专业英语(2009-10-18)
石油工程专业英语-A
中国石油大学（北京）2009–2010学年第二学期研究生期末考试试题A(开卷考试)课程名称: 专业英语 学号： 姓名:一、 单词（20分，每小题0.5分）题目要求：请根据下面给出的中文或英文写出相对应的英文或中文单词。
例如，题目中给出“petroleum ”，请对应写出中文“石油”；题目中若给出“天然气”，请写出对应英文“natural gas ”。
1. hydrocarbon 2. casing3. sedimentary rock4. limestone5. carbonate6. drilling mud7.unconformity 8. exploration 9. wildcat well 10. seismic 11. shale 12. drill cuttings 13. outcrop 14. spudding in 15. normal fault 16. crown block 17. cementing18. christmas tree19. blowout preventer (BOP) 20. openhole completion 21. paraffin 22. overbalance 23. choke manifold 24. wettability25. Original Oil In Place (OOIP) 26. kelly 27. shut-down 28. thrust fault 29. fossil fuel 30. artificial lift 31. 孔隙度 32. 渗透率 33. 钻头 34. 圈闭35.胶结36.油藏工程37.断层38.上游39.甲烷40.背斜二、单项选择（20分，每小题2分）题目要求：请从A、B、C、D四个备选答案中选出你认为正确的答案，写在答题纸上。
1．Petroleum industry can be mainly divided into upstream sector, midstream sector and downstream sector. Exploration business belongs to .A. upstream sectorB. midstream sectorC. downstream sectorD. none of above answers 2．In a seismic survey, the geophysicists need to lay out a line or several lines of sensitive receivers to receive the reflected energy waves from the underground rock layers. Such sensitive receivers are usually called .A. tracerB. geophoneC. gaugeD. bit3．Please find out one recovery mechanism that does not belong to primary recovery.A. gas-cap driveB. dissolved-gas driveC. waterfloodingD. gravity drive4．The major constituent of natural gas is .A. pentaneB. ethaneC. propaneD. methane5．Most reservoir rocks are .A. oil-wetB. water-wetC. gas-wetD. none of above answers 6．The rotary drilling rig consists of four major systems including the engines, the hoisting, rotating, and mud systems. Drilling bit belongs to .A. the engine systemB. the hoisting systemC. the rotating systemD. the mud system 7．is designed to close off the well in dangerous events. Usually they are attached to the well below the derrick floor.A. Blowout preventersB. kellyC. crown blockD. drill collar8．From top to bottom of the well, the correct order of downhole string should be .A. conductor casing, production casing, intermediate casing, surface casingB. surface casing, conductor casing, intermediate casing, production casingC. surface casing, conductor casing, production casing, intermediate casingD. conductor casing, surface casing, intermediate casing, production casing9．After the first productive exploration well is successfully drilled, additional wells are drilled near to that well and used for obtaining further reservoir and fluid information. Such additional drilled wells are usually called .A. wildcat wellB. appraisal wellC. discovery wellD. exploration well 10．P lease find out the correct Chinese translation of the field unit “STB/D”.A. 标准状况桶/天B. 标准状况桶/月C. 油藏状况桶/天D. 油藏状况桶/月三、英译汉翻译（30分）题目要求：请将下面几段英文翻译成中文，注意关键词语和句子结构翻译的准确性。
431专业英语词汇
431专业英语词汇专业英语词汇在不同领域中有着不同的特点和用法。
以下是一些常见的专业英语词汇，涵盖了不同领域的词汇：1. 医学领域，anatomy（解剖学）、physiology（生理学）、pharmacy（药房）、diagnosis（诊断）、treatment（治疗）、surgery（手术）、vaccine（疫苗）、symptom（症状）、prescription（处方）等。
2. 工程领域，mechanical engineering（机械工程）、civil engineering（土木工程）、electrical engineering（电气工程）、computer engineering（计算机工程）、structural analysis（结构分析）、project management（项目管理）、quality control（质量控制）等。
3. 商业领域，marketing（市场营销）、finance（金融）、accounting（会计）、management（管理）、advertising（广告）、investment（投资）、entrepreneurship（创业精神）、business administration（工商管理）等。
4. 教育领域，pedagogy（教育学）、curriculum（课程设置）、instruction（教学）、assessment（评估）、classroom management（课堂管理）、educational psychology（教育心理学）、special education（特殊教育）等。
5. 科学领域，biology（生物学）、chemistry（化学）、physics（物理学）、astronomy（天文学）、geology（地质学）、environmental science（环境科学）、research（研究）、experiment（实验）等。
专业英语-睡眠有助于记忆
There are several different types of memory— including declarative(叙述性) ( fast-based information ), episodic(片段性) ( events from your life ) and procedural(程序性) ( how to do something )—and researchers have designed ways to test each of them.
This isn’t to say that we can’t form memories when we’re awake. If someone tells you his name, you don’t need to fall asleep to remember it. But sleep will make it more likely that you do. Sleepdeprivation(剥夺) experiments have shown that a tired brain has a difficult time capturing(捕捉,抓住) memories of all sorts.
Then, in 1994, Israeli researchers reported that the average performance for a group of people on a memory test improved when the test was repeated after a break of many hours—during which some subjects slept and others did not. In 2000, a Harvard team demonstrated(展现,展示, 证明) that this improvement occurred only during sleep.
英语专业任务书(模板)
毕业设计（论文）课题任务书
（2009----2010学年）
学院名称：外国语学院
课题名称
计算机网络与英语自主学习培养
学生姓名
郑婷婷
专业
英语语言文学
学号
20061244
指导教师
任务书下达时间
2009年10月11日
课题概述：
随着科学技术的迅猛发展，新技术逐渐被人们接纳并应用。新技术的发展对外语教学一直有着很深刻的影响。作为教学辅助工具，计算机和多媒体的应用，使得新的教学理念和教学方法得以彻底的实施。在当今社会，网络多媒体技术的发展已经带来一定程度的影响且影响将会越来越大。有了新技术的帮助，自主语言学习能力的培养也有了确实的依托，但是在二者的结合上，仍然存在着不少理论与与实践上的盲区。计算机网络与英语自主学习主要体现在计算机的辅助教学与英语自主学习上。本研究旨在探讨新的教学工具与实践外语教学的关系，从理论角度与实践角度来探讨如何依托现代化信息技术培养学生的英语自主学习能力。
[11]陆欣.大学英语网络自主学习的实证研究(MA) .东北林业大学.2009-09-07
[12]肖坤学.多媒体辅助教学的策略研究(MA) .首都师范大学.2009-08-22
[13]王亚娟.计算机辅助教学系统的开发与应用(MA) .新疆师范大学.2009-07-15
2009年专业英语基础知识真题
2009年英语专业基础知识真题I. Listening Comprehension (50 points)Directions: In Sections A, B, C and D you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then write down your answers on your , ASWER SHEET with a single line through the center.Section A Short Conversations ( 10 points, 1 for each)Directions: In this section, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question. You will be given10 seconds to answer each question you hear.1. A. The gym is scheduled to open tomorrow. B. The new gym is open only to kids.C. There's a new project going on at the gym.D. He's too busy to go to the gym.2. A. Introduce the man to Jane soon. B. Ask Jane if the man could have the book.C. Loan the book to the man after Jane.D. Check with Jane if she's finished the book.3. A. He is used to living in a large apartment. B. She knows the man's neighbor who is moving out.C. He knows about a larger apartment she can rent.D. The woman should go and see the man's apartment.4. A. Call to make sure if there's a heavy storm tomorrow. B. Leave for the airport earlier tomorrow.C. Cancel their vacation plans.D. Check their flight schedule in the morning.5. A. Ask the man to produce his driver's license. B. Go and find out if the wallet is brown in color.C. Show the man some family pictures.D. Show the man a wallet.6. A. Have the man preside over the opening of the exhibit alone. B. Find out what time the exhibit opens.C. Stay at home and take a rest.D. Help the man arrange the opening of the exhibit.7. A. Purchase the car he likes so much. B. Write a check for the new car.C. Try to sell his car before buying Dave's.D. Find out how much the car costs.8. A. He can meet the woman in the afternoon. B. He would like to discuss the idea right away.C. He thinks the woman's idea is a good one.D. He will try to find some time to discuss the special issue with the woman.9. A. The woman is afraid that she'll have to pay a fine. B. He has paid the fine for the woman.C. He's returning the book soon.D. He returned the book to the library.10. A. See the exhibit when it goes to another city. B. Try not to miss a pop show next time.C. Go to the museum next week when the exhibit is on again.D. Seize a chance whenever possible.Section B Long Conversations (14 points, 1 for each)Directions: In this section, you will hear two long conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you are required to choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D) to each of the following questions or judge whether the following given statements are true or false.Conversation 1Statements 11 to 20 are based on the conversation you have just heard. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.11. The staff members of the restaurant share in decision-making.A. TrueB. False12. The owner, Paul, always has the final say when disagreement comes up.A. TrueB. False13. Mr. Paul Thornton is the owner of the restaurant.A. TrueB. False14. The restaurant is located in the countryside of Australia.A. TrueB. False15. Alan has been with Paul for five years.A. TrueB. False16. Paul once lectured on cooking with practical demonstrations in Australia and New Zealand.A. TrueB. False17. Paul wanted to set up his business in a competitive place.A. TrueB. False18. The restaurant used to be a farmhouse.A. TrueB. False19. The restaurant is attractive because customers are used to those old dishes.A. TrueB. False20. Alan doesn't want to have his recipe publicized in the magazine.A. TrueB. FalseConversation 2Questions 21 to 24 are based on the conversation you have just heard.21. What's the relationship between the speakers?A. They're roommates.B. They're classmates.C. They're cousins.D. They're lab partners.22. Why was the man worried at first?A. He couldn't decide on a topic for his paper.B. He hadn't heard from his family for a while.C. He thought his paper was late.D. He thought the woman had been ill.23. According to the man, how do some bees use their sense of smell?A. To find their way back to the nest.B. To locate plant fibers.C. To identify kinds of honey.D. To identify relatives.24. What will the man probably do over the weekend?A. Visit his parents.B. Plan a family reunion,C. Observe how bees build nests.D. Write a paper. Section C Long Passages (14 points, 1 for each)Directions: In this section, you will hear two long passages. At the end of each passage, you are required to choose the correct answer (A, B, C or D) to each of the following questions or judge whether the following given statements are true or false.Passage 1 Questions 25 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.25. According to the speaker, some job applicants were rejectedA. because they eliminated their names from the applicants' list themselvesB. because of their inadequate education as shown in their poor spelling in writing the resumeC. because they failed to give a detailed description of their background in their applicationsD. because of their carelessness to spell the company's name incorrectly26. Perfectionists refer to those whoA. pay too much attention to details only to lose their major objectivesB. know how to adjust their goals according to the circumstancesC. demand others to get everything absolutely rightD. are capable of achieving perfect results in whatever they do27. The example of the Apollo II moon launch is to illustrate thatA. minor mistakes can be ignored in achieving major objectivesB. keeping one's goal in mind helps in deciding which details can be overlookedC. adjustments are the key to the successful completion of any workD. failure is the mother of success28. The passage is mainly talking aboutA. not to be a perfectionistB. details and major objectivesC. importance of adjustmentsD. hard work plus good luckPassage 2Statements 29 to 38 are based on the passage you have just heard. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.29. Professor Hill does not think that many British newspapers are real newspapers because they don't contain news at all.A. TrueB. False30. In Britain, the most popular newspapers are to instruct people.A. TrueB. False31. The real newspapers that report the facts are more serious than the popular papers but the latter have a largercirculation.A. TrueB. False32. Facts show that the vast majority of British readers want no proper papers at all.A. TrueB. False33. Professor Hill thinks highly of the newspaper he buys every day even though it is of a small circulation.A. TrueB. False34. The editorial column of Professor Hill's favorite newspaper doesn't always support govermnent policy.A. TrueB. False35. If an intelligent person finds a copy of Professor Hill's favorite newspaper 50 years from now, he will still find it shocking and surprising.A. TrueB. False36. Professor Hill likes buying various newspapers to read.A. TrueB. False37. According to Professor Hill, the popular newspapers are much worse than his favorite newspaper.A. TrueB. False38. From the passage, we can see that Professor Hill looks down upon readers of the most popular newspaper.A. TrueB. FalseSection D News Broadcast (12 points, 1 for each)Directions: In this section, you will hear four news items. At the end of each news item, you are required to choose the correct answer (14, B, C or D) to each of the following questions or judge whether the following given statements are true or false.News Item 1Statements 39 to 43 are based on the news you have just heard. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.39. More than 1,000 Rwandan refugees have returned home after almost two years in Congo.A. TrueB. False40. Military officials in Kigali say the refugees were recalled from the Congolese city of Kisangani.A. TrueB. False41. Rebels in Kisangani are trying to overthrow the Congolese governmentA. TrueB. False42. In June, Rwandan soldiers clashed with Ugandan soldiers.A. TrueB. False43. After the clashes, both sides agreed to the United States' control of the city.A. TrueB. FalseNews Item 2Statements 44 to 46 are based on the news you have just heard. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.44. Two African presidents have spoken of African wars again.A. TrueB. False45. The two presidents said money would be better spent on fighting Aids or building roads and bridges.A. TrueB. False46. The two presidents will attend a meeting Monday in Lusaka to discuss the war in Congo Kinshasa.A. TrueB. FalseNews Item 3Questions 47-48 are based on the news you have just heard.47. The Justice Department has accused the industryA. producing dangerous products ofB. conspiring to hide the health dangers of smokingC. not funding a ten-billion-dollar anti-smoking programD. not having changed its marketing practices48. What do the government lawyers ask the judge to force the industry to do?A. To change its marketing practices.B. To fund a ten-billion-dollar anti-smoking program.C. To stop the cigarette production.D. Both A and B.News Item 4 Questions 49-50 are based on the news you have just heard.49. What's the plan GM's CEO announced at the automaker's annual shareholders meeting?A. Close vehicle assembly plants.B. Close vehicle parts plants.C. Job-cuts.D. Both A and B.50. Which is NOT the reason for GM's heavy burden?A. Slumping sales.B. Employee's wages.C. Employee health care.D. Rising cost of raw materials.II. Vocabulary (35 points, 1 for each)Directions: There are 35 sentences in this section.Beneath each sentence there are four choices. Choose the best one to complete each sentence. Mark the correct choice on your ANSWER SHEET.51. his poor record in school, I think he should study harder.A. In view ofB. In case ofC. In spite ofD. In charge of52. Nancy was surprised that they had . They seemed to be a happy couple.A. split upB. broken downC. fallen throughD. cut off53. No horse has a speed _ _ to that of ours.A. comparableB. comparativeC. contradictedD. compatible54. It was her to die in a foreign country, far from her family.A. destinationB. destinyC. dignityD. luck55. Hurricanes are killer winds, and their power lies in the physical damage they can do.A. cumulativeB. destructiveC. turbulentD. prevalent56. If you keep getting wrong numbers, your phone could beA. deceptiveB. ineffectiveC. deficientD. prevalent57. popular belief that classical music is too complex, it achieves a simplicity that only a genius can create.A. Subject toB. Contrary toC. Familiar toD. Similar to58. There are some faults which men readily , but other not so readily.A. acknowledgeB. admitC. confessD. concede59. Prague offers visitors a series of excursions and leads them into a rich and past.A. variableB. diverseC. differentD. changeable60. To produce a mighty book, you must choose a great .A. matterB. topicC. themeD. thesis61.With prices so much, it hard for the company to plan a budget.A. wavingB. fluctuatingC. maintainingD. reserving62. W With all its advantages, the artificial intelligence is by no means without its .A. boundariesB. restraintsC. confinementsD. limitations63. They decided to the traffic away from the affected areas.A. shiftB. adjustC. divertD. change64. Y our decision will a great strain on our friendship.A. imposeB. proposeC. exposeD. suppose65. Things happening in that country are televised to people all over the world.A. liveB. livelyC. aliveD. livingly66. We expect Mr. White will Class Two when Miss Brown suffers from heart attack.A. take overB. take upC. take offD. take to67. The accident _ him of his sight and the use of his legs.A. excludedB. disabledC. deprivedD. gripped68. He offered to college.A. see me throughB. look me throughC. bring me throughD. see through me69. Talking about something which affects them personally is motivating for students.A. chieflyB. ironicallyC. currentlyD. eminently70. I don't know you want to keep the letter. I've it up.A. crackedB. tomC. brokenD. disposed71. These measures are just beginning toA. take placeB. take partC. take effectD. take after72. We have bought an ivory sculpture, which is flawlesslyA. inquisitiveB. explicitC. fragrantD. exquisite73. When the crowd saw the prize-fighter stretch out on the canvas, shouts and cheersA. broke upB. broke forthC. broke throughD. broke upon74. Outside my office window, there is a fire on the right.A. climbB. escapeC. stepD. stair75. Some delegates didn't object to the proposal but stated that they would the right to comment on it at a later time.A. conserveB. preserveC. protectD. reserve76. A budget is an estimate of probable future income andA. awardB. revenueC. expenditureD. bonus77. If a tourist doesn't have a(n) passport, he will be prevented from entering a country.A. operativeB. validC. efficientD. effective78. " If we fail to act now," said Tom, "we'll find ourselves this later on."A. pay backB. pay forC. pay upD. pay off79. Eating too much fat can heart disease and cause high blood pressure.A. attribute toB. attend toC. contribute toD. devote to80. The doctor enjoyed both his work and his life. He had never felt any between these two things.A. constrictB. constraintC. conflictD. construct81. The bird its wings and flew away.A. fluctuatedB. clappedC. flappedD. flung82. All of us must be on our guard against those who always us.A. flatterB. admireC. falterD. criticize83. His intelligence and experience will enable him to the complicated situation.A. cope withB. settle downC. intervene inD. interfere with84. Some people either avoid questions of right and wrong or just remain neutral about them.A. violentlyB. enthusiasticallyC. sincerelyD. deliberately85. She hopes to her artistic talents in the job.A. applyB. utilizeC. employD. availIII. Grammar (30 points, 1 for each)Direction: There are 30 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four choices. Choose the best one to complete each sentence. Mark the correct choice on your ANSWER SHEET.86. , her proposal is of greater value than yours.A. All things consideringB. All things being consideredC. All things consideredD. All things to be considered87. Everybody says she is a good student, ?A. isn't sheB. doesn't sheC. don't theyD. doesn't it88. Y ou me up: I don't have to go to school today. I have asked for sick leave.A. needn't have wokenB. don't need to have wokenC. didn't need to have wokenD. needn't wake89, University teaching in the United States is very different at both undergraduate and graduate levels of many overseas countries.A. from thoseB. thanC. from thatD. from which90. Human beings are superior to animals they can use language as a tool to communicate.A. in thatB. for thatC. for whichD. in which91. My pain apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: "Are you feeling all right?"A. must beB. had beenC. must have beenD. had to be92. in all parts of the state, pines are the most common trees in Georgia.A. FoundB. Finding themC. To find themD. They are found93.Hot air accompanied by high relative humidity feels warmer thanA. as it actuallyB. it actually isC. actually it isD. is actually it94. Not until an infant hedgehog opens its eyes its nest to follow its mother about.A. it leavesB. and leavesC. leavingD. does it leave95. Little schooling the two young men had, the Wright brothers were the first to discover the secret of air travel.A. asB. althoughC. no matter howD. however96. , he prefers a quiet life.A. To be an old man nowB. Being an old man nowC. Having been an old man nowD. With an old man now97. The bite of most varieties of poisonous spiders is the sting of a bee.A. more no deadly thanB. no deadly more thanC. no more deadly thanD. more deadly than not98. Earthworms occur adequate moisture and food and the necessary soil conditions are found.A. andB. butC. howeverD. wherever99. They lost their way in the forest, and made matters worse was that night began to fall.A. thatB. itC. whatD. which100. ---It was cold yesterday.---A. So it wasB. So was itC. Such it wasD. Such was it101. He knows little of mathematics, of chemistry.A. as well asB. and still lessC. no less thanD. and still more102. After twenty years abroad, William came back only his hometown severely damaged in an earthquake.A. to findB. findingC. to have foundD. to be finding103. The physicist has made a discovery, of great importance to the progress of science and technology.A. I think which isB. that I think isC. which I think isD. which I think it is104. He is not under arrest, any restriction on him,A. or the police have placedB. or have the police placedC. nor the police have placedD. nor have the police placed105. We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personal one.A. rather thanB. other thanC. better thanD. less than106. He might have lost his daughter the timely arrival of the policemen.A. but forB. except forC. besidesD. except107. Physics is the present day equivalent of used to be called natural philosophy, from most of present day science arose.A. which, whatB. that, whichC. what, whichD. what, that108. Mother decided to go to the supermarket as soon as sheA. finishes what she didB. finished what she didC. finished what she was doingD. would finish what she was doing109. With all the data he needed , peter began to write his thesis.A. collectingB. being collectedC. to be collectedD. collected110. It was a long time the neighbors found that the old lady had been dead of cold.A. whenB. untilC. sinceD. before111. In the course of the whole life the wise businessmen do far more than just money.A. madeB. to makeC. makeD. making112. Our scientific findings cannot be regarded as in such a short period of time.A. to have been obtainedB. to be obtainedC. having been obtainedD. being obtained113. Going out for a holiday is a good way to relax and refresh yourself, and this is especially true it comes to preventing depression.A. sinceB. beforeC. afterD. when114. How strict tutors are with their pupils a strong impact on the quality of their pupils’ academic papers.A. hasB. haveC. havingD. to have115. you are proven innocent, you can shake off all the shadows cast on you.A. whileB. even thoughC. now thatD. forⅣ. Error Identification (20 points, 2 for each)Directions: Each sentence has only one mistake. Please point out the mistaken item. Then mark the corresponding letter on your ANSWER SHEET.116. Light rays what enter the eye must be focused onto a point on the retina in order for a clear visual imageA B Cto form.D117. Those part-time students expected to offer some jobs on campus during the coming summer vacation.A B C D118. Certain zoologists regard crows and ravens are the most intelligent of birds.A B C Dll9. Living in such a high-speed society, undeniably, computer is indispensable.A B C D120. Mr. Smith regretted to blame his secretary for the mistake, for he later discovered it was his own fault.A B C D121. Whenever we hear of a natural disaster, even in a distant part of the world, we feel sympathy for the peopleA B Cto have affectedD122. In the teaching of mathematics, the way of instruction is very traditional, with teachers giving lectures andA B Cstudents take notesD123. Ulysses S. Kay was among the United States composers visited the Soviet Union in I958 to participate in aA B Ccultural exchange program.D124. He has been hoped for a raise during the last four months, but his boss is reluctant to give him one.A B C D125. He cannot tell the difference between true praise and flattering statements making only to gain his favor.A B C DV. Cloze T est (15 points, 1 for each)Directions.: There are 15 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage.Many professors are associated with a particular stereotype. The 126 image of a writer, for instance, is a slightly easy-looking person, locked in an attic, writing furiously for days 127. Naturally, he has his favorite pen and note-paper, or a beat-up typewriter, 128 which he could not produce a readable word.Nowadays, we know that such images 129. little resemblance to reality. But are they 130 false? In the case of at least one writer, it would seem not. Dame Muriel Spark, who 131 80 in February, in many ways resembles this stereotypical sitter. She is certainly not crazy, and she doesn't work in an attic. But she is rather 132 about the tools of her writing.She insists on writing with a certain type of pen in a certain type of notebook, which she buys from a certain 133 in Edinburgh called James Thin. In fact, so 134. is she that, if someone uses one of her pens 135, she immediately throws it away. And she claims she would have enormous difficulty writing in any notebook 136 those sold by James Thin. This could soon be a problem, as the shop no longer 137 them, and Dame Muriel's supply of 72-page spiral bound is nearly finished.As well as her 138 about writing materials, Dame Muriel Spark 139 one other characteristic with the stereotypical writer: her work is the most important thing in her life. It has stopped her from marrying, 140 the loss of her old friends and driven her from London to New Y ork to Rome. Today she lives in the Italian province of Tuscany with a friend. 126. A. historic B. antique C. senior D. traditional127. A. on finish B. on final C. on end D. on stop128, A. except B. without C. beyond D. on129. A. bear B. stand C. hold D. keep130. A. extremely B. possibly C. likely D. completely131. A. observed B. entered C. saw D, turned132. A. particular B. specific C. peculiar D. special133. A. grocer B. chemist C. stationer D. baker134. A. mysterious B. conventional C. superstitious D. traditional135. A. by fortune B. by accident C. by purpose D. by one136. A. much as B. rather than C. such as D. other than137. A. piles B. stores C. stocks D. conceals138. A. devotion B. preoccupation C. worship D. obsession139. A. shares B. agrees C. sides D. possesses140. A. spent B. caused C. exhausted D. tired。
2009年专四解析
专四阅读解题技巧---以2009年专四真题为例[日期：2011-11-28] 来源：基础英语作者：基础英语阅读：53次[字体：大中小]2009年专业英语四级阅读理解部分与往年相比难度持平，题型相当，涉及说明、议论、记叙和描写等各种文体手段，囊括微观扫读（scanning）、宏观略读（skimming）和推理论证(inference) 等多项阅读策略。
下面就各种考点的解题手段和注意事项逐一进行说明。
一、准确定位原文，认真研读细节与往年一样，事实型细节题仍是最主要的考点。
这种题型难度不大，主要考查考生利用微观扫读（scanning）的策略，从词句的角度理解原文的重点细节。
解题时注意两点即可：（一）准确定位，即根据题干中出现的关键词迅速返回原文，找到题目在原文当中相应的出处。
这个过程有两个问题，首先是什么样的词才能成为关键词。
关键词有两种，第一种是类似于数字、大写字母等比较醒目的字眼，因其醒目，故可以快速定位；另一种是题干中意义的重心，一般是实词（名词、动词、形容词和副词），这样的词往往直接涉及文章中重点细节信息，有利于定位的准确性。
例如：09年92题中的the Global Su pport Centre，98题的Raoul，99题的Mickey等，都是可以用来定位的首字母大写的专有名词；81题的most weight 和hip-joints，82题的the replacement of hip-joints，83题的increasing efficiency of the agricultural industry等，这些都属于实词定位。
其次，定位过程中还有一个文同题序的原则，即出题的顺序和文章脉络发展的顺序相当。
把关键词查找和这个原则结合起来，就会大大提高定位的速度和准确度。
（二）句间关系解读。
当我们把一道细节题定位到文章中的某个句子时，并不一定靠该句本身就可以解决问题，而通常要看该句和周围句子之间的逻辑关系，这种逻辑关系包含解释、并列、顺序、重复等。
机械专业英语试题及答案
教研室主任 （签字） 学院院长（系主任） （签字）C. degradation…corrosionD. corrosion… degradation12. Most frames _______ cast iron, weld steel, composition, or concrete.A. are made fromB. are made up ofC. was produced byD. was consist of13. Rotating shafts particularly those that run at high speeds, must be designed to avoidoperationat speeds.A . lowB .overload C. critical D. hollow14. Although cast iron is a fairly cheap material, each casting requires a .A. patternB. modelC. moldD. patent15. The term is used to describe joints with surface contact, as with a pin surrounded by a hole.A. high pairB. low pairC. surface pairD. rotary pair二、完型填空（在每个小题四个备选答案中选出一个正确答案，本大题共15小题，每小题1分，总计15分）The term shaft usually refers to a relatively long member of round cross section that rotates and transmits power. One or more members such as gears, sprockets, pulleys, and cams are usually (16) to the shaft by means of pins, keys, splines, snap rings, and other devi ces. These latter members are among the “associated parts” considered in this text, as are couplings and universal joint, which serve to (17) the shaft to the source of power or load.考生注意：考试时间 120 分钟试卷总分 100 分共 5 页第 1 页Sometimes members like gears and cams are made (28) with shaft, butmore often such members (which also include pulleys, sprockets, etc)aremade separately and then(29) shaft. The portion of the mounted memberin contact with the shaft is the hub. Attachment of the hub to the shaftis made in variety of ways. A gear can be gripped (30) between ashoulder on the shaft and a spacer, with torque being transmittedthrough a key. The grooves in the shaft and hub into which the key fitsare called keyways.16、 A) cement B) attached C) connected D) concrete17、 A) endure B) transmit C) serve D) connect18、 A) support B) meet C) satisfy D) strong19、 A) aims B) idler C) terminal D) tomb20、 A) due to B) weather C) whether D) for21、 A) elasticity B) torsional C) inertia D)acceleration22、 A) subjected B)…connect C) and D) From23、 A) deeply B) strength C) clearly understand D)long time24、 A) identify B) cross C) round D)lateral25、 A) lucrative B) objectionable C) attractable D)terrible订线read as follows.Engineering design is the process of devising a system, component, or process to meet desired needs. It is decision making process(often iterative),in which the basic sciences, mathematics, and engineering sciences are applied to convert resources optimally to meet a sated objectives and criteria, synthesis, analysis, construction ,testing, and evaluation. The engineering design component of a curriculum must include most of the following features : development of student creativity, use of open-ended problem statement and use of modern design theory and methodology, formulation of design problem statement and specification, consideration of alternative solutions, feasibility considerations, production process, concurrent engineering design, and detailed system descriptions. Further, it is essential to include a variety of realistic constraints such as economic factors, safety, reliability, aesthetics, ethics, and social impact.31、what’s the main meaning of message (1)?A) Engineering design is a systematic process B) materials engineer’s main workC) mechanical engineer’s has good idea D) electrical engineer’ main duty32、In the author’s opinion, the design process is very complex and should taken intoaccount many factors, from the message who should NOT join into the design team _______.A) environmentalists,B) sociologistsC) engineersD) Government officials33、From the message, we can know the meaning of words “ABET”(at line third paragraph)is _____.A) a set of accredits standardB) a kind of design methodC) a department of US government which responsible for engineering designD) A set of law34、It can be concluded from the passage that in the exercise and training of student,which character of the following is NOT included in the curriculum ______.A) creativityB) new materialC) ethicsD) economic factors35、The title of the message is ______.A) the roles of engineers in manufacturingB) the importance of mechanical designC) engineering designD) The process of machine designTEXT 2Working drawings are the complete set of standardized drawings specifying the manufactureand assembly of a product based on its design. The complexity of the design determines the number and types of drawings. Working drawings may be on more than one sheet and may contain written instructions called specifications.Working drawings are blueprints used for manufacturing products. Therefore, the set of drawings must:(a) completely describe the parts, both visually and dimensionally;(b)show the parts in assembly;(3)identify all the parts; and (4)specify standard parts. The graphics and text information must be sufficiently complete and accurate to manufacture and assemble the product without error.共 5 页第 2页(1) Detail drawings of each nonstandard parts.(2) An assembly or subassembly drawing showing all the standard and nonstandard parts in a single drawing.(3) A bill of materials (BOM).(4) A title block.A detail drawing is a dimensioned, multiview drawing of a single part, describing the part’s shape, size, material, and surface roughness, in sufficient detail for the part to be manufactured based on the drawing alone. Detail drawings are produced from design sketches or extracted from 3-D computer models. They adhere strictly to ANSI standards and the standard for the specific company, for dimensioning, assigning part numbers, notes, tolerances, etc.In an assembly, standard parts such as threaded fasteners and bearings are not drawn as details, but are shown in the assembly view. Standard parts are not drawn as details because they are normally purchased, not manufactured, for assembly.For large assemblies or assembled with large parts, details are drawn on multiple sheets, and a separate sheet is used for the assembly view. If the assembly is simple or the parts are small, detail drawings for each part of an assembly can be placed on a single sheet.Multiple details on a sheet are usually drawn at the same scale. If different scales are used, they are clearly marked under each detail. Also,when more than one detail is placed on a sheet, the spacing between detailsTEXT 3One principle aim of kinematics is to create (design) the desired motions of the subjects’ mechanical parts and then mathematically compute the positions, velocities, and accelerations, which those will create on the parts. Since, for most earthbound mechanical systems, the mass remains essentially constant with time, defining the accelerations as a function of time then also defines the dynamic forces as a function of time. Stresses, in turn, will be a function of both applied and inertial (ma) forces. Since engineering design is charged with creating systems which will not fail during their expected service life, the goal is to keep stresses within acceptable limits for the materials chosen and the environmental conditions encountered. This obviously requires that all system forces be defined and kept within desired limits. In machinery, the largest forces encountered are often those due to the dynamics of the machine itself. These dynamic forces are proportional to acceleration, which brings us back to kinematics, the foundation of mechanical design. Very basic and early decision in the design process involving kinematic principles can be crucial to the success of any mechanical design; a design which has poor kinematics will prove troublesome and perform badly.Any mechanical system can be classified according to the number of degree of freedom (DOF) which it processes. The system’s DOF is equal to the number of independent parameters which are needed to uniquely define its position in space at any instant of time.A rigid body free to move within a reference frame will, in the general case, has complex motion, which is a simultaneous combination of rotation and translation. In three-dimensional space, there may be rotation about any axis and also simultaneous translation which can be resolved into components along three axes. In a plane, or two-dimensional space, complex motion becomes a combination of simultaneous rotation about one axis (perpendicular to theplane) and also translation resolved into components along two axes in the plane41、Kinematics research focus on the following EXCEPT ______..A) accelerations B) forceC) positions, D) velocities42、From the passage that for the design engineer the first and most important is____A) the service life of a machine B) the materials chooseC) the degree of freedom D) kinematic principles43、An mechanical system has uniquely defined position in space at any instant of time that ___.A) It should has one DOFB) It should Has two DOFC) the DOF and the number of independent parameters should equalD) It should has any DOF as want44、 which one of the following is NOT TRUE _______?.A) A rigid body free to move in three-dimensional space may rotation about any axisB) A rigid body free to move in three-dimensional space is a simultaneous combinationof rotation and translationC) A rigid body free to move in three-dimensional space can be resolved into componentsalong three axesD) A rigid body free to move in three-dimensional space may has complex motion45、The best title for this passage would be _______.A) kinematics B) dynamicsC) kinematics and dynamic D) the important of kinematics共 5 页第3 页1．将下列英语句子译成汉语（共5小题，每小题2分）（1）A perfectly rigid or inextensible link can exist only as a textbook type of model of a real machine member.（2）Foundations should ensure the machine’s stiffness; shock absorption and isolation are secondary considerations.(3)Thus, if a mechanical component such as a spring is subjected to repetitive or cyclical applications of stress levels much lower than the ultimate strength, it will fracture after a large number of repetitions of this stress.（4）Interchangeability means that identical parts must be interchangeable, i.e., able to replace each other, whether during assembly or subsequent maintenance work; without the need for any fitting operations.（5）A gear can be gripped axially between a shoulder on the shaft and a spacer, with torque being transmitted through a key.2、将下段英语翻译成汉语（10分）As we look around us we see a world full of “things”, machines, devices, tools, things that we have designed, built, and used; things made of wood, metals, ceramics, and plastics. We know from experience that some things are better than others; they last longer, cost less, are quieter, or are ease to use. Ideally , however, every such item has been designed according to some set of “functional requirements” as perceived by thedesigners—that is, it hs been designed so as to answer the question,（5）当一个装置意外地失效后，通常需要进行研究工作，来找出失效的原因和确定可能的改正措施。
2009年英语专业四级考试真题
ffiflj� TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2009)-GRADE FOUR-TIME LIMIT: 130 MIN PART I DICTATION [10 MIN] Listen to the following passage. Altogether the passage will be read to you four times. During the first reading,. which will be done at 11JJrmal speed, listen and try to understand the meaning. For the second and third readings, the passage will be read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase, with intervals of 15 seconds. The last reading will be done at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work. You will then be given 1 minute to check through your work once more.Please write the whole passage on ANSWER SHEET ONE.PART II LISTENING COMPREHENSIONSECTION A TALK[20 MIN]In this section you will hear a talk. You will hear the talk ONCE ONLY. While listening, you may look at the task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure what you fill in is both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.Now listen to the talk. When it is over, you will be given TWO minutes to complete your work. SECTION B CONVERSATIONSIn this section you will hear two conversations. At the end of each conversation, five questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken ONCE ONLY. After each question there will be a ten-second pause. During the pause, you should read the four choices of A, B, C and D, and mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO.You have thirty seconds to preview · the questions.Now, listen to the conversations.CONVERSATION ONE1.A. Because he was in a big hurry.C.Because the box was tightly sealed.2.A. The customer made it himself.C.The customer should have checked.3.A. Annoyed B.Surprised4.A. Five. B.Four.5.A. The customer makes no more complaints.C.The customer is still unhappy with it.B.Because he didn't check the product.D.Because the scratch was invisible.B.There was definitely not one then.D.The customer was making trouble.C.IndifferentD.WorriedC.Three.D.Two.B.The customer can show her the receipt.D.The customer brings it back within a week 1f ll9 2009 -1ICONVERSATION TWO6.A. The menu.7.A. Friday next week B.The place. C.The reception.B.Thursday next week.C. April 30th.D.The campaign.D.This week8.A. It is held annually.C.30 people w讥attep.d it.B.It is held at headquarters.D.It w诅offer a new menu.9.A. He wants people to communicate while eating. B. He wants to create an intense atmosphere.C.He is lack of funds for the campaign.D.There is no extra time for an abundant lunch.10.A. The number of participants hasn't been confirmed.B.The man is the woman's old customer.C.The man knows the woman very well.D.The woman will send the man confirmation early this weekPART III LANGUAGE USAGE [10 MIN] There are twenty sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words, phrases or statements marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word, phrase or statement that best completes the sentence.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.11.What a nice day! How about the three of us a walk in the park nearby?A.to takeB.takeC.takingD.to be taking12.If there were no subjunctive mood, English much easier to learn.A.could have beenB.would beC.w讥be13.She fifty or so when I frrst met her at a conference.A.had beenB.must beC.has beenD.would have been D.must have been14.the boss says, it is unreasonable to ask me to work overtime without pay.A.WhateverB.WheneverC.Whichever15.A new laptop costs about of a second-hand one.A.the price of three timesB.three times the priceD.HoweverC.as much as the three times priceD.three times more than the price16.We consider he should have left without telling anyone beforehand.A strange why· B. it strange what C.it strange that D.that strange17.It is going to be fme tomorrow..A So is it B. So it is C.So it does18.Little about her own safety, though she herself was in great danger.A.she caredB.she may careC.may she care19.The couple had no sooner got to the station the coach left.A when B. as C.until20.Aren't you tired? I·you had done enough for today.A should have thought B.must have thoughtC. might have thoughtD.could have thought D.So does it D.did she care D.than21.Dming the TV interview, the singer annollllced that he was going to his new album soon.A.releaseB.renewC.relieveD.rehearse22.After w�rking for the·firm for ten years, he fmally the rank of deputy director.A.achievedB.approachedC.attainedD.acquired专四2009-2e on, Jack, tell me the story. Don't keep me in __ .A.suspenseB.suspendingC.suspension24.The football match was __ because of the heavy rain.A.called overB.called upC.called out25.We had a good time there, and the food was plentiful and __ .D.suspender D.called offA.conduciveB.wholesomeC.helpfulD.appreciative26.It was strange that she would __such an absurd idea.A.allowB.stickC.takeD.entertain27.The scientists have made an ___study of the viruses that cause the disease.A.exhaustedB.exhaustingC.exhaustiveD.exhaustion28.Do you own your apartment or are you a ___ ?A.tenantB.customerC.clientD.proprietor29.Representatives from the companies indicated that they should go on working together in ___ .A.unityB.entityC.partnersD.partnership30.The young employee has a(n) __ quality-he is totally honest.·A. respectable B.admirable C.decent D; approachable PART IV CLOZE [10 MIN] Decide which of the words given in the box below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. The words can be used ONCE ONLY. Mark the letter for each word on ANSWER SHEET TWO.A.coverings F.artificial K.instanceB.pointG.transmissionL.contractC.closeH.automaticM.detectedD.obtainI.generallyN.caughtE.surfacesJ.so0.progressScientists around the world are racing to learn how to rapidly diagnose, treat and stop the spread of a new, deadly disease. SARS-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-was (31) ___ for the first time in February 2003 in Hanoi, and since then has infected more than 1,600 people in 15 countries, killing 63. At this (32) ___,there are more questions than answers surrounding the disease.Symptoms start with a fever over 100.4 degrees F, chills, headache or body aches. Within a week, the patient has a dry cough, which might (33) ___ to shortness of breath. In 10% to 20% of cases, patients require (34) ___ ventilation to breathe. About 3.5% die from the disease. Symptoms (35) ___ begin in two to seven days, but some reports suggest it might take as long as 10 days. Scientists are (36)___to developing a lab test to diagnose SARS. In the meantime, it is diagnosed by its symptoms. There is no evidence that antibiotics, or anti-viral medicines help, (37) ___ doctors can offer only supportive care. Patients with SARS are kept in isolation to reduce the risk of (38) ___ .Scientists aren't sure yet, but some researchers think it's a newly discovered coronavirus, the family of viruses that cause some common colds.Most cases appear to have been passed through droplets expelled when infected patients cough or sneeze. Family members of infected people and medical workers who care for them have been most likely to (39) ___ the illness. But recent developments in Hong Kong suggest that the disease might spread through air, or that the virus might linger for two to three hours on doorknobs or other ( 40) __ _�Im 2009 -3。
南开大学865专业英语2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题
南开大学865专业英语2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题南开大学2009年硕士研究生入学考试试题学院：100 外国语学院考试科目：865 专业英语专业：英语英语文学注意：请将所有答案写在专用答题纸上，答在此试题上无效！Linguistics (共50分)Ⅰ. Define the following terms and explain with examples where necessary. (共10分，每小题2分)linguistic determinismassimilationallophoneanaphoramorphophonemicsⅡ. Specify the difference between each pair of sounds using distinctive features. (共10分，每小题2分)1．[l] [ł]2．[p h][p-]3. [l][r]4. [t][d]5. [i][u]Ⅲ. Draw a tree diagram for each of the sentences below. (共10分，每小题5分)I read a review of the new book by Chomsky.He said that he would finish the book on Sunday.Ⅳ. Answer the following questions. (共20分，每小题5分)What is the difference between modern linguistics and traditional grammar?How is the description of consonants different from vowels?To what extent can we say the constituent analysis is more informative than traditional linear structure analysis? Explain with examples.What is the Cooperative Principle? What would happen if one violates the CP and its maxims?二．Literature (共50分)Ⅰ. Define briefly the following terms. （共20分，每小题4分）Metaphysical poetryDenotation and connotationEzra Pound and The CantosBritish neoclassicismImagismⅡ. Reading and Interpreting.（共30分，每小题3分）Section 1Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following passage of The Canterbury Tales.From The Canterbury TalesSpeaking of his equipment, he (the knight) possessedFine horses, but he was not gaily dressed.He wore a fustian tunic stained and darkWith smudges where his armour had left markWhat does the fact that the knight owns fine horses indicate?What does the clothes he wears indicate?What does Geoffrey Chaucer want to show through these details?Section 2Question 4 is based on the following passage of The Canterbury Tales.From The Canterbury TalesNo morsel from her lips did she (the nun) let fall,Nor dipped her fingers in the sauce too deep…And she would wipe her upper lip so cleanThat not a trace of grease was to be seenUpon the cup when she had drunk.What does the narrator think of the nun? Why do you think so?Section 3Questions 5 to 10 are based on the following passage.The stars awaken a certain reverence, because though always present, they are inaccessible; but all natural objects make a kindred impression when the mind is open to their influence. Nature never wears a mean appearance. Neither does the wisest man extort her secret nor lose his curiosity by finding out all her perfection. Nature never became a toy to a wise spirit. The flowers, the animals, the mountains, reflected the wisdom of his best hour, as much as they had delighted the simplicity of his childhood.When we speak of nature in this manner, we have a distinct but most poetical sense in the mind. We mean the integrity of impression made by manifold natural objects. It is this which distinguishes the stick of timber of the wood-cutter from the tree of the poet. The charming landscape which I saw this morning is indubitably made up of some twenty or thirty farms. Miller owns this field, Locke that, and Manning the woodland beyond. But none of them owns the landscape. There is a property in the horizon which no man ha but he whose eye can integrate all the parts, that is, the poet. This is the best part of these men’s farms, yet to this their warranty-deeds give no title.…Yet it is certain that the power to produce this delight, does not reside in nature, but in man, or in a harmony of both. It is necessary to use these pleasures with great temperance. For, nature is not always tricked in holiday attire, but the same scene which yesterday breathed perfume and glittered as for the frolic of the nymphs is overspread with melancholy today. Nature always wears the colors of the spirit. To a man laboring under calamity, the heat of his own fire has sadness in it. Then there is a kind of contempt of the landscape felt by him who has just lost by death a dear friend. The sky is less grand as it shuts down over less worth in the population.According to paragraph 1, why does the author believe the star awaken areverence in people?What does the sentence “Nature never became a toy to the wise spirit” mean?What does the author simple when he talks about the difference between farms and landscapes?What do you think is the difference between the meaning the author or a poet finds in nature and the meaning a woodcutter, a botanist, a geographer or an engineer finds in nature?Where does the author believe the power to produce a delight in nature comes from, according paragraph 3?What does the phrase “the color of the spirit” (line 5 in paragraph 3) mean?三．Translation (共50分)Ⅰ. 英译汉：Translate the following passage into Chinese. (共15分)After years of proclaiming that is understood international politics better than its predecessors, the Bush administration is now trying to undo the damage its first seven years have wrought—trying, in effect, to take U.S. foreign policy back to where is was before President Bush was sworn in. But the world is a very different place today, and much less advantageous to the United States. Square one, administration official are finding, is no longer really square one.In 2001, the administration declared a revolution in the practice and substance of U.S. foreign policy. It ridiculed liberal internationalist ideals of multilateral cooperat ion. It opposed using U.S. military power dressed up as “nation—building.” It wrote off global warming as Al Gore’s obsession, and it said it wouldn’t get bogged down, as its predecessors had, in Israeli Palestinian peacemaking.Ⅱ. 汉译英：Translate the following passage into English.(共15分) 东方文明的最大特色是知足。
2009年考研英语试题及答案
2009年全国硕⼠研究⽣⼊学统⼀考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Research on animal intelligence always makes me wonder just how smart humans are. （1） the fruit-fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer's piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly （2） to live shorter lives. This suggests that （3） bulbs burn longer, that there is an （4） in not being too terrifically bright.Intelligence, it （5） out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow （6） the starting line because it depends on learning — a gradual （7） — instead of instinct. Plenty of other species are able to learn, and one of the things they've apparently learned is when to （8）.Is there an adaptive value to （9） intelligence? That's the question behind this new research. I like it. Instead of casting a wistful glance （10） at all the species we've left in the dust I.Q.-wise, it implicitly asks what the real （11） of our own intelligence might be. This is （12） the mind of every animal I've ever met.Research on animal intelligence also makes me wonder what experiments animals would （13） on humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner, （14）, is running a small-scale study in operant conditioning. we believe that （15）animals ran the labs, they would test us to （16） the limits of our patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans is really （1）7, not merely how much of it there is. （18）, they would hope to study a （19） question: Are humans actually aware of the world they live in? （20） the results are inconclusive.1. [A] Suppose [B] Consider [C] Observe [D] Imagine2. [A] tended [B] feared [C] happened [D] threatened3. [A] thinner [B] stabler [C] lighter [D] dimmer4. [A] tendency [B] advantage [C] inclination [D] priority5. [A] insists on [B] sums up [C] turns out [D] puts forward6. [A] off [B] behind [C] over [D] along7. [A] incredible [B] spontaneous [C] inevitable [D] gradual8. [A] fight [B] doubt [C] stop [D] think9. [A] invisible [B] limited [C] indefinite [D] different10. [A] upward [B] forward [C] afterward [D] backward11. [A] features [B] influences [C] results [D] costs12. [A] outside [B] on [C] by [D] across13. [A] deliver [B] carry [C] perform [D] apply14. [A] by chance [B] in contrast [C] as usual [D] for instance15. [A] if [B] unless [C] as [D] lest16. [A] moderate [B] overcome [C] determine [D] reach17. [A] at [B] for [C] after [D] with18. [A] Above all [B] After all [C] However [D] Otherwise19. [A] fundamental [B] comprehensive [C] equivalent [D] hostile20. [A] By accident [B] In time [C] So far [D] Better stillSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing int0 the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. "Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd," William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word "habit" carries a negative connotation.So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.But don't bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn int0 the hippocampus, they're there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain int0 ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. "The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder," says Dawna Markova, author of "The Open Mind" and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. "But we are taught instead to 'decide,' just as our president calls himself 'the Decider.' " She adds, however, that "to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities."All of us work through problems in ways of which we're unaware, she says. Researchers in the late 1960 covered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally (or collaboratively) and innovatively. At puberty, however, the brain shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. "This breaks the major rule in the American belief system — that anyone can do anything," explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book "This Year I Will..." and Ms. Markova's business partner. "That's a lie that we have perpetuated, and it fosters commonness. Knowing what you're good at and doing even more of it creates excellence." This is where developing new habits comes in.21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by being ________.A. casualB. familiarC. mechanicalD. changeable22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be ________A. predictedB. regulatedC. tracedD. guided23. "ruts"(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning to ________A. tracksB. seriesC. characteristicsD. connections24. Ms. Markova's comments suggest that the practice of standard testing ________?A, prevents new habits form being formedB, no longer emphasizes commonnessC, maintains the inherent American thinking modelD, complies with the American belief system25. Ryan most probably agree thatA. ideas are born of a relaxing mindB. innovativeness could be taughtC. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideasD. curiosity activates creative mindsText 2It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom – or at least confirm that he's the kid's dad. All he needs to do is shell our $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore – and another $120 to get the results.More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to search for a family's geographic roots .Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing. All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.But some observers are skeptical, "There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing," says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father's line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers. This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared. Databases used by some companies don't rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects. This means that a DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.26. In paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows PTK's ___________.[A] easy availability[B] flexibility in pricing[C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households27. PTK is used to __________.[A] locate one's birth place[B] promote genetic research[C] identify parent-child kinship[D] choose children for adoption28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.[A] trace distant ancestors[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines[C] fully use genetic information[D] achieve the claimed accuracy29. In the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.[A] disorganized data collection[B] overlapping database building[C] excessive sample comparison[D] lack of patent evaluation30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.[A] Fors and Againsts of DNA testing[B] DNA testing and It's problems[C] DNA testing outside the lab[D] lies behind DNA testingText 3The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that is it, because new ed u c a t i o n a l s y s t e m s t h e r e a n d p u t t i n g e n o u g h p e o p l e t h r o u g h t h e m t o i m p r o v e e c o n o m i c p e r f o r m a n c e w o u l d r e q u i r e t w o o r t h r e e g e n e r a t i o n s . T h e f i n d i n g s o f a r e s e a r c h i n s t i t u t i o n h a v e c o n s i s t e n t l y s h o w n t h a t w o r k e r s i n a l l c o u n t r i e s c a n b e t r a i n e d o n t h e j o b t o a c h i e v e r a d i c a l h i g h e r p r o d u c t i v i t y a n d , a s a r e s u l t , r a d i c a l l y h i g h e r s t a n d a r d s o f l i v i n g . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 7 " > I r o n i c a l l y , t h e f i r s t e v i d e n c e f o r t h i s i d e a a p p e a r e d i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . N o t l o n g a g o , w i t h t h e c o u n t r y e n t e r i n g a r e c e s s i n g a n d J a p a n a t i t s p r e - b u b b l e p e a k . T h e U . S . w o r k f o r c e w a s d e r i d e d a s p o o r l y e d u c a t e d a n d o n e o f p r i m a r y c a u s e o f t h e p o o r U . S . e c o n o m i c p e r f o r m a n c e . J a p a n w a s , a n d r e m a i n s , t h e g l o b a l l e a d e r i n a u t o m o t i v e - a s s e m b l y p r o d u c t i v i t y . Y e t th e r e s e a r c h r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e U . S . f a c t o r i e s o f H o n d a N i s s a n , a n d T o y o t a a c h i e v e d a b o u t9 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e p r o d u c t i v i t y o f t h e i r J a p a n e s e c o u n t e r p a r t s - - a r e s u l t o f t h e t r a i n i n g t h a t U . S . w o r k e r s r e c e i v e d o n t h e j o b . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 8 " > M o r e r e c e n t l y , w h i l e e x a m i n i n g h o u s i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n , t h e r e s e a r c h e r s d i s c o v e r e d t h a t i l l i t e r a t e , n o n - E n g l i s h - s p e a k i n g M e x i c a n w o r k e r s i n H o u s t o n , T e x a s , c o n s i s t e n t l y m e t b e s t - p r a c t i c e l a b o r p r o d u c t i v i t y s t a n d a r d s d e s p i t e t h e c o m p l e x i t y o f t h e b u i l d i n g i n d u s t r y ' s w o r k . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 3 9 " > W h a t i s t h e r e a l r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n e d u c a t i o n a n d e c o n o m i c d e v e l o p m e n t ? W e h a v e t o s u s p e c t t h a t c o n t i n u i n g e c o n o m i c g r o w t h p r o m o t e s t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f e d u c a t i o n e v e n w h e n g o v e r n m e n t s d o n ' t f o r c e i t . A f t e r a l l , t h a t ' s h o w e d u c a t i o n g o t s t a r t e d . W h e n o u r a n c e s t o r s w e r eh u n t e r s a n d g a t h e r e r s 1 0 , 0 0 0 y e a r s a g o , t h e y d i d n ' t h a v e t i m e t o w o n d e r m u c h a b o u t a n y t hi n g b e s i d e s f i n d i n g f o o d . O n l y w h e n h u m a n i t y b e g a n t o g e t i t s f o o d i n a m o r e p r o d u c t i v e w a y w a s t h e r e t i m e f o r o t h e r t h i n g s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 0 " > A s e d u c a t i o n i m p r o v e d , h u m a n i t y ' s p r o d u c t i v i t y p o t e n t i a l , t h e y c o u l d i n t u r n a f f o r d m o r e e d u c a t i o n . T h i s i n c r e a s i n g l y h i g h l e v e l o f e d u c a t i o n i s p r o b a b l y a n e c e s s a r y , b u t n o t a s u f f i c i e n t , c o n d i t i o n f o r t h e c o m p l e x p o l i t i c a l s y s t e m s r e q u i r e d b y a d v a n c e d e c o n o m i c p e r f o r m a n c e . T h u s p o o r c o u n t r i e s m i g h t n o t b e a b l e t o e s c a p e t h e i r p o v e r t y t r a p s w i t h o u t p o l i t i c a l c h a n g e s t h a t m a y b e p o s s i b l e o n l y w i t h b r o a d e r f o r m a l e d u c a t i o n . A l a c k o f f o r m a l e d u c a t i o n , h o w e v e r , d o e s n ' t c o n s t r a i n t h e a b i l i t y o f t h e d e v e l o p i n g w o r l d ' s w o r k f o r c e t o s u b s t a n t i a l l y i m p r o v e p r o d u c t i v i t y f o r t h e f o r e s t e d f u t u r e . O n t h e c o n t r a r y , c o n s t r a i n t s o n i m p r o v i n g p r o d u c t i v i t y e x p l a i n w h y e d u c a t i o n i s n ' t d e v e l o p i n g m o r e q u i c k l y t h e r e t h a n i t i s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 1 " > 3 1 . T h e a u t h o r h o l d s i n p a r a g r a p h 1 t h a t t h e i m p o r t a n t o f e d u c a t i o n i n p o o r c o u n t r i e s &n b s p ; _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 2 " > [ A ] i s s u b j e c t g r o u n d l e s s d o u b t s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 3 " > [ B ] h a s f a l l e n v i c t i m o f b i a s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 4 " > [ C ] i s c o n v e n t i o n a l d o w n g r a d e d / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 5 " > [ D ] h a s b e e n o v e r e s t i m a t e d / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 6 " > 3 2 . I t i s s t a t e d i n p a r a g r a p h 1 t h a t c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a n e w e d u c a t i o n s y s t e m &n b s p ; _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 7 " > [ A ] c h a l l e n g e s e c o n o m i s t s a n d p o l i t i c i a n s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 8 " > [ B ] t a k e s e f f o r t s o f g e n e r a t i o n s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 4 9 " > [ C ] d e m a n d s p r i o r i t y f r o m t h e g o v e r n m e n t / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 0 " > [ D ] r e q u i r e s s u f f i c i e n t l a b o r f o r c e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 1 " > 3 3 . A m a j o r d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e J a p a n e s e a n d U . S w o r k f o r c e s i s t h a t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 2 " > [ A ] t h e J a p a n e s e w o r k f o r c e i s b e t t e r d i s c i p l i n e d / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 3 " > [ B ] t h e J a p a n e s e w o r k f o r c e i s m o r e p r o d u c t i v e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 4 " > [ C ] t h e U . S w o r k f o r c e h a s a b e t t e r e d u c a t i o n / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 5 " > [ D ] t h e U . S w o r k f o r c e i s m o r e o r g a n i z e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 6 " > 3 4 . T h e a u t h o r q u o t e s t h e e x a m p l e o f o u r a n c e s t o r s t o sh o w t h a t e d u c a t i o n e m e r g e d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 7 " > [ A ] w h e n p e o p l e h a d e n o u g h t i m e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 8 " > [ B ] p r i o r t o b e t t e r w a y s o f f i n d i n g f o o d / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 5 9 " > [ C ] w h e n p e o p l e o n l o n g e r w e n t h u n g / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 0 " > [ D ] a s a r e s u l t o f p r e s s u r e o n g o v e r n m e n t / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 1 " > 3 5 . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e l a s t p a r a g r a p h , d e v e l o p m e n t o f e d u c a t i o n _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 2 " > [ A ] r e s u l t s d i r e c t l y f r o m c o m p e t i t i v e e n v i r o n m e n t s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 3 " > [ B ] d o e s n o t d e p e n d o n e c o n o m i c p e r f o r m a n c e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 4 " > [ C ] f o l l o w s i m p r o v e d p r o d u c t i v i t y / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 5 " > [ D ] c a n n o t a f f o r d p o l i t i c a l c h a n g e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 6 " > T e x t 4 / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 7 " > T h e m o s t t h o r o u g h l y s t u d i e d i n t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e n e w w o r l d a r e t h e m i n i s t e r s a n d p o l i t i c a l l e a d e r s o f s e v e n t e e n t h - c e n t u r y N e w E n g l a n d . A c c o r d i n g t o t h e s t a n d a r d h i s t o r y o f A m e r i c a n p h i l o s o p h y , n o w h e r e e l s e i n c o l o n i a l A m e r i c a w a s " S o m u c h i m p o r t a n t a t t a c h e d t o i n t e l l e c t u a l p u r s u i t s " A c c o r d i n g t o m a n y b o o k s a n d a r t i c l e s , N e w E n g l a n d ' s l e a d e r s e s t a b l i s h e d t h e b a s i c t h e m e s a n d p r e o c c u p a t i o n s o f a n u n f o ld i n g , d o m i n a n t P u r i t a n t r a d i t i o n i n A me r i c a n i n t e l l e c t u a l l if e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 8 " > T o t a ke t h i s a p p r o a c h t o t h e N e w E n g l a n d e r s n o r m a l l y m e a n t o s t a r t w i t h t h e P u r i t a n s ' t h e o l o g i c a l i n n o v a t i o n s a n d t h e i r d i s t i n c t i v e i d e a s a b o u t t h e c h u r c h - i m p o r t a n t s u b j e c t s t h a t w e m a y n o t n e g l e c t . B u t i n k e e p i n g w i t h o u r e x a m i n a t i o n of s o u t h e r n i n t e l l e c t u a l l i f e , w e m a y c o n s i d e r t h e o r ig i n a l P u r i t a n s a s c a r r i e r s o f E u r o p e a n c u l t u r e a d j u s t i n g t o N e w w o r l d c i r c u m s t a n c e s . Th e N e w E n g l a n d c o l o ni e s w e r e t h e s c e n e s o f i m p o r t a n t e p i s o d e s i n t h e p u r s u i t o f w i d e l y u n d e r s t o o d i d e a l s o f c i v i l i t y a n d v i r t u o s i t y . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 6 9 " > T h e e a r l y s e t t l e r s o f M a s s a c h u s e t t s B a y i n c l u d e d m e n o f i m p r e s s i v e e d u c a t i o n a n d i n f l u e n c e i n E n g l a n d . ` B e s i d e s t h e n i n e t y o r s o l e a r n e d m i n i s t e r s w h o c a m e t o M a s s a c h u s e t t s c h u r c h i n t h e d e c a d e a f t e r 1 6 2 9 , T h e r e w e r e p o l i t i c a l l e a d e r s l i k e J o h n W i n t h r o p , a n e d u c a t e d g e n t l e m a n , l a w y e r , a n d o f f i c i a l o f t h e C r o w n b e f o r e h ej o u r n e y e d t o B o s t o n . T h e r e m e n w r o t e a n d p u b l i s h e d e x t e n s i v e l y , r e a c h i n g b o t h N e w W o r l d a n d O l d W o r l d a u d i e n c e s , a n d g i v i n g N e w E n g l a n d a n a t m o s p h e r e o f i n t e l l e c t u a l e a r n e s t n e s s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 0 " > W e s h o u l d n o t f o r g e t , h o w e v e r , t h a t m o s t N e w E n g l a n d e r s w e r e l e s s w e l l e d u c a t e d . W h i l e f e w c r a f t s m e n o r f a r m e r s , l e t a l o n e d e p e n d e n t s a n d s e r v a n t s , l e f t l i t e r a r y c o m p o s i t i o n s t o b e a n a l y z e d , T h e i n t h i nk i n g o f t e n h a d a t r a d i t i o n al s u p e r s t i t i o n s q u a l i t y . A t a i l o r n am e d J o hn D a n e , w ho e m i g r a t e d i n t h e l a t e 1 6 3 0 s , l e f t a n a c c o u n t o f h i s r e a s o n s f o r l e a v i n g E n g l a n d t h a t i s f i l l e d w i t h s i g n s . s e x u a l c o n f u s i o n , e c o n o m i c f r u s t r a t i o n s , a n d r e l i g i o u s h op e - a l l n a m e t o g e t h e r i n a d e c i s i v e m o m e n t w h e n h e o p e n e d t h e B i b l e , t o l d h i s f a t h e r t h e f i r s t l i n e h e s a w w o u l d s e t t l e h i s f a t e , a n d r e a d t h e m a g i c a l w o r d s : " c o m e o u t f r o m a m o n g t h e m , t o u c h n o u n c l e a n t h i n g , a n d I w i l l b e y o u r G o d a n d y o u s h a l l b e m y p e o p l e . " O n e w o n d e r s w h a t D a n e t h o u g h t o f t h e c a r e f u l s e r m o n s e x p l a i n i n g t h e B i b l e t h a t h e h e a r d i n p u r i t a n c h u r c h e d . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 1 " > M e a n w h i l e , m a n y s e t t l e s h a d s l i g h t e r r e l i g i o u s c o m m i t m e n t s t h a n D a n e ' s , a s o n e c l e r g y m a n l e a r n e d i n c o n f r o n t i n g f o l k a l o n g t h e c o a s t w h o m o c k e d t h a t t h e y h a d n o t c o m e t o t h e N e w w o r l d f o r r e l i g i o n . " O u r m a i n e n d w a s t o c a t c h f i s h . " / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 2 " > 3 6 . T h e a u t h o r n o t e s t h a t i n t h e s e v e n t e e n t h - c e n t u r y N e w E n g l a n d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 3 " > [ A ] P u r i t a n t r a d i t i o n d o m i n a t e d p o l i t i c a l l i f e . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 4 " > [ B ] i n t e l l e c t u a l i n t e r e s t s w e r e e n c o u r a g e d . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 5 " > [ C ] P o l i t i c s b e n e f i t e d m u c h f r o m i n t e l l e c t u a l e n d e a v o r s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 6 " > [ D ] i n t e l l e c t u a l p u r s u i t s e n j o y e d a l i b e r a l e n v i r o n m e n t . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 7 " > 3 7 . I t i s s u g g e s t e d i n p a r a g r a p h 2 t h a t N e w E n g l a n d e r s _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = "1 7 8 " > [ A ] e x p e r i e n c e d a c o m p a r a t i v e l y p e a c e f u l e a r l y h i s t o r y . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 7 9 " > [ B ] b r o u g h t w i t h t h e m t h e c u l t u r e o f t h e O l d W o r l d / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 0 " > [ C ] p a i d l i t t l e a t t e n t i o n t o s o u t h e r n i n t e l l e c t u a l l i f e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 1 " > [ D ] w e r e o b s e s s e d w i t h r e l i g i o u s i n n o v a t i o n s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 82 " >3 8 . T h e e a r l y m i n i s t e r s a n d p o l i t i c a l l e a d e r s i n M a s s a c h u s e t t s B a y _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 8 3 " > [ A ] w e r e f a m o u s i n t h e N e w W o r l d f o r t h e i r w r i t i n g s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 84 " > [ B ] g a i n e d i n c r e a s i n g i m p o r t a n c e i n r e l i g i o u s a f f a i r s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 85 " > [ C ] a b a n d o n e d h i g h p o s i t i o n s b e f o r e c o m i n g t o t h e N e w W o r l d / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 86 " > [ D ] c r e a t e d a n e w i n t e l l e c t u a l a t m o s p h e r e i n N e w E n g l a n d / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 87 " > 3 9 . T h e s t o r y o f J o h n D a n e s h o w s t h a t l e s s w e l l - e d u c a t e d N e w E n g l a n d e r s w e r e o f t e n _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 18 8 " > [ A ] i n f l u e n c e d b y s u p e r s t i t i o n s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 89 " > [ B ] t r o u b l e d w i t h r e l i g i o u s b e l i e f s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 0 " > [ C ] p u z z l e d b y c h u r c h s e r m o n s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 1 " > [ D ] f r u s t r a t e d w i t h f a m i l y e a r n i n g s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 2 " > 4 0 . T h e t e x t s u g g e s t s t h a t e a r l y s e t t l e r s i n N e w E n g l a n d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 3 " > [ A ] w e r e m o s t l y e n g a g e d i n p o l i t i c a l a c t i v i t i e s / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 4 " > [ B ] w e r e m o t i v a t e d b y a n i l l u s o r y p r o s p e c t / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 5 " > [ C ] c a m e f r o m d i f f e r e n t b a c k g r o u n d s . / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 6 " > [ D ] l e f t f e w f o r m a l r e c o r d s f o r l a t e r r e f e r e n c e / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 7 " > P a r t B / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 8 " > D i r e c t i o n s: / p > p b d s f i d = " 1 9 9 " > D i r e c t i o n s : I n t h e f o l l o w i n g t e x t , s o m e s e n t e n c e s h a v e b e e n r e m o v e d . F o r Q u e s t i o n s ( 4 1 - 4 5 ) , c h o o s e t h e m o s t s u i t a b l e o n e f r o m t h e l i s t A - G t o f i t i n t 0 e a c h o f t h e n u m b e r e d b l a n k . T h e r e a r e t w o e x t r a c h o i c e s , w h i c h d o n o t f i t i n a n y o f t h e g a p s . M a r k y o u r a n s w e r s o n A N S W E R S H E E T 1 . ( 1 0 p o i n t s ) / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 0 " > C o i n c i d i n g w i t h t h e g r o u n d b r e a k i n g t h e o r y o f b i ol o g i c a l e v o l u t i o n p r o p o s e d b y B r i t i s h n a t u r a l i s t C h a r l e s D a r w i n i n t h e 1 8 6 0 s , B r i t i s h s o c i a l p h i l o s o p h e r H e r b e r t S p e n c e r p u t f o r w a r d h i s o w n t h e o r y o f b i o l o g i c a l a n d c u l t u r a l e v o l u t i o n . S p e n c e r a r g u e d t h a t a l l w o r l d l y p h e n o m e n a , i n c l u d i n g h u m a n s o c i e t i e s , c h a n g e d o v e r t i m e , a d v a n c i n g t o w a r d p e r f e c t i o n . 4 1 . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 1 " > A m e r i c a n s o c i a l s c i e n t i s t L e w i s H e n r y M o r g a n i n t r o d u c e d a n o t h e r t h e o r y o f c u l t u r a l e v o l u t i o n i n t h e l a t e 1 8 0 0 s . M o r g a n , a l o n g w i t h T y l o r , w a s o n e o f t h e f o u n d e r s o f m o d e r n a n t h r o p o l o g y . I n h i s w o r k , h e a t t e m p t e d t o s h o w h o w a l l a s p e c t s o f c u l t u r e c h a n g e d t o g e t h e r i n t h e e v o l u t i o n o f s o c i e t i e s . 4 2 . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 2 " > I n t h e e a r l y 1 9 0 0 s i n N o r t h A m e r i c a , G e r m a n - b o r n A m e r i c a n a n t h r o p o l o g i s t F r a n z B o a s d e v e l o p e d a n e w t h e o r y o f c u l t u r e k n o w n a s h i s t o r i c a l p a r t i c u l a r i s m . H i s t o r i c a l p a r t i c u l a r i s m , w h i c h e m p h a s i z e d t h e u n i q u e n e s s o f a l l c u l t u r e s , g a v e n e w d i r e c t i o n t o a n t h r o p o l o g y . 4 3 . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 3 " > B o a s f e l t t h a t t h e c u l t u r e o f a n y s o c i e t y m u s t b e u n d e r s t o o d a s t h e r e s u l t o f a u n i q u e h i s t o r y a n d n o t a s o n e o f m a n y c u l t u r e s b e l o n g i n g t o a b r o a d e r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t a g e o r t y p e o f c u l t u r e . 4 4 . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p > p b d s f i d = " 2 0 4 " > H i s t o r i c a l p a r t i c u l a r i s m b e c a m e a d o m i n a n t a p p r o a c h t o t h e s t u d y o f c u l t u r e i n A m e r i c a n a n t h r o p o l o g y , l a r g e l y t h r o u g h t h e i n f l u e n c e o f m a n y s t u d e n t s o f B o a s . B u t a n u m b e r o f a n t h r o p o l o g i s t s i n t h e e a r l y 1 9 0 0 s a l s o r e j e c t e d t h e p a r t i c u l a r i s t t h e o r y o f c u l t u r e i n f a v o r o f d i f f u s i o n i s m . S o m e a t t r i b u t e d v i r t u a l l y e v e r y i m p o r t a n t c u l t u r a l a c h i e v e m e n t t o t h e i n v e n t i o n s o f a f e w , e s p e c i a l l y g i f t e d p e o p l e s t h a t , a c c o r d i n g t o d i f f u s i o n i s t s , t h e n s p r e a d t o o t h e r c u l t u r e s . 4 5 . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . / p >。
专业外语课程简介
《专业英语》课程简介Subject-Based English课程编号：学分：2 学时：32 讲课学时：32 实验学时（实践学时）：内容简介：《专业英语》是机械工程专业方向的一门专业选修课。
本课程为机械工程专业大学四年级学生经过了基础英语以及本专业课程的学习之后，为进一步提高他们的阅读、翻译有关专业文献和科技英语的写作能力而开设的选修课程。
课程内容涉及金属切削原理、特种加工、机床及液压传动系统等专业相关知识。
本课程教学，不仅可以使学生们熟悉和掌握本专业常用的专业词汇、词组及其用法，还能进一步巩固专业知识的学习，同时培养了学生科技英语的翻译、写作能力。
本课程的学习将为学生学习新的科学知识与技术、查阅本专业英文文献、掌握国际上本专业发展动态打好语言基础。
适用专业：机械工程先修课程：《大学英语》、《机械制造技术基础》、《互换性与测试技术》、《液压传动与气压传动》等选用教材：《机械制造专业英语》，章跃主编，机械工业出版社，2009开课单位：机械工程学院机制教研室Course Number: 0010908048 Credit: 2 Class Periods: 32 Lecture Periods: 32 Experiment Periods: 0 Description of the Course: Subject-Based English is a specialized elective course of mechanical engineering and automation major field. The course is for the senior students of mechanical engineering and automation major field after learning College English and some professional courses. The purpose of the course is to improve their abilities of reading and translating relevant professional literatures and writing science and technology English. The course contents include metal cutting theory, special processing, machine tool and hydraulic transmission system and other relevant professional knowledge. According to the learning of the course, the students not only can know and master commonly used professional vocabularies, phrases and their usage methods, but also can consolidate professional knowledge. The ability of translating and writing subject-based English will also be increased. The learning of the course is of great benefit for students to learn new science and technology knowledge, refer professional literatures in English and master international development trend of the professional knowledge.Major Field: mechanical engineeringPrerequisite Courses: College English, Theory of Mechanical Manufacturing Technology, Interchangeability and Measurement Technology, Hydraulic and Pneumatic Transmission.Teaching Material: Technical English for Mechanical Engineering, Zhang Yue, China Machine Press, 2009 Teaching Unit:Mechanical Manufacturing and Automation Research Center of School of Mechanical Engineering。
系统集成项目管理工程师历年真题中的专业英语题及答案
［2009年上半年上午题］● Which of the following statement related to PMO is not correct? (71)(71) A. The specific form, function, and structure of a PMO is dependent upon the needs of the organization that it supports.B. One of the key features of a PMO is managing shared resources across all projects administered by the PMO.C. The PMO focuses on the specified project objectives.D. The PMO optimizes the use of shared organizational resources across all projects.［答案C］［2009年上半年上午题］● The inputs of developing project management plan do not include (72).(72) A. project charter B. stakeholder management strategyC. project scope statementD. outputs from planning processes［答案B］［2009年上半年上午题］● A project life cycle is a collection of generally sequential project （73）whose name and number are determined by the control needs of the organization or organizations involved in the project. The life cycle provides the basic （74）for managing the project, regardless of the specific work involved.（73）A. phases B. processes C. segments D. pieces（74）A. plan B. fraction C. main D. framework［答案A、D］［2009年上半年上午题］●（75）is one of the quality planning outputs.(75) A. Scope base lineB. Cost of qualityC. Product specificationD. Quality checklist［答案D］69. 71．Ris kmanagement allows the project menaget and the project team not to(71) 。
材料成型及控制工程专业英语-_1MATERIALS_AND_THEIR_PROPERTIES
CHAPTER 1 MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
Among numerous properties possessed by materials，their mechanical properties，in the majority of cases，are the most essential and therefore，they will be given much consideration in the book．
材料成型及控制工程 专业英语
2009 © Hisuntech Corp.
CHAPTER 1 MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
1.1 Metals and Non-metals Words and terms definite－确定的、明确的 defect－缺陷 plastic deformation塑性变形 stress concentrator 应力集中点 self-strengthening自强化 the tip of a crock裂纹尖端
这一现象则不会在非金属中出现。非金属不能进行塑性变形 和发生加工硬化现象。因此，一旦某处缺陷的应力超过某一 定值后，就会产生断裂。
Arrest-t停止、扣留、制动、逮捕。Fracture－裂纹、断裂
但是由于材料的塑性好，金属可以在这些位置产生塑性变形， 即：裂纹尖端产生硬化，会推迟断裂过程的产生。
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CHAPTER 1 MATERIALS AND THEIR PROPERTIES
This does not occur in non-metals．They are uncapable of plastic deformation and self-strengthening. Therefore, fracture（断裂） will occur as soon as the stresses at the tip of a defect exceed a definite value．
河南专升本2009年专业英语真题答案
河南专升本2009年专业英语真题答案PartⅠ1‐5 DBCAC 6‐10 ACDAA 11‐15 DBCAA 16‐20 CCDDD21‐25 ACDCB 26‐30 ACBCA 31‐35 DCBBD 36‐40 BCCDB PartⅡ41‐45 ACACC 46‐50 DDBBD 51‐55 DACDA 55‐60 DABCD PartⅢ61‐65 BDBAD 66‐70 BDBBA 71‐75 DAACD 76‐80 BBACAPart Ⅳ81‐85 DDCAB 86‐90 CBADCPart ⅤSection A91、总体考虑，她的建议比你的更有价值92、该教授关于环境的演讲，简短且激动人心，深深铭刻在我的记忆中93、我还需要四年才能成为一名合格的律师94、要想很快解决这些问题，我们必须采取一些高效的措施95、好的开始等于成功的一半Section B96、What you have done counts more than what you have said.97、The farmer would throw away these vegetables rather than sell them at half price.98、In view of your poor health condition, you’d better give up smoking.99Though they hadn’t seen each other for decade, Tom recognized her as soon as he saw her.100、His progress in study owes much to the improvement of his study methods.Part Ⅵ。
2009年专业英语四级语法题详解
2009年专业英语四级语法题解51. What a nice day! How about the three of us _____ a walk in the park nearby?A. to takeB. takeC. takingD. to be taking选【C】。
How about doing something 常用于―对干什么‖（what to do）提出建议，用法和搭配同what about,是看如下例句：How about putting the sofa closer to the window?How about we have that game when we get back?How about if we tell the police when Newley is hiding?(Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English第4版，外语教学与研究出版社.2004, p.792) 据此例句，how about 作介词短语，后面应该接-ing 动名词，the three of us作-ing的逻辑主语，如例句1，选C；How about作完整短语，见例句2，―我们回去后就玩那种游戏，怎么样？‖，就可选B。
这句意思是―天气真好！就我们三人到公园附近散散步，怎么样？‖结论：【CB】都可接受。
52. If there were no subjunctive mood, English _____ much easier to learn.A. could have beenB. would beC. will beD. would have been选【B】。
四种典型的带条件句的虚拟语气如下：If I were rich, how happy I would be/ If I were a bird, I could fly freely in the shy.（现在—现在/将来）If I had got up earlier, I could have caught the bus. （过去—过去）If I had studied hard before, I would be living better now.（过去—现在）If I were you, I would not have missed the film last night.（现在—过去）这句属于第1类型虚拟句。
09-10(2)电气专业英语期末试卷A
A河北科技大学2009—2010学年第二学期2008级大学英语（4）期末考试试卷A(理工学院)学院班级姓名学号考场号座位号Paper OneI. Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (10 points)注意：此部分试题请在答题卡上作答。
Directions:In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and you must read the four choices marked A), B), C)and D), and decide which is the bestanswer. Please mark your answers on the Answer Sheet with a single line throughthe center.Media Selection for AdvertisementsAfter determining the target audience for a product or service, advertising agencies must select the appropriate media for the advertisement. We discuss here the major types of media used in advertising. We focus our attention on seven types of advertising: television, newspapers, radio, magazines, out-of-home, Internet, and direct mail.TelevisionTelevision is an attractive medium for advertising because it delivers mass audiences to advertisers. When you consider that nearly three out of four Americans have seen the game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?You can understand the power of television to communicate with a large audience. When advertisers create a brand, for example, they want to impress consumers with the brand and its image. Television provides an ideal vehicle for this type of communication. But television is an expensive medium, and not all advertisers can afford to use it.Television’s influence on advertising is fourfold. First, narrowcasting means that television channels are seen by an increasingly narrow segment of the audience. The Golf Channel, for instance, is watched by people who play golf. Home and Garden Television is seen by those interested in household improvement projects.Thus, audiences are smaller and more homogeneous (具有共同特点的) than they have been in the past. Second, there is an increase in the number of television channels available to viewers, and thus, advertisers. This has also resulted in an increase in the sheer number of advertisements to which audiences are exposed. Third, digital recording devices allow audience members more control over which commercials they watch. Fourth, control over programming is being passed from the networks to local cable operators and satellite programmers.NewspapersAfter television, the medium attracting the next largest annual ad revenue is newspapers. The New York Times, which reaches a national audience, accounts for $1 billion in ad revenue annually. It has increased its national circulation (发行量) by 40% and is now available for home delivery in 168 cities. Locally, newspapers are the largest advertising medium.Newspapers are a less expensive advertising medium than television and provide a way for advertisers to communicate a longer, more detailed message to their audience than they can through television. Given new production techniques, advertisements can be printed in newspapers in about 48 hours, meaning newspapers are also a quick way of getting the message out. Newspapers are often the most important form of news for a local community, and they develop a high degree of loyalty from local reader.RadioAdvertising on radio continues to grow. Radio is often used in conjunction with outdoor billboards(广告牌) and the Internet to reach even more customers than television. Advertisers are likely to use radio because it is a less expensive medium than television, which means advertisers can afford to repeat their ads often. Internet companies are also turning to radio advertising. Radio provides a way for advertisers to communicate with audience members at all times of the day. Consumers listen to radio on their way to school or work, at work, on the way home, and in the evening hours.Two major changes—satellite and Internet radio—will force radio advertisers to adapt their methods. Both of these radio forms allow listeners to tune in stations that are more distant than the local stations they could receive in the past. As a result, radio will increasingly attract target audiences who live many miles apart.MagazinesNewsweeklies, women’s titles, and business magazines have all seen increases in advertising because they attract the high-end ma r ket, magazines are popular with advertisers because of the narrow market that they deliver. A broadcastmedium such as network television attracts all types of audience members, but magazine audiences are more homogeneous, if you read S ports Illustrated, for example, you have much in common with the magazine’s other reader s. Advertisers see magazines as an efficient way of reaching target audience members.Advertisers using the print media—magazines and newspapers—will need to adapt to two main changes. First, the Internet will bring larger audiences to local newspapers, these audiences will be more diverse and geographically dispersed (分散) than in the past. Second, advertisers will have to understand how to use an increasing number of magazines for their target audiences. Although some magazines will maintain national audiences, a large number of magazines will entertain narrower audiences.Out-of-home advertisingOut-of-home advertising, also called place-based advertising, has become an increasingly effective way of reaching consumers, who are more active than ever before. Many consumers today do not sit at home and watch television. Using billboards, newsstands, and bus shelters for advertising is an effective way of reaching these on-the-go consumers. More consumers travel longer distances to and from work, which also makes out-of-home advertising effective. Technology has changed the nature of the billboard business, making it a more effective medium than in the past. Using digital printing, billboard companies can print a billboard in 2 hours, compared with 6 days previously. This allows advertisers more variety in the types of messages they create because they can change their messages more quickly.InternetAs consumers become more comfortable with online shopping, advertisers will seek to reach this market. As consumers get more of their news and information from the Internet, the ability of television and radio to get the word out to consumers will decrease. The challenge to Internet advertisers is to create ads that audience members remember.Internet advertising will play a more prominent role in organizations’ advertising in the near future. Internet audiences tend to be quite homogeneous, but small. Advertisers will have to adjust their methods to reach these audiences and will have to adapt their persuasive strategies to the online medium as well.Direct mailA final advertising medium is direct mail, which uses mailings to consumers to communicate a client’s message. Direct mail includes newsletters, postcards and special promotions. Direct mail is an effective way to build relationships with。
专业英语《华为公司报告英文版》
2.Global communication
①Supplying communication equipment router wireless network card photocommunication transporting production ②Plan designer of global advanced information and communication big data centre solution fusioncloud solution
HUAWEI future plans
HUAWEI future success of the road --- to project as the center to win in the future. HUAWEI plans to catch up with apple in the smart phone market in the next five years Ren Zhengfei: in the next few years will HUAWEI to create European companies
operatingcost092010operatingcostgrowthrate1951includingresearchdevelopmentexpensesgrew2411fromyearearliermanagementexpensesgrew2825fromyearearlierotherbusinessnetspendinggrew6838fromyearearliernetfinancialexpenses3088billionyuancompanycostexpensescontrolveryidealmostprojectscompanyoperatingprofits2010from2009operatingprofitincreased8219billionyuangrowthrateoperatingincomegrosssalesoperatingprofitrevenuegrowthledpretaxprofitgrowthmakecompanypretaxprofit2010than2009increased5285billionyuangrowthrateprofitsfromyearearlieryearincreased5483billionyuangrowthrate30通过华为公司利润趋势表分析可以看出该公司盈利状况的变化主要表现在以下几个方面1公司营业收入增长较快2010年和2009年营业收入分别较2008年增长了147881192公司2010年和2009年营业利润分别较2008年增长了18072130各年逐年增长且都高于营业收入增长的幅度2009年主要原因是净财务费用的减少2010的成本和费用幅度都有所增加但平均幅度未超过营业收入幅度所以导致最终营业利润的增加32010年和2009年的税前利润分别较2008年增长了29239236各年逐年增长都高于营业收入和营业利润的增长幅度
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71)d 72)b 73) d74) c75)a
71b 72a 73a 74 75a
• • • • • • • • A （71） is a functional unit that interprets and carries out instructions. （71） A. memory B. processor C. storage D. network ● A （72） consists of the symbols, characters, and usage rules that permit people to communicate with computer. （72）A. programming language B. network C. keyboard D. display ● （73） software, also called end-user program, includes database programs, word processors, spreadsheets etc. （73）A. Application B. System C. Compiler D. Utility ● In （74） , the only element that can be deleted or removed is the one that was inserted most recently. （74）A. a line B. a queue C. an array D. a stack ● Most （75） measures involve data encryption and password. （75）A. security B. hardware C. display D. program
专业英语知识部分
软件水平考试程序员考试
(2009年上半年)
• （71）The two goals of an operation system are and efficiency. • （71）A. convenience B. quick C. optimize D. standardize • ●（72）A data is a file that contains metadata - that is, data about data. • （72）A. structure B. table C. base D. dictionary • ●(73)Software activities consume a large portion of the total life-cycle budget. • A. repair B. maintenance C. change D. update • ●(74)Network software consists of（74）, or rules by which processes can communicate. • （74）A. protocols B. programs C. devices D. computers • ●The firewall device is a（75）system for connecting a computer network to other computer network. • (75) A. hardware B. software C. security D. I/O
Criteria 标准 ,一般指判断或做决定遵守的标准，在standard基础上,加以验证而形成的规 范 standard:标准.用的比较广泛，指一般的标注啊、规格等;指法定的或一般公认 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • （66） : An error can be caused by attempting to divide by 0. （66）A．Interrupt B．Default C．Underflow D．Overflow 溢出：企图用0除时会产生的一种错误 67） : The process of identifying and correcting errors in a program. （67）A．Debug B．Bug C．Fault D．Default 调试：找出并纠正程序错误的过程 （68） : A collection of related information, organized for easy retrieval （68）A．Data B．Database C．Buffer D．Stack 数据库：相关信息的集合，组织起来使其易于检索 （69） : A location where data can be temporarily stored （69）A．Area B．Disk C．Buffer D．File 缓冲区：临时存放数据之处 （70） : A graphical bar with buttons that perform some of the most common commands （70）A．Title bar B．Tool bar C．Status bar D．Scroll bar 工具栏：由按钮组成的图形化条，这些按钮可以执行大部分常用操作
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2006 66）-70） C B B A C
• ● ___(66)___ is a device that converts images to digital format. (66)A. Copier B. Printer C. Scanner D. Display • ● In C language, a ___(67)___ is a series of characters enclosed in double quotes.(引号) (67)A. matrix B. string C. program D. stream • ● ___(68)___ are those programs that help find the information you are trying to locate on the WWW. (68)A. WindowsB. Search Engines C. Web Sites D. Web Pages • ● In C language, ___(69)___ are used to create variables and are grouped at the top of a gram block. (69)A. declarations B. dimensions C. comments D.descriptions • ● An ___(70)___ statement can perform a calculation and store the result in a variable so that it can be used later. (70)A. executable B. input C. output D. assignment (分配)
71-75
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Every valid character in a computer that uses even （71）must always have an even number of 1 bits. （71）A．parity B．check C．test D．compare 计算机中采用偶校验的每个字符一定含有偶数个1。 The maximum number of data that can be expressed by 8 bits is （72） . （72）A．64 B．128 C．255 D．256 8位能表示的最大数是255。 Integration （73） is the process of verifying that the components of a system work together as described in the program design and system design specifications. （73）A．trying B．checking C．testing D．coding 集成测试就是验证系统各个组成部分能否按程序设计和系统设计规格说明书所描述的方式 一起工作的过程。 GIF files are limited to a maximum of 8 bits/pixel, it simply means that no more than 256 colors are allowed in （74） . （74）A．an image B．a file C．a window D．a page GIF格式的文件规定每个像素最多8位，这就意味着GIF图像不能超过256色。 Computer （75） is a complex consisting of two or more connected computing units, it is used for the purpose of data communication and resource sharing. （75）A．storage B．device C．network D．processor 计算机网络是由两个或两个以上的计算装置组成的复合体，旨在用于数据通信和资源共享
（2005年上半年） 66-70 BDABA
• ● A ___(66)___ computer is a personal computer whose hardware is capable of using any or all of the following media in a program: audio, text, graphics, video and animation(动画）. （66）A．database B．multimedia C．network D．mainframes ● The___(67)___ controls the cursor or pointer on the screen and allows the user to access commands by pointing and clicking. （67）A．graphics B．printer C．program D．mouse ● A _(68)_ copies a photograph, drawing or page of text into the computer. （68）A．scanner B．printer C．display D．keyboard ● ___(69)___ is permanently stored in the computer and provides a link between the hardware and other programs that run on the PC. （69）A．Interface B．Operating system C．Internet D．Application software ● ___(70)___ is not a linear structure （70）A．Graph B．Queue C．Stack D．1-dimension array