.Answering Questions IV. Translating Terms
Vocabulary
V. Selecting Words
Collocation Summary
• First generation—— machine language • Second generation—— assembly language • Third generation—— high-level languages • Fourth generation—— very-high-level
5. T
IIV. Exercises—Comprehension
III. Answer the following question.
1. List the five steps of programming.
1. Programming is traditionally a five-step problem-solving process. The five steps are as follows: The first step: Problem definition The second step: Program design The third step: Program coding The fourth step: Program testing The fifth step: Program documentation and maintenance
languages • Fifth generation—— natural languages
hrm-chapter5
(5) Critical incident method Critical incident method: keeping a record of uncommonly good or undesirable examples of an employee’s workrelated behavior and reviewing it with the employee at predetermined times. Advantages: • It provides actual examples of good and poor performance the supervisor can use to explain the person’s rating. • It ensures that the manager or supervisor thinks about the subordinate’s appraisal all during the year. Disadvantage: • Without other rating, this method is not too useful for comparing employees or making salary decisions.
Chapter 5. Appraising and managing performance
Organizational structure Corporation Culture
Job analysis HR Planning & recruiting Employee testing & selection Appraising performance Training & development
vocabularytests
Four case studies for vocabulary testsIn chapter five, the author discusses four tests for vocabulary tests: the V oluntary Levels Test; the Eurocentres V ocabulary Size Test (EVST); the V ocabulary Knowledge Scale (VKS) and the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL). The first two kinds of tests are measures of vocabulary size, whereas the VKS is designed to assess depth of vocabulary knowledge, and the TOEFL is a proficiency test which is closely associated with vocabulary items.The Vocabulary Levels TestThe V ocabulary Levels Test was devised by Paul Nation in the early 1980s as an instrument to help teachers to develop a vocabulary teaching and learning program for students, especially migrant or international students. The test is in five parts, representing five levels of word frequency: 2000 words, 3000 words, 5000 words, the university word level and 10000 words. Each level is intended to relate to specific vocabulary learning objectives. And the test involves word-definition matching, and the definitions are the test items. At each level, there are 36 words and 18 definitions, in groups of six and three respectively; meanwhile, all the words in each group belong to the same class, in order to avoid giving any grammatical clue as to the correct definition. This format was designed to involve as little reading as possible while at the same time minimizing the chances of guessing correctly. In order to validate this test, in 1988, Read conducted an empirical study. According to his study, it is found students vocabulary levels were obviously improved after they finished their university course. But the test is not suitable for learners whose mother tongue is a language which has influenced by Latin for they may have better language foundation. In 1993, Schmitt wrote three new forms of the test. Test takers are presented with a set of sentences including a blank and required to write the missing target word in the blank. This version demanded students to know more word knowledge and use contextual information. Thus researchers believe this version may be an alternative way of assessing productive knowledge, but they have limited evidence. This question is still need to be discussed.The Eurocentres Vocabulary Size TestThis test is a checklist test which presents learners with a series of words and requires them to indicate whether they know each one or not. It includes a substantial proportion of non-words to provide a basis for adjusting the teas-takers’ scores if they appear to be over-stating their vocabulary knowledge. The test is administered on a computer and takes less than ten minutes. Test- takers simply press on the key to signal “yes” or “no” according to their vocabulary knowledge. And if students claim to know some non-words, the final score is reduced. In this test, vocabularyknowledge is a crucial component of the language proficiency and the number of words learners know is directly related to their level of proficiency. The drawback of this test is that not only non-words are unnecessary but they also detract from the measurement quality of a checklist test.The Vocabulary Knowledge ScaleThis test is developed by Sima Paribakht and Mari Wesche to estimate general vocabulary knowledge and also to track the early development of specific words in an instructional or experimental situation. This instrument for quality of vocabulary knowledge measurement consists in effect of two scales: one for eliciting responses from the test-takers and one for scoring the responses. The first scale is presented to the test-takers with a list of words. The scale has five categories. For each word on the list, the takers are asked to decide which category best represents how well they know the word. Category I means that the word is not recognized at all and at category II the word is recognized but the meaning is not known, whereas at the three higher levels they are required to give some verifiable evidence for their response. Category V moves from receptive knowledge to production, in that the takers need to show that they can use the word in a sentence. Therefore, the takers should have grammatical knowledge about the target word and also be aware of an appropriate context for its use. However, some researchers doubt that whether learners’developing knowledge of second language words can be meaningfully represents by just making a sentence for the word may have multiple meanings, and although takers can compose a right sentence, it is still not a good way to find out how well they understand the meaning of the word.The Test of English as a Foreign LanguageTOEFL is one of the major language tests in the world today. It is designed to assess whether foreign students planning to study in a tertiary institution where English is the medium of instruction have a sufficient level of proficiency in the language to be able to undertake their academic studies without being hampered by language related difficulties. From the viewpoint of vocabulary assessment, the history of the TOEFL represents a fascinating case study of how approaches to testing have changed in the latter part of the twentieth century when vocabulary testing has become more embedded and context dependent. The format used in this test is multiple-choice item. From its beginning in 1964 to the mid-1970s, TOEFL included five sections: listening comprehension, English structure, vocabulary, reading and writing. The vocabulary section had two types: labeling sentence completion and synonym matching. And in 1976, Pike improved the vocabulary evaluation method. He introduced “words in context”item type in which the word to be tested was presented in a whole sentence. However, Bachman hold that contextual information in the stem sentence was hardly required to answer the item correctly, and he called toconsider more contextualized test material. Then researchers put forward many format to improve the quality of the vocabulary testing. The best one was one in which numerous target words were embedded in a reading passage, with four multiple choice options for each word. This format had the highest reliability and highest correlation with the total vocabulary scores. In 1995, vocabulary was made an integral part of reading comprehension section. About one word per passage was selected and used as the basis for a multiple choice item. Now, TOEFL is computerized with the development of the technology. In the reading section, the passage appear in a frame on the left side of the screen, and the test items are shown on the right side requiring the takers to locate a synonym within a sentence or so from a target word. This new version represents a step back to a more restricted, context-independent form of vocabulary assessment.。
The testing (grammar, vocabulary, listening, reading, writing and speaking )
丌同范畴的词：
A. black B. green C. red D. hot
B.Replacing items
题干一般是一个戒两个连续的句子。其中，有一个单词戒短语加 有底横线，要求从所给的选择项中选取替代者。这种题型的指令 通常是“选取意义不划线词语最接近的选择项”， 戒“选出最能 取代划线词语而使句子保持原义的选择项”。选择项往往是同义 词。 1.Einstein’s theory of relativity seemed incredible when i t was first introduced. A. unbelievable B. unaccountable C. impressive D. inconsisten 2.She trembled as she admitted what she had done. A. stumbled B. shrank C. hesitated D. shook
2.Representative vocabulary
(the frequence of occurrence)
英语词汇词频表: E.L.Thorndike&I. Lorge: The Teacher’s Word Book of 3,000 Words（1951） Michael West:A General Service List of Englis h Words《英语通用词表》（1953）， Cambridge English Lexicon《剑桥英语词汇册》 The Wright Frequency Count 《莱特词频表》。
Selection of the test words
1.Vocabulary knowledge can be divided into active
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Testing vocabulary
张 一
TSP120801008
5.1 Selection of items 5.2 Multiple-choice items (A) 5.3 Multiple-choice items (B)
Contents
5.4 Sets (associated words)
What do traditional types of vocabulary tests test?
They test a knowledge of words which, though
frequently found in many English textbooks, are
rarely used in ordinary speech.
clues)
1) Factors to consider
a. make sure context is not too little. It seems to me that you have been _______ your classes. A. ignoring B. overlooking b. make sure context is not too great. I almost had a nasty _______ last night, when a car came around a corner too fast and just missed my bike.
Four types:
b) stem = definition
The testees should select the correct option to which the
definition refers. e.g. A person who receives and pays out money in a bank A. broker C. creditor B. accountant D. cashier
4. The options should be related to the same general area. apparition A.skeleton B.ghost C.nightmare D.corpse apparition A. scenery B. ghost C. magician D. castle
grammatical structures.
5.2 Multiple-choice items (A)
Group A Choose the letter of the word which is the nearest in meaning to the word in italics He’s been very feeble since his illness. A. unwell C. foolish B. thin D. weak Group B Choose the letter of the correct or best word to complete each sentence. Have you heard the planning committee’s ………. for solving the city’s traffic problems? A. theory B. design
♦ The guidelines given in 5.2 for constructing vocabulary items apply equally for the Group B items. ♦ In certain ways, the Group B items are more difficult to construct than the Group A items. Why? (too little context is insufficient to establish any meaningful situation, while too much context may provide too many
- the students’ textbook - the students’ reading material - Lexical errors taken from students’ free-written work
- A General Service List of English Words 《英语通用词表》 - Cambridge English Lexicon
area is included in the stem, the options should be simple. 2. Each option should belong to the same word class as the w option and the distractors should be at the same level of difficulty. theatrical. A. angry B. histrionic C. proud D. foolish suffice A. be adequate B. harass (骚扰） C. acquiesce （默许） D. be contrite（后悔）
What are the tasks for the writer of a vocabulary test? The first task is to determine the degree on testing the students’ active or passive vocabulary. The next task is to decide whether the lexical items in the test should be taken from the spoken or the written language.
Four types:
c) stem = lexical item
The testees should select the best synonym or definition.
e.g. A. support C. contradict advocate B. advise D. damage
Four types:
A. rushed
B. located
C. proceeded
D. raced
He _______ slowly along the road eastward.
A. rushed
B. located
C. proceeded
D. raced
many multiple-choice vocabulary tests consist largely of items
5.5 Matching items
5.6 More objective items
5.7 Completion items
5.1 Selection of items
A careful selection of lexical items for inclusion in a test is generally a most exacting task (艰巨的工作).
d) stem = a sentence
The “problem” word appears in context.
e.g. It’s rained continuously for two whole days. A. without stopping B. heavily
C. regularly
Note: Synonyms and antonym should be avoided as distractors. The old man was always courteous when spoken to. A. polite B. happy C. kind D. glad
5.3 Multiple-choice items (B) （填空型多项选择题）
Testing what abilities related to vocabulary? The extent of a students’ vocabulary? Control of the vocabulary at his/her disposal?
Note: Tests of vocabulary should avoid difficult
《剑桥英语词汇册》
- The Wright Frequency Count 《莱特词频表》
What are the tasks for the writer of a vocabulary test? The first task is to determine the degree on testing the students’ active or passive vocabulary. The next task is to decide whether the lexical items in the test should be taken from the spoken or the written language.
Where can the writer select the lexical items?
If all the students have followed a particular syllabus: - the syllabus If the testees have followed different syllabuses:
D. at odd moments
Four types:
d) stem = a sentence
The “problem” word appears in context.