高中英语 Unit2 English around the world 教材导学 新人教版必修1

Unit 2 English around the world
【单元导航】
中国式英语
欧洲人做过精细的统计，自1994年以来加入国际英语行列的词汇中，中式英语贡献了5%到20%，超过任何其他来源。

除“孔夫子(Confucious)”、“中国功夫(kung fu)”、“麻将(mahjong)”或者“豆腐
(tofu)”之类绝无仅有的称谓，再挑拣几个真正有中国气质、代表华夏气派、并影响全球当代生活的“鸡蛋词”。

(一)丝绸——silk
中国是养蚕大国，丝绸的故乡。

“silk”的发音，显然是汉语的音译，这个词代表了中国高超的工艺技术和贸易强势。

即便现在，丝绸仍在现代生活中充当雍容华丽、典雅高贵的象征。

(二)茶——tea
这个词，又是英国人从拗口的闽南话里偷走的。

茶，和丝绸、瓷器比肩，堪称古代中国对外贸易的拳头产品。

目前，品茶代表了一种生活方式和文化品位。

18世纪的柴斯特顿勋爵在《训子家书》里写道：“尽管茶来自东方，它毕竟是绅士气味的；而可可则是个痞子、懦夫，一头粗野的猛兽。

”
(三)世外桃源——Shangrila (Xanadu)
这是两个近义词，都有“世外桃源”的意思。

“Shangrila”出自西藏的传说之地——香格里拉，“Xanadu”则是蒙古的元上都。

如果要表达“世外桃源”，通常采用“Xanadu”这个词。

(四)风水——Feng Shui
风水，还是音译。

它凝聚了古代中国在活人住宅和死人墓地方面的集体智慧。

近年来，风水在美国红极一时，从中国人唇齿之间发出的音节，已经成为当代人急需探究的学问。

(五)走狗——running dogs
中国式英语“running dogs”贴切地表达了一种见利忘义、供人驱使的“下三烂”。

最先运用这个词的是中国人，还是英国人，已无从考证；重要的是，英语世界接纳了“走狗”，并以汉语的思维抚育这个“外来词”。

接纳词汇的同时，无形中也接受了中国人的价值观。

(六)大款、巨亨——tycoon
这种称呼是近些年才流行街巷的，指有钱、有势的商人或者企业家，中国传统的叫法是“大掌柜”。

Section One Warming Up and Reading
Ⅰ.Lead-in
1.Can you name some countries in which English is spoken?
2.Is the English in those countries the same?
3.Do you know the differences between American English and British English？
British English American English Spelling
colour favourite theatre centre
metre travelled
color favorite theater center
meter traveled
Words
lift (电梯)
petrol (汽油)
flat (公寓)
autumn
underground (地铁)
university (大学)
rubbish (垃圾)
dustbin (垃圾箱)
holiday
fortnight (两星期)
elevator
gas
apartment
fall
subway
college
garbage
trash can
vacation
two weeks
Ⅱ.速读课文，回答下列问题
(1) From AD 450 to 1150，English sounded more like .
A.French
B.Chinese
C.German
D.Russian
答案 C
(2) Between AD 800 and 1500，English sounded more like .
A.French
B.Chinese
C.German
D.Russian
答案 A
(3)Shakespeare’s English was spoken around .
A.1400’s
B.1150’s
C.450’s
D.1600’s
答案 D
Ⅲ.精读课文，完成下列问题
1.完成下列表格
The road to modern English
AD 450－1150 The English was spoken in England.It was based more on (1)German than the English we speak at present.
AD 800－1150 Because the people who (2)ruled England spoke first Danish and later French，English became (3)less like German.
In the 1600’s (4)Shakespeare made use of a wider vocabulary than ever before.
In 1620 Some British settlers moved to (5)America. In the 18th century Some British people were taken to (6)Australia.
1765－1947 English was spoken in India as well as in Africa and Asia.It became the language for
(7)government and education in India.
By the 19th century The English language was settled.Two big changes:
Samuel Johnson wrote his (8)dictionary. Noah Webster wrote (9)The American Dictionary of the English Language and gave a separate identity to (10)American English spelling.
Now English is also spoken in (11)India，
(12)Singapore，(13)Malaysia，(14)Africa and so on.
2.概括每段的大意
Para.1：It describes the extension of English in the world.
Para.2：It tells us native speakers can understand each other but not everything.
Para.3：It tells the development of English as native language.
Para.4：It tells us English is spoken as a foreign or second language in many countries.
Ⅳ.与同桌讨论、理解下列长难句并尝试翻译成汉语
1.At first the English spoken in England between about AD 450 and 1150 was very different from the English spoken today.
句子结构分析：spoken in England between about AD 450 and 1150在句中作the English的定语；spoken today作定语修饰第二个the English。

翻译：起先，从公元450年到1150年，人们所说的英语跟今天所说的英语就不同。

2.It was based more on German than the English we speak at present.
句子结构分析：be based on意为“以……为基础”；more A than B意为“与B相比，
更像A；与其说是B不如说是A”。

we speak at present作定语修饰the English。

翻译：当时的英语更多地是以德语为基础，而我们今天所说的英语不是。

Ⅴ.小组讨论(选择其中一个题目即可)
1.What factors affected the use of a language?
(提示：international role，economic development，development of democracy, the image in the world，cultural development)
2.Why do you think people all over the world want to learn English?
3.Will Chinese English become one of the world English？
Section Two Language Points
1. Do you know that there is more than one kind of English？你知道吗，(世界上)有许多英语种类？
There are more than 100 people at the party.
有100多人参加聚会。

Peace is much more than the absence of war.
和平不仅仅意味着没有战争。

Her performance was more than good；it was perfect.
她的表演非常好，可以说是完美的。

He more than smiled；he laughed outright.
他岂止是微笑，简直是大笑了。

The consequence was much more than he imagined.
结果远远超过了他的想像。

more than＋数词，意为比……多，超过，相当于over；其后接名词，意为不只是，不仅仅，表示程度和加强语气；其后接形容词或副词，意为十分，非常；其后接动词，意为岂止是，不仅仅；其后接从句，意为比……更。

(1)more...than...
①more＋
⎩
⎨
⎧
⎭
⎬
⎫
n.
adj.
＋than...为一个表示比较级的句型，意为“比……”。

The problem is more complicated than we expected.
这个问题比我们预料的要复杂得多。

You’ve actually given me more help than I need.
你其实没必要给我这么多帮助。

②more A than B 相当于not so much B as A，是指“与其B倒不如A”。

—He failed to pass the driving test.
——他没能通过驾驶考试。

—The reason lies more in his carelessness than in his timidness.
——与其说是因为他胆小倒不如说是因为他粗心。

(2)not more than意思是“至多，不超过”，它相当于at (the) most。

He’s only a child of not more than 10.
他仅仅是个不到10岁的孩子。

(3)no more(...)than...
①no more than后面常接数词，表示数量少，相当于only，意为“仅仅，只有”。

To my surprise，no more than 5 members shared my idea.
令我吃惊的是，只有5个人同意我的观点。

②no more(...)than...意为“和……一样都不……”，表示对前后两方面均否定。

Don’t ask him about it.He knows no more than you.
别问他这件事了。

他和你一样对此一无所知。

短语识境
A.more than B .no more than C.more...than D.not...more than
(1)—Do you need any help，Lucy?
—Yes.This job is more than I could do myself.
(2)—My son is a little slow in studying maths.
—He’s more lazy than slow.He seldom does any exercises.
(3)When I first began to work，you know，I could earn no more than 50 dollars every month.
(4)I’ll not give you more than I can spare.
2. ...people from England made voyages to conquer other parts...英国人航海去征服其他区域……
He took a voyage to study plants on that island.
他航海去那个岛上研究植物。

voyage，名词，常构成短语make或take a voyage/voyages，on voyage意为在航海中。

voyage，journey，travel，tour，trip
(1)voyage主要指“乘船作水上旅行”，也可指“空中旅行”。

(2)journey应用范围很广，指“有预定地点的陆上、水上或空中的单程长、短途旅行”，一般来说，它着重指“长距离的陆上旅行”。

(3)travel(n.)习惯用复数形式。

泛指旅行各地，表示旅行的路途远，时间长。

此外，travel 还可以作动词用。

(4)tour指“以游览、视察、购物等为目的的旅行”，常含有“最后回到原出发点”的意思。

(5)trip为一般用语，指“任何方式的、从事业务或游览的旅行”，往往着重于“短途旅行”，在口语中，可与journey互换。

(1)他决定乘飞机去纽约旅行。

He decided to make a journey to New York by air.
(2)在航行中他晕船了。

He got seasick on voyage.
(3)他要周游全球。

He is going to make a round-the-world tour.
(4)《马可·波罗游记》是我读过的最有意思的书。

The Travels of Marco Polo is one of the most interesting books that I have ever read.
(5)因为暴风雪，旅行取消了。

This trip was cancelled because of the snowstorm.
3. ...and because of that，English began to be spoken in many other countries.……因为那一点，许多国家开始说英语。

He didn’t go to school because of his illness.
由于生病他没去上学。

The bus was late because of the heavy snow.
因为大雪公交车晚点了。

He lost the job because he was careless.
因为粗心他失去了这份工作。

because of属介词短语，后跟名词；because是连词，后跟句子。

The open-air party has been put off the bad weather.
A.because of
B.because
C.instead of
D.instead
答案 A
4. Yes，I’d like to come up to your apartment.好啊，我想去你住的地方。

He came up and introduced himself.
他走上前来并作了自我介绍。

The diver came up to the surface to have a deep breath.
潜水员浮到水面深吸了一口气。

The seeds I sowed last week haven’t come up yet.
上星期我播下的种子还没有发芽呢。

When did these idioms come up?
这些习语是什么时候开始流行的？
I’ll let you know if anything comes up.
如果发生什么事的话，我会让你知道的。

The question hasn’t come up yet.
这个问题还没有被提出来。

The price is coming up all the way.
价格一直在上涨。

come up ，动词短语，无被动语态，意为走近；上来；发芽；流行；发生；被提出；上升。

用适当的介、副词填空
(1)The boy came at us with a stick.
(2)The price of oil is coming down，making the consumers happy.
(3)I came across some photos when looking through the book.
(4)How did the war come about?
(5)When is your new book coming out?
(6)All the clothes came to $ 1,000.
5. It was based more on German than...当时的英语更多的是以德语为基础的，而不是……They based the report on facts.
这篇新闻报道完全是以事实为依据的。

We camped at the base of the mountain.
我们在山脚下安营。

Karl Marx made London the base for his revolutionary work.
卡尔·马克思把伦敦作为他的革命根据地。

base，作动词时意为以……为基础，常见结构是base...on/upon...或be based on/upon...；作名词时，意为基础；基部；基地。

(1)这部电影是以鲁迅的小说为蓝本的。

The film is based on a novel by Lu Xun.
(2)容器的底部有个洞。

There is a hole in the base of the container.
(3)那个公司的办事处遍布全世界，但总部在巴黎。

That company has offices all over the world，but their base is in Paris.
6. ...the English we speak at present.我们目前所说的英语……
We haven’t found the thief at present.
目前我们还没抓到这个贼。

at present意为现在；目前。

present
⎩⎪
⎨
⎪⎧adj.现在的；目前的
adj.出席的；在场的；在座的(常作表语或后置定语)
n.礼物
v./pri′zent/呈送，赠送
the present government现政府
All the people who were present at the meeting were for the plan.
出席会议的人都赞同这个计划。

All the students present are against his advice.
所有在座的学生都反对他的建议。

All the presents should be presented to each students present at the present time.
这些礼物应当送给目前在场的每一位学生。

(1)I don’t plan to go on holiday at present (目前).
(2)大部分到场的科学家表达了他们对当前国家形势的看法。

Most of the scientists present expressed their ideas about the present national situation.
7. Shakespeare was able to make use of a wider vocabulary than ever before.莎士比亚所用的词汇量比任何时候都大。

You must make good use of every opportunity to practise English.
你必须好好利用每一个机会练习英语。

The Internet resources should be made full use of.
网络资源应当得到充分利用。

make use of 意为利用；make good use of意为好好利用……；make full use of意为充分利用……，其中use是不可数名词。

make the best of 充分利用，善用……
make the most of 充分利用，尽量利用……
You should make the best/most of this valuable opportunity.
你应该充分利用这宝贵的机会。

Full use should be the time to practise speaking more English.
A.taken
B.made
C.taken of
D.made of
答案 D
8. English is also spoken in Singapore and Malaysia and countries in Africa such as South Africa.在新加坡，马来西亚和非洲一些国家如南非，人们也说英语。

I like those students who are careful with their lessons，such as Mary，Lina.
我喜欢那些学习认真的学生，例如：玛丽，琳娜。

English is spoken in many countries，such as Australia and Canada.
许多国家都讲英语，例如澳大利亚和加拿大。

Metals are such things as iron and steel.
金属是一些像铁、钢一样的东西。

such as意为例如，用于列举前面所述情况，有时也可分开用，such后接名词或代词，as 后接名词或定语从句修饰such后的成分。

for example，such as
(1)for example 用来举例说明某一论点或情况，一般只列举同类人或物中的“一个”为例，作插入语，可位于句首、句中或句末。

Ball games，for example，have spread around the world.
例如，球类运动已经在世界各地传播开了。

(2)such as 用来列举事物时，一般列举同类人和事物中的几个例子。

插在被列举的事物与前面的名词之间，as后面不用逗号。

(3)使用such as短语时，后面列举的事物的数量不能等于它前面所提到的总和，一旦相等就要用that is 或namely。

I have three good friends，such as John，Jack and Tom.(错)
I have three good friends；that is，John，Jack and Tom.
我有三个好朋友，即约翰、杰克和汤姆。

用that is，such as，for example填空
(1)He knows three languages，that is，Chinese，French and English.
(2)What would you do if you met a wild animal—a lion，for example?
(3)The farmer grows various kinds of crops，such as wheat，corn，cotton and rice.
(4)Matter may be invisible；air，for example，is this kind of the matter.
9. Today the number of people learning English in China is increasing rapidly.目前在中国，学习英语的人数在迅速增长。

India has a very large number of fluent English speakers...印度拥有众多讲英语很流利的人。

A number of cars are in the street.大街上有许多车。

The number of cars in our company is increasing.我们公司的轿车数在增长。

the number of意为……的数量，作主语时谓语用单数；a number of意为许多，作主语时，谓语用复数，该短语也可换为numbers of，number可被large、small、great、good来修饰。

I know of your classmates are studying French；what’s of them?
A.the number；a number
B.a number；the number
C.a number；a number
D.the number；the number
答案 B
10. Only time will tell.只能让时间来断定了。

It is difficult to tell Lucy from Lily.很难分辨出Lucy和Lily。

I can’t tell who is wrong.我分不清谁错了。

tell意为分辨，辨别，tell A from B把A和B分辨清。

He is too young to right wrong.
A.know；from
B.say；from
C.tell；from
D.tell；of
答案 C
通向现代英语之路
16世纪末期大约有5百万到7百万人说英语，几乎所有这些人都生活在英国。

后来，在17世纪英国人开始航海征服了世界其他地区。

于是，许多别的国家开始说英语了。

如今说英语的人比以往任何时候都多，他们有的是作为第一语言来说，有的是作为第二语言或外语。

以英语作为母语的人，即使他们所讲的语言不尽相同，也可以互相交流。

请看以下例子：英国人贝蒂：“请到我的公寓(flat)里来看看，好吗？”
美国人艾米：“好的。

我很乐意到你的公寓(apartment)去。

”
那么，英语在一段时间里为什么会起变化呢？事实上，当不同文化互相交流渗透时，所有的语言都会有所发展、有所变化。

首先，在公元450年到1150年间，人们所说的英语跟今天所说的英语就很不一样。

当时的英语更多地是以德语为基础的，而现代英语不是。

然后，渐渐地，大约在公元800年到1150年期间，英语不那么像德语了，因为那时的英国的统治者起初讲丹麦语后来讲法语。

这些新的定居者大大丰富了英语语言，特别是在词汇方面。

所以到17世纪，莎士比亚所用的词汇量比以前任何时期都大。

在1620年，一些英国人搬迁到美洲定居。

后来，到了19世纪，有些英国人也被送往澳大利亚，两个国家的人都开始说英语了。

最后，到20世纪，英语才真正定形。

那时，英语在拼写上发生了两大变化：首先塞缪尔·约翰逊编写了词典，后来，诺厄·韦伯斯特编纂了《美国英语词典》。

后者体现了美国英语拼写的不同特色。

现在，英语在南亚也被当作外语或第二语言使用了。

比如说，印度拥有众多讲英语很流利的人，这是因为英国于1765年到1947年统治过印度。

在那期间，英语成了官方语言和教育用语。

在新加坡、马来西亚和非洲其他国家，比如南非，人们也说英语。

目前在中国学习英语的人数正在迅速增长。

事实上，中国可能拥有世界上最多的英语学习者。

中国英语会发展出自己的特色吗？这只能由时间来回答了。

Section Three Grammar
直接引语和间接引语(Ⅱ)
1.“Put your coat in the closet,”the landlord said to him.
→ The landlord asked him to put his coat in the closet.
2.The father said to his children,“Don’t move！”
→The father told his children not to move.
上面两个句子考查祈使句的直接引语变间接引语的用法，例句1是表示请求的口气；例句
2是表示命令的口气。

当我们转述祈使句时，通常将原句中的动词变为动词不定式，并在不定式的前面加上
ask，order，tell等转述动词，形成三种结构：
(1)表示邀请、请求某人做某事时用ask/beg/request sb.to do sth.；
(2)表示叫、吩咐、命令某人做某事时用tell/order/command sb.to do sth.；
(3)表示忠告，用advise sb.(not) to do sth.。

例如：
①She said to us,“Please have a rest.”
→She asked us to have a rest.
②The old man said,“Don’t smoke in the hall.”
→The old man told me not to smoke in the hall.
③The officer said,“Go away.”
→The officer ordered us to go away.
注意当祈使句的直接引语变为间接引语时，因为祈使句表示“请求，命令”等口气，所以祈使句直接引语变为间接引语时不存在时态的变化。

但是人称、指示代词、时间、地点状语等的变化还应根据陈述句直接引语变间接引语的方法进行相应的改变。

例如：
One of the doctors said,“Let me go on with the operation，Dr.Bethune.”
→One of the doctors asked Dr.Bethune to let him go on with the operation.
不知道同学们注意到没有,该句直接引语中有个称呼语Dr.Bethune,一般把它当作宾语用。

祈使句的间接引语变直接引语也应该遵循陈述句间接引语变直接引语的方法。

如：
Wei Fang asked him to give it to her.
→“Give it to me，please,” Wei Fang said to him.
另外，感叹句的直接引语变间接引语的结构为：
直引：主语＋动词＋“感叹句”
间引：主语＋动词＋陈述句
He said,“what a fine day it is！”
→He said what a fine day it was.
He said,“How fine the day is！”
→He said how fine the day was.
→He exclaimed that it was a fine day.
1.间接感叹句的动词应该是cry或exclaim。

2.可以仍用what，how等词，语序不变，也可以用that 从句，把动词say改为cry，shout，exclaim等。

变下列直接引语为间接引语
1.“Write a letter to your parents,”said the teacher.
The teacher told me to write a letter to my parents.
2.“Don’t play games in the classroom，”mother said.
Mother ordered me not to play games in the classroom.
3.“It is a fine day.Let’s go to the country for a picnic.” Peter said to me.
Peter said that it was a fine day and asked me to go to the country for a picnic with
him.
4.He said to Tom，“Don’t do the work any more.”
He told Tom not to do the work any more.
5.Mrs.Green said，“Please sing us a song，Miss White.”
Mrs.Green asked Miss White to sing them a song.
6.“Be quiet，children.” said Mrs.Wilson.
Mrs.Wilson told the children to be quiet.
7.Mother said to me，“Come back before 10∶00.”
Mother told me to come back before 10∶00.
8.“Don’t look out of the window，” she said.
She told me not to look out of the window.
Section Four Using Language
走进课文
Ⅰ. Lead-in
1.How many dialects are there in China？What are they?
北方方言、粤语、客家话、赣语、吴语、闽南话、湘语等
2.Do you think there are some dialects in English?
Ⅱ.Fast reading: Is there standard English?
Ⅲ.Detailed reading
1.How many dialects of American English have been listed in the text?
Four.They are midwestern，southern，African American and Spanish.
2.Why do people from both northeastern and southeastern of U.S.speak with almost the same dialect?
Because when Americans moved from one place to another，they took their dialects
with them.
3.Why are there so many dialects in American English?
That’s because people come from all over the world.And geography plays a part in
making dialects.
Language Points
1. Can you find the following command and request from Reading？你能从“Reading”里找到下面的命令或要求吗？
She received the command that she should return soon.
她服从了命令，不久将会返回。

The teacher made a request that the students should be well prepared for the exams.
老师要求学生们对考试做充分的准备。

command，名词，意为命令；指挥；掌握；request，名词，意为请求，要求，这两个词后面跟从句时，从句的谓语动词都用“should＋动词原形(should可省略)”。

request、command也可作动词用，其后从句的结构也是“should＋动词原形(且should可省略)”。

request sth.of/from sb.向某人请求……
request sb.to do sth.请求某人做某事
request＋that-clause请求……
⎭⎪
⎬
⎪⎫
at one’s request
at the request of sb.
应某人的请求
be in request有需要；受欢迎
on/upon request一经请求
in command of sb.由……掌握着
have a good command of...精通……
She made a request for help.她请求帮助她。

She requested him to go with her.她要求他一同去。

The famous star sang a song by request.那位明星应邀演唱了一首歌。

He was there at the request of his manager/at his manager’s request.
他按照经理的要求到了那里。

Li Ming requested a computer from his parents.李明向父母要了一台电脑。

The boss requested that he (should) come early.老板要求他早来。

She commanded that the prisoners (should) be set free.她下令把那些囚犯释放。

He commanded his men to retreat.他命令手下撤退。

For the first time in years，she felt in command of her life.
多少年来第一次，她觉得生活掌握在自己手里。

(1)The general commanded to leave (命令出发) soon.
(2)He was told to be in command of his temper (控制脾气).
(3)The expert made a speech by request (应邀).
(4)He requested much money from/of (要了很多钱)his parents.
(5)The manager requested that all should be quiet at work/while working (要求所有的人工
作时要安静).
2. Believe it or not，...信不信由你，……
Believe it or not，the eight-year-old boy can speak 3 foreign languages.
信不信由你，这个8岁的孩子会说三门外语。

believe it or not在句中通常作插入语，表明说话者的语气或态度。

常用作插入语的还有：
judging from/by从……判断
generally speaking一般说来
to tell the truth说实话
to be sure确切地说
to be frank坦率地说
I think/believe/suppose，you know/see等
To get your help ，，the little girl walked 15 miles.
A.to be frank
B.believe it or not
C.to tell the truth
D.judging from
答案 B
3. ...there is no such thing as standard English.(世界上)没有什么标准英语。

many such books许多这样的书
several such songs几首这样的歌
no such kid没这种孩子
such与all，no，some，any，few，little，many，much，several，one连用时，应位于它们的后面，但放在a/an的前面。

(1)办公室没有这种人。

There is no such person in the office.
(2)你非要买这么贵的大衣吗？
Do you have to buy such an expensive coat?
(3)这种事不会再发生了。

Such things will never happen.
4. Geography also plays a part in making dialects.地理位置对方言的产生也有影响。

The wheat plays an important part in our life.
小麦在我们的生活中起着重要的作用。

He has played a part in the TV play.
他在这部电视剧中扮演一个角色。

play a part in意为在……中起作用或在……中扮演角色。

play a role in...与play a part in...同义。

play the role/part of...in...在……中扮演……角色
I will play the part of the nurse in the play.
我将在那部戏里扮演一个护士。

The UN plays an important part in international relations.
联合国在国际关系方面扮演着重要的角色/起着重要作用。

(1)Do you know the part that he in the meeting?
A.took
B.made
C.caused
D.played
答案 D
(2)I think it is the government that plays in protecting the air around us.
A.the part
B.the role
C.a role
D.roles
答案 C
5. Although many Americans move a lot，they still recognize and understand each other’s dialects.虽然美国人经常搬迁，但是他们仍能辨认、理解彼此的方言。

I don’t recognize this word—what does it mean?
我不认识这个单词，它的意思是什么？
Many people fail to recognize that all these things are in danger of being denied.
许多人没有看到这一切正处于被否定的危险之中。

recognize，动词，意为认出，识别；承认。

recognize one’s voice辨认出某人的声音
be recognized as...被承认为……
recognize sb.to be...承认某人是……
recognize＋that-clause承认……
recognized公认的
(1)你知道谁被认为是世界上的最佳导演之一吗？
Do you know who is recognized as one of the best directors in the world?
(2)这是一个公认的沏茶的方法。

This is a recognized method of making tea.
6. So she asks directions and then tells her friends.于是她问路并告诉她的朋友。

First you should learn how to ask directions in a strange place.
在一个陌生的地方你首先应学会如何问路。

I can speak more English under the direction of my teacher.
在老师的指导下我会说更多的英语了。

Please read the directions before drinking.喝前先看说明书。

direction ，名词，意为方向；指导；趋势；用法；说明(书)，作“用法，说明(书)”讲时常
用其复数形式。

ask and give directions问路和指路
in all directions(＝in every direction)向四面八方；向各方面
in the direction of...朝……方向
under the direction of...在……指导下
(1)你准备往哪个方向走？向北还是向南？
In which direction are you going，north or south?
(2)展览馆面朝什么方向？
Which direction does this exhibition hall face?
(3)这是语言发展的新方向。

This is a new direction in language development.
(4)他向学校的方向走去。

He walked in the direction of the school.
标准英语和方言
什么是标准英语？是在英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、印度、新西兰所说的英语吗？信不信由你，(世界上)没有什么标准英语。

许多人认为，电视和收音机里所说的就是标准英语。

这是因为在早期的电台节目里，人们期望新闻播音员所说的英语是最好的英语。

然而，在电视和收音机里，你也会听出人们在说话时的差异。

当人们用不同于“标准语言”的词语时，那就叫做方言。

美国英语有许多方言，特别是中西部和南部地区的方言，以及黑人和西班牙人的方言。

在美国有些地区，即使是相邻城镇的两个人所说的语言都可能稍有不同。

美国英语之所以有这么多的方言是因为美国人来自世界各地的缘故。

地理位置对方言的产生也有影响。

住在美国东部山区的一些人说着比较古老的英语方言。

当美国人从一个地方搬到另一个地方时，他们也就把他们的方言随着带去了。

因此，美国东南部山区的人同美国西北部的人所说的方言就几乎相同。

美国是一个使用多种方言的大国。

虽然许多美国人经常搬迁，但是他们仍然能够辨别、理解彼此的方言。

Section Five Writing
给你支招
海报是贴在人来人往的地方，告知广大群众大多是喜闻乐见的消息，如电影消息、球讯、商品报道等等，其性质类似广告，有的还配以绘画以增加吸引力。

一、海报的特点
(一)广告宣传性
海报希望社会各界的参与，它是广告的一种。

有的海报加以美术的设计，以吸引更多的人加入活动。

海报可以在媒体上刊登、播放，但大部分是张贴于人们易于见到的地方。

其广告性色彩极其浓厚。

(二)商业性
海报是为某项活动作的前期广告和宣传，其目的是让人们参与其中，演出类海报占海报中的大部分，而演出类广告又往往着眼于商业性目的。

当然，学术报告类的海报一般是不具有商业性的。

二、海报的分类
(一)电影海报
这是影剧院公布演出电影的名称、时间、地点及内容介绍的一种海报。

这类海报有的还会配上简单的宣传画，将电影中的主要人物画面形象地描绘出来，以扩大宣传的力度。

(二)文艺晚会、杂技、体育比赛等海报
这类海报同电影海报大同小异，它的内容是观众可以身临其境进行娱乐观赏的一种演出活动，这类海报一般有较强的参与性。

海报的设计往往要新颖别致，引人入胜。

(三)学术报告类
这是一种为一些学术性的活动而发布的海报。

一般张贴在学校或相关的单位。

学术类海报具有较强的针对性。

三、海报的写作格式和内容
海报一般由标题、正文和落款三部分组成。

(一)标题
海报的标题写法较多，大体可以有以下一些形式：
其一，单独由文种名构成。

即在第一行中间写上“海报”字样。

其二，直接由活动的内容承担题目。

如“舞讯”、“影讯”、“球讯”等。

其三，可以是一些描述性的文字。

如“×××再显风彩，×××旧事重提”。

(二)正文
海报的正文要求写清楚以下一些内容：
第一，活动的目的和意义；
第二，活动的主要项目、时间、地点等；
第三，参加的具体方法及一些必要的注意事项等。

(三)落款
要求署上主办单位的名称及海报的发文日期。

以上格式是就海报的整体而讲的，实际使用中，有些内容可以少写或省略。

品味鉴赏品味佳作请以学生会的名义为一场英语晚会写一份海报，内容如
下：
学生会将在9月30日7点在校礼堂举办英语晚会，来自
加拿大的史密斯教授在7∶30的节目表演前将回答同学们关于
如何提高英语水平的问题。

欢迎届时参加！
English Evening Party(这是海报的标题)
English Evening Party
All Are Warmly Welcome
Time：September 30，at 7
p.m.
Place：School Hall
Professor Smith from。