Chapter2_operator
ADLRAN ATLAS 800PLUS 使用手册说明书
iv
Affidavit Requirements for Connection to Digital Services • An affidavit is required to be given to the telephone company whenever digital terminal equipment
901 Explorer Boulevard P.O. Box 140000
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Prinns require that in this manual the following information be provided to the customer:
6. This unit contains no user-serviceable parts. 7. The following information may be required when applying to your local telephone company for
leased line facilities.
without encoded analog content and billing protection is used to transmit digital signals containing encoded analog content which are intended for eventual conversion into voiceband analog signals and transmitted on the network. • The affidavit shall affirm that either no encoded analog content or billing information is being transmitted or that the output of the device meets Part 68 encoded analog content or billing protection specifications. • End user/customer will be responsible for filing an affidavit with the local exchange carrier when connecting unprotected customer premise equipment (CPE) to 1.544 Mbps or subrate digital services. • Until such time as subrate digital terminal equipment is registered for voice applications, the affidavit requirement for subrate services is waived.
C语言英文课件2：数据类型
perimeter and the area */
}
Result： r =1.500000 l = 9.42, s= 7.07
4. DECLARATION AND INITIALIZATION
(1) DECLARATION form：
< data type> < variable name >[,< variable name2>……];
•Data is the object be processed by algorithm
•Data types in C：
integer 1.Basic Types
real(float) character enum array 2. Tectonic Types structure union 3. Pointer 4.NULL
(1) VARIABLE NAME：keep to rules for identifier
(2) MEMORY UNIT
(3) VALUE
Nonce value
In a program,we can quote variable by variable names
p
variable name
3
location
2. Sort
CONSTANTS
symbolic CONSTANTS
can be differentiated by writing format
2.3.2 VARIABLES
1. Concept
Its value can be changed during program
executing
2. Three elements of variables
Python核心编程第二版（中文）.pdf目录整理
Python核⼼编程第⼆版（中⽂）.pdf⽬录整理python核⼼编程⽬录Chapter1：欢迎来到python世界！-页码：71.1什么是python1.2起源：罗萨姆1989底创建python1.3特点1.3.1⾼级1.3.2⾯向对象1.3.3可升级1.3.4可扩展1.3.5可移植性：python使⽤C写的。
1.3.6易学1.3.7易读1.3.8易维护1.3.9健壮性1.3.10⾼效的快速原型开发⼯具1.3.11内存管理器：内存管理由python解释器负责，开发仅仅致⼒于开发计划中的应⽤程序。
1.3.12解释性和（字节）编译性：⽆需编译，当执⾏py⽂件，会⽣成.pyc或.pyo⽂件1.4下载和安装python1.5运⾏python1.5.1命令⾏的交互式解释器1.5.2从命令⾏启动脚本1.5.3集成开发环境1.5.4其他的集成开发环境和执⾏环境1.6python⽂档1.7⽐较python（python与其他语⾔的⽐较）Chapter2：Python起步-页码：31注：语句和表达式的区别语句是使⽤关键词来组成命令，告诉解释器要做什么。
表达式没有关键词，可以使算术表达式，也可以是使⽤括号调⽤的函数。
2.1程序输出，print语句及“Hello World” ：print是关键字Print ‘%s is number %d!’%(‘python’,1) #print与字符串格式运算符（%）结合使⽤。
2.2程序输⼊和raw_input()内建函数：raw_input()是内建函数2.3注释#2.4运算符 :算数运算符+ - * / // % ** ⽐较运算符，逻辑运算符2.5变量和赋值2.6数字：int，long，bool，float，complex（复数）2.7字符串2.8列表[]和元组()2.9字典{}2.10代码块及缩进对齐2.11 if语句2.12 while循环2.13 for循环和range()内建函数： enumerate()内建函数可循环索引和元素2.14列表解析：可使⽤for循环将所有值放在⼀个列表⾥。
Chapter 2 数据类型
Chapter2 Constants, Variables, and Data Types
2.1 introduction
A programming language is designed to help process certain kinds of data consisting of numbers, characters and strings and to provide useful output known as information. The task of processing data is accomplished by executing a sequence of precise instructions called a program. These instructions are formed using certain symbols and words according to some rigid rules known as syntax rules (or grammar).
printf(“%d %d %d\n”,32767,32767+1,32767+10); printf(“\n”); printf(“Long integer values\n\n”); printf(“%ld %ld %ld\n”,32767L,32767L+1L,32767L+10L);
}
Output
பைடு நூலகம்
Real constants
Single character constants
String constants
Chapter 2 构词法(词缀法)
Chapter 2 Word Formation Methods:Affixation(derivation) (30-40) compounding(28-30) conversion(26)shortening(clipping, acronym) 8-10blending 1-5AffixationDefinitionis generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to bases.Process: Derivation; words: derivativesAffixes may be derivational (-ness, pre-), or inflectional (plural –s, past tense –ed)is, thus, a word formation process by adding morphemes at the beginning (prefixation), or at the end (suffixation) of words.词缀的特点1.词缀来源的多样性GreekPrefix: amphi-, anti-, arch-, auto-, cata-, di-, dia-, enne-, hector-, hemi-, hexa-, hyper-, hypo-, kilo-, mono-, neo-, octa-, pan-, penta-, poly-, proto-, pseudo- LatinPrefix: bi-, centi-, counter-, deci-, demi-, en-, ex-, in-, infra-, inter-, mal-, milli-, mini-, multi-, nona-, post-, pre-, pro-, re-, sept-, sub-, super-, sur-, trans-, tri-, ultra-, uni-, vice-Suffix : -age, -al, -ant, -ate, -ible, -iveRomanic :Prefix: de-, dis-, non-Suffix: -able, -ary, -eer, -ery, -esque, -ess, -ette, -ic, -ify, -iron, -ity, -let, -ment, -or, -ous, -sion, -tionOld EnglishPrefix: a-, be-, for-, fore-, mis-, off-, out-, over-, to-, under-, with-Suffix: -dom, -ed, -er, -fold, -ful, -hood, -ing, -ish, -less, -like, -ling, -ly, -ness, -ship, -some, -ster, -ward, -wise, -y2. 词缀的多义性in-: 不，入dis-: 分离，除去解除，解散取消，否定-ish: ……似的有点……的民族的，……语言的近乎于……的(口) 表示年龄或时间：大约，左右-ly: 构成的形容词：相似的，具有某种性质的时间的反复构成的副词：以……方式，程度，顺序，在……时候，在……方面，在……方向同一词缀，不同意思，不同翻译e.g. –er-ism: 主义，制度不同领域里，多种汉译barbarism Buddhism Darwinism euphemism fanaticismmagnetismmaterialismpatriotismrelativismtourism3. 词缀的同义性表示否定：a-dis-in(im-, il, ir)non-un-Prefix“不良的，假的”等贬义mal-, mis-, pseudo-时间先后ante-, ex-, fore-, post-, pre-人们看法或态度anti-, counter-, pro-消除de-, dis-, un-大小，程度arch-, be-, infra-, macro-, maxi-, micro-, midi-, mini-, out-, over-, re-, retro-, with-周围、外层、靠近inter-, intra-, peri-, sub-, super-, trans-全部be-, omni-, pan-, panto-, per-使……成为be-, en-Suffix:学科–ics phiysics; -logy biology; -ry chemistry身份–age, -dom致使、变成–ate, -en, -fy, -ize性质、状态–acious, -al, -an, -aneous, -ar, -ary, -astic, -ate, -atic, -eous, -etic, -fic, -ful, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ical, -icular, -id, -ile, -ine, -ious, -itous, -ive, -lent, -less, -ory, -ous, -some, -tic, -tious, -ual, -uous, -y地点，场所–age, -ern, -ery, -arium, -itory, -ry小–c(u)le, -el, -(e)rel, -et, -ette, -ie, -kin, -let, -ling, -ock, -y抽象–asm, -ery, -hood, -ition, -ity, -osity, -our, -ry, -ship, -sion行为，动作-age, -ation, -ing, -ism, -sion事物，器皿–ant, -er, -or“家，元，者”等“人”-ain, -aire, -an, -ant, -ar, -ard, -arian, -ary, -ast, -ate, -ee, -eer, -ician, -ist, -ive, -ling, -or表示阴性的名词后缀–enne, -ess, -line, -trix形状、特性-form, -ish, -like, -ly, -oid, -ose, -ous, -ular事物、方式、状态、方向–erly, -ly, -s, -wards, -ways, -wise疾病–ia, -ism, -itis, -oma, -osis可以改变词性的前缀：en-(在p, b, m前一般用em-), be-, a-en-: +n. →v. to make…endanger, enslave, enthrone+a. →v. enable, enfeeble, enlarge, enrich+v. →v. enfold, enlightenbe-: +n. or a. →v. becloud, befriend, becalm, belittlebe-: +n.+ed →a. 有“轻蔑，戏谑”等意思benighted, bespectacleda-: +n. or v. →a. (做表语) afire, afoot, asleep, astir5. 构词能力的差异性6. 变化的时代性electronic equipment, electronic computer, electronic surveillance, electronic music, electronic bulletin board, electronic data interchange, electronic highway/superhighway新的前缀e-: e-mail, e-journals, e-groups, e-business, e-leaning, e-finance, e-book, e-card, e-cash, e-shopper, e-tailing, e-zinecybercybercafé(网络咖啡馆，网吧), cybercrime, cyberculture(电脑化社会，电脑化文明)，cybernaut(网络用户)，cyberphobia(计算机恐惧症)，cyberpunk(计算机高手，黑客)，cybersex(网络色情)，cyberspace(计算机空间，网络空间，虚拟现实), cyberspeak (网络用语)，cyberstalking(网上的骚扰行为)，cybersurfing(网络漫游)，cyberworld(网络世界)Bio-, eco-, nano- originally: combining form now: prefixBio-Bioactivity, biochip, bioclimatology, biodiesel, biodiversity, bioeffect, bioethic, biogenetics, biography, biomagnetics, biometrics, bioreactor, bioremediation, biospherics, biotech, bioterrorismEco-Eco-car, eco-catastrophe/eco-disaster, ecoclimate, eco-efficiency, ecofallow, eco-friendly, ecogeographic, ecospecies, ecosphere, ecosystem, eco-terrorism, eco-tourismNano-Nanosecond，略作：nsNanocomputer, nanotube, nanotechnology, nanobiology, nanochemistry, nanoelectronicsSuffix originally: combining form; now: suffix-gate derived from Watergate “类似水门事件的丑闻”Irangate, hurricanegate……-ed: for 描写服装，面容和和性格等当代新的前缀和后缀all-, audio-, crypto-, mock-, near-, part-, radio-, techno-, tele-, uber-, -aholic, -buster, -busting, -friendly, -impaired, -intensive, -ista, -mad, -mania, -meister, -phile, -seeking, -ville时代性较强的后缀-mindeda conservation-minded society, an innovation-minded nation-friendlyenvironment-friendly automobile, environment-friendly societycomputer-friendly, consumer-friendly, family-friendly, reader-friendly, user-friendlyTwo types of affixation: prefixation and suffixationPrefixationTwo types of Prefixes: lexical prefix & grammatical prefix●Lexical prefix 实义前缀1. Prefix denoting time and sequence 表示时间和顺序的前缀ante-(before) “在……之前”ex-(time-out, former) “过期”，“从前的”post-(after) “……之后”(before, in advance) “预先，前”inter-(between, among, mutual) “在……中”，“在……之间”，“相互”per-(through, completely, [chemistry] maximum proportion) “穿过”，“穿透”“[化] 高……，过……”trans-(across, through, change) “横跨”，“跨越”，“穿过”，“转化”2. Prefix denoting degrees and levels 表示程度和级别的前缀ex-(out of, excessive) “超过”，“向外”extra-(outside, beyond) “在……之外”，“超出”hyper-(over, beyond, above) “超出”，“过于”，“极度”(to the point of surpassing or exceeding) “超过”，“超出”over-(excessively, outer) “过度的”，“过多的”，“外部的”para-(beyond, near, abnormal, assistant) “超过”，“近乎”，“异常”，“辅助的”semi-(half, partly) “半”，“一定程度上”sub-(secondary, under) “次等”，“下级”，“下面”under-(less, below, beneath) “在……之下”，“低于”ultra-(to an extreme degree) “超”，“超越”3. Prefix denoting conditions and positions 表示状态和方位的前缀ab-, abs-, a-(away from) “离开”，“走开”，“离去”，“分离”circum-(around)“环绕”contra-(against, opposite) “反对”，“相反”，“相对”counter-(in the opposite direction) “反”，“反向”(away, from, down) “离去”，“除去”，“分离”，“降低”，“解除”e-,ex-(outward, out) “向外的”，“外出的”in-, im-, il-, ir-(inside, into) “入内”，“进入”intra-(within) “在内的”，“内部的”，“里面的”intro-(inward, into) “向内”，“入内”out-(from outside, outward) “向外”，“远离中心”，“出”pro-(forward, substitute, favoring) “向前”，“代替”，“亲善”re-(in return, backward) “退还”，“复原”，“返回”，“向后”，“反向”sur-(above, additional) “在……表面”，“附加的”，“额外的”up-(up, upward, upper) “向上”，“朝上”，“上部的”4. prefix denoting negative or opposite meanings 表示否定和相反意义的前缀dis-(negative, apart from) “不”，“非”，“相反”，“除去”，“分离”in-, il-, im-, ir-(not) “不”，“没”non-(not) “无”，“非”，“不”，常用在形容词和名词前表示否定un-(not)“无”，“难以”，“不”，常用在名词前表示否定5. prefix denoting modes and manner 表示形式和方式的前缀ad-(toward, near, add) “方向”，“接近”，“添加”variants: ac-, af-, ag-, al, ap-, as-, at-anti-(opposed to, against) “反”，“抗”，“阻碍”co-, col-, com-, con-, cor-(jointly, together) “一起”，“共同”，“联合”e-(electron, electronics) “电子”，“网上”mis-(wrong, bad) “错”，“坏”，“误”ob-(toward, against) “倾向”，“阻止”re-(again, once more, anew) “再次”，“重新”●grammatical prefixes 语法前缀a-(indicating a state) “使……处于……状态”。
notes_chapter02逻辑学导论电子文档
C H A P T E R 2Propositional Logic2.1 IntroductionPropositional Logic is concerned with propositions and their interrelationships. The notion of a proposition here cannot be defined precisely. Roughly speaking, a proposition is a possible condition of the world that is either true or false, e.g. the possibility that it is raining, the possibility that it is cloudy, and so forth. The condition need not be true in order for it to be a proposition. In fact, we might want to say that it is false or that it is true if some other proposition is true.In this chapter, we first look at the syntactic rules that define the legal expressions in Propositional Logic. We then look at the semantics of the expressions specified by these rules. Given this semantics, we talk about evaluation, satisfaction, and the properties of sentences. We then define the concept of propositional entailment, which identifies for us, at least in principle, all of the logical conclusions one can draw from any set of propositional sentences.2.2 SyntaxIn Propositional Logic, there are two types of sentences -- simple sentences and compound sentences. Simple sentences express simple facts about the world. Compound sentences express logical relationships between the simpler sentences of which they are composed.Simple sentences in Propositional Logic are often called proposition constants or, sometimes, logical constants. In what follows, we write proposition constants as strings of letters, digits, and underscores ("_"), where the first character is a lower case letter. For example, raining is a proposition constant, as are rAiNiNg, r32aining, and raining_or_snowing. Raining is not a logical constant because it begins with an upper case character. 324567 fails because it begins with a number. raining-or-snowing fails because it contains hyphens.Compound sentences are formed from simpler sentences and express relationships among the constituent sentences. There are five types of compound sentences, viz. negations, conjunctions, disjunctions, implications, and biconditionals.A negation consists of the negation operator ¬ and a simple or compound sentence, called the target. For example, given the sentence p, we can form the negation of p as shown below.(¬p)A conjunction is a sequence of sentences separated by occurrences of the ∧ operator and enclosed in parentheses, as shown below. The constituent sentences are called conjuncts. For example, we can form the conjunction of p and q as follows.(p∧q)A disjunction is a sequence of sentences separated by occurrences of the ∨ operator and enclosed in parentheses. The constituent sentences are called disjuncts. For example, we can form the disjunction of p and q as follows.(p∨q)An implication consists of a pair of sentences separated by the ⇒ operator and enclosed in parentheses. The sentence to the left of the operator is called the antecedent, and the sentence to the right is called the consequent. The implication of p and q is shown below.(p⇒q)An equivalence, or biconditional, is a combination of an implication and a reduction. For example, we can express the biconditional of p and q as shown below.(p⇔q)Note that the constituent sentences within any compound sentence can be either simple sentences or compound sentences or a mixture of the two. For example, the following is a legal compound sentence.((p∨q) ⇒r)One disadvantage of our notation, as written, is that the parentheses tend to build up and need to be matched correctly. It would be nice if we could dispense with parentheses, e.g. simplifying the preceding sentence to the one shown below.p∨q⇒rUnfortunately, we cannot do without parentheses entirely, since then we would be unable to render certain sentences unambiguously. For example, the sentence shown above could have resulted from dropping parentheses from either of the following sentences.((p∨q) ⇒r)(p∨ (q⇒r))The solution to this problem is the use of operator precedence. The following table gives a hierarchy of precedences for our operators. The ¬ operator has higher precedence than ∧; ∧ has higher precedence than ∨; and ∨ has higher precedence than ⇒ and ⇔.¬∧∨⇒⇔In unparenthesized sentences, it is often the case that an expression is flanked by operators, one on either side. In interpreting such sentences, the question is whether the expression associates with the operator on its left or the one on its right. We can use precedence to make this determination. In particular, we agree that an operand in such a situation always associates with the operator of higher precedence. When an operand is surrounded by operators of equal precedence, the operandassociates to the right. The following examples show how these rules work in various cases. The expressions on the right are the fully parenthesized versions of the expressions on the left.¬ p∧q((¬ p) ∧q)p∧ ¬q(p∧ (¬ q))p∧q∨r((p∧q) ∨r)p∨q∧r(p∨ (q∧r)p⇒q⇒r(p⇒ (q⇒r))p⇒q⇔r(p⇒ (q⇔r))Note that just because precedence allows us to delete parentheses in some cases does not mean that we can dispense with parentheses entirely. Consider the example shown earlier. Precedence eliminates the ambiguity by dictating that the unparenthesized sentence is an implication with a disjunction as antecedent. However, this makes for a problem for those cases when we want to express a disjunction with an implication as a disjunct. In such cases, we must retain at least one pair of parentheses.We end the section with two simple definitions that are useful in discussing Propositional Logic. A propositional vocabulary is a set of proposition constants. A propositional language is the set of all propositional sentences that can be formed from a propositional vocabulary.2.3 SemanticsThe treatment of semantics in Logic is similar to its treatment in Algebra. Algebra is unconcerned with the real-world significance of variables. What is interesting are the relationships among the values of the variables expressed in the equations we write. Algebraic methods are designed to respect these relationships, independent of what the variables represent.In a similar way, Logic is unconcerned with the real world significance of proposition constants. What is interesting is the relationship among the truth values of simple sentences and the truth values of compound sentences within which the simple sentences are contained. As with Algebra, logical reasoning methods are independent of the significance of proposition constants; all that matter is the form of sentences.Although the values assigned to logical constants are not crucial in the sense just described, in talking about Logic, it is sometimes useful to make truth assignments explicit and to consider various assignments or all assignments and so forth. Such an assignment is called a truth assignment.Formally, a truth assignment for Propositional Logic is a function assigning a truth value to each of the proposition constants of the language. In what follows, we use the digit 1 as a synonym for true and 0 as a synonym for false; and we refer to the value of a constant or expression under a truth assignment i by superscripting the constant or expression with i as the superscript.The assignment shown below is an example for the case of a logical language with just three proposition constants, viz. p, q, and r.p i = 1q i = 0r i = 1Using our evaluation method, we can see that i satisfies (p∨q) ∧ (¬q∨r).(p∨q) ∧ (¬ q∨r)(1 ∨ 0) ∧ (¬ 0 ∨ 1)1 ∧ (¬ 0 ∨ 1)1 ∧ (1 ∨ 1)1 ∧ 11Now consider truth assignment j defined as follows.p j = 1q j = 1r j = 0In this case, j does not satisfy (p∨q) ∧ (¬q∨r).(p∨q) ∧ (¬q∨r)(1 ∨ 1) ∧ (¬1 ∨ 0)1 ∧ (¬1 ∨ 0)1 ∧ (0 ∨ 0)1 ∧0Using this technique, we can evaluate the truth of arbitrary sentences in our language. The cost is proportional to the size of the sentence.We finish up this section with a few definitions for future use. We say that a truth assignment satisfies a sentence if and only if it is true under that truth assignment. We say that a truth assignment falsifies a sentence if and only if it is false under that truth assignment. A truth assignment satisfies a set of sentences if and only if it satisfies every sentence in the set. A truth assignment falsifies a set of sentences if and only if it falsifies at least one sentence in the set. 2.4 SatisfactionSatisfaction is the opposite of evaluation. We begin with one or more compound sentences and try to figure out which truth assignments satisfy those sentences.One way to do this is using a truth table for the language. A truth table for a propositional language is a table showing all of the possible truth assignments for the propositional constants in the language.The following figure shows a truth table for a propositional language with just three propositional constants (p, q, and r). Each column corresponds to one proposition constant, and each row corresponds to a single truth assignment. The truth assignments i and j defined in the preceding section correspond to the third and second rows of this table, respectively.p q r111110101100011010001000Note that, for a propositional language with n logical constants, there are n columns in the truth tables and 2n rows.Here is an intuitively simple method of finding truth assignments that satisfy given sentences. (1) We start with a truth table for the proposition constants of our language, and we add columns for each sentence in our set. (2) We then evaluate each sentence for each of the rows of the truth table.(3) Finally, any row that satisfies all sentences in the set is a solution to the problem as a whole. Note that there might be more than one.In solving satisfaction problems, we start with a truth table for the proposition constants of our language. We then process our sentences in turn, for each sentence crossing out truth assignments in the truth table that do not satisfy the sentence. The truth assignments remaining at the end of this process are all possible truth assignments of the input sentences.2.5 Logical Properties of Propositional SentencesEvaluation and satisfaction are processes that involve specific sentences and specific truth assignments. In Logic, we are sometimes more interested in the properties of sentences that hold across truth assignments. In particular, the notion of satisfaction imposes a classification of sentences in a language based on whether there are truth assignments that satisfy that sentence.A sentence is valid if and only if it is satisfied by every truth assignment. For example, the sentence p∨ ¬p is valid.A sentence is unsatisfiable if and only if it is not satisfied by any truth assignment. For example, the sentence p⇔ ¬p is unsatisfiable. No matter what truth assignment we take, the sentence is always false.A sentence is contingent if and only if there is some truth assignment that satisfies it and some truth assignment that falsifies it.It is frequently useful to group these classifications into two groups. A sentence is satisfiable if and only if it is valid or contingent. A sentence is falsifiable if and only if it is unsatisfiable or contingent. We have already seen several examples of satisfiable and falsifiable sentences.In one sense, valid sentences and unsatisfiable sentences are useless. Valid sentences do not rule out any possible truth assignments; unsatisfiable sentences rule out all truth assignments; thus they say nothing about the world. On the other hand, from a logical perspective, they are extremely useful in that, as we shall see, they serve as the basis for legal transformations that we can performon other logical sentences.2.6 Propositional EntailmentValidity, satisfiability, and unsatisfiability are properties of individual sentences. In logical reasoning, we are not so much concerned with individual sentences as we are with the relationships between sentences. In particular, we would like to know, given some sentences, whether other sentences are or are not logical conclusions. This relative property is known as logical entailment. When we are speaking about Propositional Logic, we use the phrase propositional entailment.A set of sentences Δlogically entails a sentence φ (written Δ |= φ) if and only if every truth assignment that satisfies Δ also satisfies φ.For example, the sentence p logically entails the sentence (p∨q). Since a disjunction is true whenever one of its disjuncts is true, then (p∨q) must be true whenever p is true. On the other hand, the sentence p does not logically entail (p∧q). A conjunction is true if and only if both of its conjuncts are true, and q may be false. Of course, any set of sentences containing both p and q does logically entail (p∧q).Note that the relationship of logical entailment is a logical one. Even if the premises of a problem do not logically entail the conclusion, this does not mean that the conclusion is necessarily false, even if the premises are true. It just means that it is possible that the conclusion is false.Once again, consider the case of (p∧q). Although p does not logically entail this sentence, it is possible that both p and q are true and, therefore, (p∧q) is true. However, the logical entailment does not hold because it is also possible that q is false and, therefore, (p∧q) is false.Note that logical entailment is not the same as logical equivalence. The sentence p logically entails (p∨q), but (p∨q) does not logically entail p. Logical entailment is not analogous to arithmetic equality; it is closer to arithmetic inequality.One way of determining whether or not a set of premises logically entails a possible conclusion is to check the truth table for the proposition constants in the language. This is called the truth table method. (1) First, we form a truth table for the proposition constants and add a column for the premises and a column for the conclusion. (2) We then evaluate the premises. (3) We evaluate the conclusion. (4) Finally, we compare the results. If every row that satisfies the premises also satisfies the conclusion, then the premises logically entail the conclusion.As an example, let's use this method to show that p logically entails (p∨q). We set up our truth table and add a column for our premise and a column for our conclusion. In this case the premise is just p and so evaluation is straightforward; we just copy the column. The conclusion is true if and only if p is true or q is true. Finally, we notice that every row that satisfies the the premise also satisfies the conclusion.p q p p∨q1111101101010000Now, let's do the same for the premise p and the conclusion (p∧q). We set up our table as before and evaluate our premise. In this case, there is only one row that satisfies our conclusion. Finally, we notice that the assignment in the second row satisfies our premise but does not satisfy our conclusion; so logical entailment does not hold.p q p p∧q1111101001000000Finally, let's look at the problem of determining whether the set of propositions {p, q} logically entails (p∧q). Here we set up our table as before, but this time we have two premises to satisfy. Only one truth assignment satisfies both premises, and this truth assignment also satisfies the conclusion; hence in this case logical entailment does hold.p q p q p∧q11111101000101000000As a final example, let's return to the love life of the fickle Mary. Here is the problem from the course introduction. We know (p⇒q), i.e. if Mary loves Pat, then Mary loves Quincy. We know (m⇒p∨q), i.e. if it is Monday, then Mary loves Pat or Quincy. Let's confirm that, if it is Monday, then Mary loves Quincy. We set up our table and evaluate our premises and our conclusion. Both premises are satisfied by the truth assignments on rows 1, 3, 5, 7, and 8; and we notice that those truth assignments make the conclusion true. Hence, the logical entailment holds.m p q m⇒p∨q p⇒q m⇒q111111110100101111100010011111010101001111000111The disadvantage of the truth table method is computational complexity. As mentioned above, the size of a truth table for a language grows exponentially with the number of proposition constants in the language. When the number of constants is small, the method works well. When the number is large, the method becomes impractical. Even for moderate sized problems, it can be tedious. Even for an application like Sorority World, where there are only 16 proposition constants, there are 65,536 truth assignments.Over the years, researchers have proposed ways to improve the performance of truth table checking. We discuss some of these in Chapter 5. The other approach is to use symbolic manipulation (i.e. logical reasoning and proofs) in place of truth table checking. We discuss these methods in the next chapter.Before we end this section, it is worth noting that logical entailment and satisfiability have an interesting relationship to each other. In particular, if a set Δ of sentences logically entails a sentence φ, then Δ together with the negation of φ must be unsatisfiable. The reverse is also true. If Δ and the negation of φ is unsatisfiable, then Δ must logically entail φ. This is guaranteed by a metatheorem called the unsatisfiability theorem.Unsatisfiability Theorem: Δ |= φ if and only if Δ∪ {¬φ} is unsatisfiable.Proof: Suppose that Δ |= φ. If a truth assignment satisfies Δ, then it must also satisfy φ. But then it cannot satisfy ¬φ. Therefore, Δ∪ {¬φ} is unsatisfiable. Suppose that Δ∪{¬φ} is unsatisfiable. Then every truth assignment that satisfies Δ must fail to satisfy ¬φ, i.e. it must satisfy φ. Therefore, Δ |= φ.An interesting consequence of this result is that we can determine logical entailment by checking for unsatisfiability. This turns out to be useful in various logical proof methods.RecapThe syntax of propositional logic begins with a set proposition constants. Compound sentences are formed by combining simpler sentences with logical operators. In the version of Propositional Logic used here, there are five types of compound sentences - negations, conjunctions, disjunctions, implications, and biconditionals. A truth assignment for Propositional Logic is a mapping that assigns a truth value to each of the propositional constants in the language. The truth or falsity of compound sentences can be determined from a truth assignment using rules based on the six logical operators of the language. A truth assignment i satisfies a sentence if and only if the sentences is true under that truth assignment. A sentence is valid if and only if it is satisfied by every truth assignment. A sentence is unsatisfiable if and only if it is not satisfied by any truth assignment. A sentence is contingent if and only if it is both satisfiable and falsifiable, i.e. it is neither valid nor unsatisfiable. A sentence is satisfiable if and only if it is either valid or contingent. A sentence is falsifiable if and only if it is unsatisfiable or contingent. A set of sentences Δlogically entails a sentence φ (written Δ |= φ) if and only if every truth assignment that satisfies Δ also satisfies φ.。
机器人学导论 chapter2
DONG QiuhuangCollege of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, FAFU.Mathematical BasisManipulator-Mechanism Design 2Mathematical basisIntroduction4and tools will be some sort of mechanism.How to define the manipulate mathematical quantities （数学量）that represent location of the body?IntroductionRigid Body Motion （刚体运动）Position andOrientation Mathematical Quantities (Coordinates)Velocities, Forces （速度和力）must define coordinate systems representation.Mathematical basisDescription （描述）83×1 position vector.DescriptionCatesian coordinate system (笛卡尔坐标系):9Description10Description of Orientations （姿态描述）position , but also need to describe its orientation in the space.DescriptionHow to describe the orientation of a body ?Description of Orientationsreference system.Description12Description of OrientationsDescription1314Description of OrientationsDescriptionDescription of OrientationsDescriptionObtain the projection of that vector onto the unit directions of its reference coordinate.Example:Compute the Rotation MatrixRotation about axisExample:Rotation about axis:Rotation about axis:Description of OrientationsDescription19Description20manipulator hand is a position DescriptionWe define such a entity which contain the pair of position and Mathematical basiscoordinate system .工具坐标系目标坐标系固定坐标系基座坐标系Mapping23Mathematics of changing descriptions of the same quantity from frame to frame.1. Translation(平移）已知S 点在坐标系{B}中的表达，那么在坐标系{A}中如何表达？242. Rotation （旋转）求矢量在坐标系{A}三个主轴上的投影。
一般算子系统的张量积
中图分类号：ＵＤＣ：学校代码：１００５５密级：公开高恐大法博士学位论文一般算子系统的张量积ＴｅｎｓｏｒＰｒｏｄｕｃｔｓｏｆＮｏｎ－ｕｎｉｔａｌＯｐｅｒａｔｏｒＳｙｓｔｅｍｓ评阅人生尚全：塾垫型！直国送整壹涸：篚丛笪南开大学研究生院二。
一三年五月Ｃｈａｐｔｅｒ２ＯｐｅｒａｔｏｒｓｐａｃｅａｎｄｏｐｅｒａｔｏｒｓｙｓｔｅｍＣｈａｐｔｅｒ２Ｏｐｅｒａｔｏｒｓｐａｃｅａｎｄｏｐｅｒａｔｏｒ２．１Ｐｒｅｌｉｍｉｎａｒｉｅｓｓｙｓｔｅｍ＿ＬｅｔＶｂｅａｃｏｍｐｌｅｘｖｅｃｔｏｒｓｐａｃｅ．ＷｅｃａｌｌＶａ木－ｖｅｃｔｏｒｓｐａｃｅ．ｉｆｔｈｅｒｅｉｓａｍａｐ爿ｃ：Ｖ－÷Ｖｓｕｃｈｔｈａｔ（ｚ。
）＋＝ｚａｎｄ（Ａｘ＋可）＋＝Ａｘ‘＋Ｙ＋ｆｏｒａｌｌｚ，可∈ＶａｎｄＡ∈Ｃ．Ｔｈｅｓｅｔｏｆｔｈｅｅｌｅｍｅｎｔｓｚ∈Ｖｓａｔｉｓｆｙｉｎｇｚ＋＝ｚｉｓａｒｅａｌｖｅｃｔｏｒｓｐａｃｅ．ｃａｌｌｅｄｔｈｅｓｅｔｏｆｈｅｒｍｉｔｉａｎｅｌｅｍｅｎｔｓ，ｄｅｎｏｔｅｄｂｙＫ口．Ｔｈｅｎｖ０∈Ｋｏｉｓｃａｌｌｅｄａｃｏｎｅｉｆｚ＋可∈ｖ０ａｎｄ７’ｚ∈ｖ０ｆｏｒａｎｙｒ＞０，ｚ，Ｙ∈ｖ０．Ｓｕｐｐｏｓｅｔｈａｔｎ，ｍ∈Ｎ．Ｗｅｄｅｎｏｔｅｂｙ＾厶，ｍ（ｙ）ｔ１１ｅｖｅｃｔｏｒｓｐａｃｅｏｆｎ×ｍｍａｔｒｉｃｅｓｗｉｔｈｅｌｅｍｅｎｔｓｉｎＶ．Ｆｏｒｓｉｍｐｌｉｃｉｔｙ，ｗｅｄｅｎｏｔｅ螈，ｍ：＝‰ｍ（Ｃ），螈（ｙ）：＝％，几（ｙ）ａｎｄ螈：＝％∽Ｔｈｅｎ螈（ｙ）ｉｓａｌｓｏａ爿ｃ－ｖｅｃｔｏｒｓｐａｃｅｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｃａｎｏｎｉｃａｌ爿ｃ－ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎｄｅｆｉｎｅｄｂｙ（ａｉ，Ｊ）ｂ：＝（ｎ釉ｔ，Ｊ．Ｌｅｔ乱∈＾霸（ｙ）ａｎｄｕ∈Ｍｍ（ｙ）．Ｔｈｅｉｒｄｉｒｅｃｔｓｕｍｉｓｔｈｅｅｌｅｍｅｎｔｉｎ＾磊＋ｍ（ｙ）ｄｅｆｉｎｅｄｂｙＹｅＷ：＝降Ｚ，：］∈％删一Ｍｏｒｅｏｖｅｒ，ｉｆＱ∈Ｍｎ，ｍａｎｄｐ∈‰，ｎ，ｗｅｄｅｆｉｎｅｔｈｅｉｒｍａｔｒｉｘｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｃ℃ｖｆｉ∈Ａ靠（ｙ）ｂｙＱ＂ｐ：＝［∑¨Ｑ啪Ｖｋ，ｌｐ幻ｋＬｅｔＶ，ＷａｎｄＸｂｅｖｅｃｔｏｒｓｐａｃｅｓ．ＷｅｄｅｎｏｔｅｂｙＶＯＷｔｈｅｆｔａｌｇｅｂｒａｉｃｔｅｎｓｏｒｐｒｏｄｕｃｔ，ｗｈｉｃｈｉｓｌｉｎｅａｒｌｙｓｐａｎｎｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｅｌｅｍｅｎｔｓｚＯＹｗｈｅｒｅＸ∈ＶａｎｄＹ∈Ｗ．Ｉｆ圣：Ｖ×Ｗ－－＋Ｘｉｓｂｉｌｉｎｅａｒ，ｔｈｅｒｅｉｓａｕｎｉｑｕｅｌｉｎｅａｒｍａｐｐｉｎｇｅＰＬ：ＶＱＷ斗Ｘｓｕｃｈｔｈａｔｆｆｚ（ｚｏＹ）＝圣（ｚ，Ｙ）ｆｏｒａｎｙｚ∈ＶａｎｄＹ∈Ｗ．４Ｔｈｅｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅｌｙｂｏｕｎｄｅｄｎｏｒｍｏｆａｂｉｌｉｎｅａｒｍａｐｐｉｎｇｉｓｄｅｆｉｎｅｄｔｏｂｅ１圣１ｃ６：＝ｓｕｐ｛ｌ［圣ｐ；ｒｐ，７．∈卧Ｔｈｅｎｔｈｉｓｂｉｌｉｎｅａｒｍａｐｐｉｎｇｉｓｃａｌｌｅｄｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅｌｙｂｏｕｎｄｅｄｉｆ１１垂１１ｃｂ＜∞．ＷｅｄｅｎｏｔｅｂｙＣＢ（Ｖ×彬ｘ）ｔｈｅｓｅｔｏｆｓｕｃｈｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅｌｙｂｏｕｎｄｅｄｍａｐｐｉｎｇｓ．Ｉｎｄｅｅｄ．ＣＢ（ＶＸ彬Ｘ）ｉｓａｎｏｐｅｒａｔｏｒｓｐａｃｅｖｉａｔｈｅｃａｎｏｎｉｃａｌｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｆｃａｔｉｏｎＭｎ（ＣＢ（Ｖ×彬ｘ））＝ＣＢ（Ｖ×彬螈（ｘ））Ｐｒｏｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ２．１３ｌｆ３３．Ｐｒｏｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ７．１．２１）ＬｅｔＶ．ＷａｎｄＸｂｅｏｐｅｒａｔｏｒｓｐａｃｅｓ．ＴｈｅｎｗｅｈａｖｅｔｈｅｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅｌｙｉｓｏｍｅｔｒｉｃｉｄｅｎｔｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓＣＢ（Ｖ圆Ｗ，Ｘ）＝ＣＢ（Ｖ×彬ｘ）＝ＣＢ（Ｖ，ＣＢ（彬ｘ））’ｒｈｅｏｒｅｍ２．１４ｆ［３３，Ｐｒｏｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ７．１．７１）ＬｅｔⅥ，％，胍ａｎｄ％ｂｅｏｐｅｒａｔｏｒｓｐａｃｅｓ．－Ｓｕｐｐｏｓｅｔｈａｔ妒：Ⅵｊ％ａｎｄ妒：肌＿÷ｗ２ａｒｅｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅｑｕｏｔｉｅｎｔｍａｐｐｉｎｇｓ．Ｔｈｅｎｔｈｅｃｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｉｎｇｍａｐｐｉｎｇ妒＠砂：Ⅵｏ阢一％ｏｗ２ｅｘｔｅｎｄｓｔｏａｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅｑｕｏｔｉｅｎｔｍａｐｐｉｎｇ妒园砂：Ｍ圆Ｍ＿÷％４ｗ２．２．４ＯｐｅｒａｔｏｒｓｙｓｔｅｍＷｅｃａｌｌａ木。
数学专业用词的英文翻译
数学专业用词的英文翻译数学的英文篇一：数学英文词汇大全微积分第一章函数与极限Chapter1FunctionandLimit集合set元素element子集subset空集emptyset并集union交集intersection差集differenceofset基本集basicset补集complementset直积directproduct笛卡儿积Cartesianproduct开区间openinterval闭区间closedinterval半开区间halfopeninterval有限区间finiteinterval区间的长度lengthofaninterval无限区间infiniteinterval领域neighborhood领域的中心centreofaneighborhood领域的半径radiusofaneighborhood左领域leftneighborhood右领域rightneighborhood映射mappingX到Y的映射mappingofXontoY满射surjection单射injection一一映射one-to-onemapping 双射bijection算子operator变化transformation函数function逆映射inversemapping复合映射compositemapping自变量independentvariable因变量dependentvariable定义域domain函数值valueoffunction函数关系functionrelation值域range自然定义域naturaldomain单值函数singlevaluedfunction 多值函数multiplevaluedfunction 单值分支one-valuedbranch函数图形graphofafunction绝对值函数absolutevalue符号函数sighfunction整数部分integralpart阶梯曲线stepcurve当且仅当ifandonlyif(iff)分段函数piecewisefunction上界upperbound下界lowerbound有界boundedness无界unbounded函数的单调性monotonicityofafunction 单调增加的increasing单调减少的decreasing单调函数monotonefunction函数的奇偶性parity(odevity)ofafunction 对称symmetry偶函数evenfunction奇函数oddfunction函数的周期性periodicityofafunction周期period反函数inversefunction直接函数directfunction复合函数compositefunction中间变量intermediatevariable函数的运算operationoffunction基本初等函数basicelementaryfunction 初等函数elementaryfunction幂函数powerfunction指数函数exponentialfunction对数函数logarithmicfunction三角函数trigonometricfunction反三角函数inversetrigonometricfunction 常数函数constantfunction双曲函数hyperbolicfunction双曲正弦hyperbolicsine双曲余弦hyperboliccosine双曲正切hyperbolictangent反双曲正弦inversehyperbolicsine反双曲余弦inversehyperboliccosine反双曲正切inversehyperbolictangent极限limit数列sequenceofnumber收敛convergence收敛于aconvergetoa发散divergent极限的唯一性uniquenessoflimits收敛数列的有界性boundednessofaconvergentsequence 子列subsequence函数的极限limitsoffunctions函数当x趋于x0时的极限limitoffunctionsasxapproachesx0 左极限leftlimit右极限rightlimit单侧极限one-sidedlimits水平渐近线horizontalasymptote无穷小infinitesimal无穷大infinity铅直渐近线verticalasymptote夹逼准则squeezerule单调数列monotonicsequence高阶无穷小infinitesimalofhigherorder低阶无穷小infinitesimaloflowerorder同阶无穷小infinitesimalofthesameorder等阶无穷小equivalentinfinitesimal函数的连续性continuityofafunction增量increment函数在x0连续thefunctioniscontinuousatx0左连续leftcontinuous右连续rightcontinuous区间上的连续函数continuousfunction函数在该区间上连续functioniscontinuousonaninterval不连续点discontinuitypoint第一类间断点discontinuitypointofthefirstkind第二类间断点discontinuitypointofthesecondkind初等函数的连续性continuityoftheelementaryfunctions定义区间definedinterval最大值globalmaximumvalue(absolutemaximum)最小值globalminimumvalue(absoluteminimum)零点定理thezeropointtheorem介值定理intermediatevaluetheorem第二章导数与微分Chapter2DerivativeandDifferential速度velocity匀速运动uniformmotion平均速度averagevelocity瞬时速度instantaneousvelocity圆的切线tangentlineofacircle切线tangentline切线的斜率slopeofthetangentline位置函数positionfunction导数derivative可导derivable函数的变化率问题problemofthechangerateofafunction导函数derivedfunction左导数left-handderivative右导数right-handderivative单侧导数one-sidedderivatives在闭区间【a,b】上可导isderivableontheclosedinterval[a,b] 切线方程tangentequation角速度angularvelocity成本函数costfunction边际成本marginalcost链式法则chainrule隐函数implicitfunction显函数explicitfunction二阶函数secondderivative三阶导数thirdderivative高阶导数nthderivative莱布尼茨公式Leibnizformula对数求导法log-derivative参数方程parametricequation相关变化率correlativechangerata微分differential可微的differentiable函数的微分differentialoffunction自变量的微分differentialofindependentvariable微商differentialquotient间接测量误差indirectmeasurementerror绝对误差absoluteerror相对误差relativeerror第三章微分中值定理与导数的应用Chapter3MeanValueTheoremofDifferentialsandtheApplicati onofDerivatives罗马定理Rolle’stheorem费马引理Fermat’slemma拉格朗日中值定理Lagrange’smeanvaluetheorem驻点stationarypoint稳定点stablepoint临界点criticalpoint辅助函数auxiliaryfunction拉格朗日中值公式Lagrange’smeanvalueformula柯西中值定理Cauchy’smeanvaluetheorem洛必达法则L’Hospital’sRule0/0型不定式indeterminateformoftype0/0不定式indeterminateform泰勒中值定理Taylor’smeanvaluetheorem泰勒公式Taylorformula余项remainderterm拉格朗日余项Lagrangeremainderterm麦克劳林公式Maclaurin’sformula佩亚诺公式Peanoremainderterm凹凸性concavity凹向上的concaveupward,cancaveup凹向下的，向上凸的concavedownward’concavedown拐点inflectionpoint函数的'极值extremumoffunction极大值local(relative)maximum最大值global(absolute)mximum极小值local(relative)minimum最小值global(absolute)minimum目标函数objectivefunction曲率curvature弧微分arcdifferential平均曲率averagecurvature曲率园circleofcurvature曲率中心centerofcurvature曲率半径radiusofcurvature渐屈线evolute渐伸线involute根的隔离isolationofroot隔离区间isolationinterval切线法tangentlinemethod第四章不定积分Chapter4IndefiniteIntegrals原函数primitivefunction(antiderivative) 积分号signofintegration被积函数integrand数学的英文篇二：数学英文词汇代数部分1.有关基本运算：add,plus加subtract减difference差multiply,times乘product积divide除divisible可被整除的dividedevenly被整除dividend被除数divisor因子，除数quotient商remainder余数factorial阶乘power乘方radicalsign,rootsign根号roundto四舍五入tothenearest四舍五入2.有关集合union并集propersubset真子集solutionset解集3.有关代数式、方程和不等式algebraicterm代数项liketerms,similarterms同类项numericalcoefficient数字系数literalcoefficient字母系数inequality不等式triangleinequality三角不等式range值域originalequation原方程equivalentequation同解方程等价方程linearequation线性方程(e.g.5x+6=22)4.有关分数和小数properfraction真分数improperfraction假分数mixednumber带分数vulgarfraction,commonfraction普通分数simplefraction简分数complexfraction繁分数numerator分子denominator分母(least)commondenominator(最小)公分母quarter四分之一decimalfraction纯小数infinitedecimal无穷小数recurringdecimal循环小数tenthsunit十分位5.基本数学概念arithmeticmean算术平均值weightedaverage加权平均值geometricmean几何平均数exponent指数，幂base乘幂的底数,底边cube立方数，立方体squareroot平方根cuberoot立方根commonlogarithm常用对数digit数字constant常数variable变量inversefunction反函数complementaryfunction余函数linear一次的，线性的factorization因式分解absolutevalue绝对值，e.g.｜-32｜=32roundoff四舍五入6.有关数论naturalnumber自然数positivenumber正数negativenumber负数oddinteger,oddnumber奇数eveninteger,evennumber偶数integer,wholenumber整数positivewholenumber正整数negativewholenumber负整数consecutivenumber连续整数realnumber,rationalnumber实数,有理数irrational(number)无理数compositenumber合数e.g.4,6,8,9,10,12,14,15……primenumber质数e.g.2,3,5,7,11,13,15……reciprocal倒数commondivisor公约数multiple倍数(least)commonmultiple(最小)公倍数(prime)factor(质)因子commonfactor公因子ordinaryscale,decimalscale十进制nonnegative非负的tens十位units个位mode众数median中数commonratio公比7.数列arithmeticprogression(sequence)等差数列geometricprogression(sequence)等比数列8.其它approximate近似(anti)clockwise(逆)顺时针方向cardinal基数ordinal序数directproportion正比distinct不同的estimation估计，近似parentheses括号proportion比例数学的英文篇三：数学英文代数ALGEBRA1.数论naturalnumber自然数positivenumber正数negativenumber 负数oddinteger,oddnumber奇数eveninteger,evennumber偶数integer,wholenumber整数positivewholenumber正整数negativewholenumber负整数consecutivenumber连续整数realnumber,rationalnumber实数,有理数irrational（number）无理数inverse倒数compositenumber合数 e.g.4,6,8,9,10,12,14,15…primenumber质数e.g.2,3,5,7,11,13,15…reciprocal倒数commondivisor公约数multiple倍数(minimum)commonmultiple(最小)公倍数(prime)factor(质)因子commonfactor公因子ordinaryscale,decimalscale十进制nonnegative非负的tens十位units个位mode众数mean平均数median中值commonratio公比2.基本数学概念arithmeticmean算术平均值weightedaverage加权平均值geometricmean几何平均数exponent指数，幂base乘幂的底数,底边cube立方数，立方体squareroot 平方根cuberoot立方根commonlogarithm常用对数digit数字constant常数variable变量inversefunction 反函数complementaryfunction余函数linear一次的，线性的factorization因式分解absolutevalue绝对值，e.g.｜-32｜=32roundoff四舍五入数学3.基本运算add，plus加subtract减difference差multiply,times乘product积divide除divisible可被整除的dividedevenly被整除dividend被除数，红利divisor因子，除数，公约数quotient商remainder余数factorial阶乘power乘方radicalsign,rootsign根号roundto四舍五入tothenearest四舍五入4.代数式，方程，不等式algebraicterm代数项liketerms,similarterms同类项numericalcoefficient数字系数literalcoefficient字母系数inequality不等式triangleinequality三角不等式range值域originalequation原方程equivalentequation同解方程，等价方程linearequation线性方程(e.g.5x+6=22)5.分数，小数properfraction真分数improperfraction假分数mixednumber 带分数vulgarfraction，commonfraction普通分数simplefraction简分数complexfraction繁分数numerator分子denominator分母(least)commondenominator（最小）公分母quarter四分之一decimalfraction纯小数infinitedecimal无穷小数recurringdecimal循环小数tenthsunit十分位6.集合union并集propersubset真子集solutionset解集7.数列arithmeticprogression(sequence)等差数列geometricprogression(sequence)等比数列8.其它approximate近似(anti)clockwise(逆)顺时针方向cardinal基数ordinal序数directproportion正比distinct不同的estimation估计，近似parentheses括号proportion比例permutation排列combination组合table表格trigonometricfunction三角函数unit单位,位几何GEOMETRY1.角alternateangle内错角correspondingangle同位角verticalangle对顶角centralangle圆心角interiorangle内角exteriorangle外角supplementaryangles补角complementaryangle余角adjacentangle邻角acuteangle锐角obtuseangle 钝角rightangle直角roundangle周角straightangle平角includedangle夹角2.三角形equilateraltriangle等边三角形scalenetriangle不等边三角形isoscelestriangle等腰三角形righttriangle直角三角形oblique斜三角形inscribedtriangle内接三角形3.收敛的平面图形，除三角形外semicircle半圆concentriccircles同心圆quadrilateral四边形pentagon五边形hexagon六边形heptagon七边形octagon八边形nonagon九边形decagon十边形polygon多边形parallelogram平行四边形equilateral等边形plane平面square 正方形，平方rectangle长方形regularpolygon正多边形rhombus菱形trapezoid梯形4.其它平面图形arc弧line,straightline直线linesegment线段parallellines平行线segmentofacircle弧形5.立体图形cube立方体，立方数rectangularsolid长方体regularsolid/regularpolyhedron正多面体circularcylinder圆柱体cone圆锥sphere球体solid立体的6.图形的附属概念planegeometry平面几何trigonometry三角学bisect平分circumscribe外切inscribe内切intersect相交perpendicular垂直Pythagoreantheorem 勾股定理（毕达哥拉斯定理）congruent全等的multilateral多边的altitude高depth深度side边长circumference,perimeter周长radian弧度surfacearea表面积volume体积arm直角三角形的股crosssection横截面centerofacircle圆心chord弦diameter直径radius半径anglebisector角平分线diagonal对角线化edge棱faceofasolid立体的面hypotenuse 斜边includedside夹边leg三角形的直角边median（三角形的）中线base底边，底数（e.g.2的5次方，2就是底数）opposite直角三角形中的对边midpoint中点endpoint端点vertex(复数形式vertices)顶点tangent切线的transversal截线intercept截距7.坐标coordinatesystem坐标系rectangularcoordinate直角坐标系origin原点abscissa横坐标ordinate纵坐标numberline数轴quadrant象限slope斜率complexplane复平面【关于数学专业用词的英文翻译】。
Glider Flying Handbook说明书
Glider Flying Handbook2013U.S. Department of TransportationFEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATIONFlight Standards Servicei iPrefaceThe Glider Flying Handbook is designed as a technical manual for applicants who are preparing for glider category rating and for currently certificated glider pilots who wish to improve their knowledge. Certificated flight instructors will find this handbook a valuable training aid, since detailed coverage of aeronautical decision-making, components and systems, aerodynamics, flight instruments, performance limitations, ground operations, flight maneuvers, traffic patterns, emergencies, soaring weather, soaring techniques, and cross-country flight is included. Topics such as radio navigation and communication, use of flight information publications, and regulations are available in other Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) publications.The discussion and explanations reflect the most commonly used practices and principles. Occasionally, the word “must” or similar language is used where the desired action is deemed critical. The use of such language is not intended to add to, interpret, or relieve a duty imposed by Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR). Persons working towards a glider rating are advised to review the references from the applicable practical test standards (FAA-G-8082-4, Sport Pilot and Flight Instructor with a Sport Pilot Rating Knowledge Test Guide, FAA-G-8082-5, Commercial Pilot Knowledge Test Guide, and FAA-G-8082-17, Recreational Pilot and Private Pilot Knowledge Test Guide). Resources for study include FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, FAA-H-8083-2, Risk Management Handbook, and Advisory Circular (AC) 00-6, Aviation Weather For Pilots and Flight Operations Personnel, AC 00-45, Aviation Weather Services, as these documents contain basic material not duplicated herein. All beginning applicants should refer to FAA-H-8083-25, Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, for study and basic library reference.It is essential for persons using this handbook to become familiar with and apply the pertinent parts of 14 CFR and the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). The AIM is available online at . The current Flight Standards Service airman training and testing material and learning statements for all airman certificates and ratings can be obtained from .This handbook supersedes FAA-H-8083-13, Glider Flying Handbook, dated 2003. Always select the latest edition of any publication and check the website for errata pages and listing of changes to FAA educational publications developed by the FAA’s Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630.This handbook is available for download, in PDF format, from .This handbook is published by the United States Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Airman Testing Standards Branch, AFS-630, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125.Comments regarding this publication should be sent, in email form, to the following address:********************************************John M. AllenDirector, Flight Standards Serviceiiii vAcknowledgmentsThe Glider Flying Handbook was produced by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) with the assistance of Safety Research Corporation of America (SRCA). The FAA wishes to acknowledge the following contributors: Sue Telford of Telford Fishing & Hunting Services for images used in Chapter 1JerryZieba () for images used in Chapter 2Tim Mara () for images used in Chapters 2 and 12Uli Kremer of Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co for images used in Chapter 2Richard Lancaster () for images and content used in Chapter 3Dave Nadler of Nadler & Associates for images used in Chapter 6Dave McConeghey for images used in Chapter 6John Brandon (www.raa.asn.au) for images and content used in Chapter 7Patrick Panzera () for images used in Chapter 8Jeff Haby (www.theweatherprediction) for images used in Chapter 8National Soaring Museum () for content used in Chapter 9Bill Elliot () for images used in Chapter 12.Tiffany Fidler for images used in Chapter 12.Additional appreciation is extended to the Soaring Society of America, Inc. (), the Soaring Safety Foundation, and Mr. Brad Temeyer and Mr. Bill Martin from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for their technical support and input.vv iPreface (iii)Acknowledgments (v)Table of Contents (vii)Chapter 1Gliders and Sailplanes ........................................1-1 Introduction....................................................................1-1 Gliders—The Early Years ..............................................1-2 Glider or Sailplane? .......................................................1-3 Glider Pilot Schools ......................................................1-4 14 CFR Part 141 Pilot Schools ...................................1-5 14 CFR Part 61 Instruction ........................................1-5 Glider Certificate Eligibility Requirements ...................1-5 Common Glider Concepts ..............................................1-6 Terminology...............................................................1-6 Converting Metric Distance to Feet ...........................1-6 Chapter 2Components and Systems .................................2-1 Introduction....................................................................2-1 Glider Design .................................................................2-2 The Fuselage ..................................................................2-4 Wings and Components .............................................2-4 Lift/Drag Devices ...........................................................2-5 Empennage .....................................................................2-6 Towhook Devices .......................................................2-7 Powerplant .....................................................................2-7 Self-Launching Gliders .............................................2-7 Sustainer Engines .......................................................2-8 Landing Gear .................................................................2-8 Wheel Brakes .............................................................2-8 Chapter 3Aerodynamics of Flight .......................................3-1 Introduction....................................................................3-1 Forces of Flight..............................................................3-2 Newton’s Third Law of Motion .................................3-2 Lift ..............................................................................3-2The Effects of Drag on a Glider .....................................3-3 Parasite Drag ..............................................................3-3 Form Drag ...............................................................3-3 Skin Friction Drag ..................................................3-3 Interference Drag ....................................................3-5 Total Drag...................................................................3-6 Wing Planform ...........................................................3-6 Elliptical Wing ........................................................3-6 Rectangular Wing ...................................................3-7 Tapered Wing .........................................................3-7 Swept-Forward Wing ..............................................3-7 Washout ..................................................................3-7 Glide Ratio .................................................................3-8 Aspect Ratio ............................................................3-9 Weight ........................................................................3-9 Thrust .........................................................................3-9 Three Axes of Rotation ..................................................3-9 Stability ........................................................................3-10 Flutter .......................................................................3-11 Lateral Stability ........................................................3-12 Turning Flight ..............................................................3-13 Load Factors .................................................................3-13 Radius of Turn ..........................................................3-14 Turn Coordination ....................................................3-15 Slips ..........................................................................3-15 Forward Slip .........................................................3-16 Sideslip .................................................................3-17 Spins .........................................................................3-17 Ground Effect ...............................................................3-19 Chapter 4Flight Instruments ...............................................4-1 Introduction....................................................................4-1 Pitot-Static Instruments ..................................................4-2 Impact and Static Pressure Lines................................4-2 Airspeed Indicator ......................................................4-2 The Effects of Altitude on the AirspeedIndicator..................................................................4-3 Types of Airspeed ...................................................4-3Table of ContentsviiAirspeed Indicator Markings ......................................4-5 Other Airspeed Limitations ........................................4-6 Altimeter .....................................................................4-6 Principles of Operation ...........................................4-6 Effect of Nonstandard Pressure andTemperature............................................................4-7 Setting the Altimeter (Kollsman Window) .............4-9 Types of Altitude ......................................................4-10 Variometer................................................................4-11 Total Energy System .............................................4-14 Netto .....................................................................4-14 Electronic Flight Computers ....................................4-15 Magnetic Compass .......................................................4-16 Yaw String ................................................................4-16 Inclinometer..............................................................4-16 Gyroscopic Instruments ...............................................4-17 G-Meter ........................................................................4-17 FLARM Collision Avoidance System .........................4-18 Chapter 5Glider Performance .............................................5-1 Introduction....................................................................5-1 Factors Affecting Performance ......................................5-2 High and Low Density Altitude Conditions ...........5-2 Atmospheric Pressure .............................................5-2 Altitude ...................................................................5-3 Temperature............................................................5-3 Wind ...........................................................................5-3 Weight ........................................................................5-5 Rate of Climb .................................................................5-7 Flight Manuals and Placards ..........................................5-8 Placards ......................................................................5-8 Performance Information ...........................................5-8 Glider Polars ...............................................................5-8 Weight and Balance Information .............................5-10 Limitations ...............................................................5-10 Weight and Balance .....................................................5-12 Center of Gravity ......................................................5-12 Problems Associated With CG Forward ofForward Limit .......................................................5-12 Problems Associated With CG Aft of Aft Limit ..5-13 Sample Weight and Balance Problems ....................5-13 Ballast ..........................................................................5-14 Chapter 6Preflight and Ground Operations .......................6-1 Introduction....................................................................6-1 Assembly and Storage Techniques ................................6-2 Trailering....................................................................6-3 Tiedown and Securing ................................................6-4Water Ballast ..............................................................6-4 Ground Handling........................................................6-4 Launch Equipment Inspection ....................................6-5 Glider Preflight Inspection .........................................6-6 Prelaunch Checklist ....................................................6-7 Glider Care .....................................................................6-7 Preventive Maintenance .............................................6-8 Chapter 7Launch and Recovery Procedures and Flight Maneuvers ............................................................7-1 Introduction....................................................................7-1 Aerotow Takeoff Procedures .........................................7-2 Signals ........................................................................7-2 Prelaunch Signals ....................................................7-2 Inflight Signals ........................................................7-3 Takeoff Procedures and Techniques ..........................7-3 Normal Assisted Takeoff............................................7-4 Unassisted Takeoff.....................................................7-5 Crosswind Takeoff .....................................................7-5 Assisted ...................................................................7-5 Unassisted...............................................................7-6 Aerotow Climb-Out ....................................................7-6 Aerotow Release.........................................................7-8 Slack Line ...................................................................7-9 Boxing the Wake ......................................................7-10 Ground Launch Takeoff Procedures ............................7-11 CG Hooks .................................................................7-11 Signals ......................................................................7-11 Prelaunch Signals (Winch/Automobile) ...............7-11 Inflight Signals ......................................................7-12 Tow Speeds ..............................................................7-12 Automobile Launch ..................................................7-14 Crosswind Takeoff and Climb .................................7-14 Normal Into-the-Wind Launch .................................7-15 Climb-Out and Release Procedures ..........................7-16 Self-Launch Takeoff Procedures ..............................7-17 Preparation and Engine Start ....................................7-17 Taxiing .....................................................................7-18 Pretakeoff Check ......................................................7-18 Normal Takeoff ........................................................7-19 Crosswind Takeoff ...................................................7-19 Climb-Out and Shutdown Procedures ......................7-19 Landing .....................................................................7-21 Gliderport/Airport Traffic Patterns and Operations .....7-22 Normal Approach and Landing ................................7-22 Crosswind Landing ..................................................7-25 Slips ..........................................................................7-25 Downwind Landing ..................................................7-27 After Landing and Securing .....................................7-27viiiPerformance Maneuvers ..............................................7-27 Straight Glides ..........................................................7-27 Turns.........................................................................7-28 Roll-In ...................................................................7-29 Roll-Out ................................................................7-30 Steep Turns ...........................................................7-31 Maneuvering at Minimum Controllable Airspeed ...7-31 Stall Recognition and Recovery ...............................7-32 Secondary Stalls ....................................................7-34 Accelerated Stalls .................................................7-34 Crossed-Control Stalls ..........................................7-35 Operating Airspeeds .....................................................7-36 Minimum Sink Airspeed ..........................................7-36 Best Glide Airspeed..................................................7-37 Speed to Fly ..............................................................7-37 Chapter 8Abnormal and Emergency Procedures .............8-1 Introduction....................................................................8-1 Porpoising ......................................................................8-2 Pilot-Induced Oscillations (PIOs) ..............................8-2 PIOs During Launch ...................................................8-2 Factors Influencing PIOs ........................................8-2 Improper Elevator Trim Setting ..............................8-3 Improper Wing Flaps Setting ..................................8-3 Pilot-Induced Roll Oscillations During Launch .........8-3 Pilot-Induced Yaw Oscillations During Launch ........8-4 Gust-Induced Oscillations ..............................................8-5 Vertical Gusts During High-Speed Cruise .................8-5 Pilot-Induced Pitch Oscillations During Landing ......8-6 Glider-Induced Oscillations ...........................................8-6 Pitch Influence of the Glider Towhook Position ........8-6 Self-Launching Glider Oscillations During Powered Flight ...........................................................8-7 Nosewheel Glider Oscillations During Launchesand Landings ..............................................................8-7 Tailwheel/Tailskid Equipped Glider Oscillations During Launches and Landings ..................................8-8 Aerotow Abnormal and Emergency Procedures ............8-8 Abnormal Procedures .................................................8-8 Towing Failures........................................................8-10 Tow Failure With Runway To Land and Stop ......8-11 Tow Failure Without Runway To Land BelowReturning Altitude ................................................8-11 Tow Failure Above Return to Runway Altitude ...8-11 Tow Failure Above 800' AGL ..............................8-12 Tow Failure Above Traffic Pattern Altitude .........8-13 Slack Line .................................................................8-13 Ground Launch Abnormal and Emergency Procedures ....................................................................8-14 Abnormal Procedures ...............................................8-14 Emergency Procedures .............................................8-14 Self-Launch Takeoff Emergency Procedures ..............8-15 Emergency Procedures .............................................8-15 Spiral Dives ..................................................................8-15 Spins .............................................................................8-15 Entry Phase ...............................................................8-17 Incipient Phase .........................................................8-17 Developed Phase ......................................................8-17 Recovery Phase ........................................................8-17 Off-Field Landing Procedures .....................................8-18 Afterlanding Off Field .............................................8-20 Off-Field Landing Without Injury ........................8-20 Off-Field Landing With Injury .............................8-20 System and Equipment Malfunctions ..........................8-20 Flight Instrument Malfunctions ................................8-20 Airspeed Indicator Malfunctions ..........................8-21 Altimeter Malfunctions .........................................8-21 Variometer Malfunctions ......................................8-21 Compass Malfunctions .........................................8-21 Glider Canopy Malfunctions ....................................8-21 Broken Glider Canopy ..........................................8-22 Frosted Glider Canopy ..........................................8-22 Water Ballast Malfunctions ......................................8-22 Retractable Landing Gear Malfunctions ..................8-22 Primary Flight Control Systems ...............................8-22 Elevator Malfunctions ..........................................8-22 Aileron Malfunctions ............................................8-23 Rudder Malfunctions ............................................8-24 Secondary Flight Controls Systems .........................8-24 Elevator Trim Malfunctions .................................8-24 Spoiler/Dive Brake Malfunctions .........................8-24 Miscellaneous Flight System Malfunctions .................8-25 Towhook Malfunctions ............................................8-25 Oxygen System Malfunctions ..................................8-25 Drogue Chute Malfunctions .....................................8-25 Self-Launching Gliders ................................................8-26 Self-Launching/Sustainer Glider Engine Failure During Takeoff or Climb ..........................................8-26 Inability to Restart a Self-Launching/SustainerGlider Engine While Airborne .................................8-27 Self-Launching Glider Propeller Malfunctions ........8-27 Self-Launching Glider Electrical System Malfunctions .............................................................8-27 In-flight Fire .............................................................8-28 Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear ...................8-28 Survival Gear Checklists ..........................................8-28 Food and Water ........................................................8-28ixClothing ....................................................................8-28 Communication ........................................................8-29 Navigation Equipment ..............................................8-29 Medical Equipment ..................................................8-29 Stowage ....................................................................8-30 Parachute ..................................................................8-30 Oxygen System Malfunctions ..................................8-30 Accident Prevention .....................................................8-30 Chapter 9Soaring Weather ..................................................9-1 Introduction....................................................................9-1 The Atmosphere .............................................................9-2 Composition ...............................................................9-2 Properties ....................................................................9-2 Temperature............................................................9-2 Density ....................................................................9-2 Pressure ...................................................................9-2 Standard Atmosphere .................................................9-3 Layers of the Atmosphere ..........................................9-4 Scale of Weather Events ................................................9-4 Thermal Soaring Weather ..............................................9-6 Thermal Shape and Structure .....................................9-6 Atmospheric Stability .................................................9-7 Air Masses Conducive to Thermal Soaring ...................9-9 Cloud Streets ..............................................................9-9 Thermal Waves...........................................................9-9 Thunderstorms..........................................................9-10 Lifted Index ..........................................................9-12 K-Index .................................................................9-12 Weather for Slope Soaring .......................................9-14 Mechanism for Wave Formation ..............................9-16 Lift Due to Convergence ..........................................9-19 Obtaining Weather Information ...................................9-21 Preflight Weather Briefing........................................9-21 Weather-ReIated Information ..................................9-21 Interpreting Weather Charts, Reports, andForecasts ......................................................................9-23 Graphic Weather Charts ...........................................9-23 Winds and Temperatures Aloft Forecast ..............9-23 Composite Moisture Stability Chart .....................9-24 Chapter 10Soaring Techniques ..........................................10-1 Introduction..................................................................10-1 Thermal Soaring ...........................................................10-2 Locating Thermals ....................................................10-2 Cumulus Clouds ...................................................10-2 Other Indicators of Thermals ................................10-3 Wind .....................................................................10-4 The Big Picture .....................................................10-5Entering a Thermal ..............................................10-5 Inside a Thermal.......................................................10-6 Bank Angle ...........................................................10-6 Speed .....................................................................10-6 Centering ...............................................................10-7 Collision Avoidance ................................................10-9 Exiting a Thermal .....................................................10-9 Atypical Thermals ..................................................10-10 Ridge/Slope Soaring ..................................................10-10 Traps ......................................................................10-10 Procedures for Safe Flying .....................................10-12 Bowls and Spurs .....................................................10-13 Slope Lift ................................................................10-13 Obstructions ...........................................................10-14 Tips and Techniques ...............................................10-15 Wave Soaring .............................................................10-16 Preflight Preparation ...............................................10-17 Getting Into the Wave ............................................10-18 Flying in the Wave .................................................10-20 Soaring Convergence Zones ...................................10-23 Combined Sources of Updrafts ..............................10-24 Chapter 11Cross-Country Soaring .....................................11-1 Introduction..................................................................11-1 Flight Preparation and Planning ...................................11-2 Personal and Special Equipment ..................................11-3 Navigation ....................................................................11-5 Using the Plotter .......................................................11-5 A Sample Cross-Country Flight ...............................11-5 Navigation Using GPS .............................................11-8 Cross-Country Techniques ...........................................11-9 Soaring Faster and Farther .........................................11-11 Height Bands ..........................................................11-11 Tips and Techniques ...............................................11-12 Special Situations .......................................................11-14 Course Deviations ..................................................11-14 Lost Procedures ......................................................11-14 Cross-Country Flight in a Self-Launching Glider .....11-15 High-Performance Glider Operations and Considerations ............................................................11-16 Glider Complexity ..................................................11-16 Water Ballast ..........................................................11-17 Cross-Country Flight Using Other Lift Sources ........11-17 Chapter 12Towing ................................................................12-1 Introduction..................................................................12-1 Equipment Inspections and Operational Checks .........12-2 Tow Hook ................................................................12-2 Schweizer Tow Hook ...........................................12-2x。
IE Chapter 2 Unit 1
Unit 1 Method StudyThe Definition and Content of Method StudyIn this unit we will discuss the method study mainly. We can define method study as the systematic recoding and critical examination of ways of doing things in order to make improvements. From the Figure 2.1, we can see that the main contents of the method study include process analysis,operation analysis and motion analysis.Steps of Method StudySelecting----the work to be studies & boundaries to be defined. Method study focuses on certain key operational types of work that should be targeted: such as bottlenecks, poor use of materials, poor layout, inconsistencies on quality, highly fatiguing tasks, high levels of unexplained employee complaints.Recoding----the relevant facts of the job to bt recorded. The main recoding techniques are by charts: including operations process chart, flow process chart, flow diagram, man-machine process chart, gang process chat and two-hand process chart.Examining and developing----the way the job to be performed. Inthis stage researchers should analyze the original system and design new methods to suit needs and abilities of operators, and these methods should be the most practical, economic, andeffective for that job.Six questioning techniques.Six questioning techniques are the primary tools, by which the critical examination is conducted. In the Table 2.1,we list the details of the six questioning techniques.Analysis with “ECRS” principles. When we design new methods for the current work or sistem, we should use the following principles flexibly:•Eliminate: when we could not find the satisfied answers through questioning “What has been down?”“Why is this operation necessary?”“Why is this operation performed in this manner?” these operation belong to unnecessary parts so they should be eliminated.•Combine: We should try to combine theseoperations or motions that could not be cancelled.•Rearrange: By the elimination and conbination, we can rearrange the work according the three quesstions “who,where and when” to get the greatest order and elininate the repetitions.•Simplify: The last idea is simplification. The simplest method and facilities are used to save the manpower, time and money after the above three necessary steps.Setup ----Setting up new standard work methods.Maintaining ----New method is maintained until it becomes the accepted norm.The Classificaions of Method StudyThere are three main classes of method study: process analysis, opeeration analysis and motion analysis.Process AnalysisProcess analysis is one of the main contents of method study, by which researcherscan comlietely observe and record the whole production processes and carry out integrated analysis from a macroscopic viewpoint.Operation Process ChartAn operation process chart is a process chart giving the general flow of all components in a product with symbols and inspections. The chart in itself is an ideal plant layout since each step is shown in its proper chronological sequence. It can record the sequence of operations and inspections, activity times and description of each activity and indicate the main activites involved in tasks. Using this chart people can gain understanding of tasks, eliminate unnecessary tasks or combine tasks. The convention of operation process chart is illustrated in the Figure 2.2.Flow Process ChartThere are five symbols that present flow process chart, as shown in the Table 2.2.They are also called ASME symbols.A flow process chart is a process chart setting out the sequence of flow of a product or a procedure by recording all events under review with appropriate process chart symbols. This chart expands the version of operation process chart with with all five ASME symbols.There are three types of flow process charts:•Worker type----records what the operator does.•Material type----records how material is moved or treated.•Equipment type----records how equipment is used.Flow process charts are used by the following six steps:1. SelectingSelecting a job is analyzed, possibly identified from operation process charts,.2. RecordingInspection, operations, delays, transports, storage, times, distances and sequence of activities are recorded on a flow process chart.3. ExaminingThe critical examination techniques are used to elimitate or combine operations or reorganize the sequence of operations.The additional techniques are possibly dicided to use, for example, flow diagrams are used to indicate the more information.4. DevelopingThe information and knowledge gained during recording and examining stages are used to develop a new sequence of operations.A flow process chart of the new sequence is produced.5. InstallingThe new flow process charts are used to explain proposed changees to managers, supervisors and operators----one of old sequence is compared with one of news.6. MaintianingNew flow process chart is keeping on working, new problems are found and a new turn inprovement is done.Example: one material type of flow process chart (shown as in the Figure 2.3).In addition to the symbols, descriptions aand distance are shown on the chart, the followinginformation should be included:Job: Machining of the shroud ang cooling holes of turbine blade, AX611.Chart begins: Unmachined blade in forge blade stores.Chart ends: Machined blade in finish part stores.Summary:: Operations 2Inspections 2Transports 4Storages 2Delays 2Flow DiagramA diagram or model, substantially to scale, shows the location of specific activities carries out and the routes followed by workers, materials or equipment in there execution. In the flow diagram, layout of work area and movements are recorded, ang the excessive distances, convoluted routes and non-value-added activities are indicated. Then the rearrangement of work area can be done to reduce the traveling distances and non-value-added activities.Operation AnalysisOperation analysis is used to study all productive and nonproductive activites within one operation at one place. Through studying elements of an operation, its purposes are to increase productivity per suit of time and reduce unit costs while maintaining or inproving quality. The difference between process analysis and operation analysis is that process analysis studies the whole production process and the end point is one activity within the operation. Operation analysis can be classified man-machine operaton analysis, gang process analysis and two-hand operation analysis.Primary Demand of Operation Analysis1. Reducing the quantities of operations to the lowest, arranging the processes with reasonable sequence and making every operation easiest by using the principles of ECRS.2. Exerting the function of two hands, balancing the burthen of two hands and avoiding holding work piece for along time and making use of tools to the utmost extent.3. Letting the machines do the most work.4. Reducing the operational cycles and frequencies, decreasing the transportation and transfer times of materials and cutting down the distance of transportation and moving, making the moving and transportation easily.5. Eliminating the unreasonable space and giving the worker enough workspace.6. Eliminating the unreasonable idleness time and realizing the synchronization work of the machine and operator.In a word, the objective of operation analysis is to arrange the reasonable work configuration, to reduce the labor strength of operators and to decrease the work time.Man-machine Operation AnalysisThe man-machine operation analysis is used to investigate, analyze the relationship of worker and machine in the operation cycle. These facts can lead to a fuller utilization of both worker ang machine time, and a better balance of the work cycle.Man-machine operation analysis uses the man and machine chart to show the exact time relationship between the working cycle of the operator and the operating cycle of the machine. So through analyzing the chart we can get new methods to reduce the idle time of worker and machine and to enhance the efficiency of the man-machine system.The relationship between workers and machines is usually one of three types: synchronous servicing, completely random servicing and a combination of synchronous and random servicing.Construction of time Man-machine ChartThe chart is composed of two parts. One part can be called the chart title such as man-machine process chart and other information including part number, drawing number, operation descripton, persent or proposed method, date and name of researcher in the top of the chart.And the other part can be divided into two sides. The left side shows the operations and time for the worker and the right shows the working time and the idle time of the machine or machines.Gang Process AnalysisIn the workplace, there’re always two or more than two workers operating with one machine or job, and then this operation is called gang process analysis. The gang process chart shows the exact relationship between the idle and operating cycle of the machine and the idle and operating time per cycle of the works who serves that machine. This chart presents the possibilities for improvement by reducing both idle operator and machine time.Two-hand Process AnalysisIn the workplace, worker’s two hands finish many concrete motions. Recording and studying these motions of two hands are called two-hang process analysis. The two hand process chart in which the motions of the worker’s hand (or limbs ) are recorded in an operating cycle to show the exact relationship between two hands’ movement. The purpose of the two-hand process chart is to present a given operation in sufficient detail that the operation can be analyzed and improved. In this part there is an example of two-hand process chart study. With this example you can learn to draw this chart and to master the analysis approach.Selecting: a task has been selected because it seems to be takeing too long time for such a relatively sinple activity.Recording: seen in Figure 2.4.Examining: the following are pickups with the critical examination technique: Question:1.Why is it necessary to hold the tube in the jig.2.Why should we cannot the tube be notched while it is being rotated instead of the righthand having to wait.3.Why does the tube have to be taken out the jig to break it.4.Why should we pick up and put down the file at the end of each cycle? Can’t in be held? Answers:1.The tube will always have to be held because the length supported by the jig is shortcompared with the total length of the tube.2.There is no reason why the tube cannot be rotated and notched at the same time.3.The tube has to be taken out of the jig to be taken because if the tube were broken bybending against the fase of the jig, the short end would then have to be picked out----an awkward opeation if very little were sticking out; if the jig were so designed that short end would fall out when broken, it would not then be necessary to withdraw the tube.4.Both hands are needed to break the tube by using the old method. This might not benecessary if a new jig could be devised.Figure 2.5 Two-hand Operation Chart ( Updated )Motion AnalysisMotion analysis regards one activity as target to analyze the motion in details. The main principle of motions analysis is to analyze, campare and research the motion of the operator’s hands, eyes and the other part of body, and then to eliminate the otiose motions, rearrange the necessary and effective motions to a standard set of motions with reasonable tools and layout.ThrebligsF.B. Gilbreth, the creator of motion study, divided the operations of main into 17 smallest units----threlligs ( to see the Table 2.3 ).Principles of Motion EconomyⅠPrinciples related to the use of human body1．The two hands should begin and complate their movements at the same time.2．The two hands should not be idle at the same time except during periods of rest.3．The motons of the arms should be symmetrical and in opposite directions and should be made simultaneously.4．Hand and body motions should be made at the lowest level of classifications at which it is possiable to work satisfactorily.5．Momentum of objects should be made use of to the most extent to help the worker.Whenthe muscle strength is required it should be reduced to the minimum extent.6．Continuous curved movements are to be preferred compared with straight-line motions involving sudden and sharp changes direction,7．“Ballistic”(i.e. free swinging) movements are faster, easier and more accurate than restricted or controlled movements².8．Rhythm is essential to the smoth and automatic performance of a repetitive operation.The work should be arranged to permit easy and natural with them whenever possiable.9．Work should be arranged so that eye movements are confined to a comfortable area, without the need for frequent changes of focus.ⅡPrinciples related to the arrangement of work place1.Definite and fixed stations should be provided for all tools and materials.2.Tools and materials should be pre-positioned to reduce searching time.3.Gravity feed, bins and containers should be used to deliver materials are close to thepoint of use as possiable.4.Tools,materials and controls should be located within the maximum working area and asnear to the works as possiable.5.Materials and tools should be arranged to operate the best sequence of motions.6.“Drop deliveries”or ejectors should be used wherever possiable, so that the operatordoes not use his or her hands to dispose the finished goods.7.Workplace should have adequate lighting and the type and height of a chair makeoperator have good posture and feel comfortable. The height of working-table or of a chair should be adjusted to suit alternate standing and sitting.8.The colors in the workplace should harmonize with that kind of the work and thus eyefatigue is reduced and operators feel comfortable.ⅢPrinciples related to tools and equipment1.The hands should be relieved of all work of “holding” the work piece where work canbe done by a jig, fixture or foot operated device.2.Two or more tools should be combined wherever possible.3.Where each finger performs some specific movement, as in typewriting, the loadshould be distributed in accordance with the inherent capacities of the fingers.4.Handles, such as cranks and large screwdrivers, should be designed by this way thatmuch of the suface of the handle can be contated by hands. This isespeciallynecessary when considerable force has to be put on the handle.5.Levers, crossbars and hand wheels on machinery should be placed in such positions inorder that operatorcan use them with the least change of body position and can makeuse of the greatest “mechanical capabilities”.Notes1. The work study is a integrative technology of engineering and management which canincrease the ratio of output without investment or with little investment, so it has been paidthe general attention of the industaial cirale for a long time.句意：方法研究是一项集工程与管理于一体的技术，其目的是寻求在不投资或少投资的情况下来提高生产效率，因而多年来在工业界一直受到普遍的关注。
Chapter02 Functions
volatile while
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7 Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
format_string plain characters – displayed directly unchanged on the screen, e.g. “This is C” conversion specification(s) – used to convert, format and display argument(s) from the argument_list escape sequences – control the cursor, for example, the newline ‘\n’
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10 Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
printf
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泛读教程1第二版答案
泛读教程1第二版答案【篇一：泛读教程第二版第一册unit 7】xt>section a1-5 dbbba cca1-5 ddabc cbcword matchdelegationa group of people representing a much larger group of people prior existing beforeultimatelyfinallyrun to organize or controldisciplinea branch of a sport; a branch of knowledgegendersexcatalyst someone or something that causes changecultivate to develop or improve somethingforuma meeting in which people can exchange ideas and discuss things intimate having a very close relationshipconquer to win; to defeatpropose to make an offer of marriagebribery giving or taking a gift in order to do something dishonest exhaustedvery tired1.exhausted2.bribery3. run4. prior5.delegation6.gender7.proposed8.intimatesuffixes1. egyptian2. spanish3.british4.scholarship5.roman6.relationship7.portuguese8.leadershipcloze1.date2. games3.list4.week5.wins7.divided8.think9.biggest10.lower1-5 cbbcbaac1-5 ftfffttftt【篇二：英语泛读教程2参考答案(1-10)】txt>comprehension points1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.every year at the same time the stars were in the same place in the sky. they are the planets. he thought that … (page 2, parag. 12) the idea was that the stars and the sun did not turn around the earth. instead, it was the earth that was turning. the sun and the stars were not really moving. because they would upset the whole science of astronomy and cause cruel persecution by the church. content/details. common. because radio telescopes find out new stars by picking up radio waves from them. it means the group of stars that our earth is a member of. the implication is that probably by then the earth has already been melted. every three days it gets very dim. it stays dim for a few hours, then it gets bright again. because a comet isn’t solid. it is thin like a cloud. its tail is nothing but glowing gas. and its head is made of small pieces that could not hurt the earth.exercisesi. true or false1. f2. f3. t4. f5. t6. f7. t8. t9. t 10. fii.1. 略。
chapter_2
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How to compute and
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11/60
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Introduction
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u is constant s = t s' ds' = ds s' = t => s = 0 s' = tk => s=t tk
Frymaster PRO SERIES系列 说明书
危险危险危险危险警告PRO系列电炸锅Installation and Operation Manual安装操作手册TABLE OF CONTENTS内容CHAPTER 1 Introduction第一章:介绍1.1 General Information总体信息 ........................................................................................................ 1-11.2 Safety Information安全信息............................................................................................................. 1-11.3 Computer Information电脑板信息................................................................................................... 1-21.4 European Community (CE) Specific Information CE特别信息....................................................... 1-21.5 Shipping Damage Claim Procedure 运输损坏索赔程序................................................................ 1-21.6 Service Information服务信息........................................................................................................... 1-3CHAPTER 2 Installation Instructions第二章:安装指引2.1 General Installation Requirements总体安装要求........................................................................... 2-12.2 Power Requirements 电力要求....................................................................................................... 2-22.3 Positioning the Fryer Station 设备定位........................................................................................... 2-3CHAPTER 3 Operating Instructions 第三章:操作指引3.1 Setup and Shutdown Procedures 开机和关机程序......................................................................... 3-13.2 Controllers 控制......................................................................................................................... 3-2CHAPTER 4 Filtration Instructions 第四章:滤油指引4.1 Draining and Manual Filtering 泻油和手工滤油............................................................................ 4-14.2 Preparing the Built-In Filtration System for Use 准备内置滤油系统的使用................................. 4-24.3 Operation of the Filter 操作滤油车................................................................................................. 4-54.4 Disassembly and Reassembly of the Magnasol Filter 拆装滤油车................................................. 4-84.5 Draining and Disposing of Waste Oil 排泄及丢弃废油.................................................................. 4-9CHAPTER 5 Preventive Maintenance 第五章:保养5.1 Cleaning the Fryer 清洁炸锅........................................................................................................... 5-1Daily Checks and Service 每日检修.............................................................................................. 5-1 Weekly Checks and Service 每周检修.......................................................................................... 5-2 Boiling Out the Frypot 煮锅程序................................................................................................... 5-2 Monthly Checks and Service 每月检修...................................................................................... 5-35.2 Calibration of Solid State (Analog) Controller Knob 校准固态模拟控制旋钮.............................. 5-35.3 Annual/Periodic System Inspection 每年定期系统检查................................................................. 5-4CHAPTER 6 Operator Troubleshooting 第六章:故障排除Introduction介绍. ................................................................................................................................... 6-16.2.1 Troubleshooting Controller and Heating Problems 控制和加热问题.............................. 6-26.2.2 Troubleshooting Error Messages and Display Problems 错误信息和显示问题......................... 6-4PRO SERIES ELECTRIC FRYERS/ PRO 系列电炸锅CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION/第一章:介绍1.1 General 总体Read the instructions in this manual thoroughly before attempting to operate this equipment. This manual covers all configurations of FPPH-14, FPPH-17, and FPPH-22 models. The fryers in this model family have most parts in common, and when discussed as a group, will be referred to as “Pro Series Electric” fryers.在试图操作炸锅前仔细阅读本手册。
E21 数控操作手册说明书
E21Operation Manual(Version:V1.07)Contents Preface (1)Chapter1Product Overview (2)1.1Product introduction (2)1.2Operation panel (2)1.3Displayer (4)Chapter2Operation Instruction (5)2.1Basic operation procedure (5)2.2Programming (6)2.2.1Single-step programming (6)2.2.2Multi-step programming (8)2.3Parameter setting (12)2.4Manual adjustment (14)Chapter3Alarm (16)Appendix Common fault and troubleshooting (18)PrefaceThis manual describes operation of E21numerical control device and is meant for operators who are instructed for operation of the device.Operator shall read through this manual and know operation requirements before using this device.Copy right is preserved by ESTUN.It is not allowed to add or delete part or all of the manual content without ESTUN’s consent.Do not use part or all of manual content for the third party’s design.E21device provides complete software control and has no mechanical protection device for operator or the tool machine.Therefore,in case of malfunction,machine tool must provide protection device for operator and external part of the machine tool.ESTUN is not responsible for any direct or indirect losses caused by normal or abnormal operation of the device.ESTUN preserves the right to modifying this manual in the event of function adding or print error.Chapter1Product Overview1.1Product introductionThis product is equipped with press brake machine dedicated numerical control device which is applicable to various users.On the basis of ensuring work precision,the cost of numerical control bending machine is reduced significantly.Features of this product are listed below:●Positioning control of back gauge.●Intelligent positioning control.●Unilateral and bidirectional positioning which eliminates spindle clearance effectively.●Retract functions.●Automatic reference searching.●One-key parameter backup and restore.●Fast position indexing.●40programs storage space,each program has25steps.●Power-off protection.1.2Operation panelOperation panel is shown in Figure1-1.Figure1-1Operation panelFunctions of panel keys are described in Table1-1.Table1-1Description of key functionsKey Function descriptionDelete key:delete all data in input area on left bottom of displayer.Enter key:confirm the input content.If no content is input,the key has the similarfunction to direction key.Start key:automatic start-up,top left corner of the key is operation indicatorLED.When operation is started,this indicator LED is on.Stop key:stop operation,top left corner of the key is Stop indicator LED.Wheninitialize normal start-up and no operation,this indicator LED is on.Left direction key:page forward,cursor removeRight direction key:page backward,cursor removeDown direction key:select parameter downwardFunction switch:switch over different function pagesSymbolic key:user input symbol,or start diagnosis.~Numeric key:when setting parameter,input value.Decimal point key:when set up parameter,input decimal point.Manual movement key:in case of manual adjustment,make adjustment objectmove in forward direction at low speed.Manual movement key:in case of manual adjustment,make adjustment objectmove in backward direction at low speed.High speed selection key:in case of manual adjustment,press this key andpress simultaneously,make adjustment object move in increasingdirection at high speed,then press,make adjustment object move indecreasing direction at high speed.1.3DisplayerE21numerical control device adopts160*160dot matrix LCD displayer.The display area is shown in Figure1-2.Figure1-2Display area●Title bar:display relevant information of current page,such as its name,etc.●Parameter display area:display parameter name,parameter value and systeminformation.●Status bar:display area of input information and prompt message,etc.The paraphrases of shortening on this page are as shown in Table1-2.Table1-2The paraphrases of shorteningShortening DescriptionX The current backgauge positionY The current slider positionXP The desired backgauge positionYP The desired slider positionDX Backgauge retract distanceHT Holding delayDLY Retracting delayPP Preset workpieceCP Current workpieceChapter2Operation Instruction2.1Basic operation procedureBasic switch over and operation procedure of the device is shown in Figure2-1.Figure2-1Basic Operational Flow2.2ProgrammingThe device has two programming methods,which are single-step programming and multi-step er can set up programming according to actual demand.2.2.1Single-step programmingWhen the parameter X or Y displays********on the page,please do notenter the RUN page or Manual page,unless you have reset the teachfunction of X-axis or Y-axis.Single-step programming is generally used for processing single step to finish work piece processing.When controller is power on,it will automatically enter single-step program page. Operation stepsStep1After starting up,the device will enter setting up page of single-step program automatically,as shown in Figure2-2.Figure2-2Single-step program setting pageStep2Press,select parameter which needs to be set up,press numerical key to inputprogram value,press to complete input.[Note]Parameter can only be set when Stop indicator is on.Setting range of singe step parameter is shown in Table2-1.Table2-1Set up range of singe step parameterParameter name Unit Set up range RemarksX mm/inch-Current position of X axis,unable to bemodified.Parameter name Unit Set up range RemarksY mm/inch-Current position of Y axis,unable to bemodified.XP mm/inch0~9999.999Program position of X axis.YP mm/inch0~9999.999Target position of Y axis.DX mm/inch0~9999.999Retract distance of X axis.HT s0~99.99The time between concession signal validand end hold time output.DLY s0~99.99In case of single step,delay time for X axisconcession.PP-0~9999Number of preset work piece.CP-0~9999Number of current work piece.Step3Press,system will execute according to this program,as shown in Figure2-3.Figure2-3Single step operation pageOperation exampleOn single-step program page,program bending depth to100.0mm,back gauge position to 80.00mm,retract distance to50mm,concession waiting time to2s,holding time to3s,work piece to10.Operation steps are shown in Table2-2.Table2-2Operation steps of single step exampleOperation steps OperationStep1Press,select“XP”parameter.Step2Input80.00by numerical key.Step3Press,confirm setting of this parameter.Operation steps OperationStep4Press,select“YP”parameter.Step5Input100.0by numerical key.Step6Press,confirm set up of this parameter.Step9Press,select“DX”parameter,“DLY”parameter,“HT”parameter,“PP”parameter respectively.Step10Set up parameter to50mm,2s,3s,10,0by numerical key.Step11Press,system execute according to this program.2.2.2Multi-step programmingWhen the parameter X or Y displays********on the page,please do notenter the RUN page,unless you have reset the teach function of X-axis orY-axis.Multi-step program is used for processing single work piece of different processing steps, realize consecutive implementation of multi-steps,and improve processing efficiency. Operation stepStep1Power on,the device displays the single-step parameter page automatically.Step2Press,switch to program manage page,as shown in Figure2-4.Figure2-4Program management pageStep3Press,select program serial number,or input program number directly, such as input“1”.Step4Press,enter multi-step program setting page,as shown in Figure2-5.Figure2-5Multi-step program setting pageStep5Press,select multi-step programming parameter which requires set up,inputsetting up value,press,and the set up takes effect.Step6In completion of set up,press,enter step parameter set page,as shown in Figure 2-6.Figure2-6Step parameter set pageStep7Press,select step parameter that needs to be set up,input program value, press,and the setup takes effect.Step8Press to switch over between steps.If the current step is the first step,press to enter the last page of step parameter setting;if the current step is thelast one,press to enter the first page of step parameter setting.Multi-step parameter setting range is shown in Table2-3.Table2-3Multi-step parameter setting rangeParameter name Unit Setting range Remarks Step number of program-0~25Set up total processingstep number of thisprogramParameter name Unit Setting range Remarks Preset work piece number-0~9999Number of work piece tobe processed,decreasing piece whenmore than zero;negativeincreasing count.Current work piece number-0~9999Number of finished workpiece Concession delay s0~99.99Time between retractsignal and concessionexecution.Holding time delay s0~99.99Time betweenconcession signal andend pressurize output X mm/inch-Current position of Xaxis,can’t be modified;Y mm/inch-Current position of Yaxis,can’t be modified;X target position mm/inch0~9999.999Program position of Xaxis;Y target position mm/inch0~9999.999Target position of Y axis;concession distance mm/inch0~9999.999Distance of X axisconcession;Repeat times-1~99Repeat times required bythis step.Step9Press,system will operate according to this program,as shown in Figure2-7.Figure2-7Multi-step programming operation pageOperation example[Background]One work piece requires processing50as shown below;●First bend:50mm;●Second bend:100mm;●Third bend:the other direction300mm;[Analysis]according to work piece and technological conditions of machine tool:●First bend:X axis position is50.0mm;Y axis position is85.00mm,concession50mm;●The second bend:X axis position is100.0mm;Y axis position is85.00mm,concession50mm;●The third bend:X axis position is300.0mm;Y axis position is85.00mm,concession50mm;Edit processing program of this work piece on No.2program.Operation procedure is shown in Table2-4.Table2-4Operation steps of multi-step programming exampleNO.OperationStep1On single step parameter setting page,press to enter programselection page.Step2Input“2”,press,enter multi-step general parameter setting page of program2.Step3Select“Program step”,input“3”,press,the setting takes effect.Step4Select“number of preset work piece”,input“50”,press,the setup takes effect.Step5Similar to step3and step4,set“current work piece number”,“concession delay”and“pressurize time”to0,400,200respectively.Step6Press to enter first step setup page of step parameter.Step7Select“X target position”,input50,press,the setup takes effect.Step8Select“Y target position”,input85,press,and the setup take effect.NO.OperationStep9Similar to step7,8,set up“concession distance”and“repeat times”to50,1 respectively.Step10Press to enter second step setup page of step parameter,the setup method is similar to that of step one.Step11Press again,to enter third step setup page of step parameter,the setup method is similar to that of step one and step two.<Note>■In completion of multi-step programming,return to start stepbefore launching the system;otherwise,the program will startposition processing at current step.■Press left and right direction key to circulate page turning andbrowsing among all step parameters.■Program can be called and revised again.■In completion of processing all work pieces(50in the example),system stops automatically.Restart directly will start another roundof processing50work pieces.2.3Parameter settingUser can setup all parameters required for normal operation of the system,including system parameter,X axis parameter and Y axis parameter.Step1On program management page,press to enter programming constant page,as shown in Figure2-8.On this page,programming constant can be set.Figure2-8Programming constant pageRange of programming constant setup is shown in Table2-5.Table2-5Range of programming constant setupParameter name Unit Range Default Remarksmm/inch-0or100:mm,1:inch中文/English-0or100:Chinese,1:EnglishRelease Time s0to99.990.3Continue time of unloading outputafter starting the system.Pulse Time s0.000to1.0000.200The duration of the pulse signal. Version---Software version information,Vrefers to version.1:indicates version number.0:indicates version level.Step2Input password“1212”,press to enter the Teach Page,as shown in Figure 2-9.Figure2-9System parameter setting pageStep up parameter,parameter setup range is shown in Table2-6.Table2-6System parameter setup rangeParameter Name Unit Range Default RemarksX-tea.in mm0~9999.9910In teach enable,input currentposition of X axisY-tea.in mm0~9999.9910In teach enable,input currentposition of Y axis<How to Teach>:You can directly measure the positions of slider and back gauge.Ifthe measurement is difficult,you can program and operate any oneprocess,and then measure the accomplished workpiece.Step 3Press ,return to programming constant page.----End2.4Manual adjustmentIn single-step mode,axis movement can be controlled by pressing key manually.This method helps user to adjust machine tool and work piece.Step 1On single step parameter setup page,press orto enter manual page,asshown in Figure 2-10.Figure 2-10Manual pageStep 2According to your actual requirement,following the above table to adjust the position of the axis.-If the drive mode of the corresponding axis is common motor :Press KeyStatus Direction Running Time Speed Stop increasing Press timeSlow Run increasing ●Press time (if it is less than “Pulse Time”)●Pulse Time (If it is less than Press time)Slow Stop decreasing Press timeSlow Run decreasing ●Press time (if it is less than “Pulse Time”)●Pulse Time (If it is less than Press time)Slow +Stopincreasing Press time Slow Run increasing Press time Slow +Stopdecreasing Press time Slow RundecreasingPress timeSlow<Note>:When the system is on run status,the operation of manual adjustment is just valid for the X-axis.-If the drive mode of the corresponding axis is frequency :Press Key Status Direction Running Time Speed Stop increasing Press time SlowRun Cannot do itStop decreasing Press time SlowRun Cannot do it+Stop increasing Press time Fast Run Cannot do it+Stop decreasing Press time Fast Run Cannot do itStep3Press return to single step parameter setting page.----EndChapter 3AlarmThe device can detect internal or external abnormity automatically and send out alarm prompt.Alarm message is available on alarm list.Step 1On programming management page,press to enter programming constantpage.Step 2On programming constant page,press to enter “Alarm history”page to view allalarm history.As shown in Figure 3-1,the latest 6alarms,alarm number and causes can be viewed on thispage.Figure 3-1Alarm history pageAlarm history and message is shown in Table 3-1.Table 3-1Alarm number and alarm messageAlarm number Alarm nameAlarm descriptionA.02XPos <minimum Move X-axis forwards in Manual Movement.A.03XPos >maximum Move X-axis backwards in Manual Movement.A.04YPos <minimum Move Y-axis forwards in Manual Movement.A.05YPos >maximum Move Y-axis backwards in Manual Movement.A.06X out of lmt.Re-teach the position of X-axis.A.11Count reached shut-down Rerun,the alarm is cleared automatically.A.12Beam is not on upperdead point Step on the Foot Up Switch,moving the slider to the TDC,and the alarm will be cleared automatically.A.13X Un-teachIn Re-teach the position of X-axis.A.14Y Un-teachInRe-teach the position of Y-axis.Alarm number Alarm name Alarm descriptionA.21Oil pump not startedCheck whether the pump signal is connected,and check whether the pump switch is on. A.22Encoder failure Check whether the encoder wiring is normal.A.25Drive mode err Reprogram the Drive Mode for X-axis and Y-axis.A.26X Stop Err Check whether the back gauge motor is run normally.A.27Y Stop Err Check whether the slider motor is run normally.A.28X V2ErrCheck whether the back gauge motor is runnormally.A.29X V3Err Check whether the back gauge motor is run normally.A.30Y V2Err Check whether the slider motor is run normally.A.31Y V3Err Check whether the slider motor is run normally.A.32XPos<0Move X-axis forwards to the setting range in Manual Movement.A.33YPos<0Move Y-axis forwards to the setting range inManual Movement.A.41Parameter storage error Back to factory for repairing----EndAppendix Common fault and troubleshooting Fault phenomena Trouble shootingThe screen don’t display when power on.●The terminal of power supply wiring is error.Followthe nameplate to rewire.●The source voltage is too low.●The connector is not connected well.The back gauge motor doesn’t run when X-axis is operated,but the slider motor runs.The wires of these two motor are in reverse,please rewire.The motor doesn’t run when operating.●Check whether the machine is impeded,or whetherthe slider is back to TDC●Check whether the motor wire is connected well.The motor can’t mutually convert from high to low ●Check whether the signal is in effect,or whetherfrequency converter is normal.●Check whether parameter Mute Dis.is programmedcorrectly.The step can’t be changed in Multi-Step mode.Check the START terminal is connected to+24V when the slider is on TDC.The counter doesn’t work in Multi-Step mode.Check the START terminal is connected to+24V when the slider is on TDC.Lose control of the system●Check whether the encoder cable is connected well.●Check whether the motor direction wiring(X+,X-,Y+,Y-)is correct.The actual position of X-axis or Y-axis is unchanged or unshown.Check whether the encoder cable is connected well or correctly.。
LP101-chapter-2-Intro
Comment: Be careful
• Before removing a line
/* I hope this works. */ x = 100; y = 200; /* Now for something else. */
• After removing a line /* I hope this works.
The output:
I am a simple computer. My favorite number is 1 because it is first.
Anatomy of a C program
Quick Synopsis
#include <stdio.h> include another file int main(void) a function name { beginning of the body of the function int num; a declaration statement num = 1; an assignment statement printf("I am a simple "); a function call statement printf("computer.\n"); another function call statement printf("My favorite number is %d because it is first.\n", num); a return statement return 0; } the end
Example program.
// fathm_ft.c -- converts 2 fathoms to feet #include <stdio.h> int main(void) { int feet, fathoms; fathoms = 2; feet = 6 * fathoms; printf("There are %d feet in %d fathoms!\n", feet, fathoms); printf("Yes, I said %d feet!\n", 6 * fathoms); return 0; } The output:
NERC System Operator Certification Program手册说明书
SOCCED Continuing Education Hours December 10, 2021BackgroundIn Q2 2021, NERC, the Personnel Certification Governance Committee (PCGC), and the Credential Maintenance Working Group (CMWG) became aware that there was an issue with how System Operator Certification Continuing Education Database (SOCCED) was calculating system operator Continuing Education Hours (CEHs).The SOCCED system was rolling over more than the allowed 30 CEHs, Standards, and Simulation hours per certification period. The issue occurs when a system operator renews and subsequently completes course work prior to their expiration date. Those hours were being applied to their next credential period in error. Per the System Operator Certification Program Manual1: Chapter 2 Credential Maintenance, Rollover Hours: “For all credentials, some continuing education hours (CEHs) may be carried over to the next certification period. Up to 30 CEHs accumulated in the six months prior to the certificate expiration date that are not used for credential maintenance or change of credential type may be carried over.Categorization of CEHs in the “standards” category or the “simulation” category will not be carried over into the next period. To satisfy the CEH requirement, CEHs will be used starting with the first learning activity that occurred, according to the calendar, then sequentially by the date of the learning activities.”Potential IssueAn incorrect number of rollover hours (operating, standards, and simulation CEHs) may be showing up in the current certification period of system operators. To resolve this issue, a software solution is needed to ensure that all hours are correctly calculated while not causing an undue burden to system operators renewing from the date the software solution is implemented through the end of 2023.UpdateWe have been working closely with our SOCCED site vendor in order to implement a solution and alleviate the CEH issue. We initially expected a mid-October implementation date, however, due to the complexity of the issue and our desire to ensure any fixes made are correct and cause no unintended consequences, we have delayed this date.Once the vendor implements the software solution, SOCCED will recalculate the operating, standards, and simulation hours for all affected active certificates. For affected certificates expiring between the time the software solution is implemented and the end of 2023, adjustment factors titled, NERC_001 Adjustment Factor Disregard 2022 will be used to add back in any hours removed as a result of the recalculation.1https:///pa/Train/SysOpCert/System%20Operator%20Certification%20DL/SOC_Program_Manual.pdfGiven that system operators have been made aware of the issue and the amount of time remaining in their respective credential periods, no adjustments will be made to certificates expiring after 2023. Hardship appeals can be submitted to the PCGC.Additional FindingsWhile troubleshooting the hour’s calculation issue, it was discovered that in some instances system operators were not awarded rollover hours that should have been applied to their current credential period. The software solution referenced above will address this issue as well. Therefore, some system operators may see a net increase in their operating hours.See next page for Frequently Asked Questions.Frequently Asked QuestionsQ: How far back does the rollover hour issue go?A: The issue may have affected transcripts of system operators that renewed since the transition to the current platform (2018).Q: How does NERC plan to address the possibility that system operators may have recertified based on incorrect calculations without actually having earned enough CEHs to recertify?A: Given that the scope of the issue was confined to the six month rollover allowance period prior to certification period. NERC and the PCGC determined that no additional action is needed.Q: Will any system operators have their certifications suspended?A: No, system operators will not have their certifications suspended due to the rollover issue.Q: Will entities with system operators affected by this issue be adversely affected?A: No, registered entities with system operators performing work related to PER-003-2 – Operating Personnel Credentials2 will not be adversely affected.Revision HistoryRevision HistoryDate Revisions12/10/2021 Entire document revised10/25/2021 Updated first paragraph of ‘Next Steps’8/28/2021 Initial release2https:///_layouts/15/PrintStandard.aspx?standardnumber=PER-003-2&title=Operating%20Personnel%20Credentials&Jurisdiction=United%20States。
Ishida AC-3000 3000E用户操作手册说明书
3.1 Receipt Operation Flow ..................................................................................... 22 3.2 Weighted Item Sale ............................................................................................ 23 3.3 Fixed-price Item Sale......................................................................................... 25 3.4 Weighed Fixed Price Item Sale ......................................................................... 27 3.5 Payment Media .................................................................................................. 29 3.6 Subtotal Discount ............................................................................................... 30 3.7 Returned Item ..................................................................................................... 31
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2. C语言的标识符 语言的标识符 语言
名称
• 基本标识符：变量名、函数名、文件名、 基本标识符：变量名、函数名、文件名、 组名、 数 组名、类型名 • 标识符命名规则：字母或下划线开头，后面 标识符命名规则：字母或下划线开头， 字母、 字母、下划线或数字组合
例
call_n test39 _string1 abc call..n 39test -string1 c2.0
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2.2.1 整型数据
1.整型常量 1.整型常量
• 整型常量的不同数值表示方法 十进制数： 9 十进制数：0~9 八进制数： 7 八进制数：0~7，以0开头 十六进制数： 9 F/a~f 0X开头 十六进制数：0~9，A~F/a f，以0x或0X开头 F/a
例如: 例如: 100、 100、-8、0；010、024；0x18、0X1F 010、024；0x18、
基本类型部分 基础类型全部小写
特别说明
true, false 整数， 整数，输出按字符输出 -128 ~ 127 0 ~ 255 -32768 ~ 32767 0 ~ 65535 -2147483648~214748364即-231~231-1 即 0 ~232-1 -2147483648~214748364即-231~231-1 即 同unsigned int -3.4x1038~ -3.4x10-38, 3.4x10-38~3.4x1038 -1.7x10308~ -1.7x10-308, 1.7x10-308~1.7x10308 同double
•
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2.1 C语言的基本符号 C语言的基本符号 语言的基本
C语言 语言的基本字符集 1. C语言的基本字符集 基本字符集
ASCII字符集 ASCII字符集
数 字：0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 字 母：a b c …… z A B C …… Z 运 算 符：+ - * / % = < > <= >= != == << >> & | && || ^ ~ ( ) [ ] { } -> . ! ? : , ; “ ‘ 特殊符号： 下划线 回车(\r) 换行 下划线) 换行(\n) 特殊符号：_(下划线 回车 制表符(\t) 制表符
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命名规则: 命名规则
变量名由标识符表示，只能由字母、 变量名由标识符表示，只能由字母、数字 字母 下划线三种字符组成 三种字符组成， 和下划线三种字符组成，且第一个字符必 须为字母或下划线。 字母或下划线。 例如：下列标识符中，不合法的变量名有： 例如：下列标识符中，不合法的变量名有： M.D.John 12%gf 1add _ce36 age& 5thclass lotus-1-2-3 cd*ef 说明： 说明： *变量要“先定义，后使用” 变量要“先定义，后使用” 变量要 定义格式： 标识符1, 标识符n 定义格式：类型说明符 标识符1, … ,标识符n 例如： 例如：int x, y, z; float a, b, c, d; *命名变量名时，建议要做到“见名知意” 命名变量名时， 命名变量名时 建议要做到“见名知意” 例如：name , st_age , xm , nl , class , sum 例如：
程序运行结果:c=- 2147483646 程序运行结果
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 …… 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
- 2147483646的补码形式
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2.2.2 实型数据
1.实型变量 1.实型变量 实型变量分类 单精度、双精度和长双精度型。 实型变量分类：单精度、双精度和长双精度型。 实型变量的有关规则： 实型变量的有关规则：
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3. C语言的关键字 语言的关键字 语言 auto break continue default enum extern if int short signed switch typedef volatile while case do float long sizeof union
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2.整型变量 2.整型变量 整型变量的形式 整型变量的形式 基本整型 短整型 长整型 共六种 无符号整型 无符号短整型 无符号长整型
占内存字节数
int short int long int unsigned int unsigned short unsigned long
例： float a,b; double c,d; long double e,f;
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什么是数的范围？什么是有效位？ 什么是数的范围？什么是有效位？
阶符
单精度实型
阶码
数符
尾数
二进制 23位 23位
最大的正数？ 最大的正数？ 最大的负数？ 最大的负数？
=231-1= =1 1=2147483647 =3 =-231=-2147483648
定点二进制补码表示 占2个字节存储 数的表示范围： 数的表示范围：-2147483648~2147483647
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例: #include “stdio.h” main() { int a,b,c; a=2147483647; b=3; c=a+b; printf("c=%d\n",c); } C
4 2 4 4 2 4
在内存中占字节数(与所选系统有关 在内存中占字节数 与所选系统有关) 与所选系统有关
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整型变量的定义 格式：类型说明符 变量列表； 变量列表； 格式：
例：int i, j ;
long k, m; unsigned int x,y
变量有值吗？ 变量有值吗？
类型名称 单精度型 双精度型 长双精度型 类型说明符 float double 长度 4字节 8字节 取值范围 1010-38 ~ 1038 1010-308 ~10308
与教材中不一致
有效数字 6-7位 15-16位 15-16位
我测试的与 double相同 double相同
long double 8字节 字节
• 整型常量的类型 根据值大小默认类型 32767的类型是int，32769类型也是整形(VC) 的类型是int 类型也是整形 例： 32767的类型是int，32769类型也是整形(VC) 在常量后面加l 表示long int型 在常量后面加l或L，表示long int型 123L，0L， 都是long int型常量 例：123L，0L，432l 都是long int型常量
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2.2 C语言数据类型 C语言数据类型
许多程序设计语言都把它们能处理的数据分成 若干类，这些类就是数据类型。 若干类，这些类就是数据类型。 为什么要划分数据类型？ 为什么要划分数据类型？ ① 不同类型的数据在计算机内表示不同； 不同类型的数据在计算机内表示不同； 不同类型的数据能执行的运算不同； ② 不同类型的数据能执行的运算不同； 计算机能处理的问题中的数据是广义的。 ③ 计算机能处理的问题中的数据是广义的。
unsigned short 0~65535 int unsigned int long
-2147483648~2147483647即-231~（231-1） 即 （ ） 0~4294967295 即0~（232-1） （ ） -2147483648~2147483647即-231~（231-1） 即 （ ） 即0~（232-1） （ ）
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Ｃ语言数据类型
整型 基本类型 实型
短整型(short) 短整型 整型(int) 整型 长整型(long) 长整型 单精度型(float) 单精度型 双精度(double) 双精度
C 数 据 类 型
字符类型(char) 字符类型 数组([ ]) 数组 结构体(struct) 结构体 共用体(union) 共用体 枚举类型(enum) 枚举类型
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5.变量 5.变量
在程序执行期间其值可以改变的量。 在程序执行期间其值可以改变的量。
有关变量的规定
变量有三个属性：名称、地址、 变量有三个属性：名称、地址、值。 变量通过变量名标识， 变量通过变量名标识，变量名和内存中的存 储单元相对应。编写程序时通过变量名来存、 储单元相对应。编写程序时通过变量名来存、取 存储单元。 存储单元。 变量必须先定义，后使用。 变量必须先定义，后使用。 memory 128 8 a 255 1000H 1002H 变量名 变量值 1004H
大连理工大学
第二讲
数据类型、运算符与表达式
本讲要点
数据的描述规则 数据的操作规则
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主要内容
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6
基本符号 数据类型 运算符和表达式 数据类型转换 自增运算和自减运算 位运算
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第 3 页程序数据的存储 Fra bibliotek据的操作•
程序的任务是对数据进行处理，数 程序的任务是对数据进行处理， 据是程序处理的对象， 据是程序处理的对象，而运算符是施加 给这些数据的操作。 给这些数据的操作。 数据和运算符是表达式的基本元素
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int 型数的表示范围: 存储长度32位二进制(4b) 型数的表示范围: 存储长度32位二进制(4b)
a
0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 10 10 101 1 1 1 1 0 10 10 101 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 11 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 10000000000000000000000000000000