考研阅读逐句译2001年第2篇
2001年考研英语阅读全文翻译
2001Passage 1Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, where as the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.专业化可被视为针对科学知识不断膨胀这个问题所做出的反应。
考研英语阅读真题翻译2001-2010
在过去的25年英语报纸所发生的变化中，影响最深远的可能就是它们对艺术方面的报道在范围上毫无疑问的缩小了，而且这些报道的严肃程度也绝对降低了。
对于年龄低于40岁的普通读者来讲，让他们想象一下当年可以在许多大城市报纸上读到精品的文艺评论简直几乎是天方夜谭。
然而，在20世纪出版的最重要的文艺评论集中，人们读到的大部分评论文章都是从报纸上收集而来。
现在，如果读到这些集子，人们肯定会惊诧，当年这般渊博深奥的内容竟然被认为适合发表在大众日报中。
从20世纪早期到二战以前，当时的英国报纸上的评论主题广泛，包罗万象，我们现在离此类报纸评论越来越远。
当时的报纸极其便宜，人们把高雅时尚的文艺批评当作是所刊登报纸的一个亮点。
在那些遥远的年代，各大报刊的评论家们都会不遗余力地详尽报道他们所报道的事情，这在当时被视为是理所当然的事情。
他们的写作是件严肃的事情，人们相信：甚至那些博学低调不喜欢炫耀的评论家，比如George Bernard Shaw和Ernest Newman也知道自己在做什么（即他们的文章会高调出现在报纸上）。
这些批评家们相信报刊评论是一项职业，并且对于他们的文章能够在报纸上发表感到很自豪。
“鉴于几乎没有作家能拥有足够的智慧或文学天赋以保证他们在新闻报纸写作中站稳脚跟”，Newman曾写道，“我倾向于把‘新闻写作’定义为不受读者欢迎的作家用来嘲讽受读者欢迎的作家的一个‘轻蔑之词’”不幸的是，这些批评家们现在实际上已被人们遗忘。
从1917年开始一直到1975年去世不久前还在为曼彻斯特《卫报》写文章的Neville Cardus，如今仅仅作为一个撰写关于板球比赛文章的作家被人们所知。
但是，在他的一生当中，他也是英国首屈一指的古典音乐评论家之一。
他也是一位深受读者青睐的文体家，所以1947年他的《自传》一书就成为热销读物。
1967年他被授予爵士称号，也是第一位获此殊荣的音乐评论家。
然而，他的书现在只有一本可以在市面上买到。
2001考研英语真题原文翻译
2001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语全文翻译P a r t I I C l o z eT e s t政府要禁止像审判R o s e m a r y W e s t案件时发生的报界付钱给牵扯到大案要案的证人以图收买他们的行为㊂为了加强对报界的法律监督,大法官L o r d I r v i n e将要提出一项草拟法案㊂该草案将提议把报界付款给证人的做法定为非法,并且将对案件在开庭前的公开程度加以严格控制㊂在给下院媒体特别委员会主席G e r a l dK a u f m a n的一封信中,L o r d I r v i n e说他同意该委员会今年的报告㊂该报告指出了自我约束没有对媒体实施足够的监控㊂当L o r d I r v i n e说对欧洲立法中所包含的关于隐私控制的解释权将留给法官而不是国会时,这一做法遭到了媒体的一片抗议㊂而两天后,这封信便被公之于世㊂大法官说‘人权法案“的引入使‘欧洲人权公约“在英国具有了法律约束力㊂它规定每个人都享有隐私权,公众人物可以走上法庭去保护自己和家人的权利㊂新闻自由由法官掌握将安然无恙 ,他说道㊂自W e s t在1995年被判处十项无期徒刑后,给证人付报酬的做法就成了颇有争议的问题㊂据说多达十九个证人因向报社讲述他们的经历而获得报酬㊂这引起了人们的关注:为了确保法庭给被告定罪,证人可能会被怂恿在法庭上夸大事实㊂P a r t I I I R e a d i n g C o m p r e h e n s i o nP a s s a g e1专业化可被视为针对科学知识不断积累这个问题所做出的反应㊂通过对学科的分支和细化,个人能够继续处理这些信息并将它们作为深入研究的基础㊂但是专业化仅是科学领域内一系列影响交流过程的有关现象之一㊂另一现象是科学活动的日益职业化㊂科学领域的专业人士和业余爱好者之间划不出泾渭分明的界限:因为任何规律都有例外㊂然而, 业余 一词的确意味着相关人员不能充分融入职业科学界,尤其他可能并不完全认同这个群体的价值观㊂19世纪的专业化的发展,以及随之而来的对训练的长期性和复杂性的要求,对业余人员参与科学研究造成了更大的困难㊂这一趋势在以数学和实验室训练为基础的科学领域里自然表现得最为突出,并可以在英国的地质学发展过程中得到证实㊂将过去一个半世纪英国地质学出版物做一下比较,我们就会发现不仅对科研的主导地位的强调不断攀升,而且人们对一篇可接受的科研论文的定义也在不断变化㊂因此,在19世纪,对局部的地质进行研究本身就可以形成一种有价值的研究㊂而在20世纪,如果局部的研究能够被专业人员接受,那么它必须体现或思考更广阔的地质面貌,而且这种倾向越来越明显㊂另一方面业余人员继续以旧的方式从事局部的研究㊂这样一来,总的结果是业余爱好者想在专业地质学期刊上发表文章就更难了,而被广泛使用的论文评审制度又进一步强化了这一结果,该制度先是在19世纪的国家级刊物上实行,后又在20世纪被一些地方级地质学刊物所使用㊂这样发展的必然结果是出现针对专业的读者和业余读者的不同杂志㊂一个颇为相似的分化过程已经导致专业的地质学家走到一起组成一到两个全国性的专业学术社团,而业余地质爱好者们倾向于要么仍留在地方社团,要么也以另一种方式组成全国性机构㊂虽然职业化和专业化过程在19世纪的英国地质学领域中已经得到迅速发展,但是它的效果在20世纪才充分显示出来㊂然而,从科学这个整体来看,19世纪必须被视为科学结构发生变化的关键时期㊂P a s s a g e2现在越来越多的人开始关注所谓信息差异 即世界被划分为信息富裕阶层和信息贫困阶层㊂这个差异的确存在,我和我的妻子20年前就对这个隐约出现的危险做过演讲㊂但那时还看不清楚的是一些消除数字化差异的㊁新的积极因素㊂有值得乐观的理由㊂有技术上的理由希望数字化差异会缩小㊂随着互联网越来越商业化,普及上网对商家是有利的 毕竟上网人数越多,潜在的客户就越多㊂越来越多的政府担心它们的国家被抛在后面,都愿意扩大互联网的普及率㊂10年到20年后,这个星球上的10亿至20亿人口将被联结在一起㊂因此,我相信数字化差异在未来的几年将会缩小,而不是扩大㊂那是一个很好的消息,因为互联网将很可能成为我们用来对付贫穷的最有力的工具㊂当然,使用互联网不是击败贫困的唯一方法㊂互联网也不是我们拥有的唯一工具,但它有巨大的潜力㊂为了利用这个工具,一些贫困国家就必须克服它们过时的针对外国投资的反殖民偏见㊂那些仍然认为外国投资是侵犯主权的国家应该好好地研究一下美国的基础设施建设史㊂当美国建设自己的工业基础设施时,缺乏必要的资金㊂那就是为什么美国的第二次浪潮基础设施 包括道路㊁港口㊁高速公路㊁码头等等 都是利用外资建设的㊂英国人㊁德国人和法国人都在这块前英国殖民地投资㊂他们投入资金,移民参加建设㊂想想看现在谁拥有这些基础设施?美国人㊂我相信这种事对巴西或其他所有的地方都一样㊂你拥有用以建设第三次浪潮基础设施(即电子基础设施)的外国资金越多,你就将越富裕㊂这并不意味着甘愿受辱或被愚弄,或者让外国公司毫无限制地经营㊂但它的确意味着要认识到外资在建设能源和通讯基础设施中的重要性,这些基础设施是充分利用互联网所必须的㊂P a s s a g e3为什么如此多的美国人不相信自己在报纸上读到的东西?美国新闻编辑协会正在试图回答这个痛苦的问题㊂这个组织正深深地陷入一个长期的自我分析过程:即新闻可信度调查工程㊂遗憾的是,这一调查最终仅发现了一些低层次问题,如事实错误和拼写及语法错误,和这些低层次发现交织在一起的还有许多令人挠头的困惑,譬如读者到底想读些什么㊂但是不信任的根源要比这深得多㊂记者们都学着用一套标准的模式去看世界,并把每天的新闻装入这个模式之中㊂换句话说,在新闻编辑室文化中存在着一套约定俗成的写作模式,它为纷繁复杂的新闻提供了一个主干构架和一套现成的叙事方式㊂在新闻从业人员与读者之间存在着社会与文化方面的隔阂,这或许正是新闻编辑室中的 标准模板 与众多读者的意趣相差甚远,甚至背道而驰的原因㊂在最近的一次调查中,问卷被送到了全国五个中等城市和一个大城市区域的记者手中,然后随意地给这些区域的居民打电话,问他们同样的问题㊂这些问题显示,与一般的美国人相比,记者更有可能居住在富人区,拥有仆人,拥有奔驰车,炒股,而不大可能去教堂,做志愿者工作,或扎根于某个社区㊂记者们往往属于广义上所说的社会和文化精英的一部分,因此他们的工作往往反映了这些精英的传统价值观㊂公众对新闻媒体的惊人的不信任并非源于不准确或蹩脚的报道技巧,而源于记者和读者的世界观的日常冲突㊂这对于任何一个行业来说,都是一个容易引起激烈争论的形势,特别是对于一个日趋衰落的产业㊂这里是一个困境中的行业在不停地雇用员工,而这些员工的观点总体上使客户感到恼火㊂然后它出资组织研讨会和可信度调查工程,全是为了回答为什么顾客恼火了,为何会顾客大范围流失㊂但它仿佛从来没有注意到他们从前的顾客所抱怨的文化的和社会阶层的偏见㊂如果它注意到了这一点,那么它会进一步开放其多样化方案(目前该方案只注重种族和性别),并且雇用那些世界观㊁价值观㊁教育水平和社会阶层大相径庭的记者㊂P a s s a g e4世界正在经历一场从未见过的巨大的兼并浪潮㊂这个浪潮从异常活跃的美国席卷到欧洲,并以不可比拟的威力影响到正在崛起的国家㊂这些国家的许多人看着这个浪潮,忧心忡忡, 企业合并的浪潮会不会导致产生一种不可控制的反竞争力量?无疑,大企业正在变得更大㊁更强㊂跨国公司在1982年只占有国际贸易不到20%的份额㊂目前,这个数字上升到25%,并且还在迅速上升㊂在那些对外开放并欢迎外资的国家的经济中,国际分公司在国民生产中形成一个快速增长的部门㊂比如,在阿根廷,经过90年代初的改革之后,跨国公司在200家大型企业的工业生产中从43%增加到几乎70%㊂这一现象引起了人们对小型公司和民族商业家的作用以及世界经济的基本稳定性的极大关注㊂我相信,推动这次巨大的并购浪潮最主要的力量,也是推动全球化进程的力量:运输与通讯费用的降低,贸易与投资障碍的减少,以及市场的扩大和为满足市场需求生产的扩大㊂所有这些对消费者来说都有益而无害㊂随着生产力的提高,世界的财富也就增长了㊂目前这场合并浪潮的利与弊并无多少实例㊂但是很难想象当今的几家石油公司的合并能够再次给竞争带来威胁,正如100年前美国标准石油托拉斯被解散时人们曾担心的那样㊂通讯公司的合并,如世界通讯公司,似乎没有给消费者带来更高的费用,或者降低技术进步的速度㊂在汽车行业,合并也同样在增加 看看戴姆勒与克莱斯勒,雷诺与尼桑 但仿佛消费者并未受到伤害㊂不过事实仍然是,我们必须关注这场合并运动㊂几星期以前,格林斯潘对银行业的巨大合并发出了警告㊂如果如此巨大的银行出现,谁来充当最终的借贷者,发挥监督㊁管理和运作的作用?当一个国家对破坏公平竞争的行为的处理过于严格时,跨国公司会不会把它们的产业从一地转到另一地?另外,在事情将影响所有国家的情况下,如美国政府与微软公司的诉讼案,一个国家是否应该独自担负起 保护竞争 的责任㊂P a s s a g e5在我决定放弃全职工作的时候,我怎么也没有想到我会成为一个国际流行趋势的一部分㊂由于一次平级的工作调动伤害了我的自尊,阻碍了我的事业发展,促使我放弃了那份相对体面的工作,而我却像一位面子扫尽的政府部长一样通过声称 我想多和家人呆在一起 来掩饰我辞职的原因㊂奇怪的是,在经过两年半的时间,写了两部小说之后,我所亲历的美国人称之为 放慢生活节奏 的实践已使我老掉牙的借口变成了无疑的现实㊂我已经从 拥有一切 哲学的极力倡导者 L i n d aK e l s e y过去的七年中一直在‘她“杂志上倡导这样的哲学 变成了一个心满意足㊁知足常乐的女人㊂我已经发现,也许由于过度劳累而从编辑职位退下来的K e l s e y也会发现:放弃 忙忙碌碌 的人生信条并转而追求放慢生活节奏的做法带给你的回报,比金钱和社会地位更有价值㊂没有任何理由能够说服我回到K e l s e y曾经倡导㊁我曾经喜欢的那种生活:12小时的工作日㊁压力巨大的期限㊁办公室明争暗斗带来的可怕的压力和在 最佳时期 做母亲的限制㊂颇具讽刺意义的是,追求比较悠闲的生活 在美国还被称为 自愿简朴 竟然孕育了一个或许可被命名为 反消费主义 的全新领域㊂对于那些希望简化其生活的人来说,有许多畅销的有关放慢生活节奏的自学书籍;也有诸如‘守财奴简报“这样的简讯,给成千上万的美国人提供包罗万象的实用小窍门,从循环再利用胶带到自制肥皂;甚至还有帮助团体,帮助那些希望按照90年代中期逃避社会现实的方式生活的人㊂在美国,这一潮流原是经济衰退的一种反应 80年代后期的经济萎缩造成了大量失业 并仍然与勤俭节约的生活作风相联系,而在英国,至少在我所认识的中产阶层的 放慢生活节奏者 中,寻求简化生活的理由是不同的㊂对于我们这一代在80年代为生活奔波的女人来说,90年代中期出现的放慢生活节奏与其说是寻求一种神话般的美好生活 用有机肥种植蔬菜,试图与大自然合二为一 还不如说是认识到自身能力是有限的这一事实㊂P a r t I V E n g l i s h-C h i n e s eT r a n s l a t i o n在不到三十年的时间里,‘星际旅行“的全息舱面就会成为现实㊂大脑神经系统和计算机之间的直接连接还会创造出全方位感受虚拟环境,使电影‘全部回忆“中展示的虚拟假期成为可能㊂(71)届时,将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车㊂一旦这些汽车排污超标(违规),监控器就会使其停驶㊂(72)儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍,具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具,人们将在气味电视机前休闲,届时数字化时代就要来到了㊂根据英国电信的未来学家I a nP e a r s o n做出的预见,这些都在新千年头几十年发展计划之列,届时,超级计算机将急剧加速各个生活领域的发展㊂(73)P e a r s o n汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果,编制了一个独特的新技术千年历,它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期㊂一些最重大的进展将出现在医学领域,包括人类预期寿命的延长和数十种人造器官将在现在到2024年之间陆续实现㊂P e a r s o n还预言,在计算机与人的连接上会有一个重大突破㊂他说: 通过直接与我们的神经系统相连,计算机可以知道我们的感觉,并且有希望模仿感觉,这样,我们就能够发展全方位感知环境,就像电影‘全部回忆“中的虚拟假期或特列克星号上的全息舱面㊂ (74)但皮尔森指出,这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始: 它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步,最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人㊂通过研究,皮尔逊能够预言大多数突破的发生时间㊂然而,对于何时能够进行超光速旅行,何时人类克隆技术能够得以完善,何时可以进行时间旅行,却依然没有预见㊂但他的确预见了技术进步引起的社会问题㊂比如,到2010年,住宅区附近监视器数量的剧增将引发问题;仿真机器人意味着人类可能无法区分同类朋友和这些机器人伙伴㊂(75)家用电器将会变得如此智能化,以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病 厨房狂躁症㊂。
2001考研英语阅读真题
2001考研英语阅读真题IntroductionIn the year 2001, the English section of the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) for postgraduate studies included a reading comprehension portion. This section aimed to test candidates' ability to understand and interpret written texts in English. Let us explore this reading comprehension exercise further.Section 1: Passage 1Title: The Importance of Effective CommunicationEffective communication is crucial in various aspects of life, both personal and professional. This passage discusses the significance of effective communication and its impact on different areas, including education, business, and relationships. It highlights the potential consequences of ineffective communication and emphasizes the need for individuals to develop their communication skills.Section 2: Passage 2Title: The Influence of Social Media on SocietyIn recent years, social media has become an integral part of modern society. This passage focuses on the influence and impact of social media on various aspects of our lives, such as communication, privacy, and information sharing. It discusses the advantages and challenges that arise from the widespread use of social media platforms and presents different perspectives on the topic.Section 3: Passage 3Title: The Benefits of Physical ExercisePhysical exercise plays a vital role in maintaining a healthy lifestyle. This passage explores the benefits of physical exercise, both for physical and mental well-being. It discusses the various types of exercises and their impact on different aspects of our lives, such as improving cardiovascular health, enhancing cognitive abilities, and reducing stress levels.Section 4: Passage 4Title: The Implications of Climate ChangeClimate change is a pressing global issue with far-reaching consequences. This passage delves into the implications of climate change on the environment, economy, and society as a whole. It presents scientific findings, discusses the role of human activities in climate change, and highlights the urgent need for individual and collective action to mitigate its impact.ConclusionThrough this examination of the 2001 GRE reading comprehension section, we have explored the diverse range of topics covered in the test. From the importance of effective communication to the influence of social media, the benefits of physical exercise, and the implications of climate change, these passages provided candidates with opportunities to showcase their understanding and interpretation of various written texts. The ability to comprehend and analyze information from different fields is crucial forsuccess in postgraduate studies and beyond. Enhancing these skills can greatly contribute to personal and professional growth.。
考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--2001年part2
考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--2001年part2Part TwoA great deal of attention is being paid today to the so called digital divide-the division of the world into the info（information）rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access-after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we've ever had.Of course, the use of the Internet isn't the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential.To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure （the basic structural foundations of a society）in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn't have the capital to do so. And that is why America's SecondWave infrastructure-including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on-were built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain's former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you're going to be. That doesn't mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.5．Digital divide is something _________.［A］getting worse because of the Internet ［B］the rich countries are responsible for［C］the world must guard against ［D］considered positive today6．Governments attach importance to the Internet because it _________.［A］offers economic potentials ［B］can bring foreign funds［C］can soon wipe out world poverty ［D］connects people all over the world7．The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of _________.［A］providing financial support overseas ［B］preventing foreign capital's control［C］building industrial infrastructure ［D］accepting foreign investment8．It seems that now a country's economy depends much on _________.［A］how well developed it is electronically［B］whether it is prejudiced against immigrants［C］whether it adopts America's industrial pattern［D］how much control it has over foreign corporationsUnit 8 （2001） Part2重点词汇：1.divide（分开；分配；除）是division / （分开；部门；除法）的动词形式。
2001年考研英语翻译真题精解版
2001年考研翻译真题解析In less than 30 years' time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain's nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front ofsmell-television, and digital age will have arrived.According to BT's futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1,000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.73)Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world, to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck, he says. 74)But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for whenfaster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the? 75)And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage.71．There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.结构分析：本句的主干结构是there will be后面带的两个并列名词television chat show和cars，这两个名词在句中做主语。
2001年考研英语翻译真题精解版
2001年考研英语翻译真题精解版在2001年的考研英语翻译真题中，涉及了以下几个不同的题目。
题目一：全球化与中小企业在这个题目中，需要探讨全球化对中小企业的影响。
全球化已成为当今世界的主要趋势之一，它带来了许多机遇和挑战。
对于中小企业来说，全球化既是机会，也是挑战。
全球化为中小企业提供了更广阔的市场机会。
通过全球化，中小企业可以扩大其市场范围，进入国际市场，与国外企业进行合作，从而增加销售和利润。
同时，全球化也为中小企业带来了更多的创新和技术交流机会，促进了企业的成长和发展。
然而，全球化也给中小企业带来了一些挑战。
首先，中小企业可能面临来自国外企业的竞争压力。
全球化意味着国际市场的开放，中小企业将面对来自全球各地企业的竞争。
其次，全球化要求中小企业具备一定的国际化能力，包括语言能力、文化适应能力等。
这对于一些缺乏国际经验的中小企业来说可能是一个挑战。
为了应对全球化带来的机遇和挑战，中小企业可以采取一些措施。
首先，中小企业可以加强与国外企业的合作，共同开发市场，分享资源和技术。
其次，中小企业可以加强自身的创新能力和国际化能力，通过不断创新和学习，提高自身在国际市场中的竞争力。
最后，政府也可以采取一些支持政策，为中小企业提供更好的发展环境和条件。
题目二：环境保护与可持续发展这个题目要求讨论环境保护与可持续发展之间的关系。
随着经济的迅速发展，环境问题日益突出，环境保护变得尤为重要。
实现可持续发展成为各国普遍目标。
环境保护与可持续发展密切相关。
环境保护是可持续发展的基础，而可持续发展则是环境保护的目标。
环境保护包括保护自然资源、减少污染、保护生态系统等方面的工作。
而可持续发展强调在满足当前需求的基础上，不损害后代的生活质量和资源利用。
只有实现了环境保护，才能够实现可持续发展的目标。
为了推进环境保护和可持续发展，需要采取一系列措施。
首先，各国政府应该加强立法和监督，制定更加严格的环境保护法规，并保证其执行。
历年英语二真题阅读翻译(01-06)
2001年真题第一篇美国银行体系的稳定性是通过监督、调节、审查、存款保险以及向陷入困境的银行贷款等手段维持的。
50多年来，这些防范措施防止了银行系统的恐慌。
不过，现在出现了一些谨慎的呼吁。
芝加哥的大陆伊利诺斯银行与信托公司1984年的倒闭没有破坏美国的银行体系，但是它肯定造成了一些恐慌。
20世纪70年代晚期，大陆银行发展迅速，成为美国中西部地区银行系统的佼佼者。
不过，该银行的部分发展策略具有冒险性,它在能源领域发放了许多贷款，其中包括它从俄克拉荷马市的PSB借贷的10亿美元。
为了获得发放这些贷款所需的资金，大陆银行主要依赖从其他银行的短期借贷以及大量的30天存单，用银行系统的行话来说就是“游资”。
至少一名大陆银行的官员觉察到了危险的迹象，并且向其上级递交了一份警示备忘录，但是，这份备忘录没有引起重视。
虽然通货监理部门按照惯例审查大陆银行，但是它没有意识到该行的问题将有多么严重。
1982年7月，PSB被管理部门关闭。
当能源价格开始下滑时，大陆银行从小银行借来发放出去的10亿美元贷款中的大部分成为呆账。
借贷给像克莱斯勒汽车、国际收割机以及布兰尼弗这类陷入困境的公司的贷款也似乎出了问题。
看到这些问题，“游资”持有者开始从大陆银行撤资。
到1984年春季，大陆银行开始出现挤兑现象。
到5月，银行不得不向联邦政府借贷35亿美元来弥补流失的资金。
但是，这还不够。
为了阻止大陆银行的资金外流，FDIC 同意不仅为最初所定的100,000美元的储户担保，而且为所有储户担保。
不过，挤兑现象仍在继续。
联邦管理部门竭尽全力，希望找到一家可靠的银行收购大陆银行，这是拯救濒临倒闭银行的惯用手法，但是，大陆银行太大了，任何一家银行都购买不起。
到7月，私人银行拯救大陆银行的所有希望都破灭了。
管理部门面临一个艰难的抉择：是让大陆银行倒闭，还是由它们自己接管。
‘让该行倒闭似乎太冒险。
据估计，如果大陆银行倒闭的话，100多家在大陆银行投入了足够资金的其他银行就会陷入危险之中，因此，在7月底一个下雨的星期三，FDIC以45亿美元的代价把大陆伊利诺斯银行收归国有。
考研英语2001年阅读
考研英语2001年阅读
考研英语2001年的阅读理解部分，对于许多考生来说，是一个挑战。
这一年的阅读材料涵盖了广泛的主题，从社会现象到科技发展，无一不包。
这些文章不仅要求考生具备扎实的英语语言基础，还要求他们能够理解和分析复杂的信息。
文章的第一篇讨论了城市化进程中出现的问题，如交通拥堵和环境污染。
作者通过对比不同城市的发展模式，指出了城市规划中存在的一些普遍问题，并提出了可能的解决方案。
考生在阅读这篇文章时，需要关注作者如何通过数据和例证来支持其观点。
第二篇文章则聚焦于科技发展对人类生活的影响。
文章详细描述了新技术如何改变我们的工作方式和日常生活，同时也指出了这些变化可能带来的负面影响。
考生在理解这篇文章时，需要留意作者如何平衡技术进步的积极和消极影响。
第三篇阅读材料探讨了教育的重要性。
文章强调了教育对于个人发展和社会进步的重要作用，并讨论了不同教育体系的优劣。
考生在阅读时，需要关注作者如何通过比较不同教育模式来阐述其观点。
最后一篇文章则关注了全球化对经济的影响。
作者分析了全球化如何促进了国际贸易和投资，同时也指出了它可能加剧的贫富差距问题。
考生在阅读这篇文章时，需要理解作者如何通过经济数据和理论来支持其论点。
总的来说，2001年的考研英语阅读部分要求考生具备较高的阅读理解能力，能够快速捕捉文章的主旨，理解作者的观点，并能够分析文章中提供的信息。
考生在准备这类考试时，应该广泛阅读不同主题的文
章，提高自己的词汇量和语法知识，同时也要培养批判性思维能力，这样才能在考试中取得好成绩。
2001考研英语二真题及答案
2001考研英语二真题及答案Section 1 Use of EninglishDirections :Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be .To the men and women who 1 )in World War II and the people they liberated ,the GI.was the 2) man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who 3) all the burdens of battle ,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the 4) of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid ,5) an average guy ,up 6 )the best trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries.His name is not much.GI. is just a military abbreviation 7) Government Issue ,and it was on all of the article 8) to soldiers .And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9) it to the top .Joe Blow ,Joe Magrac …a working class name.The United States has 10) had a president or vicepresident or secretary of state Joe.GI .joe had a (11)career fighting German ,Japanese , and Korean troops . He appers as a character ,or a (12 ) of american personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of GI. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle(13)portrayde themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)side of the warl, writing about the dirt-snow -and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were(15)or what towns were captured or liberated, His reports(16)the “willie”cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men(17)the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G.I. Joe was any American soldier,(20)the most important person in their lives.1.[A] performed [B]served [C]rebelled [D]betrayed2.[A] actual [B]common [C]special [D]normal3.[A]bore [B]cased [C]removed [D]loaded4.[A]necessities [B]facilitice [C]commodities [D]propertoes5.[A]and [B]nor [C]but [D]hence6.[A]for [B]into [C] form [D]against7.[A]meaning [B]implying [C]symbolizing [D]claiming8.[A]handed out [B]turn over [C]brought back [D]passed down9.[A]pushed [B]got [C]made [D]managed10.[A]ever [B]never [C]either [D]neither11.[A]disguised [B]disturbed [C]disputed [D]distinguished12.[A]company [B]collection [C]community [D]colony13.[A]employed [B]appointed [C]interviewed [D]questioned14.[A]ethical [B]military [C]political [D]human15.[A]ruined [B]commuted [C]patrolled [D]gained16.[A]paralleled [B]counteracted [C]duplicated [D]contradicted17.[A]neglected [B]avoided [C]emphasized [D]admired18.[A]stages [B]illusions [C]fragments [D]advancea19.[A]With [B]To [C]Among [D]Beyond20.[A]on the contrary [B] by this means [C]from the outset [D]at that pointSection II Resdiong ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. answer the question after each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)Text 1Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on his educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see vey little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the polic y imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework does nothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.21.It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework_____.[A] is receiving more criticism[B]is no longer an educational ritual[C]is not required for advanced courses[D]is gaining more preferences22.L.A.Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students_____.[A]tend to have moderate expectations for their education[B]have asked for a different educational standard[C]may have problems finishing their homework[D]have voiced their complaints about homework23.According to Paragraph 3,one problem with the policy is that it may____.[A]discourage students from doing homework[B]result in students' indifference to their report cards[C]undermine the authority of state tests[D]restrict teachers' power in education24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is whether______. [A] it should be eliminated[B]it counts much in schooling[C]it places extra burdens on teachers[D]it is important for grades25.A suitable title for this text could be______.[A]Wrong Interpretation of an Educational Policy[B]A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students[C]Thorny Questions about Homework[D]A Faulty Approach to HomeworkText2Pretty in pink: adult women do not rememer being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. Tt is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.Girls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses.When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kins, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children’s behaviour: wrong. Turns out, acdording to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing trick by clothing manufacrurers in the 1930s.Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids’clothes. Tt was only after “toddler”became a common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults,into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences - or invent them where they did not previously exist.26.By saying "it is...the rainbow"(Line 3, Para.1),the author means pink______.[A]should not be the sole representation of girlhood[B]should not be associated with girls' innocence[C]cannot explain girls' lack of imagination[D]cannot influence girls' lives and interests27.According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours？[A]Colours are encoded in girls' DNA.[B]Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.[C]Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.[D]White is prefered by babies.28.The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological development was much influenced by_____.[A]the marketing of products for children[B]the observation of children's nature[C]researches into children's behavior[D]studies of childhood consumption29.We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to_____.[A]focus on infant wear and older kids' clothes[B]attach equal importance to different genders[C]classify consumers into smaller groups[D]create some common shoppers' terms30.It can be concluded that girls' attraction to pink seems to be____.[A] clearly explained by their inborn tendency[B]fully understood by clothing manufacturers[C] mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen[D]well interpreted by psychological expertsText 3In 2010. a federal judge shook America's biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades-by 2005 some 20% of human genes were parented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organisation (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battle.On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed holb patents to two genss that help forecast a woman's risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah,said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents' monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's. A growing number seem to st year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetictests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a product of nature... than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds. ”Despite the appeals court's decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of indivi dual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.AS the industry advances ,however,other suits may have an even greater panies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules-most are already patented or in the public domain .firms are now studying how genes intcract,looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy,companies are eager to win patents for ‘connecting the dits’,expaains hans sauer,alawyer for the BIO.Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO rtcently held a convention which included seddions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.31.it canbe learned from paragraph I that the biotech companies would like-----A.their executives to be activeB.judges to rule out gene patentingC.genes to be patcntablcD.the BIO to issue a warning32.those who are against gene patents believe that----A.genetic tests are not reliableB.only man-made products are patentableC.patents on genes depend much on innovatiaonD.courts should restrict access to gene tic tests33.according to hans sauer ,companies are eager to win patents for----A.establishing disease comelationsB.discovering gene interactionsC.drawing pictures of genesD.identifying human DNA34.By saying “each meeting was packed”(line4,para6)the author means that -----A.the supreme court was authoritativeB.the BIO was a powerful organizationC.gene patenting was a great concernwyers were keen to attend conventiongs35.generally speaking ,the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is----A.criticalB.supportiveC.scornfulD.objectiveText 4The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends,it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics,our culture, and the character of our society for years.No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways; they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S. ,lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one,. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them--- especially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.In the internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden winthin American society. More difficult, in the moment , is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this resession than at any time in itshistory, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly it, and all the more so the longer they extend.36.By saying “to find silver linings”（Line 1,Para.2）the author suggest that the jobless try to___.[A]seek subsidies from the govemment[B]explore reasons for the unermployment[C]make profits from the troubled economy[D]look on the bright side of the recession37.According to Paragraph 2,the recession has made people_____.[A]realize the national dream[B]struggle against each other[C]challenge their lifestyle[D]reconsider their lifestyle38.Benjamin Friedman believe that economic recessions may_____.[A]impose a heavier burden on immigrants[B]bring out more evils of human nature[C]Promote the advance of rights and freedoms[D]ease conflicts between races and classes39.The research of Till Von Wachther suggests that in recession graduates from elite universities tend to _____.[A]lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities[B]catch up quickly with experienced employees[C]see their life chances as dimmed as the others’[D]recover more quickly than the others40.The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is____.[A]certain[B]positive[C]trivial[D]destructivePart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark you r answers on ANSWER SHEERT 1.(10 points)“Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,” wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not.Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus - On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, the championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders.Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist's personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers , industrialists and explores . "The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, if patient purpose, resolute working and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formulation of truly noble and many character, exhibit,"wrote Smiles."what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself"His biographies of James Walt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles:“It is man, real, living man who does all that.” And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For:“Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past.”This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding - from gender to race to cultural studies - were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.[A] emphasized the virtue of classical heroes.41. Petrarch[B] highlighted the public glory of the leading artists.42. Niccolo Machiavellli[C] focused on epochal figures whose lives were hard to imitate.43. Samuel Smiles[D] opened up new realms of understanding the great men in history.44. Thomas Carlyle[E] held that history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle.45. Marx and Engels[F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful leaders.[G] depicted the worthy lives of engineer industrialists and explorers.Section III Translation46.Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15 points)When people in developing countries worry about migration,they are usually concerned at the prospect of ther best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world ,These are the kind of workers that countries like Britian ,Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates .Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate .A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40%of emigrants had more than a high-school education,compared with around 3.3%of all Indians over the age of 25.This "brain drain "has long bothered policymakers in poor countries ,They fear that it hurt s their economies ,depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could havetaught at their universities ,worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make .Section IV WritingPart A47.DirectionsSuppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from an onlin store the other day ,Write an email to the customer service center to1)make a complaint and2)demand a prompt solutionYou should write about 100words on ANSERE SHEET 2Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter ,Use "zhang wei "instead .48、write an essay based on the following table .In your writing you should1)describe the table ,and2)give your commentsYou should write at least 150 words(15points)参考答案：完形填空：1.B2.B3.A4.A5.C6.B7.C8.A9.D 10.B11.D 12.B 13.C 14.D 15.B16.A 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.DTEXT1：21. A 22.C 23.A 24.B 25.DTEXT2：26.A 27.B 28.A 29.C 30.CTEXT3：31.C 32.B 33.A 34.D 35.DTEXT4：36.D 37.D 38.B 39.D 40.A新题型：41-45：AFGCE小作文范文：Dear Sir or Madame,As one of the regular customers of your online store, I am writing this letter to express my complaint against the flaws in your product-an electronic dictionary I bought in your shop the other day.The dictionary is supposed to be a favorable tool for my study. Unfortunately, I found that there are several problems. To begin with, when I opened it, I detected that the appearance of it had been scratched. Secondly, I did not find the battery promised in the advertisement posted on the homepage of your shop, which makes me feel that you have not kept your promise. What is worse, some of the keys on the keyboard do not work.I strongly request that a satisfactory explanation be given and effective measures should be taken to improve your service and the quality of your products. You can either send a new one to me or refund me my money in full.I am looking forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.。
英语二2001年阅读理解解析
英语二2001年阅读理解解析摘要：1.了解英语二2001年阅读理解题型及难度2.分析文章主题及结构3.提炼关键信息及词汇4.总结解题技巧及策略正文：一、了解英语二2001年阅读理解题型及难度英语二2001年阅读理解部分共有四篇文章，题目难度适中，要求考生具备一定的英语阅读能力。
为了更好地应对此类题型，我们需要对文章进行深入剖析，掌握文章主旨及作者观点。
二、分析文章主题及结构1.文章一：主题为环保，讲述了一位科学家对地球生态环境的关注及采取的行动。
2.文章二：主题为教育，讨论了家庭教育在孩子成长过程中的重要性。
3.文章三：主题为科技发展，阐述了网络科技对人类生活的影响。
4.文章四：主题为文化差异，对比了东西方文化在对待年老者问题上的差异。
三、提炼关键信息及词汇1.文章一：关键信息为环保措施、地球生态环境。
- 词汇：ecology（生态学）、pollution（污染）、conservation（保护）2.文章二：关键信息为家庭教育、孩子成长。
- 词汇：parenting（育儿）、values（价值观）、upbringing（教育）3.文章三：关键信息为网络科技、人类生活。
- 词汇：Internet technology（网络科技）、communication（通信）、convenience（便利）4.文章四：关键信息为文化差异、对待年老者。
- 词汇：cultural difference（文化差异）、respect（尊重）、elderly （老年人）四、总结解题技巧及策略1.提高阅读速度：在保证理解文章的基础上，提高阅读速度，以便更好地应对题目的挑战。
2.抓住文章主旨：通过把握文章主旨，理解作者观点，有助于解答题目。
3.分析题目类型：英语二阅读理解题目包括事实细节题、推理判断题、主旨大意题等，了解各类题目的解题技巧，提高答题准确率。
4.熟悉解题策略：针对不同题目类型，采用相应的解题策略，如排除法、关键词法等。
2001年考研英语阅读第二篇
2001年考研英语阅读第二篇In the year 2001, candidates for the Graduate Entrance Examination in English encountered a challenging second passage in the reading section. This passage focused on the concept of creativity and its relation to intelligence and the educational system. In this article, we will explore the key ideas presented in this passage, analyzing the significance of creativity in education and its implications for intelligence assessment.The passage begins by questioning the traditional definition of intelligence, which has been predominantly limited to cognitive abilities such as logical reasoning and problem-solving. The author argues that this narrow view neglects the equally important aspect of creativity. According to the passage, intelligence should include creative thinking, as it plays a pivotal role in problem-solving and innovation.Furthermore, the passage highlights the unfortunate neglect of creativity in the education system. It argues that the emphasis on standardized testing and rote memorization leaves little room for nurturing creative thinking among students. The author suggests that creativity should be regarded as an essential skill, just like reading or mathematics, and that it should be fostered and evaluated throughout the educational journey.The significance of creativity in education extends beyond individual development. The passage posits that creative individuals contribute to societal progress by generating new ideas and approaches. The author emphasizes that in a rapidly changing world, the ability to think outside the box is essential for addressing complex challenges and improving various aspects of society.The passage also delves into the validity of traditional intelligence tests in assessing creativity. The author argues that these tests fail to capture the multifaceted nature of creativity and often overlook individuals with unconventional thinking patterns. As a result, the passage suggests that alternative methods of evaluating creativity should be implemented to provide a more comprehensive measure of intelligence.In conclusion, the 2001 Graduate Entrance Examination in English presented candidates with a thought-provoking passage focusing on the concept of creativity and its relationship to intelligence and education. The passage highlights the need to redefine intelligence to include creativity and calls for the integration of creative thinking within the education system. It emphasizes the importance of nurturing creative individuals who can contribute to societal progress and challenges the validity of traditional intelligence assessments in capturing creativity. This passage encourages readers to reconsider the significance of creativity and its implications for intelligence evaluation and educational practices.。
01年英语考研真题翻译
01年英语考研真题翻译Translation of the 2001 English Postgraduate Entrance ExaminationIn recent years, there has been a rising trend of enrollment in English postgraduate programs. It is evident that the annual English postgraduate entrance examinations have become an influential factor for candidates aspiring to pursue higher education in this field. In this article, we will analyze and translate the questions from the 2001 English postgraduate entrance examination.Section A: TranslationPart 1: Chinese to English Translation1. 中国近年来许多城市消除了最严重的交通堵塞。
Translation: In recent years, many cities in China have alleviated the most severe traffic congestion.2. 最新研究表明，保持良好的生活习惯对健康有着积极的影响。
Translation: The latest research indicates that maintaining good lifestyle habits has a positive impact on health.Part 2: English to Chinese Translation1. The government has implemented policies to promote sustainable development.Translation: 政府已经实施了促进可持续发展的政策。
2001年阅读真题Text2
2001年阅读真题Text2 逐句翻译A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide—the division of the world into the info（information）rich and the info poor.如今，人们在高度关注被称为数字鸿沟的现象，即将世界划分为信息丰富和信息贫乏。
And that divide does exist today.这样的划分在今天也确实存在。
My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago.20年以前我的妻子和我就这个临近的危险作过报告。
What was less visible then, however（插入语）,were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide.然而，抵制数字鸿沟的新现的、积极的力量在当时尚不明显。
There are reasons to be optimistic.有一些原因变使我们感到乐观。
There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. 这有科技的原因让我们希望数字鸿沟会缩小。
As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access—after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are.随着互联网越来越商业化，普及上网对商家是有利的，毕竟，在线的人数越多，潜在的客户就越多。
2001年考研英语阅读第二篇
【2001年考研英语阅读第二篇】1. 背景介绍2001年考研英语阅读第二篇是考研英语阅读部分的一道题目，是考研考试中的重要部分之一。
该篇文章主要讨论了环境保护和可持续发展的问题，是当时社会上热议的话题之一。
文章内容涉及环境污染、资源消耗、生态平衡等方面的内容，对考生的综合能力和相关知识的掌握有较高要求。
2. 文章内容梳理文章主要包括以下几个方面的内容：1) 环境污染的现状和影响：文章首先介绍了环境污染的现状，包括大气污染、水污染、土壤污染等方面，并阐述了这些污染对人类健康和生态平衡造成的影响。
2) 资源消耗和可持续发展：文章接着讨论了资源消耗过快导致的问题，提出了可持续发展的理念和措施，强调了保护环境和节约资源的重要性。
3) 环境保护的责任和行动：文章还强调了每个人对环境保护的责任，呼吁大家采取行动，从个人做起，共同呵护地球家园。
3. 文章意义和价值这篇文章不仅在当时引起了广泛的关注和讨论，而且对今天的环保工作和可持续发展也有着重要的启示意义。
通过阅读和分析这篇文章，可以帮助人们更深入地了解环境保护和可持续发展的重要性，增强环保意识，落实环保行动，推动社会在经济发展的同时实现环境保护和资源节约的目标。
4. 其他相关建议建议考生在备考考研英语阅读时，注重阅读和理解相关环保和可持续发展方面的知识，提高阅读理解能力和综合运用能力。
在解答该题时，要逻辑清晰，结构合理，语法准确，表达流畅，客观准确地回答相关问题，从而获得更高的分数。
通过对2001年考研英语阅读第二篇的分析和理解，我们不仅可以提高自身的综合能力和知识水平，还可以为环保工作和可持续发展贡献自己的力量，实现个人价值和社会责任的统一。
希望广大考生能够认真对待这一部分内容，取得优异的考试成绩。
对于环境保护和可持续发展这一全球性议题，国际社会已经形成了广泛共识，各国也积极采取了一系列措施来应对环境问题并推动可持续发展。
然而，随着工业化、城市化和人口增长的加速，环境问题在一些地区依然十分严峻。
2001考研英语阅读第二篇文章解析
2001考研英语阅读第二篇文章解析一、文章概述本篇文章为2001年考研英语阅读第二篇，主要讨论了数字技术对人类生活和文化的影响。
文章围绕数字技术的广泛应用以及对个体和社会的影响展开论述，分析了数字化时代的利与弊。
本文的主旨是探讨数字技术对人类生活的深远影响，并提出了作者对数字化时代的思考和观点。
二、文章分析1. 文章主题本文主要介绍了数字技术对人类生活和文化的影响。
通过对数字技术的定义和发展进行介绍，分析了数字技术在人类社会中的广泛应用，并探讨了数字化时代对人们生活方式和文化传承的影响。
2. 文章结构本文采用了概述、论据和结论的结构。
在概述部分，主要介绍了数字技术的定义和发展背景；在论据部分，分析了数字技术对人类生活和文化的影响；在结论部分，作者提出了自己对数字化时代的思考和观点。
3. 文章观点本文通过深入分析数字技术在人类生活中的广泛应用，探讨了数字化时代对人们生活方式和文化传承的影响。
文章客观地介绍了数字技术所带来的便利和挑战，提出了对数字化时代的思考和展望。
4. 文章亮点本文在论述数字技术的充分展现了作者对数字化时代的深刻思考和观点。
文章结构清晰，观点明确，语言流畅。
三、个人观点本文通过对数字技术对人类生活和文化的影响进行了深入分析，客观地介绍了数字化时代的特点和影响。
本人认为，数字技术的快速发展给人们的生活带来了许多便利，但也带来了一些挑战和问题。
在数字化时代，我们需要更加理性地看待数字技术对人类生活和文化的影响，积极借助数字技术为社会发展做出贡献，同时也要警惕数字技术可能带来的负面影响，合理应对。
四、结语通过对本篇文章《2001考研英语阅读第二篇文章》的解析，我们深刻认识到数字技术对人类生活和文化的深远影响。
数字化时代给人们带来了便利，同时也带来了一些挑战和问题。
我们应该理性看待数字化时代，积极借助数字技术推动社会进步，同时也要警惕数字技术可能带来的负面影响，合理应对。
希望本文的解析可以帮助大家更好地理解和思考数字化时代对我们的影响。
考研阅读逐句译2001年第2篇16
考研阅读逐句译2001年第2篇16唐静考研阅读逐句译2001年第2篇第16句 Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure（the basic structural foundations of a society）in the United States.词汇：invasion //n.(a) [U] invading or being invaded 侵略，侵犯*suffer invasion by enemy forces 遭受敌军的侵犯*the invasion of Poland by Germany in 1939 1939年德国对波兰的侵略.(b) [C] instance of this 侵略，侵犯*an outrageous invasion of privacy 对隐私权的粗暴侵犯sovereignty //n.[U] (fml ⽂)1 independent sovereign power 最⾼统治权，君权2 quality of being a country with this power 国家的主权*respect an island's sovereignty尊重⼀岛国的主权结构：Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty （主句的主语是countries，后⾯有⼀个that引导的定语从句，think后⾯是宾语从句）// might well study the history of infrastructure（the basic structural foundations of a society）in the United States（主句的谓语部分）.译⽂：那些认为外国投资是侵犯本国主权的国家不妨研究⼀下美国的基础设施建设历史。
考研阅读逐句译2001年第2篇
唐静考研阅读逐句译2001年第2篇第1句和第2句 A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide—the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today.词汇：division //n.1 [U](a) dividing or being divided 分，分割，划分*the division of wealth 财产的分配(b) dividing one number by another 除，除法*Are you any good at division? 你的除法好吗?2 [sing] (often preceded by an adj 常用于形容词之後) result of dividing 分的结果*a fair/unfair division of money 金钱的公平[不公平]分配.3 [C](a) any of the parts into which sth is divided 分出来的一部分(b) (abbr 缩写Div) major unit or section of an organization （组织或机构的）单位, 部门（如处、科、组、军队的师等）*the sales division of our company 本公司的销售部*Our team plays in the first division (of the football league). 本队在（足球联赛）甲组参赛。
*the parachute division空降师4 [C] dividing line 分界线*A hedge forms the division between her land and mine. 有一道树篱在她的土地和我的土地之间形成了分界线。
2001考研英语二真题及答案
2001 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times 1979.[A] from[B] after[C] for[D] sinceThe sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.” Therefore, you should choose [D].Sample Answer[A] [B] [C] [■]1.If I were in movie, then it would be about time that I my head in my hands for a cry.[A] bury[B] am burying[C] buried[D] would bury2.Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the porthalf a day before the defenders actually surrendered.[A] to announce[B] announced[C] announcing[D] was announced3.According to one belief, if truth is to be known it will make itself apparent, so onewait instead of searching for it.[A] would rather[B] had to[C] cannot but[D] had best4.She felt suitably humble just as she when he had first taken a good look at her cityself, hair waved and golden, nails red and pointed.[A] had[B] had had[C] would have and[D] has had5.There was no sign that Mr. Jospin, who keeps a firm control on the party despitefrom leadership of it, would intervene personally.[A] being resigned[B] having resigned[C] going to resign[D] resignthat leaders at summer computer camps often have 6.So involved with their computersto force them to break for sports and games.[A] became the children[B] become the children[C] had the children become[D] do the children become7.The individual TV viewer invariably senses that he or she is an anonymous,statistically insignificant part of a huge and diverse audience.[A] everything except[B] anything but[C] no less than[D] nothing more than8.One difficulty in translation lies in obtaining a concept match. this is meant that aconcept in one language is lost or changed in meaning in translation.[A] By[B] In[C] For[D] With9.Conversation becomes weaker in a society that spends so much time listening and being talkedit has all but lost the will and the skill to speak for itself.to[A] as[B] which[C] that[D] what10.Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, they Christian, Islamic,Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.[A] be[B]being [C]were[D]arePart BDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the rackets with a pencil. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] scattered[C] abandoned[D] rejectedThe sentence should read. “The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off the highway.” There fore, you should choose [C].Sample Answer[A] [B] [■][D]11.He is too young to be able to between right and wrong.[A] discard[B] discern[C] disperse[D] disregard12.It was no that his car was seen near the bank at the time of the robbery.[A] coincidence[B] convention[C] certainty[D] complication13.One of the responsibilities of the Coast Guard is to make sure that all ships followtraffic rules in busy harbors.[A] cautiously[B] dutifully[C] faithfully[D] skillfully14.The Eskimo is perhaps one of the most trusting and considerate of all Indians but seems to bethe welfare of his animals.[A] critical about[B] indignant at[C] indifferent to[D] subject toon me the unpleasant job of dismissing good workers the 15.The chairman of the boardfirm can no longer afford to employ.[A] compelled[B] posed[C] pressed[D] tempted16.It is naive to expect that any society can resolve all the social problems it is faced with. [A]for long [B]in and out[C] once for all[D] by natureing extremely different decorating schemes in adjoining rooms may result in andlack of unity in style.[A] conflict[B] confrontation[C] disturbance[D] disharmony18.The Timber rattlesnake is now on the endangered species list, and is extinct in two easternstates in which it once .[A] thrived[B] swelled[C] prospered[D] flourished19.However, growth in the fabricated metals industry was able to some of the decline inthe iron and steel industry.[A] overturn[B] overtake[C] offset[D] oppress20.Because of its intimacy, radio is usually more than just a medium; it is .[A] firm[B] company[C] corporation[D] enterprise21.When any non-human organ is transplanted into a person, the body immediately recognizes itas .[A] novel[B] remote[C] distant[D] foreign22.My favorite radio song is the one I first heard on a thick 1923 Edison disc I at agarage sale.[A] trifled with[B] scraped through[C] stumbled upon[D] thirsted for23.Some day software will translate both written and spoken language so well that the need forany common second language could .[A] descend[B] decline[C] deteriorate[D] depress24.Equipment not official safety standards has all been removed from the workshop.[A] conforming to[B] consistent with[C] predominant over[D] providing for25.As an industry, biotechnology stands to electronics in dollar volume and perhapssurpass it in social impact by 2020.[A] contend[B] contest[C] rival[D] strive26.The authors of the United States Constitution attempted to establish an effective nationalgovernment while preserving for the states and liberty for individuals.[A] autonomy[B] dignity[C] monopoly[D] stability27.For three quarters of its span on Earth, life evolved almost as microorganisms.[A] precisely[B] instantly[C] initially[D] exclusively28.The introduction of gunpowder gradually made the bow and arrow , particularly inWestern Europe.[A] obscure[B] obsolete[C] optional[D] overlapping29.Whoever formulated the theory of the origin of the universe, it is just and needsproving.[A] spontaneous[B] hypothetical[C] intuitive[D] empirical30.The future of this company is : many of its talented employees are flowing into moreprofitable net-based businesses.[A] at odds[B] in trouble[C] in vain[D] at stakeSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 31 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant 32 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 33 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 34 and will strictly control the amount of 35 that can be given to a case 36 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons Media Select Committee, Lord Irvine said he 37 with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not 38 sufficient control.39 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 40 of media protest when he said the 41 of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 42 to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 43 theEuropean Convention on Human Rights legally 44 in Britain, laid down that everybodywas 45 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.“Press freedoms will be in safe hands 46 our British judges,” he said.Witness payments became an 47 after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 48 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised 49 witnesses might be encouraged to exaggerate their stories in court to 50 guilty verdicts.31. [A] as to [B] for instance [C] in particular [D] such as32. [A] tightening [B] intensifying [C] focusing [D] fastening33. [A] sketch [B] rough [C] preliminary [D] draft34. [A] illogical [B] illegal [C] improbable [D] improper35. [A] publicity [B] penalty [C] popularity [D] peculiarity36. [A] since [B] if [C] before [D] as37. [A] sided [B] shared [C] complied [D] agreed38. [A] present [B] offer [C] manifest [D] indicate39. [A] Release [B] Publication [C] Printing [D] Exposure40. [A] storm [B] rage [C] flare [D] flash41. [A] translation [B] interpretation [C] exhibition [D] demonstration42. [A] better than [B] other than [C] rather than [D] sooner than43. [A] changes [B] make [C] sets [D] turns44. [A] binding [B] convincing [C] restraining [D] sustaining45. [A] authorized [B] credited [C] entitled [D] qualified46. [A] with [B] to [C] from [D] by47. [A] impact [B] incident [C] inference [D] issue48. [A] stated [B] remarked [C] said [D] told49. [A] what [B] when [C] which [D] that50. [A] assure [B] confide [C] ensure [D] guaranteeSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in thetwentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.51.The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as.[A] sociology and chemistry[B] physics and psychology[C] sociology and psychology[D] physics and chemistry52.We can infer from the passage that .[A] there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones53.The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate .[A] the process of specialization and professionalisation[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study[C] the change of policies in scientific publications[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs54.The direct reason for specialization is .[A] the development in communication[B] the growth of professionalisation[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge[D] the splitting up of academic societiesText 2A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide -- the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however,were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access -- after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we’ve ever had.Of course, the use of the Internet isn’t the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential.To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure (the basic structural foundations of a society) in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn’t have the capital to do so. And that is why America’s Second Wave infrastructure -- including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on -- were built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain’s former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you’re going to be. That doesn’t mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.55.Digital divide is something .[A] getting worse because of the Internet[B] the rich countries are responsible for[C] the world must guard against[D] considered positive todayernments attach importance to the Internet because it .[A] offers economic potentials[B] can bring foreign funds[C] can soon wipe out world poverty[D] connects people all over the world57.The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of .[A] providing financial support overseas[B] preventing foreign capital’s control[C] building industrial infrastructure[D] accepting foreign investment58.It seems that now a country’s economy depends much on .[A] how well-developed it is electronically[B] whether it is prejudiced against immigrants[C] whether it adopts America’s industrial pattern[D] how much control it has over foreign corporationsText 3Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day’s events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusing news.There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates”of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community.Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.59.What is the passage mainly about?[A] needs of the readers all over the world[B] causes of the public disappointment about newspapers[C] origins of the declining newspaper industry[D] aims of a journalism credibility project60.The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be .[A] quite trustworthy[B] somewhat contradictory[C] very illuminating[D] rather superficial61.The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their .[A] working attitude[B] conventional lifestyle[C] world outlook[D] educational background62.Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its.[A] failure to realize its real problem[B] tendency to hire annoying reporters[C] likeliness to do inaccurate reporting[D] prejudice in matters of race and genderText 4The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: “Won’t the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?”There’s no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade andinvestment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customer’s demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers. As productivity grows, the world’s wealth increases.Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil Trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing -- witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan -- but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? W on’t multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition” on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft case?63.What is the typical trend of businesses today?[A] to take in more foreign funds[B] to invest more abroad[C] to combine and become bigger[D] to trade with more countries64.According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is .[A] the greater customer demands[B] a surplus supply for the market[C] a growing productivity[D] the increase of the world’s wealth65.From Paragraph 4 we can infer that .[A] the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers[B] WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs[C] the costs of the globalization process are enormous[D] the Standard Oil Trust might have threatened competition66.Toward the new business wave, the writer’s attitude can be said to be .[A] optimistic[B] objective[C] pessimistic[D] biasedText 5When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”.Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting”has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all,”preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the page of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life,” and making the alternative move into “downshifting”brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on “quality time”.In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a well-established trend. Downshifting -- also known in America as “voluntary simplicity”-- has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anti-consumerism. There are a number of best-selling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletters, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-’90s equivalent of dropping out.While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline -- after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late ’80s -- and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the ’80s, downshifting in the mid-’90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life -- growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one -- as a personal recognition of your limitations.67.Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 1?[A] Full-time employment is a new international trend.[B] The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.[C] “A lateral move” means stepping out of full-time employment.[D] The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.68.The writer’s experiment shows that downshifting .[A] enables her to realize her dream[B] helps her mold a new philosophy of life[C] prompts her to abandon her high social status[D] leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine69.“Juggling one’s life” probably means living a life characterized by .[A] non-materialistic lifestyle[B] a bit of everything[C] extreme stress[D] anti-consumerism70.According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S. as a result of .[A] the quick pace of modern life[B] man’s adventurous spirit[C] man’s search for mythical experiences[D] the economic situationSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)In less than 30 years’ time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain’s nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.According to BT’s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1,000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. “By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star。
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唐静考研阅读逐句译2001年第2篇第1句和第2句 A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide—the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today.词汇：division //n.1 [U](a) dividing or being divided 分，分割，划分*the division of wealth 财产的分配(b) dividing one number by another 除，除法*Are you any good at division? 你的除法好吗?2 [sing] (often preceded by an adj 常用于形容词之後) result of dividing 分的结果*a fair/unfair division of money 金钱的公平[不公平]分配.3 [C](a) any of the parts into which sth is divided 分出来的一部分(b) (abbr 缩写Div) major unit or section of an organization （组织或机构的）单位, 部门（如处、科、组、军队的师等）*the sales division of our company 本公司的销售部*Our team plays in the first division (of the football league). 本队在（足球联赛）甲组参赛。
*the parachute division空降师4 [C] dividing line 分界线*A hedge forms the division between her land and mine. 有一道树篱在她的土地和我的土地之间形成了分界线。
5 [C, U] (instance of) disagreement or difference in thought, way of life, etc （思想、生活方式等的）歧异，差别，分化现象*the deep/widening divisions in society today 当今社会中巨大的[日益加大的]差距6 [C] (esp Brit) (in Parliament) act of voting （议会中的）分组表决*The Bill was read without a division. 该法案未经分组表决即进行宣读。
*The opposition threatened to force a division on the motion. 反对派威胁要强行将该动议分组表决。
结构：A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide（主干，其中有一个被动态attention is being paid to…）//—the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor（破折号后面是同位语，在解释digital divide）.译文：今天，人们非常关注所谓“数字鸿沟”的问题——世界上信息资源丰富的地区和信息资源贫乏的地区之间的差异。
这种差异确实存在。
翻译思路：开头——作文中话题的引入（一）英语的作文其实才是“八股文”——在大学课堂上教了三年的基础写作课程（英语专业大二），两年的高级写作课程（英语专业大四），我曾经无数次的说起过这一点。
就是说，英语作文是有固定模式的，三段论：开头提出问题，中间论述问题，最后解决问题。
万事开头难，作文也如此，一个好的开头，会给读者耳目一新的感觉。
跟汉语作文开头的方式一样，英语作文的开头方式很多。
有开门见山的，有从一个故事引入的，有先交代一下要叙述主题的背景的，有设问的，有比较的，有概括的，等等等等。
我们不妨看看前面讨论过的六篇文章的开头，并一一分析，加以学习，甚至运用。
2000年第一篇：A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale….分析：文章要讨论美国的经济发展，但是开头第一句不提经济，先总结美国的过去是A history of long and effortless success，再下一个结论can be a dreadful handicap，以警醒读者；转而再提出新的看法，if properly handled, it may become a driving force，以鼓舞人心。
这样就给文章定下了基调，要交代一个美国过去成功的事情，但是提醒读者，过去的成功可能成为障碍；如果处理得当，就成为了驱动力量。
这里作者暂时不提过去的那种“毫不费力取得的成功是什么”，文章第二句接着交代，哦，原来是要说经济。
那就自然而然带进了美国经济的话题，今儿也就交代了整个文章的脉络大概是三段论式的：过去成功，要小心处理，会一直繁荣。
运用：如果我们要讨论任何一件相关的事情，“过去做得好，但是以后要小心的”之类的话题，都可以使用这种方式开头。
2000年第二篇：Being a man has always been dangerous. There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men….分析：这是最有意思的开头，先抛出一个大家都觉得好玩，有意思的结论——“做个男人危险啊”，让人不知道作者要谈论什么，吸引读者有深入想看下去的欲望。
看到后面才发现，作者一直在比较，其实是在说人类进化的问题，似乎跟男人女人木有关系。
但是这个开头太新奇，第一句话运用：这类开头方式最好模仿，先找出一句记住在某一个地方读到的名人名言，跟话题密切相关的都行。
比如说，写环境，“做个中国人真的很危险”，然后再来说，中国的环境blabla，你们懂的。
呵呵。
2000年第三篇：When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult…分析：这个开头和前面两篇其实开头差不都，都是先说一个大家都认可的结论。
只不过第二篇的开头更新奇，让人有点丈二和尚摸不着头脑。
第一篇由成功入手，大概知道要说的是一种成功，从而知道是“经济的成功”，要讨论经济发展；这一篇由一种新运动a new movement in art入手，从而知道要讨论一种“艺术运动”，读下一句就知道说的是“未来派诗歌”。
运用：先从一个大话题，大结论（普遍结论）入手，然后再把话题缩小到自己想说的话题上。
这个有一个难点，就是开头引用的大结论一定要是大家认可的，与自己要讨论的话题相关。
（我们明天在讨论后面几篇，如果愿意，你们自己先分析，明天再看看我的分析。
）唐静考研阅读逐句译2001年第2篇第3句、第4句和第5句My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.词汇：loom //v.(a) [Ipr, Ip] appear in an indistinct and often threatening way 隐现（常令人生畏）*an enormous shape looming (up) in the distance, out of the darkness, through the mist, etc 自远处、从黑暗中、透过雾霭等森森然逼临的庞然大物(b) [La, I] (fig 比喻) appear important or threatening 显得重要或令人生畏*The prospect of war loomed large in everyone's mind. 战事将起的庞大阴影威慑人心。
*the looming threat of a strike 非同小可的罢工威胁.visible //adj.~ (to sb/sth)1 that can be seen; in sight 可见的，看得见的*The hills were barely visible through the mist. 小山隐没在薄雾中难以看清。
*This star is not visible to the naked eye. 这颗星肉眼看不见。