2001年考研英语翻译真题精解版
2001年考研翻译真题解析电子教案
2001年考研翻译真题解析2001年考研翻译真题解析In less than 30 years' time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain's nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.According to BT's futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1,000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.73)Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world, to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck, he says. 74)But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the? 75)And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage.71．There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.结构分析：本句的主干结构是there will be后面带的两个并列名词television chat show和cars，这两个名词在句中做主语。
2001年考研英语真题答案及解析
2001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案与解析第一部分英语知识应运试题解析一、文章总体分析本文是一篇报道性的文章，介绍了自露丝玛莉·韦斯特案件发生后，政府、法院、媒体各方面对于付款给证人的反应。
文章第一段介绍了政府的反应：要禁止报界买断证人新闻的举动。
第二至六段介绍了以大法官埃尔温勋爵为代表的法院在这个问题上的态度。
最后一段介绍了露丝玛莉·韦斯特案件的始末。
在该案件中由于很多证人通过讲述他们的经历而从媒体获得报酬，结果导致被告数罪并罚，被判十项无期徒刑。
结论为付款给证人的做法成为一个颇有争议的问题。
二、试题具体解析1.[A]as to关于，至于[B]for instance举例[C]in particular特别地[D]such as例如[答案]D[解析]本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。
解答该题时，考生需要判断空格前后部分prominent cases和The trial of Rosemary West之间的关系，前者泛指“一些著名的案件”，后者是一个具体的案件，即“对露丝玛莉·韦斯特案件的审判”，可见两者是例证关系。
因此，所填入的选项应是一个表示“例如”或“像……一样”的连接词。
首先排除as to和in particular。
for instance（或for example）可表示“举例”，但放在句中多为插入语，且后面不可直接加宾语。
如：Here in Chicago,for instance,the movement was growing by leaps and bounds.（比如在芝加哥，运动正在迅猛发展）。
选项中只有介词短语such as可以接名词做宾语，表达“例如…，象这种的”的含义。
首段第一句话的结构比较复杂，中心句为The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers（政府要禁止报界付钱给证人），现在分词结构seeking to buy up...Rosemary West做后置定语，用来修饰newspapers，意为“试图收买涉及一些要案证人的报纸”。
2001年考研英语真题及解析（黄皮书）
2001年考研英语真题及解析（黄⽪书）2001年全国攻读硕⼠学位研究⽣⼊学考试英语试题Part I Cloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant 2 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 3 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 4 and will strictly control the amount of 5 that can be given to a case 6 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he 7 with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not 8 sufficient control.9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10 of media protest when he said the 11 of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 12 to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 13 the European Convention on Human Rights legally 14 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 15 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.“Press freedoms will be in safe hands 16 our British judges,” he said.Witness payments became an 17 after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 18 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised 19 witnesses might be encouraged exaggerate their stories in court to 20 guilty verdicts.1.［A］as to ［B］for instance ［C］in particular ［D］such as2.［A］tightening ［B］intensifying ［C］focusing ［D］fastening3.［A］sketch ［B］rough ［C］preliminary ［D］draft4.［A］illogical ［B］illegal ［C］improbable ［D］improper5.［A］publicity ［B］penalty ［C］popularity ［D］peculiarity6.［A］since ［B］if ［C］before ［D］as7.［A］sided ［B］shared ［C］complied ［D］agreed8.［A］present ［B］offer ［C］manifest ［D］indicate9.［A］Release ［B］Publication ［C］Printing ［D］Exposure10.［A］storm ［B］rage ［C］flare ［D］flash11.［A］translation ［B］interpretation ［C］exhibition ［D］demonstration12.［A］better than ［B］other than ［C］rather than ［D］sooner than13.［A］changes ［B］makes ［C］sets ［D］turns14.［A］binding ［B］convincing ［C］restraining ［D］sustaining15.［A］authorized ［B］credited ［C］entitled ［D］qualified16.［A］with ［B］to ［C］from ［D］by17.［A］impact ［B］incident ［C］inference ［D］issue18.［A］stated ［B］remarked ［C］said ［D］told19.［A］what ［B］when ［C］which ［D］that20.［A］assure ［B］confide ［C］ensure ［D］guaranteePart II Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each questions there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Passage 1Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units，one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word “amateur”does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professionalgeological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.21. The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen insciences such as _______.[AJ sociology and chemistry [B] physics and psychology[C] sociology and psychology [D] physics and chemistry22. We can infer from the passage that _______.[A] there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones23. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ______.[A] the process of specialisation and professionalisation[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study[C] the change of policies in scientific publications[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs24. The direct reason for specialisation is _______.[A] the development in communication[B] the growth of professionalisation[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge[D] the splitting up of academic societiesPassage 2A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide-the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of businessto universalize access-after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will he netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we’ve ever had.Of course, the use of the Internet isn’t the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential.To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure（the basic structural foundations of a society）in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn’t have the capital to do so. And that is why America’s Second Wave infrastructure-including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on-were built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain’s former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you’re going to be. That doesn't mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.25. Digital divide is something _______.[A] getting worse because of the Internet[B] the rich countries are responsible for[C] the world must guard against[D] considered positive today26. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it _______.[A] offers economic potentials[B] can bring foreign funds[C] can soon wipe out world poverty[D] connects people all over the world27. The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of_______.[A] providing financial support overseas[B] preventing foreign capital’s control[C] building industrial infrastructure[D] accepting foreign investment28. It seems that now a country’s economy depands much on ______.[A] how well-developed it is electronically[B] whether it is prejudiced against immigrants[C] whether it adopts America’s industrial pattern[D] how much control it has over foreign corporationsPassage 3Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of headscratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day’s events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusions news.There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers which helps explain why the “standard templates”of the newsroom seem alien many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in community.Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.29. What is the passage mainly about?[A] needs of the readers all over the world.[B] causes of the public disappointment about newspapers.[C] origins of the declining newspaper industry.[D] aims of a journalism credibility project.30. The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be ______.[A] quite trustworthy [B] somewhat contradictory[C] very illuminating [D] rather superficial31. The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their______.[A] working attitude [B] conventional lifestyle[C] world outlook [D] educational background32. Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readersowing to its_______.[A] failure to realize its real problem[B] tendency to hire annoying reporters[C] likeliness to do inaccurate reporting[D] prejudice in matters of race and genderPassage 4The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: "Won't the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?"There's no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers' demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers. As productivity grows, the world's wealth increases.Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in thepace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing-witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan-but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won't multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition”on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U S. vs. Microsoft case ?33. What is the typical trend of businesses today?[A] to take in more foreign funds. [B] to invest more abroad.[C] to combine and become bigger. [D] to trade with more countries.34. According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is ______[A] the greater customer demands. [B] a surplus supply for the market.[C] a growing productivity. [D] the increase of the world's wealth.35. From paragraph 4 we can infer that ______.[A] the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers[B] WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs[C] the costs of the globalization process are enormous[D] the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition36. Toward the new business wave, the writer's attitude can he said to be _______.[A] optimistic [B] objective[C] pessimistic [D] biasedPassage 5When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high pro although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”.Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting”has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all”, preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into “downshifting”brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I onceenjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on “quality time”.In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a well-established trend. Downshifting-also known in America as “voluntary simplicity” has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anticonsumerism. There are a number of bestselling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletter's, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-'90s equivalent of dropping out.While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline——after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late’80s——and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the’80s, downshifting in the mid-'90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life ——growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one——as a personal recognition of your limitations.37. Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1?[A] Full-time employment is a new international trend.[B] The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.[C] “A lateral move” means stepping out of full-time employment.[D] The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.38. The writer’s experiment shows that downshifting ____[A] enables her to realize her dream[B] helps her mold a new philosophy of life[C] prompts her to abandon her high social status[D] leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine39. “Juggling one’s life” probably means living a life characterized by_____.[A] non-materialistic lifestyle [B] a bit of everything[C] extreme stress [D] anti-consumerism40. According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S. as a result of _____[A] the quick pace of modern life [B] man’s adventurous spirit[C] man’s search for mythical experiences [D] the economic situationPart III English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments intoChinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)In less than 30 years’ time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain’s nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.41）There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 42）Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.According to BT’s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium（a period of 1,000 years）, when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life. 43）Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. “By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck, ” he says. 44）But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids. 45）And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage. Section V Writing46. Directions:Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest, but everyone has his/her own understanding of it.There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to the newspaper to1）show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below.2）give a specific example, and3）give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.第⼀部分英语知识应运试题解析⼀、⽂章总体分析本⽂是⼀篇报道性的⽂章，介绍了⾃露丝玛莉·韦斯特案件发⽣后，政府、法院、媒体各⽅⾯对于付款给证⼈的反应。
2001年考研真题及解析
2001年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Part I Cloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant 2 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 3 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 4 and will strictly control the amount of 5 that can be given to a case 6 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he 7 with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not 8 sufficient control.9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10 of media protest when he said the 11 of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 12 to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 13 the European Convention on Human Rights legally 14 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 15 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families. “Press freedoms will be in safe hands 16 our Briti sh judges,” he said.Witness payments became an 17 after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 18 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised 19 witnesses might be encouraged exaggerate their stories in court to 20 guilty verdicts.1.［A］as to ［B］for instance ［C］in particular ［D］such as2.［A］tightening ［B］intensifying ［C］focusing ［D］fastening3.［A］sketch ［B］rough ［C］preliminary ［D］draft4.［A］illogical ［B］illegal ［C］improbable ［D］improper5.［A］publicity ［B］penalty ［C］popularity ［D］peculiarity6.［A］since ［B］if ［C］before ［D］as7.［A］sided ［B］shared ［C］complied ［D］agreed8.［A］present ［B］offer ［C］manifest ［D］indicate9.［A］Release ［B］Publication ［C］Printing ［D］Exposure10.［A］storm ［B］rage［C］flare ［D］flash11.［A］translation ［B］interpretation ［C］exhibition ［D］demonstration12.［A］better than ［B］other than ［C］rather than ［D］sooner than13.［A］changes ［B］makes ［C］sets ［D］turns14.［A］binding ［B］convincing ［C］restraining ［D］sustaining15.［A］authorized ［B］credited ［C］entitled ［D］qualified16.［A］with ［B］to ［C］from ［D］by17.［A］impact ［B］incident ［C］inference ［D］issue18.［A］stated ［B］remarked ［C］said ［D］told19.［A］what ［B］when ［C］which ［D］that20.［A］assure ［B］confide ［C］ensure ［D］guaranteePart II Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each questions there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Passage 1Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units，one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as thecrucial period for this change in the structure of science.21. The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as _______.[AJ sociology and chemistry [B] physics and psychology[C] sociology and psychology [D] physics and chemistry22. We can infer from the passage that _______.[A] there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones23. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ______.[A] the process of specialisation and professionalisation[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study[C] the change of policies in scientific publications[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs24. The direct reason for specialisation is _______.[A] the development in communication[B] the growth of professionalisation[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge[D] the splitting up of academic societiesPassage 2A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide-the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access-after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will he netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we’ve ever had.Of course, the use of the Internet isn’t the only way to defeat poverty. And the Int ernet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential.To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure（the basic structural foundations of a society）in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn’t have the capital to do so. And that is why America’s Second Wave infrastructure-including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on-werebuilt with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain’s former colony. They finance d them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructur e, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you’re going to be. That doesn't mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.25. Digital divide is something _______.[A] getting worse because of the Internet[B] the rich countries are responsible for[C] the world must guard against[D] considered positive today26. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it _______.[A] offers economic potentials[B] can bring foreign funds[C] can soon wipe out world poverty[D] connects people all over the world27. The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of _______.[A] providing financial support overseas*B+ preventing foreign capital’s control[C] building industrial infrastructure[D] accepting foreign investment28. It seems that now a country’s economy depands much on ______.[A] how well-developed it is electronically[B] whether it is prejudiced against immigrants*C+ whether it adopts America’s industrial pattern[D] how much control it has over foreign corporationsPassage 3Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of headscratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day’s events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusions news.There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers which helps explain why the “standard templates”of the newsroom seem alien many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle size cities around the country,plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in up scale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in community.Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.29. What is the passage mainly about?[A] needs of the readers all over the world.[B] causes of the public disappointment about newspapers.[C] origins of the declining newspaper industry.[D] aims of a journalism credibility project.30. The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be ______.[A] quite trustworthy [B] somewhat contradictory[C] very illuminating [D] rather superficial31. The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their ______.[A] working attitude [B] conventional lifestyle[C] world outlook [D] educational background32. Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its_______.[A] failure to realize its real problem[B] tendency to hire annoying reporters[C] likeliness to do inaccurate reporting[D] prejudice in matters of race and genderPassage 4The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: "Won't the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?"There's no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, forinstance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers' demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers. As productivity grows, the world's wealth increases.Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing-witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan-but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won't multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition” on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U S. vs. Microsoft case ?33. What is the typical trend of businesses today?[A] to take in more foreign funds. [B] to invest more abroad.[C] to combine and become bigger. [D] to trade with more countries.34. According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is ______[A] the greater customer demands. [B] a surplus supply for the market.[C] a growing productivity. [D] the increase of the world's wealth.35. From paragraph 4 we can infer that ______.[A] the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers[B] WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs[C] the costs of the globalization process are enormous[D] the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition36. Toward the new business wave, the writer's attitude can he said to be _______.[A] optimistic [B] objective[C] pessimistic [D] biasedPassage 5When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spendmore time with my family”.Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting”has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all”, preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of offic e politics and the limitations of being a parent on “quality time”.In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a well-established trend. Downshifting-also known in America as “voluntary simplicity” has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anticonsumerism. There are a number of bestselling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletter's, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid- '90s equivalent of dropping out.While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline——after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late’80s——and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the’80s, downshifting in the mid-'90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life——growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one——as a personal recognition of your limitations.37. Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1?[A] Full-time employment is a new international trend.[B] The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.*C+ “A lateral move” means stepping out of full-time employment.[D] The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.38. The writer’s experiment shows that downshifting ____[A] enables her to realize her dream[B] helps her mold a new philosophy of life[C] prompts her to abandon her high social status[D] leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine39. “Juggling one’s life” probably means living a life characterized by_____.[A] non-materialistic lifestyle [B] a bit of everything[C] extreme stress [D] anti-consumerism40. According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S. as a result of _____*A+ the quick pace of modern life *B+ man’s adventurous spirit*C+ man’s search for mythical experiences [D] the economic situationPart III English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)In less than 30 years’ time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain’s nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.41）There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 42）Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.According to BT’s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium（a period of 1,000 years）, when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.43）Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. “By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck, ”he says. 44）But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the en d of the next century.”Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids.45）And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.Section V Writing46. Directions:Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest, but everyone has his/her own understanding of it.There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to thenewspaper to1）show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below.2）give a specific example, and3）give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.第一部分英语知识应运试题解析一、文章总体分析本文是一篇报道性的文章，介绍了自露丝玛莉•韦斯特案件发生后，政府、法院、媒体各方面对于付款给证人的反应。
2001年英语一真题翻译
2001 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题文章翻译Part I (略)Part II Cloze Test政府要禁止像审判Rosemary West案件时发生的报界付钱给牵扯到大案要案的证人以图收买他们的行为。
为了加强对报界的法律监督，大法官Lord Irvine将要提出一项草拟法案。
该草案将提议把报界付款给证人的做法定为非法，并且将对案件在开庭前的公开程度加以严格控制。
在给下院媒体特别委员会主席Gerald Kaufman的一封信中，Lord Irvine说他同意该委员会今年的报告。
该报告指出了自我约束没有对媒体实施足够的监控。
当Lord Irvine说对欧洲立法中所包含的关于隐私控制的解释权将留给法官而不是国会时，这一做法遭到了媒体的一片抗议。
而两天后，这封信便被公之于世。
大法官说《人权法案》的引入使《欧洲人权公约》在英国具有了法律约束力。
它规定每个人都享有隐私权，公众人物可以走上法庭去保护自己和家人的权利。
“新闻自由由法官掌握将安然无恙”，他说道。
自West在1995年被判处十项无期徒刑后，给证人付报酬的做法就成了颇有争议的问题。
据说多达十九个证人因向报社讲述他们的经历而获得报酬。
这引起了人们的关注：为了确保法庭给被告定罪，证人可能会被怂恿在法庭上夸大事实。
Part ⅢReading ComprehensionPassage 1专业化可被视为针对科学知识不断积累这个问题所做出的反应。
通过对学科的分支和细化，个人能够继续处理这些信息并将它们作为深入研究的基础。
但是专业化仅是科学领域内一系列影响交流过程的有关现象之一。
另一现象是科学活动的日益职业化。
科学领域的专业人士和业余爱好者之间划不出泾渭分明的界限：因为任何规律都有例外。
然而，“业余”一词的确意味着相关人员不能充分融入职业科学界，尤其他可能并不完全认同这个群体的价值观。
19世纪的专业化的发展，以及随之而来的对训练的长期性和复杂性的要求，对业余人员参与科学研究造成了更大的困难。
2001年考研英语真题答案及解析
2001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题答案与解析第一部分英语知识应运试题解析一、文章总体分析本文是一篇报道性的文章，介绍了自露丝玛莉·韦斯特案件发生后，政府、法院、媒体各方面对于付款给证人的反应。
文章第一段介绍了政府的反应：要禁止报界买断证人新闻的举动。
第二至六段介绍了以大法官埃尔温勋爵为代表的法院在这个问题上的态度。
最后一段介绍了露丝玛莉·韦斯特案件的始末。
在该案件中由于很多证人通过讲述他们的经历而从媒体获得报酬，结果导致被告数罪并罚，被判十项无期徒刑。
结论为付款给证人的做法成为一个颇有争议的问题。
二、试题具体解析1.[A]as to关于，至于[B]for instance举例[C]in particular特别地[D]such as例如[答案]D[解析]本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。
解答该题时，考生需要判断空格前后部分prominent cases和The trial of Rosemary West之间的关系，前者泛指“一些著名的案件”，后者是一个具体的案件，即“对露丝玛莉·韦斯特案件的审判”，可见两者是例证关系。
因此，所填入的选项应是一个表示“例如”或“像……一样”的连接词。
首先排除as to和in particular。
for instance（或for example）可表示“举例”，但放在句中多为插入语，且后面不可直接加宾语。
如：Here in Chicago,for instance,the movement was growing by leaps and bounds.（比如在芝加哥，运动正在迅猛发展）。
选项中只有介词短语such as可以接名词做宾语，表达“例如…，象这种的”的含义。
首段第一句话的结构比较复杂，中心句为The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers（政府要禁止报界付钱给证人），现在分词结构seeking to buy up...Rosemary West做后置定语，用来修饰newspapers，意为“试图收买涉及一些要案证人的报纸”。
2001年考研英语阅读理解部分翻译
2001年考研英语阅读理解部分翻译真题译文+题目翻译但为君故但为君故 整理组Text 1专业化可被视为针对科学知识不断膨胀这个问题所做出的反应。
通过将学科细化成小单元，人们能够继续处理这些不断膨胀的信息并将它们作为深入研究的基础。
但是专业化仅是科学领域内一系列影响交流过程的有关现象之一。
另一现象是科学活动的日益职业化。
在科学领域内，专业人员与业余人员之间没有绝对的区分：任何规则都有其例外。
但是“业余”这个词的确有含义：那就是所指的那个人没有完全融入某个科学家群体，特别是，他可能并不完全认同这个群体的价值观。
19世纪的专业化的发展，以及随之而来的对训练的长期性和复杂性的要求，对业余人员进入科学界造成了更大的困难。
这一趋势在以数学训练或实验室训练为基础的科学领域里自然表现得最为突出，英国地质学的发展可以说明这一问题。
把英国最近一个半世纪的地质学刊物作一比较，人们发现，不仅研究的重要性越来越受到强调，而且学术论文的出版标准也在不断地发生变化。
因此，在19世纪，局部的地质学研究本身就代表了一种有价值的科研；而到了20世纪，局部的研究只有在包含或考虑到更广阔的地质面貌时才越来越被专业人员接受。
另一方面业余人员继续以旧的方式从事局部的研究。
结果是，业余人员更难在专业地质刊物上发表论文。
这种结果因为评审制度的引入表现得更突出。
开始是19世纪国家级杂志的引入，后来是20世纪数家地方地质杂志的引入。
这样发展的必然结果是出现了针对专业读者和业余读者的不同杂志。
类似的分化过程也导致专业地质学家聚集起来，形成一两个全国性的团体，而业余地质学家则要么留在地方性团体中，要么以不同方式组成全国性的团体。
虽然职业化和专业化过程在19世纪的英国地质学界中己经开始形成，但是它的效果却延迟到20世纪才充分显示出来。
然而，从科学这个整体来看，I9世纪必须被视为科学结构发生变化的关键时期。
21. 19世纪专业化的发展在____科学领域更为显见。
2001年考研英语试卷英汉翻译真题解析
2001年考研英语试卷英汉翻译真题解析Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segmentssintosChinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)In less than 30 years' time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain's nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.According to BT's futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1,000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in allareas of life.73) Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world, to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs comingsintosuse between now and 2040.Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck, he says. 74) But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man machine integration: It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel willbe available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the? 75) And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage.翻译题解：71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, / and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them / when they offend.第二、句子的结构是：1)主干结构是带双主语的存在句：There will be television chat shows..., and cars...2)两个主语都带有定语：第一个主语television chat shows的定语是过去分词短语hosted by robots，第二个主语cars的定语是介词短语with pollution monitors。
考研英语：2001翻译真题精练精讲
考研英语：2001翻译真题精练精讲一、全真试题In less than30years time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brains nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments，allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.（71）There will be television chat shows hosted by robots，and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.（72）Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips，computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools，relaxation will be in front of smell-television，and digital age will have arrived.According to BT s futurologist，Ian Pearson，these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium（a period of 1000years），when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.（73）Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds or key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine，including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. “By linking directly to our nervous system，computers could pick up what we feel and，hopefully，simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments，rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck,”, he says.（74）But that，Pearson points out，is only the start of man-machine integration:”It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human befo re the end of the next century.”Through his research，Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However，there are still no forecasts for when faster-that-light travel will be available，or when human cloning will be perfected，or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will，for example，cause problems in2010，while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids.（75）And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.二、翻译题解（71）Therewill betelevision chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitorsthatwill disablethem when they offend.句子拆分：拆分点参考：分词,标点符号，连词There will be television chat shows// hosted by robots//, and cars with pollution monitors// that will disable them// when they offend.解析：1）主干结构是带双主语的存在句：There will be television chat shows..., and cars...2）两个主语都带有定语：第一个主语television chat shows的定语是过去分词短语hosted by robots，第二个主语cars的定语是介词短语with pollution monitors。
2001年考研英语真题及解析(黄皮书)
2001年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Part I Cloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involvedin prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant 2 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 3 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 4 and will strictly control the amount of 5 that can be given to a case 6 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he 7 with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not8 sufficient control.9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10 of media protest when he said the 11 of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 12 to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 13 the European Convention on Human Rights legally 14 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 15 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.“Press freedoms will be in safe hands 16 our British judges,” he said.Witness payments became an 17 after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 18 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised 19 witnesses might be encouraged exaggerate their stories in court to 20 guilty verdicts.1.［A］as to ［B］for instance ［C］in particular ［D］such as2.［A］tightening ［B］intensifying ［C］focusing ［D］fastening3.［A］sketch ［B］rough ［C］preliminary ［D］draft4.［A］illogical ［B］illegal ［C］improbable ［D］improper5.［A］publicity ［B］penalty ［C］popularity ［D］peculiarity6.［A］since ［B］if ［C］before ［D］as7.［A］sided ［B］shared ［C］complied ［D］agreed8.［A］present ［B］offer ［C］manifest ［D］indicate9.［A］Release ［B］Publication ［C］Printing ［D］Exposure10.［A］storm ［B］rage ［C］flare ［D］flash11.［A］translation ［B］interpretation ［C］exhibition ［D］demonstration12.［A］better than ［B］other than ［C］rather than ［D］sooner than13.［A］changes ［B］makes ［C］sets ［D］turns14.［A］binding ［B］convincing ［C］restraining ［D］sustaining15.［A］authorized ［B］credited ［C］entitled ［D］qualified16.［A］with ［B］to ［C］from ［D］by17.［A］impact ［B］incident ［C］inference ［D］issue18.［A］stated ［B］remarked ［C］said ［D］told19.［A］what ［B］when ［C］which ［D］that20.［A］assure ［B］confide ［C］ensure ［D］guaranteePart II Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each questions there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Passage 1Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units，one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word “amateur”does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership.A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under wayin British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.21. The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences suchas _______.[AJ sociology and chemistry [B] physics and psychology[C] sociology and psychology [D] physics and chemistry22. We can infer from the passage that _______.[A] there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones23. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ______.[A] the process of specialisation and professionalisation[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study[C] the change of policies in scientific publications[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs24. The direct reason for specialisation is _______.[A] the development in communication[B] the growth of professionalisation[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge[D] the splitting up of academic societiesPassage 2A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide-the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access-after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will he netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we’ve ever had.Of course, the use of the Internet isn’t the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential.To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think3foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure（the basic structural foundations of a society）in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn’t have the capital to do so. And that is why America’s Second Wave infrastructure-including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on-were built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain’s former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you’re going to be. That doesn't mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.25. Digital divide is something _______.[A] getting worse because of the Internet[B] the rich countries are responsible for[C] the world must guard against[D] considered positive today26. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it _______.[A] offers economic potentials[B] can bring foreign funds[C] can soon wipe out world poverty[D] connects people all over the world27. The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of _______.[A] providing financial support overseas[B] preventing foreign capital’s control[C] building industrial infrastructure[D] accepting foreign investment28. It seems that now a country’s economy depands much on ______.[A] how well-developed it is electronically[B] whether it is prejudiced against immigrants[C] whether it adopts America’s industrial pattern[D] how much control it has over foreign corporationsPassage 3Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of headscratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world througha set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day’s events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusions news.There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers which helps explain why the “standard templates”of the newsroom seem alien many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in community.Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.29. What is the passage mainly about?[A] needs of the readers all over the world.[B] causes of the public disappointment about newspapers.[C] origins of the declining newspaper industry.[D] aims of a journalism credibility project.30. The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be ______.[A] quite trustworthy [B] somewhat contradictory[C] very illuminating [D] rather superficial31. The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their ______.[A] working attitude [B] conventional lifestyle[C] world outlook [D] educational background32. Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing toits_______.[A] failure to realize its real problem[B] tendency to hire annoying reporters[C] likeliness to do inaccurate reporting[D] prejudice in matters of race and gender5Passage 4The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: "Won't the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?"There's no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers' demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers. As productivity grows, the world's wealth increases.Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing-witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan-but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won't multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition” on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U S. vs. Microsoft case ?33. What is the typical trend of businesses today?[A] to take in more foreign funds. [B] to invest more abroad.[C] to combine and become bigger. [D] to trade with more countries.34. According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is ______[A] the greater customer demands. [B] a surplus supply for the market.[C] a growing productivity. [D] the increase of the world's wealth.35. From paragraph 4 we can infer that ______.[A] the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers[B] WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs[C] the costs of the globalization process are enormous[D] the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition36. Toward the new business wave, the writer's attitude can he said to be _______.[A] optimistic [B] objective[C] pessimistic [D] biasedPassage 5When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”.Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting”has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all”, preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into “downshifting”brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on “quality time”.In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a well-established trend. Downshifting-also known in America as “voluntary simplicity” has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anticonsumerism. There are a number of bestselling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletter's, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid- '90s equivalent of dropping out.While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline——after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late’80s——and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the’80s, downshifting in the mid-'90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life——growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one——as a personal recognition of your limitations.37. Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1?[A] Full-time employment is a new international trend.[B] The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.[C] “A lateral move” means stepping out of full-time employment.[D] The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.38. The writer’s experiment shows that downshifting ____7[A] enables her to realize her dream[B] helps her mold a new philosophy of life[C] prompts her to abandon her high social status[D] leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine39. “Juggling one’s life” probably means living a life characterized by_____.[A] non-materialistic lifestyle [B] a bit of everything[C] extreme stress [D] anti-consumerism40. According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S. as a result of _____[A] the quick pace of modern life [B] man’s adventurous spirit[C] man’s search for mythical experiences [D] the economic situationPart III English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)In less than 30 years’ time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain’s nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.41）There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 42）Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.According to BT’s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium（a period of 1,000 years）, when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.43）Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. “By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck, ” he says. 44）But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can bepredicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids.45）And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.Section V Writing46. Directions:Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest, but everyone has his/her own understanding of it.There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to the newspaper to1）show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below.2）give a specific example, and3）give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.9。
2001年考研翻译真题解析
home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage.
technology calendar 做目的状语， 后面 that 引导的是个定语从句， 修饰前面的先行词 calendar，
而 when 引导的又是一个定语从句，修饰其前面的名词
dates，谓语动词 expect 后面接了两
个并列名词 breakthroughs 和 discoveries 做并列宾语，不定式 to take place 做前面名词
儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有内置个性芯片的计算机将被视为工作伙伴 而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字化时代就来到了。 测试点 ：过去分词做后置定语； rather than 连接的并列名词结构；
73．Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a
discoveries 的后置定语。
核心词汇 ：Pearson 皮尔森 (人名音译 )；pieced together 汇集，综合；hundreds of 数百项；around
the world =throughout the world=all over the word 世界各地，全世界； produce 编制（因为动
Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck, he says. 74)But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.
英汉互译2001及2001答案
上海外国语大学2001年攻读硕士学位研究生考试英语语言文学专业翻译试卷（三小时完成）I．Translate the following into English（50%）（1）中国是世界上历史最悠久的国家之一。
中国各族人民共同创造了光辉灿烂的文化，具有光荣的革命传统。
（2）一八四O年后，封建的中国逐渐变成半殖民地、半封建的国家。
中国人民为国家独立、民族解放和民主自由进行了前仆后继的英勇奋斗。
（3）二十世纪，中国发生了翻天覆地的伟大历史变革。
（4）一九一一年孙中山先生领导的辛亥革命，废除了封建帝制，创立了中华民国。
但是，中国人民反对帝国主义和封建主义的历史任务还没有完成。
（5）一九四九年，以毛泽东主席为领袖的中国共产党领导中国各族人民，在经历了长期的艰难曲折的武装斗争和其他形式的斗争以后，终于推翻了帝国主义、封建主义和官僚资本主义的统治，取得了新民主主义革命的伟大胜利，建立了中华人民共和国。
从此，中国人民掌握了国家的权力，成为国家的主人。
（6）中华人民共和国成立以后，我国社会逐步实现了由新民主主义到社会主义的过渡。
生产资料私有制的社会主义改造已经完成，人剥削人的制度已经消灭，社会主义制度已经确立。
工人阶级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的人民民主专政，实质上即无产阶级专政，得到巩固和发展。
中国人民和中国人民解放军战胜了帝国主义、霸权主义的侵略、破坏和武装挑衅，维护了国家的独立和安全，增强了国防。
经济建设取得了重大的成就，独立的、比较完整的社会主义工业体系已经基本形成，农业生产显著提高。
教育、科学、文化等事业有了很大的发展，社会主义思想教育取得了明显的成效。
广大人民的生活有了较大的改善。
（7）中国新民主主义革命的胜利和社会主义事业的成就，都是中国共产党领导中国各族人民，在马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想的指引下，坚持真理，修正错误，战胜许多艰难险阻而取得的。
今后国家的根本任务是集中力量进行社会主义现代化建设。
中国各族人民将继续在中国共产党领导下，在马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想指引下，坚持人民民主专政，坚持社会主义道路，不断完善社会主义的各项制度，发展社会主义民主，健全社会主义法制，自力更生，艰苦奋斗，逐步实现工业、农业、国防和科学技术的现代化，把我国建设成为高度文明、高度民主的社会主义国家。
2001年考研英语真题及解析
2001年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Part I Cloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked [A],[B],[C]and[D].Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(10points)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases1the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant2of legal controls over the press,Lord Irvine,the Lord Chancellor,will introduce a3bill that will propose making payments to witnesses4and will strictly control the amount of5that can be given to a case6a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman,chairman of the House of Commons media select committee,Lord Irvine said he7with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not8sufficient control.9of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a10of media protest when he said the11of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges12to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill,which13the European Convention on Human Rights legally14in Britain,laid down that everybody was15to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.“Press freedoms will be in safe hands16our British judges,”he said.Witness payments became an17after West was sentenced to10life sentences in1995.Up to19witnesses were18to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers.Concerns were raised19witnesses might be encouraged exaggerate their stories in court to20guilty verdicts.1.［A］as to［B］for instance［C］in particular［D］such as2.［A］tightening［B］intensifying［C］focusing［D］fastening3.［A］sketch［B］rough［C］preliminary［D］draft4.［A］illogical［B］illegal［C］improbable［D］improper5.［A］publicity［B］penalty［C］popularity［D］peculiarity6.［A］since［B］if［C］before［D］as7.［A］sided［B］shared［C］complied［D］agreed8.［A］present［B］offer［C］manifest［D］indicate9.［A］Release［B］Publication［C］Printing［D］Exposure10.［A］storm［B］rage［C］flare［D］flash11.［A］translation［B］interpretation［C］exhibition［D］demonstration12.［A］better than［B］other than［C］rather than［D］sooner than13.［A］changes［B］makes［C］sets［D］turns14.［A］binding［B］convincing［C］restraining［D］sustaining15.［A］authorized［B］credited［C］entitled［D］qualified16.［A］with［B］to［C］from［D］by17.［A］impact［B］incident［C］inference［D］issue18.［A］stated［B］remarked［C］said［D］told19.［A］what［B］when［C］which［D］that20.［A］assure［B］confide［C］ensure［D］guaranteePart II Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions.For each questions there are four answers marked[A],[B],[C]and[D].Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions.Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.(40 points)Passage1Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge.By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units，one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research.But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication.Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science:exceptions can be found to any rule.Nevertheless,the word“amateur”does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and,in particular,may not fully share its values.The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century,with its consequent requirement of a longer,more complex training,implied greater problems for amateur participation in science.The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training,and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research,but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper.Thus,in the nineteenth century,local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right;but,in the twentieth century,local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate,and reflect on,the wider geological picture.Amateurs,on the other hand,have continued to pursue local studies in the old way.The overall result has been to make entrance to professionalgeological journals harder for amateurs,a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing,first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century.As a logical consequence of this development,separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership.A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies,whereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century,its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century.In science generally,however,the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.21.The growth of specialisation in the19th century might be more clearly seen insciences such as_______.[AJ sociology and chemistry[B]physics and psychology[C]sociology and psychology[D]physics and chemistry22.We can infer from the passage that_______.[A]there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation[B]amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science[C]professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community[D]amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones23.The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate______.[A]the process of specialisation and professionalisation[B]the hardship of amateurs in scientific study[C]the change of policies in scientific publications[D]the discrimination of professionals against amateurs24.The direct reason for specialisation is_______.[A]the development in communication[B]the growth of professionalisation[C]the expansion of scientific knowledge[D]the splitting up of academic societiesPassage2A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide-the division of the world into the info(information)rich and the info poor.And that divide does exist today.My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago.What was less visible then,however,were the new,positive forces that work against the digital divide.There are reasons to be optimistic.There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow.As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized,it is in the interest of businessto universalize access-after all,the more people online,the more potential customers there are.More and more governments,afraid their countries will be left behind,want to spread Internet access.Within the next decade or two,one to two billion people on the planet will he netted together.As a result,I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead.And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we’ve ever had.Of course,the use of the Internet isn’t the only way to defeat poverty.And the Internet is not the only tool we have.But it has enormous potential.To take advantage of this tool,some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure（the basic structural foundations of a society）in the United States.When the United States built its industrial infrastructure,it didn’t have the capital to do so.And that is why America’s Second Wave infrastructure-including roads,harbors,highways,ports and so on-were built with foreign investment.The English,the Germans,the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain’s former colony.They financed them.Immigrant Americans built them.Guess who owns them now?The Americans.I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter.The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure,which today is an electronic infrastructure,the better off you’re going to be.That doesn't mean lying down and becoming fooled,or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.25.Digital divide is something_______.[A]getting worse because of the Internet[B]the rich countries are responsible for[C]the world must guard against[D]considered positive todayernments attach importance to the Internet because it_______.[A]offers economic potentials[B]can bring foreign funds[C]can soon wipe out world poverty[D]connects people all over the world27.The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of_______.[A]providing financial support overseas[B]preventing foreign capital’s control[C]building industrial infrastructure[D]accepting foreign investment28.It seems that now a country’s economy depands much on______.[A]how well-developed it is electronically[B]whether it is prejudiced against immigrants[C]whether it adopts America’s industrial pattern[D]how much control it has over foreign corporationsPassage3Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers?The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.Sad to say,this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes,combined with lots of headscratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.But the sources of distrust go way deeper.Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates(patterns)into which they plug each day’s events.In other words,there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusions news.There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers which helps explain why the“standard templates”of the newsroom seem alien many readers.In a recent survey,questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle size cities around the country,plus one large metropolitan area.Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.Replies show that compared with other Americans,journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods,have maids,own Mercedeses,and trade stocks,and they’re less likely to go to church,do volunteer work,or put down roots in community.Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite,so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite.The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.This is an explosive situation for any industry,particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers.Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers.But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about.If it did,it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender,and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook,values,education,and class.29.What is the passage mainly about?[A]needs of the readers all over the world.[B]causes of the public disappointment about newspapers.[C]origins of the declining newspaper industry.[D]aims of a journalism credibility project.30.The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be______.[A]quite trustworthy[B]somewhat contradictory[C]very illuminating[D]rather superficial31.The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their______.[A]working attitude[B]conventional lifestyle[C]world outlook[D]educational background32.Despite its efforts,the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readersowing to its_______.[A]failure to realize its real problem[B]tendency to hire annoying reporters[C]likeliness to do inaccurate reporting[D]prejudice in matters of race and genderPassage4The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed.The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might.Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying:"Won't the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?"There's no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than20%of international trade in 1982.Today the figure is more than25%and growing rapidly.International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment.In Argentina,for instance,after the reforms of the early1990s,multinationals went from43%to almost70%of the industrial production of the200largest firms.This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms,of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process:falling transportation and communication costs,lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers'demands.All these are beneficial,not detrimental,to consumers.As productivity grows,the world's wealth increases.Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty.Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S.,when the Standard Oil trust was broken up.The mergers of telecom companies,such as WorldCom,hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in thepace of technical progress.On the contrary,the price of communications is coming down fast.In cars,too,concentration is increasing-witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan-but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched.A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry.Who is going to supervise,regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created?Won't multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition?And should one country take upon itself the role of“defending competition”on issues that affect many other nations,as in the U S.vs.Microsoft case?33.What is the typical trend of businesses today?[A]to take in more foreign funds.[B]to invest more abroad.[C]to combine and become bigger.[D]to trade with more countries.34.According to the author,one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is______[A]the greater customer demands.[B]a surplus supply for the market.[C]a growing productivity.[D]the increase of the world's wealth.35.From paragraph4we can infer that______.[A]the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers[B]WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs[C]the costs of the globalization process are enormous[D]the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition36.Toward the new business wave,the writer's attitude can he said to be_______.[A]optimistic[B]objective[C]pessimistic[D]biasedPassage5When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend.A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although,in the manner of a disgraced government minister,I covered my exit by claiming“I wanted to spend more time with my family”.Curiously,some two-and-a-half years and two novels later,my experiment in what the Americans term“downshifting”has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality.I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all”,preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of She magazine,into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.I have discovered,as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress,that abandoning the doctrine of“juggling your life”,and making the alternative move into“downshifting”brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status.Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I onceenjoyed:12-hour working days,pressured deadlines,the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on“quality time”.In America,the move away from juggling to a simpler,less materialistic lifestyle is a well-established trend.Downshifting-also known in America as “voluntary simplicity”has,ironically,even bred a new area of what might be termed anticonsumerism.There are a number of bestselling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives;there are newsletter's,such as The Tightwad Gazette,that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap;there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid-'90s equivalent of dropping out.While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline——after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late’80s——and is still linked to the politics of thrift,in Britain,at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance,we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives.For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the’80s, downshifting in the mid-'90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life ——growing your own organic vegetables,and risking turning into one——as a personal recognition of your limitations.37.Which of the following is true according to paragraph1?[A]Full-time employment is a new international trend.[B]The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.[C]“A lateral move”means stepping out of full-time employment.[D]The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.38.The writer’s experiment shows that downshifting____[A]enables her to realize her dream[B]helps her mold a new philosophy of life[C]prompts her to abandon her high social status[D]leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine39.“Juggling one’s life”probably means living a life characterized by_____.[A]non-materialistic lifestyle[B]a bit of everything[C]extreme stress[D]anti-consumerism40.According to the passage,downshifting emerged in the U.S.as a result of_____[A]the quick pace of modern life[B]man’s adventurous spirit[C]man’s search for mythical experiences[D]the economic situationPart III English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments intoChinese.Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)In less than30years’time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality.Direct links between the brain’s nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments,allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.41）There will be television chat shows hosted by robots,and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.42）Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips,computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools,relaxation will be in front of smell television,and digital age will have arrived.According to BT’s futurologist,Ian Pearson,these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium（a period of1,000years）, when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.43）Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine,including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and2040.Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links.“By linking directly to our nervous system,computers could pick up what we feel and,hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck,”he says.44）But that,Pearson points out,is only the start of man-machine integration:“It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”Through his research,Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted.However,there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available,or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible.But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances.A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will,for example,cause problems in2010,while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids. 45）And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.Section V Writing46.Directions:Among all the worthy feelings of mankind,love is probably the noblest,but everyone has his/her own understanding of it.There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper.Write an essay to the newspaper to1）show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below.2）give a specific example,and3）give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.第一部分英语知识应运试题解析一、文章总体分析本文是一篇报道性的文章，介绍了自露丝玛莉·韦斯特案件发生后，政府、法院、媒体各方面对于付款给证人的反应。
2001年考研英语真题及解析
第一部分英语知识应运试题解析一、文章总体分析本文是一篇报道性的文章，介绍了自露丝玛莉·韦斯特案件发生后，政府、法院、媒体各方面对于付款给证人的反应。
文章第一段介绍了政府的反应：要禁止报界买断证人新闻的举动。
第二至六段介绍了以大法官埃尔温勋爵为代表的法院在这个问题上的态度。
最后一段介绍了露丝玛莉·韦斯特案件的始末。
在该案件中由于很多证人通过讲述他们的经历而从媒体获得报酬，结果导致被告数罪并罚，被判十项无期徒刑。
结论为付款给证人的做法成为一个颇有争议的问题。
二、试题具体解析1. [A] as to关于，至于 [B] for instance举例[C] in particular特别地 [D] such as例如[答案] D[解析]本题考核的知识点是：逻辑关系。
解答该题时，考生需要判断空格前后部分prominent cases和The trial of Rosemary West之间的关系，前者泛指“一些著名的案件”，后者是一个具体的案件，即“对露丝玛莉·韦斯特案件的审判”，可见两者是例证关系。
因此，所填入的选项应是一个表示“例如”或“像……一样”的连接词。
首先排除as to和in particular。
for instance （或for example）可表示“举例”，但放在句中多为插入语，且后面不可直接加宾语。
如：Here in Chicago, for instance, the movement was growing by leaps and bounds.（比如在芝加哥，运动正在迅猛发展）。
选项中只有介词短语such as可以接名词做宾语，表达“例如…，象这种的”的含义。
首段第一句话的结构比较复杂，中心句为The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers （政府要禁止报界付钱给证人），现在分词结构seeking to buy up... Rosemary West 做后置定语，用来修饰newspapers，意为“试图收买涉及一些要案证人的报纸”。
考研英语历年真题原文翻译2001
2001年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语全文翻译P a r t I I C l o z eT e s t政府要禁止像审判R o s e m a r y W e s t案件时发生的报界付钱给牵扯到大案要案的证人以图收买他们的行为㊂为了加强对报界的法律监督,大法官L o r d I r v i n e将要提出一项草拟法案㊂该草案将提议把报界付款给证人的做法定为非法,并且将对案件在开庭前的公开程度加以严格控制㊂在给下院媒体特别委员会主席G e r a l dK a u f m a n的一封信中,L o r d I r v i n e说他同意该委员会今年的报告㊂该报告指出了自我约束没有对媒体实施足够的监控㊂当L o r d I r v i n e说对欧洲立法中所包含的关于隐私控制的解释权将留给法官而不是国会时,这一做法遭到了媒体的一片抗议㊂而两天后,这封信便被公之于世㊂大法官说‘人权法案“的引入使‘欧洲人权公约“在英国具有了法律约束力㊂它规定每个人都享有隐私权,公众人物可以走上法庭去保护自己和家人的权利㊂新闻自由由法官掌握将安然无恙 ,他说道㊂自W e s t在1995年被判处十项无期徒刑后,给证人付报酬的做法就成了颇有争议的问题㊂据说多达十九个证人因向报社讲述他们的经历而获得报酬㊂这引起了人们的关注:为了确保法庭给被告定罪,证人可能会被怂恿在法庭上夸大事实㊂P a r t I I I R e a d i n g C o m p r e h e n s i o nP a s s a g e1专业化可被视为针对科学知识不断积累这个问题所做出的反应㊂通过对学科的分支和细化,个人能够继续处理这些信息并将它们作为深入研究的基础㊂但是专业化仅是科学领域内一系列影响交流过程的有关现象之一㊂另一现象是科学活动的日益职业化㊂科学领域的专业人士和业余爱好者之间划不出泾渭分明的界限:因为任何规律都有例外㊂然而, 业余 一词的确意味着相关人员不能充分融入职业科学界,尤其他可能并不完全认同这个群体的价值观㊂19世纪的专业化的发展,以及随之而来的对训练的长期性和复杂性的要求,对业余人员参与科学研究造成了更大的困难㊂这一趋势在以数学和实验室训练为基础的科学领域里自然表现得最为突出,并可以在英国的地质学发展过程中得到证实㊂将过去一个半世纪英国地质学出版物做一下比较,我们就会发现不仅对科研的主导地位的强调不断攀升,而且人们对一篇可接受的科研论文的定义也在不断变化㊂因此,在19世纪,对局部的地质进行研究本身就可以形成一种有价值的研究㊂而在20世纪,如果局部的研究能够被专业人员接受,那么它必须体现或思考更广阔的地质面貌,而且这种倾向越来越明显㊂另一方面业余人员继续以旧的方式从事局部的研究㊂这样一来,总的结果是业余爱好者想在专业地质学期刊上发表文章就更难了,而被广泛使用的论文评审制度又进一步强化了这一结果,该制度先是在19世纪的国家级刊物上实行,后又在20世纪被一些地方级地质学刊物所使用㊂这样发展的必然结果是出现针对专业的读者和业余读者的不同杂志㊂一个颇为相似的分化过程已经导致专业的地质学家走到一起组成一到两个全国性的专业学术社团,而业余地质爱好者们倾向于要么仍留在地方社团,要么也以另一种方式组成全国性机构㊂虽然职业化和专业化过程在19世纪的英国地质学领域中已经得到迅速发展,但是它的效果在20世纪才充分显示出来㊂然而,从科学这个整体来看,19世纪必须被视为科学结构发生变化的关键时期㊂P a s s a g e2现在越来越多的人开始关注所谓信息差异 即世界被划分为信息富裕阶层和信息贫困阶层㊂这个差异的确存在,我和我的妻子20年前就对这个隐约出现的危险做过演讲㊂但那时还看不清楚的是一些消除数字化差异的㊁新的积极因素㊂有值得乐观的理由㊂有技术上的理由希望数字化差异会缩小㊂随着互联网越来越商业化,普及上网对商家是有利的 毕竟上网人数越多,潜在的客户就越多㊂越来越多的政府担心它们的国家被抛在后面,都愿意扩大互联网的普及率㊂10年到20年后,这个星球上的10亿至20亿人口将被联结在一起㊂因此,我相信数字化差异在未来的几年将会缩小,而不是扩大㊂那是一个很好的消息,因为互联网将很可能成为我们用来对付贫穷的最有力的工具㊂当然,使用互联网不是击败贫困的唯一方法㊂互联网也不是我们拥有的唯一工具,但它有巨大的潜力㊂为了利用这个工具,一些贫困国家就必须克服它们过时的针对外国投资的反殖民偏见㊂那些仍然认为外国投资是侵犯主权的国家应该好好地研究一下美国的基础设施建设史㊂当美国建设自己的工业基础设施时,缺乏必要的资金㊂那就是为什么美国的第二次浪潮基础设施 包括道路㊁港口㊁高速公路㊁码头等等 都是利用外资建设的㊂英国人㊁德国人和法国人都在这块前英国殖民地投资㊂他们投入资金,移民参加建设㊂想想看现在谁拥有这些基础设施?美国人㊂我相信这种事对巴西或其他所有的地方都一样㊂你拥有用以建设第三次浪潮基础设施(即电子基础设施)的外国资金越多,你就将越富裕㊂这并不意味着甘愿受辱或被愚弄,或者让外国公司毫无限制地经营㊂但它的确意味着要认识到外资在建设能源和通讯基础设施中的重要性,这些基础设施是充分利用互联网所必须的㊂P a s s a g e3为什么如此多的美国人不相信自己在报纸上读到的东西?美国新闻编辑协会正在试图回答这个痛苦的问题㊂这个组织正深深地陷入一个长期的自我分析过程:即新闻可信度调查工程㊂遗憾的是,这一调查最终仅发现了一些低层次问题,如事实错误和拼写及语法错误,和这些低层次发现交织在一起的还有许多令人挠头的困惑,譬如读者到底想读些什么㊂但是不信任的根源要比这深得多㊂记者们都学着用一套标准的模式去看世界,并把每天的新闻装入这个模式之中㊂换句话说,在新闻编辑室文化中存在着一套约定俗成的写作模式,它为纷繁复杂的新闻提供了一个主干构架和一套现成的叙事方式㊂在新闻从业人员与读者之间存在着社会与文化方面的隔阂,这或许正是新闻编辑室中的 标准模板 与众多读者的意趣相差甚远,甚至背道而驰的原因㊂在最近的一次调查中,问卷被送到了全国五个中等城市和一个大城市区域的记者手中,然后随意地给这些区域的居民打电话,问他们同样的问题㊂这些问题显示,与一般的美国人相比,记者更有可能居住在富人区,拥有仆人,拥有奔驰车,炒股,而不大可能去教堂,做志愿者工作,或扎根于某个社区㊂记者们往往属于广义上所说的社会和文化精英的一部分,因此他们的工作往往反映了这些精英的传统价值观㊂公众对新闻媒体的惊人的不信任并非源于不准确或蹩脚的报道技巧,而源于记者和读者的世界观的日常冲突㊂这对于任何一个行业来说,都是一个容易引起激烈争论的形势,特别是对于一个日趋衰落的产业㊂这里是一个困境中的行业在不停地雇用员工,而这些员工的观点总体上使客户感到恼火㊂然后它出资组织研讨会和可信度调查工程,全是为了回答为什么顾客恼火了,为何会顾客大范围流失㊂但它仿佛从来没有注意到他们从前的顾客所抱怨的文化的和社会阶层的偏见㊂如果它注意到了这一点,那么它会进一步开放其多样化方案(目前该方案只注重种族和性别),并且雇用那些世界观㊁价值观㊁教育水平和社会阶层大相径庭的记者㊂P a s s a g e4世界正在经历一场从未见过的巨大的兼并浪潮㊂这个浪潮从异常活跃的美国席卷到欧洲,并以不可比拟的威力影响到正在崛起的国家㊂这些国家的许多人看着这个浪潮,忧心忡忡, 企业合并的浪潮会不会导致产生一种不可控制的反竞争力量?无疑,大企业正在变得更大㊁更强㊂跨国公司在1982年只占有国际贸易不到20%的份额㊂目前,这个数字上升到25%,并且还在迅速上升㊂在那些对外开放并欢迎外资的国家的经济中,国际分公司在国民生产中形成一个快速增长的部门㊂比如,在阿根廷,经过90年代初的改革之后,跨国公司在200家大型企业的工业生产中从43%增加到几乎70%㊂这一现象引起了人们对小型公司和民族商业家的作用以及世界经济的基本稳定性的极大关注㊂我相信,推动这次巨大的并购浪潮最主要的力量,也是推动全球化进程的力量:运输与通讯费用的降低,贸易与投资障碍的减少,以及市场的扩大和为满足市场需求生产的扩大㊂所有这些对消费者来说都有益而无害㊂随着生产力的提高,世界的财富也就增长了㊂目前这场合并浪潮的利与弊并无多少实例㊂但是很难想象当今的几家石油公司的合并能够再次给竞争带来威胁,正如100年前美国标准石油托拉斯被解散时人们曾担心的那样㊂通讯公司的合并,如世界通讯公司,似乎没有给消费者带来更高的费用,或者降低技术进步的速度㊂在汽车行业,合并也同样在增加 看看戴姆勒与克莱斯勒,雷诺与尼桑 但仿佛消费者并未受到伤害㊂不过事实仍然是,我们必须关注这场合并运动㊂几星期以前,格林斯潘对银行业的巨大合并发出了警告㊂如果如此巨大的银行出现,谁来充当最终的借贷者,发挥监督㊁管理和运作的作用?当一个国家对破坏公平竞争的行为的处理过于严格时,跨国公司会不会把它们的产业从一地转到另一地?另外,在事情将影响所有国家的情况下,如美国政府与微软公司的诉讼案,一个国家是否应该独自担负起 保护竞争 的责任㊂P a s s a g e5在我决定放弃全职工作的时候,我怎么也没有想到我会成为一个国际流行趋势的一部分㊂由于一次平级的工作调动伤害了我的自尊,阻碍了我的事业发展,促使我放弃了那份相对体面的工作,而我却像一位面子扫尽的政府部长一样通过声称 我想多和家人呆在一起 来掩饰我辞职的原因㊂奇怪的是,在经过两年半的时间,写了两部小说之后,我所亲历的美国人称之为 放慢生活节奏 的实践已使我老掉牙的借口变成了无疑的现实㊂我已经从 拥有一切 哲学的极力倡导者 L i n d aK e l s e y过去的七年中一直在‘她“杂志上倡导这样的哲学 变成了一个心满意足㊁知足常乐的女人㊂我已经发现,也许由于过度劳累而从编辑职位退下来的K e l s e y也会发现:放弃 忙忙碌碌 的人生信条并转而追求放慢生活节奏的做法带给你的回报,比金钱和社会地位更有价值㊂没有任何理由能够说服我回到K e l s e y曾经倡导㊁我曾经喜欢的那种生活:12小时的工作日㊁压力巨大的期限㊁办公室明争暗斗带来的可怕的压力和在 最佳时期 做母亲的限制㊂颇具讽刺意义的是,追求比较悠闲的生活 在美国还被称为 自愿简朴 竟然孕育了一个或许可被命名为 反消费主义 的全新领域㊂对于那些希望简化其生活的人来说,有许多畅销的有关放慢生活节奏的自学书籍;也有诸如‘守财奴简报“这样的简讯,给成千上万的美国人提供包罗万象的实用小窍门,从循环再利用胶带到自制肥皂;甚至还有帮助团体,帮助那些希望按照90年代中期逃避社会现实的方式生活的人㊂在美国,这一潮流原是经济衰退的一种反应 80年代后期的经济萎缩造成了大量失业 并仍然与勤俭节约的生活作风相联系,而在英国,至少在我所认识的中产阶层的 放慢生活节奏者 中,寻求简化生活的理由是不同的㊂对于我们这一代在80年代为生活奔波的女人来说,90年代中期出现的放慢生活节奏与其说是寻求一种神话般的美好生活 用有机肥种植蔬菜,试图与大自然合二为一 还不如说是认识到自身能力是有限的这一事实㊂P a r t I V E n g l i s h-C h i n e s eT r a n s l a t i o n在不到三十年的时间里,‘星际旅行“的全息舱面就会成为现实㊂大脑神经系统和计算机之间的直接连接还会创造出全方位感受虚拟环境,使电影‘全部回忆“中展示的虚拟假期成为可能㊂(71)届时,将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车㊂一旦这些汽车排污超标(违规),监控器就会使其停驶㊂(72)儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍,具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具,人们将在气味电视机前休闲,届时数字化时代就要来到了㊂根据英国电信的未来学家I a nP e a r s o n做出的预见,这些都在新千年头几十年发展计划之列,届时,超级计算机将急剧加速各个生活领域的发展㊂(73)P e a r s o n汇集世界各地数百位研究人员的成果,编制了一个独特的新技术千年历,它列出了人们有望看到数百项重大突破和发现的最迟日期㊂一些最重大的进展将出现在医学领域,包括人类预期寿命的延长和数十种人造器官将在现在到2024年之间陆续实现㊂P e a r s o n还预言,在计算机与人的连接上会有一个重大突破㊂他说: 通过直接与我们的神经系统相连,计算机可以知道我们的感觉,并且有希望模仿感觉,这样,我们就能够发展全方位感知环境,就像电影‘全部回忆“中的虚拟假期或特列克星号上的全息舱面㊂ (74)但皮尔森指出,这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始: 它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步,最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人㊂通过研究,皮尔逊能够预言大多数突破的发生时间㊂然而,对于何时能够进行超光速旅行,何时人类克隆技术能够得以完善,何时可以进行时间旅行,却依然没有预见㊂但他的确预见了技术进步引起的社会问题㊂比如,到2010年,住宅区附近监视器数量的剧增将引发问题;仿真机器人意味着人类可能无法区分同类朋友和这些机器人伙伴㊂(75)家用电器将会变得如此智能化,以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理疾病 厨房狂躁症㊂。
01年英语考研真题翻译
01年英语考研真题翻译Translation of the 2001 English Postgraduate Entrance ExaminationIn recent years, there has been a rising trend of enrollment in English postgraduate programs. It is evident that the annual English postgraduate entrance examinations have become an influential factor for candidates aspiring to pursue higher education in this field. In this article, we will analyze and translate the questions from the 2001 English postgraduate entrance examination.Section A: TranslationPart 1: Chinese to English Translation1. 中国近年来许多城市消除了最严重的交通堵塞。
Translation: In recent years, many cities in China have alleviated the most severe traffic congestion.2. 最新研究表明，保持良好的生活习惯对健康有着积极的影响。
Translation: The latest research indicates that maintaining good lifestyle habits has a positive impact on health.Part 2: English to Chinese Translation1. The government has implemented policies to promote sustainable development.Translation: 政府已经实施了促进可持续发展的政策。
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语真题2001年_真题(含答案与解析)-交互
全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语真题2001年(总分100, 做题时间90分钟)Part Ⅰ Structure and VocabularySection ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that **pletes the sentence. Mark your answer on. the ANSWER SHEET I by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil.1.If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I ______ my head in my hands for a cry.SSS_SINGLE_SELA buryB am buryingC buriedD would bury'该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:C[试题分析] 本题考查虚拟语气的用法。
[详细解答] 在“It is time that+从句”中要求从句的谓语动词用虚拟语气，用一般过去时来表示，意为“该是做…的时候了”，隐含着“催促做某事”的含义。
故选项[C]为正确答案。
2.Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port ______ half a day before the de fenders actually surrendered.SSS_SINGLE_SELA to announceB announcedC announcingD was announced该题您未回答:х该问题分值: 0.5答案:B[试题分析] 此题考查非谓语动词的用法。
2001年考研英语真题与解析
大家网考研论坛2001 年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Part I Cloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant2of legal controls over the press,Lord Irvine,the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a3bill that will propose making payments towitnesses4and will strictly control the amount of 5 that can be givento a case6 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media selectcommittee, Lord Irvine said he 7with a committee report this year which saidthat self regulation did not8 sufficient control.9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10of mediaprotest when he said the11of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges12to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the HumanRights Bill,which13the European Convention on Human Rights legally14in Britain,laid down that everybody was 15to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.“Press freedoms will be in safe hands16our British judges,” he said.Witness payments became an17after West was sentenced to10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were18to have received payments fortelling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised19witnesses mightbe encouraged exaggerate their stories in court to 20 guilty verdicts.1.［ A］ as to［ B］ for instance［ C］in particular［D］ such as2.［ A］ tightening［ B］ intensifying［ C］focusing［D］ fastening3.［ A］ sketch［ B］ rough［ C］preliminary［D］ draft4.［ A］ illogical［ B］ illegal［ C］improbable［D］ improper5.［ A］ publicity［ B］ penalty［ C］popularity［D］ peculiarity6.［ A］ since［ B］ if［ C］before［D］ as7.［ A］ sided［ B］ shared［ C］complied［D］ agreed8.［ A］ present［ B］ offer［ C］manifest［D］ indicate9.［ A］ Release［ B］ Publication［ C］Printing［D］ Exposure10. ［ A］ storm［ B］ rage［ C］ flare［ D］ flash11. ［ A］translation［ B］interpretation［C］exhibition［ D］demonstrationPart I Cloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant2of legal controls over the press,Lord Irvine,the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a3bill that will propose making payments towitnesses4and will strictly control the amount of 5 that can be givento a case6 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media selectcommittee, Lord Irvine said he 7with a committee report this year which saidthat self regulation did not8 sufficient control.9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10of mediaprotest when he said the11of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges12to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the HumanRights Bill,which13the European Convention on Human Rights legally14in Britain,laid down that everybody was 15to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.“Press freedoms will be in safe hands16our British judges,” he said.Witness payments became an17after West was sentenced to10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were18to have received payments fortelling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised19witnesses mightbe encouraged exaggerate their stories in court to 20 guilty verdicts.1.［ A］ as to［ B］ for instance［ C］in particular［D］ such as2.［ A］ tightening［ B］ intensifying［ C］focusing［D］ fastening3.［ A］ sketch［ B］ rough［ C］preliminary［D］ draft4.［ A］ illogical［ B］ illegal［ C］improbable［D］ improper5.［ A］ publicity［ B］ penalty［ C］popularity［D］ peculiarity6.［ A］ since［ B］ if［ C］before［D］ as7.［ A］ sided［ B］ shared［ C］complied［D］ agreed8.［ A］ present［ B］ offer［ C］manifest［D］ indicate9.［ A］ Release［ B］ Publication［ C］Printing［D］ Exposure10. ［ A］ storm［ B］ rage［ C］ flare［ D］ flash11. ［ A］translation［ B］interpretation［C］exhibition［ D］demonstrationPart I Cloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant2of legal controls over the press,Lord Irvine,the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a3bill that will propose making payments towitnesses4and will strictly control the amount of 5 that can be givento a case6 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media selectcommittee, Lord Irvine said he 7with a committee report this year which saidthat self regulation did not8 sufficient control.9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10of mediaprotest when he said the11of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges12to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the HumanRights Bill,which13the European Convention on Human Rights legally14in Britain,laid down that everybody was 15to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.“Press freedoms will be in safe hands16our British judges,” he said.Witness payments became an17after West was sentenced to10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were18to have received payments fortelling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised19witnesses mightbe encouraged exaggerate their stories in court to 20 guilty verdicts.1.［ A］ as to［ B］ for instance［ C］in particular［D］ such as2.［ A］ tightening［ B］ intensifying［ C］focusing［D］ fastening3.［ A］ sketch［ B］ rough［ C］preliminary［D］ draft4.［ A］ illogical［ B］ illegal［ C］improbable［D］ improper5.［ A］ publicity［ B］ penalty［ C］popularity［D］ peculiarity6.［ A］ since［ B］ if［ C］before［D］ as7.［ A］ sided［ B］ shared［ C］complied［D］ agreed8.［ A］ present［ B］ offer［ C］manifest［D］ indicate9.［ A］ Release［ B］ Publication［ C］Printing［D］ Exposure10. ［ A］ storm［ B］ rage［ C］ flare［ D］ flash11. ［ A］translation［ B］interpretation［C］exhibition［ D］demonstrationPart I Cloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant2of legal controls over the press,Lord Irvine,the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a3bill that will propose making payments towitnesses4and will strictly control the amount of 5 that can be givento a case6 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media selectcommittee, Lord Irvine said he 7with a committee report this year which saidthat self regulation did not8 sufficient control.9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10of mediaprotest when he said the11of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges12to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the HumanRights Bill,which13the European Convention on Human Rights legally14in Britain,laid down that everybody was 15to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.“Press freedoms will be in safe hands16our British judges,” he said.Witness payments became an17after West was sentenced to10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were18to have received payments fortelling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised19witnesses mightbe encouraged exaggerate their stories in court to 20 guilty verdicts.1.［ A］ as to［ B］ for instance［ C］in particular［D］ such as2.［ A］ tightening［ B］ intensifying［ C］focusing［D］ fastening3.［ A］ sketch［ B］ rough［ C］preliminary［D］ draft4.［ A］ illogical［ B］ illegal［ C］improbable［D］ improper5.［ A］ publicity［ B］ penalty［ C］popularity［D］ peculiarity6.［ A］ since［ B］ if［ C］before［D］ as7.［ A］ sided［ B］ shared［ C］complied［D］ agreed8.［ A］ present［ B］ offer［ C］manifest［D］ indicate9.［ A］ Release［ B］ Publication［ C］Printing［D］ Exposure10. ［ A］ storm［ B］ rage［ C］ flare［ D］ flash11. ［ A］translation［ B］interpretation［C］exhibition［ D］demonstrationPart I Cloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant2of legal controls over the press,Lord Irvine,the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a3bill that will propose making payments towitnesses4and will strictly control the amount of 5 that can be givento a case6 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media selectcommittee, Lord Irvine said he 7with a committee report this year which saidthat self regulation did not8 sufficient control.9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10of mediaprotest when he said the11of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges12to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the HumanRights Bill,which13the European Convention on Human Rights legally14in Britain,laid down that everybody was 15to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.“Press freedoms will be in safe hands16our British judges,” he said.Witness payments became an17after West was sentenced to10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were18to have received payments fortelling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised19witnesses mightbe encouraged exaggerate their stories in court to 20 guilty verdicts.1.［ A］ as to［ B］ for instance［ C］in particular［D］ such as2.［ A］ tightening［ B］ intensifying［ C］focusing［D］ fastening3.［ A］ sketch［ B］ rough［ C］preliminary［D］ draft4.［ A］ illogical［ B］ illegal［ C］improbable［D］ improper5.［ A］ publicity［ B］ penalty［ C］popularity［D］ peculiarity6.［ A］ since［ B］ if［ C］before［D］ as7.［ A］ sided［ B］ shared［ C］complied［D］ agreed8.［ A］ present［ B］ offer［ C］manifest［D］ indicate9.［ A］ Release［ B］ Publication［ C］Printing［D］ Exposure10. ［ A］ storm［ B］ rage［ C］ flare［ D］ flash11. ［ A］translation［ B］interpretation［C］exhibition［ D］demonstrationPart I Cloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant2of legal controls over the press,Lord Irvine,the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a3bill that will propose making payments towitnesses4and will strictly control the amount of 5 that can be givento a case6 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media selectcommittee, Lord Irvine said he 7with a committee report this year which saidthat self regulation did not8 sufficient control.9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10of mediaprotest when he said the11of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges12to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the HumanRights Bill,which13the European Convention on Human Rights legally14in Britain,laid down that everybody was 15to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.“Press freedoms will be in safe hands16our British judges,” he said.Witness payments became an17after West was sentenced to10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were18to have received payments fortelling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised19witnesses mightbe encouraged exaggerate their stories in court to 20 guilty verdicts.1.［ A］ as to［ B］ for instance［ C］in particular［D］ such as2.［ A］ tightening［ B］ intensifying［ C］focusing［D］ fastening3.［ A］ sketch［ B］ rough［ C］preliminary［D］ draft4.［ A］ illogical［ B］ illegal［ C］improbable［D］ improper5.［ A］ publicity［ B］ penalty［ C］popularity［D］ peculiarity6.［ A］ since［ B］ if［ C］before［D］ as7.［ A］ sided［ B］ shared［ C］complied［D］ agreed8.［ A］ present［ B］ offer［ C］manifest［D］ indicate9.［ A］ Release［ B］ Publication［ C］Printing［D］ Exposure10. ［ A］ storm［ B］ rage［ C］ flare［ D］ flash11. ［ A］translation［ B］interpretation［C］exhibition［ D］demonstrationPart I Cloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant2of legal controls over the press,Lord Irvine,the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a3bill that will propose making payments towitnesses4and will strictly control the amount of 5 that can be givento a case6 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media selectcommittee, Lord Irvine said he 7with a committee report this year which saidthat self regulation did not8 sufficient control.9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10of mediaprotest when he said the11of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges12to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the HumanRights Bill,which13the European Convention on Human Rights legally14in Britain,laid down that everybody was 15to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.“Press freedoms will be in safe hands16our British judges,” he said.Witness payments became an17after West was sentenced to10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were18to have received payments fortelling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised19witnesses mightbe encouraged exaggerate their stories in court to 20 guilty verdicts.1.［ A］ as to［ B］ for instance［ C］in particular［D］ such as2.［ A］ tightening［ B］ intensifying［ C］focusing［D］ fastening3.［ A］ sketch［ B］ rough［ C］preliminary［D］ draft4.［ A］ illogical［ B］ illegal［ C］improbable［D］ improper5.［ A］ publicity［ B］ penalty［ C］popularity［D］ peculiarity6.［ A］ since［ B］ if［ C］before［D］ as7.［ A］ sided［ B］ shared［ C］complied［D］ agreed8.［ A］ present［ B］ offer［ C］manifest［D］ indicate9.［ A］ Release［ B］ Publication［ C］Printing［D］ Exposure10. ［ A］ storm［ B］ rage［ C］ flare［ D］ flash11. ［ A］translation［ B］interpretation［C］exhibition［ D］demonstrationPart I Cloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant2of legal controls over the press,Lord Irvine,the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a3bill that will propose making payments towitnesses4and will strictly control the amount of 5 that can be givento a case6 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media selectcommittee, Lord Irvine said he 7with a committee report this year which saidthat self regulation did not8 sufficient control.9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10of mediaprotest when he said the11of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges12to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the HumanRights Bill,which13the European Convention on Human Rights legally14in Britain,laid down that everybody was 15to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.“Press freedoms will be in safe hands16our British judges,” he said.Witness payments became an17after West was sentenced to10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were18to have received payments fortelling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised19witnesses mightbe encouraged exaggerate their stories in court to 20 guilty verdicts.1.［ A］ as to［ B］ for instance［ C］in particular［D］ such as2.［ A］ tightening［ B］ intensifying［ C］focusing［D］ fastening3.［ A］ sketch［ B］ rough［ C］preliminary［D］ draft4.［ A］ illogical［ B］ illegal［ C］improbable［D］ improper5.［ A］ publicity［ B］ penalty［ C］popularity［D］ peculiarity6.［ A］ since［ B］ if［ C］before［D］ as7.［ A］ sided［ B］ shared［ C］complied［D］ agreed8.［ A］ present［ B］ offer［ C］manifest［D］ indicate9.［ A］ Release［ B］ Publication［ C］Printing［D］ Exposure10. ［ A］ storm［ B］ rage［ C］ flare［ D］ flash11. ［ A］translation［ B］interpretation［C］exhibition［ D］demonstrationPart I Cloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant2of legal controls over the press,Lord Irvine,the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a3bill that will propose making payments towitnesses4and will strictly control the amount of 5 that can be givento a case6 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media selectcommittee, Lord Irvine said he 7with a committee report this year which saidthat self regulation did not8 sufficient control.9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10of mediaprotest when he said the11of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges12to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the HumanRights Bill,which13the European Convention on Human Rights legally14in Britain,laid down that everybody was 15to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.“Press freedoms will be in safe hands16our British judges,” he said.Witness payments became an17after West was sentenced to10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were18to have received payments fortelling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised19witnesses mightbe encouraged exaggerate their stories in court to 20 guilty verdicts.1.［ A］ as to［ B］ for instance［ C］in particular［D］ such as2.［ A］ tightening［ B］ intensifying［ C］focusing［D］ fastening3.［ A］ sketch［ B］ rough［ C］preliminary［D］ draft4.［ A］ illogical［ B］ illegal［ C］improbable［D］ improper5.［ A］ publicity［ B］ penalty［ C］popularity［D］ peculiarity6.［ A］ since［ B］ if［ C］before［D］ as7.［ A］ sided［ B］ shared［ C］complied［D］ agreed8.［ A］ present［ B］ offer［ C］manifest［D］ indicate9.［ A］ Release［ B］ Publication［ C］Printing［D］ Exposure10. ［ A］ storm［ B］ rage［ C］ flare［ D］ flash11. ［ A］translation［ B］interpretation［C］exhibition［ D］demonstrationPart I Cloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant2of legal controls over the press,Lord Irvine,the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a3bill that will propose making payments towitnesses4and will strictly control the amount of 5 that can be givento a case6 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media selectcommittee, Lord Irvine said he 7with a committee report this year which saidthat self regulation did not8 sufficient control.9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10of mediaprotest when he said the11of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges12to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the HumanRights Bill,which13the European Convention on Human Rights legally14in Britain,laid down that everybody was 15to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.“Press freedoms will be in safe hands16our British judges,” he said.Witness payments became an17after West was sentenced to10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were18to have received payments fortelling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised19witnesses mightbe encouraged exaggerate their stories in court to 20 guilty verdicts.1.［ A］ as to［ B］ for instance［ C］in particular［D］ such as2.［ A］ tightening［ B］ intensifying［ C］focusing［D］ fastening3.［ A］ sketch［ B］ rough［ C］preliminary［D］ draft4.［ A］ illogical［ B］ illegal［ C］improbable［D］ improper5.［ A］ publicity［ B］ penalty［ C］popularity［D］ peculiarity6.［ A］ since［ B］ if［ C］before［D］ as7.［ A］ sided［ B］ shared［ C］complied［D］ agreed8.［ A］ present［ B］ offer［ C］manifest［D］ indicate9.［ A］ Release［ B］ Publication［ C］Printing［D］ Exposure10. ［ A］ storm［ B］ rage［ C］ flare［ D］ flash11. ［ A］translation［ B］interpretation［C］exhibition［ D］demonstrationPart I Cloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant2of legal controls over the press,Lord Irvine,the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a3bill that will propose making payments towitnesses4and will strictly control the amount of 5 that can be givento a case6 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media selectcommittee, Lord Irvine said he 7with a committee report this year which saidthat self regulation did not8 sufficient control.9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10of mediaprotest when he said the11of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges12to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the HumanRights Bill,which13the European Convention on Human Rights legally14in Britain,laid down that everybody was 15to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.“Press freedoms will be in safe hands16our British judges,” he said.Witness payments became an17after West was sentenced to10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were18to have received payments fortelling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised19witnesses mightbe encouraged exaggerate their stories in court to 20 guilty verdicts.1.［ A］ as to［ B］ for instance［ C］in particular［D］ such as2.［ A］ tightening［ B］ intensifying［ C］focusing［D］ fastening3.［ A］ sketch［ B］ rough［ C］preliminary［D］ draft4.［ A］ illogical［ B］ illegal［ C］improbable［D］ improper5.［ A］ publicity［ B］ penalty［ C］popularity［D］ peculiarity6.［ A］ since［ B］ if［ C］before［D］ as7.［ A］ sided［ B］ shared［ C］complied［D］ agreed8.［ A］ present［ B］ offer［ C］manifest［D］ indicate9.［ A］ Release［ B］ Publication［ C］Printing［D］ Exposure10. ［ A］ storm［ B］ rage［ C］ flare［ D］ flash11. ［ A］translation［ B］interpretation［C］exhibition［ D］demonstrationPart I Cloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant2of legal controls over the press,Lord Irvine,the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a3bill that will propose making payments towitnesses4and will strictly control the amount of 5 that can be givento a case6 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media selectcommittee, Lord Irvine said he 7with a committee report this year which saidthat self regulation did not8 sufficient control.9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10of mediaprotest when he said the11of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges12to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the HumanRights Bill,which13the European Convention on Human Rights legally14in Britain,laid down that everybody was 15to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.“Press freedoms will be in safe hands16our British judges,” he said.Witness payments became an17after West was sentenced to10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were18to have received payments fortelling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised19witnesses mightbe encouraged exaggerate their stories in court to 20 guilty verdicts.1.［ A］ as to［ B］ for instance［ C］in particular［D］ such as2.［ A］ tightening［ B］ intensifying［ C］focusing［D］ fastening3.［ A］ sketch［ B］ rough［ C］preliminary［D］ draft4.［ A］ illogical［ B］ illegal［ C］improbable［D］ improper5.［ A］ publicity［ B］ penalty［ C］popularity［D］ peculiarity6.［ A］ since［ B］ if［ C］before［D］ as7.［ A］ sided［ B］ shared［ C］complied［D］ agreed8.［ A］ present［ B］ offer［ C］manifest［D］ indicate9.［ A］ Release［ B］ Publication［ C］Printing［D］ Exposure10. ［ A］ storm［ B］ rage［ C］ flare［ D］ flash11. ［ A］translation［ B］interpretation［C］exhibition［ D］demonstrationPart I Cloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage,there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant2of legal controls over the press,Lord Irvine,the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a3bill that will propose making payments towitnesses4and will strictly control the amount of 5 that can be givento a case6 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media selectcommittee, Lord Irvine said he 7with a committee report this year which saidthat self regulation did not8 sufficient control.9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10of mediaprotest when he said the11of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges12to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the HumanRights Bill,which13the European Convention on Human Rights legally14in Britain,laid down that everybody was 15to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.“Press freedoms will be in safe hands16our British judges,” he said.Witness payments became an17after West was sentenced to10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were18to have received payments fortelling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised19witnesses mightbe encouraged exaggerate their stories in court to 20 guilty verdicts.1.［ A］ as to［ B］ for instance［ C］in particular［D］ such as2.［ A］ tightening［ B］ intensifying［ C］focusing［D］ fastening3.［ A］ sketch［ B］ rough［ C］preliminary［D］ draft4.［ A］ illogical［ B］ illegal［ C］improbable［D］ improper5.［ A］ publicity［ B］ penalty［ C］popularity［D］ peculiarity6.［ A］ since［ B］ if［ C］before［D］ as7.［ A］ sided［ B］ shared［ C］complied［D］ agreed8.［ A］ present［ B］ offer［ C］manifest［D］ indicate9.［ A］ Release［ B］ Publication［ C］Printing［D］ Exposure10. ［ A］ storm［ B］ rage［ C］ flare［ D］ flash11. ［ A］translation［ B］interpretation［C］exhibition［ D］demonstration。
2001年考研英语真题及解析
Passage 1
Specialisa on can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumula on of scien fic knowledge. By spli ng up the subject ma er into smaller units ，one man could con nue to handle the informa on and use it atsh e basis for further esearch. But specialisa on was onloyne of a series orfe lated
9 of the le er came two dsa ya er Lord Irvine caused a 10 of media protest when he said the 11 of privacy controls contained in European legisla on would be le to judg1e2s to Parliament.
15.［A］authorized ［B］credited
16.［A］with
［B］to
17.［A］impact
［B］incident
18.［A］stated
［B］remarked
［C］en tled ［C］from
［C］inference ［C］said
［D］qualified ［D］by
［B］offer
［C］manifest
9.［A］Release
［B］Publica on ［C］Prin ng
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2001年考研翻译真题解析In less than 30 years' time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain's nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.71) There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 72) Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front ofsmell-television, and digital age will have arrived.According to BT's futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1,000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.73)Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world, to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. By linking directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck, he says. 74)But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for whenfaster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2010, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the? 75)And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder-kitchen rage.71．There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.结构分析：本句的主干结构是there will be后面带的两个并列名词television chat show和cars，这两个名词在句中做主语。
其中第一主语television chat show后面又接了一个过去分词做后置定语。
第二个名词主语cars后面接了介词with pollution monitors做后置定语，其后又接了that引导的定语从句，那么引导词that修饰前面哪个名词一般由三个条件来确定：1. 就近原则，也就是修饰最靠近that的前面的名词，2. 看其前面名词的核心成分；3. 依据意思和后面的谓语动词的语法搭配来定。
句子最后部分是由when引导的时间状语从句。
这个句子还难在人称代词they指代前面的哪个名词，在they前面出现两个复数名词monitors和cars，依据意思搭配那当然是cars(汽车)冒犯monitors(检测器)。
核心词汇：television chat shows电视谈话节目；hosted by robots 由机器人主持的，cars with pollution monitors 装有污染监控器的汽车；disable them 使汽车失灵(停止运行)；them 和they指代汽车；offend (多义词)指汽车污染超标，违规参考译文：届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标(违规)，监控器就会使其停下来或停驶。
测试点：并列名词；过去分词和介词短语做后置定语；状语从句；代词指代72．Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell- television, and digital age will have arrived.结构分析：本句的主干结构是and连接的四个并列的简单句。
第一个句子的宾语dolls后面接了一个过去分词equipped with personality chips做其后置定语。
第二个句子的主语computers 后面接了介词短语with in-built personalities做其后置定语；第三和第四个句子的结构简单。
核心词汇：Be equipped with装备有，安装有；personality chips个性芯片；in-built personalities内置个性芯片 (personalities等于personality chips)；workmates rather than(而不是) tools是并列结构，表示选择。
relaxation 休闲、放松、娱乐、消遣；smell-television 气味电视机；digital age 数字化时代参考译文：儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有内置个性芯片的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，届时数字化时代就来到了。
测试点：过去分词做后置定语；rather than连接的并列名词结构；73．Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place.结构分析：本句是的主语是Pearson，谓语是has pieced together，宾语是the work，其后用了介词of hundreds of researchers做后置定语，hundreds of是个固定短语修饰researchers。