法律英语单词（自己整理的）

法律英语单词（自己整理的）
仅供参考！欢迎参与词条建设！
Book 1, unit 1
Reading: Bodies of law
common law 习惯法,普通法，判例法based on customs civil law 成文法，大陆法，民法
criminal law
刑法 deal with crimes
codify 编纂
code
法典
disputes 争执，纠纷
Types of law
bill 议案；法案.a formal statement of a proposed new law that is discussed and then voted on
regulation 规章 carry out the intent of the law
ordinance
（地方）条例 enacted by a town,city or country government directive
指令（如：欧盟指令） establish policies
statutes
成文法 formal written law
provision 规章、条例
article
chapter
clause
Speaking1 : Explaining what a
law says
stipulate 规定
provide 语气弱于stipulates
specify 明确规定
Types of courts
appellate court 受理上诉法院 review cases heard in a lower court
crown court 刑事法庭 hear serious criminal cases
high court 高等法院 the highest court in a jurisdiction
supreme court 最高法院
juvenile court 青少年法庭 try a person under the age of 18
lower court 下级法庭 hear a case for the first time
magistrates' court 地方法院，地方治安法庭small crimes are tried in the UK moot court 模拟法庭 students argue hypothetical cases
small-claims court 小额补偿诉讼法院 limit amount of money tribunal 特别法庭，专门法庭legal problems of a particular type Speaking2: Civil court systems
expert witness 专家证人 a person who has specialised knowledge of a particular subject
appellant 上诉人appeals a decision to a higher court advocate 诉讼律师 plead cases in court
Listening: Documents in court
affidavit 法庭宣誓, 口供swear officially to tell the truth injunction 禁令 stop sb doing something
writ 传票 involved sb in a legal process
pleading 诉讼；诉讼文件 set forth the cause of action client 诉讼当事人，委托人
Book 1,Unit 2
Reading: Legaleducation - a
call to the Bar
the Bar 1.大律师职业（可出席高等法庭）（尤指资格）the
profession of barrister 2.律师职业 the profession of any kind of lawyer
disbar 取消（某人）的律师资格 to stop a lawyer from working in the legal profession,especially because he or she has done sth illegal
LLB Legum Baccalaureus法学学士vocational 职业的，职业技术的
barrister 大律师，出庭律师，辩护律师(在英国有资格出席上级法庭进行辩护) a lawyer in Britain who has the right to argue cases in the higher courts of law
Inns of Court 律师学院（尤指英国伦敦四个培养律师的组织）(in England) the four private unincorporated societies in London that function as a law school and have the exclusive privilege of calling candidates to the English bar.They are Lincoln's Inn,Inner Temple,Middle Temple.Gray's Inn
Bar Vocational Course 法律职业课程
call to the bar 获得律师资格allowed to work as a qualified barrister
pupillage 1.大律师见习期a period during which a lawyer trains to become a barrister by studying with a qualified barriser 2.大律师实习制度 3.学生时期（尤指接受某人教育） a period during which you are a student,especially when you are being taught by a particular person
apprenticeship 1.学徒期 a period of time working as an apprentice 2.学徒工作 a job as an apprentice
barristers' chambers 大律师事务所
solicitor 1.事务律师，诉状律师（代拟法律文书、提供法律咨询等的一般辩护律师）a lawyer who prepares legal documents, for example for the sale of land or buildings,advises people on legal matters,and can speak for them in some courts of law 2.推销员 a
person whose job is to visit or telephone people and try to sell them sth 3.(城镇或政府部门负责法律事务的)法务官 the most senior legal officer of a city,town or government department Legal Practice Course(LPC) 法律实践课程trainee solicitor 实习律师
law school 法学院
juris doctor(J.D) 法律博士（美）基础的法律学位，专供非法学毕业的本科毕业生修读，毕业生可以申请入读专业法律证书（P.C.LL.）以图取得香港律师资格，香港中文大学和香港城市大学均设有此课程，2009年起香港大学亦开办此课程。

bar examination 律师资格考试 in the USA,an important test taken by
law-school graduates which,when passed,qualifies a person to practise law
liaison 1.联络；联系 a relationship between two organizations or different departments in an organization,involving the exchange of information or ideas 2.联络员；联系人
counsel 1.法律顾问；律师 a lawyer or group of lawyers representing sb in court 2.劝告，建议 advice,especially given by older people or experts
Listening
Associate 合伙人，同事，朋友 2.准会员 adj.合伙的，共事的，有关连的Full Partner （法律）无限责任合伙人
Paralegal n.法律事务助理 adj.辅助律师业务的
Real Property n.不动产，房地产
Salaried Partner （法律）受薪合伙人
litigation n.诉讼；打官司the process of making or defending a claim in a court of law
practitioner n.从业人员（尤指医学或法律界的）a person who
works in a profession;n习艺者，专门人才a person who regularly does a particular activity,especially one that requires skill transaction n.交易，业务，买卖a piece of business that is done between people,especially an act of buying or selling ; n.办理，处理the process of doing sth
trade-mark 商标a name,symbol or design that a company uses for its products and that cannot be used by anyone else;n.特征，标记a special way of behaving or dressing that is typical of ab and that makes them easily recognized
infringement 侵犯权益to limit ab's legal rightsn.触犯法规to break a law or rule ;
landlord n.房东，地主a man from whom you rent a room,a house,etc;n.店主，老板a man who owns or manages a pub or a guest house
tenant n.房客，租户，佃户a person who pays rent for the use of a room,building,land etc;v.（作为租赁者）居住，工作to live or work in a place as a tenant
Language Focus
barrister 出庭律师a lawyerwho is admitted to plead at the bar and argue cases in superior courts.
attorney 1.代理人,法律事务代理人a legal agent 2. 律师a lawyer in-house counsel 法律顾问lawyer suppling advices for corparaton
solicitor 1.事务律师(英）lawyer who consults with clients and prepare documents but is not heard in High Court2.(美)首席法务官main legal officel of the government
corporate lawyer 法务Setting up a business venture for the company defence laywer 辩护律师 a lawyer of a defendant government lawyer 政府律师 lawyer work for government
patent lawyer 专利律师 a lawyer who drafts and prosecutes
patent applications and represents inventors in infringement suits and interference hearings
tax lawyer 税务律师 lawyer helping with tax issues
trial lawyer 出庭辩护律师 defence for the defendant on the court Unit 3
Reading: Introduction to
constitutional law
US Constitution 美国宪法
article 1.（报纸、杂志的）文章a piece of writing；2.物品；物件object;3.正品；真货the genuine article;4.(契约、文件的)条款、条文、项目a section of a formal agreement or document;5.见习契约Someone who is in articles is being trained as a lawyer or accountant by a firm with whom they have a written agreement;6.冠词
amendment 1.(法令或法规的)修正条款，修正案a section that is added to
a law or rule in order to change it;2.修改，修订a change is
made to a piece of writing. bill of rights 权利法案
judicial review 司法审查、复审review by a court of law of actions of a government official or entity or of so me other legally appointed person or body or the review by an appellate court of the decision of a trial court
due process 正当程序，正当法律程序,法定诉讼程序the administration of justice according to establish rules and principles
separation of powers 政权分离
division of powers （中央及地方的）分权
checks and balances （政府机关彼此之间的）相互制衡limited government 有限政府
source 1.来源；产地；2.寻找（产品或货源的）货源；3.消息来
源；消息人士；（论文中引文的）出处、原始资料 a person or book that provides information for a news story or for a piece of research.4.(困难的)根源、原因 a difficulty's cause.5.（河流的）源头precedent 前例、先例 If there is a precedent for an action or event, it has happended before, and this can be regarded as an argument for doing it again
issue 1.重要问题；议题；争论的问题 an important subject;2.首要事项；要点；问题的要害；3.（报刊的）期，号，版次the version of magazine or newspaper;4.发表，发布。

make a statement or a warning known formally or publicly;5.向...颁发；（正式）发给；6.（液体声音气味）流出、发出、冒出issues from=comes out of 7.争论中的，讨论中的at issus=being argued about;8.使...引起关注；在...上跳起争论make an issue of something;9.不同意；对...持争议take issue with someone or
something=disagree with them;10.在...方面有困难have issues with=have problems connected with
state constitution 州宪法
mundane subjects 平凡的人
Key terms:Principles of the constitutional law（BY 陈宁怡2012301180）
separation of powers 1.分权。

即将政府机构一分为三：立法、行政和司法。

每一个分支都有特定的职责范围，任何其他分支不得侵犯。

2.分权与制衡原则。

美国宪法所确立的一项原则。

依布兰迪斯（Brandeis）大法官所言，这一原则在1787年制宪会议上采纳，其目的不在于提高政府效率，而在于保护人民免受暴政或独裁专制之苦。

division of powers <美>（联邦宪法规定的联邦和州之间的政府权力划分）；分权
checks and balances 制衡原则；制约与平衡原则。

之每一政府部门皆具有对抗其他任何部门行为的能力，从而不致出现任何单一部门操纵整个政府的权力和职能的理论。

如在美国，行政部门可通过行
使否决权[veto power]制约立法机关；而只要达到充分多数，立法机关则可推翻任一否决。

limited government 有限政府Unit 4 Company Law legal entity 法律实体
legal person 法人Legal persons are of two kinds: natural persons –people – and juridical persons– groups of people, such as corporations, which are treated by law as if they were persons. While people acquire legal personhood when they are born, judicial persons do so when they are incorporated in accordance with law.
personal liability 法律责任 The legal bound obligation to pay debts.In law, a person is legally liable when they are financially and legally responsible for something..
corporate veil 公司屏障(保护持股人免受独家业主造成的企业破产所带来的损失) Its purpose lies in the fact that under the special circumstance of law, the creditor can investigate control shareholder's legal liabilities through the“corporate veil”to make creditor gain more forceful protection.
certificate of incorporation 公司注册证书[登记执照]，a signed statement by the Registrar of Companies that a company is duly incorporated
board of directors 董事会A board of directors is a body of elected or appointed members who jointly oversee the activities of a company or organization. Other names include board of governors, board of managers, board of regents, board of trustees, and board of visitors. It is often simply referred to as "the board".
memorandum of association 公司章程A legal document setting up a corporation — either with or without limited liability — and including the company's name, purpose, and duration.
duty of care 谨慎责任a requirement that a person act toward others and the public with watchfulness, attention, caution and prudence that a reasonable person in the circumstances would. If a person's actions do not meet this standard of care, then the acts are considered negligent, and any damages resulting may be claimed in a lawsuit for negligence.
company formation 成立公司 Company formation is the term for the process of incorporation of a business in the UK. It is also sometimes referred to as company registration. These terms are both also used when incorporating a business in the Republic of Ireland. Under UK company law and most international law a company or corporation is considered to be an entity that is separate from the people who own or operate the company.
bonus 奖金A premium paid in addition to what is due or expected
liquidation 清偿；结算；清算；1. The act of determining by agreement or by litigation the exact amount of something (as a debt or damages) that before was uncertain. 2. The act of settling a debt by payment or other satisfaction. 3. The act or process of converting assets into cash, esp. to settle debts.
legal entity 法律实体
certificate of incorporation 公司注册证[登记执照]，法人认可证，公司章程;
A certificate of incorporation is a legal document relating to the formation of a company or corporation. It is a license to form a corporation issued by state government. Its precise meaning depends upon the legal system in which it is used.
statutory form 法定形式
As for the application materials that are complete and consistent with the statutory forms or that have been
supplemented by the applicant in light of the relevant requirements, it shall acceptthem.
memorandum of association 公司章程，公会规约; The memorandum of association of a company, often simply called the memorandum (and then often capitalised as an abbreviation for the official name, which is a proper noun and usually includes other words), is the document that governs the relationship between the company and the outside. It is one of the documents required to incorporate a company in the United Kingdom, Ireland, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, and is also used in many of the common law jurisdictions of the Commonwealth.
authorized capital
法定资本，额定资本，认可资本;
nominal capital 名义资本
The par value of shares of stock a corporation has issued.
articles of association 公司章程[执照];
In corporate governance, a company's articles of association is a document which, along with the memorandum of association form the company's constitution, defines the responsibilities of the directors, the kind of business to be undertaken, and the means by which the shareholders exert control over the board of directors.
bylaw 内部规章制度，次要法规，（社、团制定的）规章制度;
The official rules and regulations which govern a
corporation's management. Drawn up at the time of
incorporation, along with the charter.
extraordinary gengral meeting 特别大会
An extraordinary general meeting, commonly abbreviated as EGM, is a meeting of members of an organisation,
shareholders
of a company, or employees of an official body, which occurs at an irregular time. The term is usually used where the group would ordinarily hold an annual general meeting (AGM), but where an issue arises which requires the input of the entire membership and is too serious or urgent to wait until the next
AGM. Members and/or shareholders must be informed of the
purpose of the EGM so that they may attend in a position where
they can discuss and exercise intelligent judgment,
otherwise any resolutions passed are invalid.
annual general meeting (AGM) 年度（股东）大会，周年股东大会An annual general meeting
(commonly abbreviated as AGM, also known as the annual meeting) is a meeting that official bodies, and associations involving the general public (including companies with
shareholders), are often required by law (or the
constitution, charter, by-laws etc. governing the body) to
hold. An AGM is held every year to elect the board of directors
and inform their members of previous and future activities.
It is an opportunity for the shareholders and partners to
receive copies of the company's accounts as well as reviewing
fiscal information for the past year and asking any questions regarding the directions the business will take in the
future.
board of director 董事会
A board of directors is a body of elected or appointed members
who jointly oversee the activities of a company or
organization.
duty of care
注意义务 fiduciary duty
诚信义务 conflict of interest
利益冲突
balance sheet 资产负债表
profit-and-loss account 损益类账户
bonus issue 红股，或bonus share
capitalisation issue 资本化发行
liquidation 清算
auditor 审计员
director 董事；经理指挥公司业务，构成董事会，为公司决策机构board
of directors 理者 officer
liquidator n.清算人；清算事务管理人，亦称receiver
managing director 总经理，常务董事 someone who controls resources and expenditures
promote ①促进者；倡导者；推动者②（公司等的）发起人，创办人③推销商④（议案的）提出者，提案人⑤（古）刑事诉讼告发人⑥（英）教会案件的上诉人
proxy
委托书
receiver ①涉讼财产管理人②破产财产管理人③<英>接受赃物者④<英>精神错乱的看管人
shareholder n.股东；股票持有人 share:
UNIT 7 CONTRACT LAW:Contract Formation
acceleration n.提前到期，加速到期Clause in a contract
requiring the obligor to pay all or a part of a payable amount sooner than as agreed upon the occurrence of some event or circumstance stated in the contract, usually failure to make payment.
提前收益，提前批准
assignment n.(财产的)转让，让与Clause prohibiting or permitting
assignment under certain conditions.
n.让与证书、委托证书n.(转让的)财产、权力等v.转让
confidentiality n.保密条款，机密，机密性Clause concerning the treating of information as private and not for distribution beyond specifically identified individuals or organizations, nor used other than for specifically identified purposes.
n.可以信赖的品质，受到信任的能力
consideration n.对价，约因Clause expressing the cause, motive, price or impelling motive which induces one party to enter into an agreement.
n.考虑，体贴
Force Majeure n.不可抗力Clause designed to protect against failures to perform contractual obligations caused by unavoidable events beyond the party’s control, such as natural disasters or wars.
Liquidated Damages n.约定违约金，约定违约赔偿金Clause referring to an amount predetermined by the parties as the total amount of compensation a non-breaching party should receive if the other party breaches a part of the contract.
Entire Agreement n.完整条款Clause stating that the written terms of an agreement may not be varied by prior or oral agreements because all such agreements have been consolidated into the written document.
severability n.（合同的）可分性Clause providing that, in the event that one or more provisions of the agreement are declared unenforceable, the balance of the agreement remains in force.
Termination n. 结束结局终点Clause outlining when and under which circumstances the contract may be determined.
Payment of Costs n.诉讼费的缴纳Clause setting out which party is responsible for payment of costs related to the preparation of the agreement and ancillary documents.
Express contract n.明示合同，明约A contract whose clause is set clearly by
both parties orally or in written form.
Implied contract n.默认契约A contract which is set according to the behavior of two parties and the environment during the formation of the contract, although there was no obvious words presented.
Statute of fraud n.防止欺诈法英国1677年通过的一部制定法。

该法由诺丁汉勋爵制定，原名为《Act of the prevention of Frauds and Perjuries》，立法宗旨是在证据不发达的时代，当事人又无法提供合适证人的情况下，减少合同欺诈。

Real property n.不动产Property consisting of land or buildings.
formation n.订立，形成The action of forming or process of forming of a contract
Third-party beneficiary contracts n.第三人受益合同A contract in which the person who get the benefit or compensation is another person rather than either part
Assignment of rights n.权力的转让A clause which regulates the change of the owner of a particular right
Delegation of duties n.责任的委托T o give certain duty or obligation to someone else other than two parties of the contract.
delegate n.代表A person sent or authorized to represent others.Vt.委任，托付
assignee n.代理人，受托人A person to whom a right or liability is legally transferred or a person appointed to act for another.
Illegality of the subject matter n.标的物的违法性When either the subject matter(e.g. the sale of illegal drugs) or the consideration of a contract is illegal
Fraud in the inducement n.引诱性的欺诈When one party is intentionally misled about the terms, quality or other aspect of the contractual relationship that leads the party to enter into the transaction.
duress n.威胁，逼迫When one party induces another into entering into a contact by use or threat of force, violence, economic pressure or other similar means.
Lack of legal capacity n.法定能力的缺乏When one party does not have the ability to enter into a legal contract, i.e. is not of legal age, is insane or is a convict or enemy alien.
Reading:Introduction to
contract formation
enforceable 可实施的something can be enforced
party 1、当事人one who takes part in a transaction 2、政党，党派one by or against whom a lawsuit is brought
offeror 要约人one who makes an offer
accept 接受，承接agree to take something offered to you offeree 受约人one to whom an offer is made
consideration 1、考量something motivates a person to do something 2、支持be adequate to support the bargained-for exchange between the parties
gift 1、赠与物the voluntary transfer or property to another
without compensation 2、多次转让物a thing so transferred donation 1、捐赠物a gift to charity 2、捐赠行为a method of acquiring benefice by deed of gift alone
counter offer 反要约put forward disagreement to the offer rejection 1、（合同中）拒绝签约 a refusal to accept a contrctual offer
2、拒收a refusal to accept tendered goods as contractal performance
essential term use be equal to fundamental term 合同必备条款a contractual provision that must be included for a contract to exit and to avoid fraud。